Chapter 4 104-130

Sec. 1 pages 106-111

Use Chapter 4 Section 1

What is the relationship between the geographic factors and the growth of ancient Indian civilizations?

Kite-shaped Referred to as a Subcontinent: large land mass that juts out from a continent

Mountains
India is SOUTH of the Himalayas

India is SOUTH of Hindu Kush mountain range

Both Mountain ranges separate India from rest of Asia

Large Bodies of Water

Bay of Bengal to the East

Arabian Sea to the West

Indian Ocean to the south

Limits contact with lands to the east and west

Northern border of India More than 1,500 miles long Nearly 5 miles high

Snow-capped peaks and icy glaciers Highest mountain range in the world

This mountain range has openings

Earliest people in the valley probably entered through here Map on page 104

Used highways for migration and invasion

Indus River
Crosses Himalayas

Empties in to the Arabian Sea

Ganges River
Flows from Himalayas
Empties into the Bay of Bengal

Indus River and Ganges River

Fed by melting snow

and rain
Cut through

mountains
Flow across northern

India
Makes farming possible in river valleys

Climate is dominated by Monsoons

Monsoons are strong winds that blow across the

region at certain times of the year

Map on page 107

October to May Winter monsoon blows from the northeast

Spreads dry air across the

country

Middle of June wind blows from the Indian Ocean

Summer monsoon picks up

moisture from the ocean It carries rains that drench the plains and river valleys daily

People DEPEND on summer monsoon to provide life-giving rain

Aka will die without it

If the summer monsoon is late or weak

Crops die causing famine

If it brings too much rain

Rivers cause deadly floods

Rich soil Harvested a SURPLUS of wheat and other grains 2500 to 1500 BC cities flourished
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Located in present Pakistan Page 105 map

Carefully planned out

Above ground level to protect from flood

Homes and workshops made up 1 side of street

Public buildings on the other

Citadel (fortress)
Highest Point---built on a mound of earth Enclosed by brick wall Wall protected grain storage and bath house

Drainage System
Unlike most civilizations at this time Clay pipes ran under the brick streets Carried waste from homes and public buildings

Canals
Outside of city ran along Indus River Helped control flooding Caught overflow
Water then directed where it was needed most

Trade
Artisans and merchants
Artisans made jewelry and bright cotton clothing

Carts of grains Traded as far as Mesopotamia

Culture
Homes opened to courtyards Children played with pets and toys Adults enjoyed music and games

Language
Still unknown

Writing appear on square seals

Government and religion

Unknown
No royal tombs or great temples Ruins suggest that people had a number of gods

Decline
Around 2000 BC, Indus farmers abandoned land Soil could have changed to desert Earthquake may have caused flood They would have had to move away for food

Newcomers
Around 2000 to 1500BC Entered valley Gained power

Aryans
Meant noble or highborn

Migrated--moved from homelands in central Asia

Nomadic herders swept into India

Technology
Drove horse-drawn chariots Faster than foot soldiers

Mixing of Culture
Combined languages and beliefs

Marriages between two groups mixed the

populations

Spreading the Culture

Began in Indus Valley Spread to Ganges Valley

Iron Tools and Weapons

800 BC learned to make tools and weapons of iron

Allowed people to clear thick rain forests of the

northeast They built farms, villages, and cities

Religion
Religious books known as Vedas (knowledge) tell

us what we know about the Aryans Aryans were herders and warriors who lived in temporary villages

Social Classes
Organized into three groups Brahmans priests Preformed religious ceremonies Composed hymns and prayers

Warriors and Nobles

2nd class

Artisans and Merchants

3rd Class

Eventually a 4th class developed

Farm workers, laborers, and servants

Strict division of social classes

Separated into different castes or classes People always had to stay in the caste of their parents

Over time, they were divided even more by jobs or other

Caste Today
Caste system still exists in India, but it is not as rigid People interact more freely Modern professions dont necessarily have a caste ranking

things

Use Chapter 4 Section 1

How does modern India adapt to the same geographic conditions the ancient Indians faced?

Use Chapter 4 Section 1

How are these geographic factors similar to Egypt and Mesopotamia?

Use Chapter 4 Section 1

What advantages were the advantages of the geographic factors in the Indus and Ganges River Valleys?

Use Chapter 4 Section 1

What advantages were the disadvantages of the geographic factors in the Indus and Ganges River Valleys?

Ch. 4 Sec. 2 Pages 114-118

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How do Hinduism and Buddhism affect the ancient Indian social structure and development?

Aryan prayers were passed down through generations Aryan culture mixed with Indias existing cultures The new beliefs and ideas became part of the Vedas

Hinduism developed over 3,500 years ago

Absorbed from many beliefs from other religions Complex over time with different practices existing side by side

Hindus believed since people are different, then there were different ways to approach god Hinduism is 1 of the worlds major religions Today, 850 million people in India practice it

No single founder

Hindus have many great thinkers

Hindus have many gods and goddesses Believed in 1 single spiritual power called Brahman, which lives in everything

A single spiritual power Brahman is in everything Made of multiple gods and goddesses
God is one, but wise people know it by many

names.

Born of a golden egg Created earth and everything on it

Not as widely worshiped as other gods and

goddesses

They make up parts of brahman

Gods take different forms called avatars

Avatar is the representation of a Hindu god or

goddess in human or animal form

Kindly god who is concerned for the welfare of human beings Vishnu visits earth form time to time in different forms
Does this to guide humans to protect them from disaster

Not concerned with human matters He is very powerful Responsible for both the creative and destructive forces of the universe Developed from Rudra, the wielder of the thunderbolt

Married to Shakti

Shivas wife

Plays a role in human life

Destroyer and creator She is both kind and cruel

Although there are different practices, Hinduism holds many central beliefs that are contained in religious writings and sacred text
1. Upanishads

2. Reincarnation
3. Hindus Duties 4. Ahimsa

Means Sitting near a teacher Religious text Question and answer response
Pupil: Who created the world? Teacher: Brahman is the creator, the universal

soul Pupil: Describe brahman Teacher: It is too complicated for humans to understand. Brahman has no physical form

Reincarnation means rebirth of the soul

Hindus believe when a person dies, a soul is reborn in the body of another living thing According to Hindu beliefs, actions of a person in this life affect his or her fate in the next life

So Bad behavior is always punished

Those who acts have been bad born into a lower

caste or may even return as animals

Good behavior is always rewarded

Faithful followers of Hinduism will be reborn into

a higher position

Ultimate goal of reincarnation: lead a perfect life to escape the cycle of death and rebirth.
Soul becomes one with brahman

To escape the cycle of death and rebirth, a Hindu must obey his or her Dharma Dharma, religious and moral duties of each person

Duties depend on
Persons class Age occupation

Ex: Mans duty to protect the women in his family Ex: A ruler must protect his subjects

Ahimsa is nonviolence

Hindus believed all people and living things are part of brahman
Therefore all must be treated with respect

Many Hindus do not eat meat and try to avoid harming living things

Hinduism teaches more than one path to the truth Worship in many ways

The Yogas is one

Non-Hindus know yoga as a physical activity

System of exercises and breathing

Hindus believe yoga exercises help free the soul from the cares of the world The soul may unite with brahman
Yoga means union

Types of yoga
Physical activity Exercises and breathing Yoga of Selfless Deeds Giving to the poor

Yoga of Knowledge Learning the sacred writing

Yoga of Devotion Honoring a personal god

Hindus worship in public by praying and performing rituals in temples Show devotion at home privately
Common to have a home alter for a specific god
Offers food, gifts, and prayers

Hindus devotion to the god brings the soul closer to Brahman

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

What approach would Hindu take in modern life?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How is Hinduism similar to Judaism?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How is Hinduism different from Judaism?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How does social mobility differ between the ancient Indian caste system and modern American culture?

Chapter 4 Section 3 p. 119-123

Young prince once lived a life of luxury

He had never witnessed old age, sickness, or death Prince traveled outside of the palace walls
The trip changed his life

He met a bent and tired old man

Saw him sick, then a corpse

And it was carried to a funeral Suffering and death troubled the young man

He wondered why there was misery and pain in the world He decided to find the answer

He gave up his health, his family, his life of ease

He changed his name to Siddhartha Gautama

He wandered for 7 years

He founded Buddhism

Gautama traveled in the 500 B.C.s

Studied Hindu philosophers, but was not satisfied He did not accept the belief that only priests could pass on knowledge

Gautama decided to stop looking outward for the cause of suffering Tried to understand his own mind
Meditateto focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual answers Mediation was an ancient Hindu practice
Gautama meditated under a fig tree

After 49 days, he believes he found the answer to understanding the roots of suffering Next 45 years, Gautama traveled across India and shared his knowledge Attracted many followers

They called him Buddha or Enlightened One

Buddhism teaches people to follow the Eightfold Path aka the Middle Way
Person avoids of a life of extreme pleasure or extreme

unhappiness

Believed selfish desires for power, wealth, and pleasure cause humans to suffer Person is free of suffering by giving up selfish pleasures

Look at page 120.

Buddha Taught
People must act unselfishly toward others and

treat people fairly They must tell the truth at all times People should avoid violence and the killing of any living thing

If people follow this path, their suffering will end by finding nirvana or lasting peace When they reach nirvana, they will be released from the cycle of reincarnation

Buddhism teaches that all people are equal

Anyone can follow the path to nirvana regardless of his or her social class Idea appealed to many people living under the caste system

Buddhism has priests

Wants people to establish monasteries
They would Meditate, Learn, and Teach

Monastery life is difficult, people of any social class and work can become a Buddhist priest or monk Wanted monks to become missionaries or people who spread their religious beliefs to others

After Buddhas death, his teachings spread all over India Did not last in the land of his birth Hinduism gradually regained favor among those in power (ask yourselves why) Buddhism and Hinduism existed side by side for many years

Number of basic ideas shared

Wrong to harm any living thing Value nonviolence Believe in dharma Cycle of Death and Rebirth

Some But Not All

Some Hindus honor Buddha as a reincarnation of the

god Vishnu Because Buddhists do not embrace sacred texts, most Hindus do not worship the Buddha as an avatar

Buddhism was accepted by millions of people in other lands Missionaries and traders carried Buddhas message throughout Asia

Took root in China

Millions of Chinese became Buddhists Buddhist monasteries became centers of religious

thought

From China, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan Today, Buddhism is part of the cultures of

Japan Korea China Tibet Vietnam

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

What approach would Buddhists take in modern life?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How is Buddhism similar to Judaism?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How is Buddhism different from Judaism?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

How did Buddhism develop from Hinduism?

Use Chapter 4 Sections 2 & 3

Why did people in power tend to revert to Hinduism over Buddhism?

Ch. 4 Section 4 Pages 126-130

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

What evidence is there that leaders during the Mauryan and Gupta Empires impacted the growth and development of Ancient Indian civilizations?

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

Why is the period during the Gupta Empire known as a Golden Age?

Born into a poor family Sold into slavery at a young age Became King in 321 B.C. Enjoyed luxuries from all parts of Asia Seated in golden chair Carried on his servants shoulders Rode an elephant covered with jewels

Within 35 years, Chandragupta turned the tiny Kingdom he ruled into the Maurya Empire
Maurya Empire is an Indian

Empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his Kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India

Before Chandragupta came into power

India was made of a number of warring states

Chandragupta was strong and ruthless, his armies overthrew kingdoms along the Ganges River
In only a few years, Chandraguptas power extended over most of northern and central India

Chandragupta was guided by the belief that a ruler should have absolute power (like the Pharaohs)
Legend says he was given a book of advice called Arthasastra
Maintain control of subjects Establish an army of spies to inform on them

He commanded a huge army

Thousands of foot soldiers and

mounted troops
Enforced the law Crushed any revolts

9,ooo war elephants

Struck fear into hearts of

opponents

Chandragupta brought economic success

Most of the wealth from farming Built up trade Greece, Rome, and China

As his rule continued, Chandragupta became fearful for his life

Afraid of being poisoned Made servants taste food Slept in a different room each night To ward off assassins

One story says that near the end of his life, Chandragupta left the throne to his son
He became a monk in southern India Fasting and praying, he starved himself to death

His rule was harsh, but he used his wealth to improve the empire
New irrigation systems brought water to farmers

Forests cleared to produce more food

Government officials promoted crafts and mining Vast network of roads made it easier for traders to

exchange goods with foreign lands His leadership brought order and peace

Chandragupta passed the leadership to his son

After his son died in 273 B.C., his grandson gained

power

Asokas name means without sorrow

Further expanded the empire

By the end of his rule in 232 B.C., Asoka build the greatest empire India had ever seen

Asoka ruled an empire that included most of the subcontinent for 35 years
During 1st year of his rule, Asoka was warlike
Conquered new

territories Made them part of his empire

Early in his rule, Asoka led the army south into the state of Kalinga
In about 261 B.C., he won a bloody battle Thousands and thousands of people were injured or died

Great slaughter at Kalinga was a turning point in Asokas life

Filled with sorrow over bloodshed
Gave up war and violence Freed prisoners and restored their land

Chose to convert (change his beliefs) to Buddhism

Also spread the message of Buddhism to the

people of his empire.

Asoksa practiced and preached the teachings of Buddhism

He did not allow the use of animals for sacrifices

Gave up hunting Which was the traditional sport of Indian Kings

Saw his people as his children

Concerned about their welfare Built hospitals throughout kingdom Dug wells beside roads ( 1 every mile)
So travelers and animals wouldnt be thirsty

Concerned with his peoples moral and spiritual life

Issued writings of moral advice

Some writings urged people to honor their parents

Others asked people not to kill animals Others encouraged people to behave with

truthfulness and tolerance

Tolerance is the freedom from prejudice

Issued laws requiring people to be treated humanely

His advice and laws were carved on stone pillars

about 40 feet high One pillar bore these words:

Both this world and the other are hard to reach, except by great love of the law, great selfexamination, great obedience, great respect, and great energy

Asoka practiced religious tolerance toward the Hindus

During his rule, many of the Buddhas teachings

became part of Hinduism Buddhism grew under Asoka He sent missionaries far and wide to spread its message
Missionaries sent by Asoka are responsible for spreading Buddhism to China

Asokas sister and brother went to the island of Sri Lanka as Buddhist missionaries Sent teachers to Egypt, Greece, and North Africa

Without his strong leadership, territories became divided

Small states began to fighting with each other
Several centuries of invasion and disorder

followed
It take almost 600 years before India becomes

united again

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

How do leaders shape the development of Empires?

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

Who were the leaders in the Mauryan and Gupta Empires? How did they influence culture?

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

How were these leaders similar to Egypt? How were these leaders different?

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

Why would they call this period of time a Golden Age?

Use Chapter 4 Section 4

What factors seem to be necessary for a period of time to be called, Golden?