Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis early 20th century muckraker who exposed the horrid conditions that the poor lived in in NYC; wrote the novel How the Other Half Lives; exposed political and social sins Ida Tarbell early 20th century muckraker who was an editor in the magazine McClures; exposed the huge trust of the Standard Oil Company leading to the takedown of this company; published Mother of Trusts revealing the history of this co; female! Robert M. LaFollete Progressive leader of Wisconsin who returned the power to the people by regulating utilities rates, put taxes on inheritances, and put together state governments and universities relationships Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State; wanted to replace the League of naions with a more permanent means of world peace and stability; the best efffort was the Washington Conference of 1921 which was an attempt to reduce tensions from naval armaments with US, Britain, and Japan. Upton Sinclair author of The Jungle (1906); exposed the disgusting conditions and processes of canned food products and meat; lead to consumers demanding the gov to ensure cleaner, safer meat ad canned food products

Initiative part of the Populists platform; it would allow people to become more active with the law-making process instead of leaving it to the legislature; process where the people can introduce bills on their own through petitions Referendum part of the Populists platform; where citizens can directly vote on laws instead of leaving it to state/nat government legislature; also a part of the progressive movement; allowing for more active political participation of the common man Recall people can choose to remove bad/ incompetent politicans in office by holding a second election; more of people choosing so that government officials can gain office and stay without action within office Muckrakers a name coined by President Roosevelt for journalists and reporters who dug up muck on people and companies which helped bring to the awareness of the public of issues that needed to be fixed Elkins Act passed in 1903 by Congress to combat the usage of rebates in the Railroad Industries; it fined companies that were using rebates and those that accepted these rebates; an action of the Progressive Reform movement. Hepburn Act an act which fined railroads who gave free passes to companies; encouraged economic equality and to stop the practice of favoring large corps. Northern Securities Case a holding company in 1902 that President Roosevelt was set to destroy; it was forced to desolve when Roosevelt sued the company; considered one of the Roosevelts first of many trust busts Meat Inspection Act passed in 1906 so that meat shipped over state lines would have to be inspected by the federal government; this was in part so that American meat could be shipped to Europe without European concern over safety; protected the consumer Pure Food and Drug Act also passed in 1906 to prevent the mislabeling of foods and drugs to protect the consumer; another part of the Progressive Reform Movement Newlands Act passed in 1902 which allowed the government to collect money from sale of Western lands and use it to fund irrigation projects

Dollar diplomacy President Tafts foreign policy that would replace bullets with dollars; so American interest and power would be proteced through investors rather than military; worked effectively in Latin america but not in china; encouraged investors to invest in foreing markets Payne-Aldrich Act passed in 1909 signed by Presdient Taft which would lower tariff rates, however, Senator Nelson Aldrich changed the Act to actually raise tariffs; split the Republican party into Progressives which were anti-high tariff and conservatives who were prohigh tariffs Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Secretary of U.S. opened public lnds in Montana and Alaska which were against Roosevelts Conservationist policies; Pinchot (Chief of Forestry) was angry and demanded that Taft fire Pinchot, Taft then fired Balinger leading to more spit of the Republican party. Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? The goals of the Progressives was to fight monopolies, corruption, social injustice, and inefficiency; basically to fix the flaws of the Gilded Age. They wanted to implement the government as a tool for social welfare. Thy were inspired by the Greenback Labor party and the Populists to help better the human condition in America. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? The issues addressed by the major muckrakers were social inhustice and the alliances of big business and the government and monopolies. Ida Tarbell is one example with her exposing the Standard oil Company and Thomas Lawson exposing American fortunes and David G Phillips with the allignemnt of the government and major trusts, and Baker exposing illiteracy of blacks. All of these were examples of muckraker who exposed social injustice at the hands of big business. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. The progressives wanted referendum so that people could decide on laws that affected them, recall so that voters could take ineffective officials out of office, and initiative so that voters could petition their own legislation. They also sought an Australian Ballot to stop

corruption and poltical machines. They sought the 17th amendment to ensure that the senators would vote for the people instead of for big business. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? On the municipal level, the city-manager system eliminated politics from municipal administration. Urban reformists attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency and prostitution. Robert La Folette returned the power to the people at the State level by taking control away from big corporations. Johnson along with Hughes on the state level investigated railroads and trusts as well as gas/insurance companies. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? Progressives were successful in combating social ills especially with the fight against child labor and female rights. The case of Muller v. Oregon stated that the government must accept women worker laws as constitutional. Furthermore, prohibitionist organizations like the Womans Christian Temperance Union lead by Willard and the Anti- Saloon League helped the Prohibitionist movement. Then the 18th amendment helped the Prohibitionists by prohibiting sale and drinking of alcohol. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? The three Cs of the Square Deal were conserving nationl natural resources, getting control of big corporations, and protecting the consumer. The Square Deal was part of the Progressive influence on President Roosevelt which lead to the formation of the Bureau of Corporations branch of the Department of Commerce and Labor.

TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." Roosevelt did not seek to punish monopolies for their economic profit, but he wanted to make trust busting symbolic of the government being ruled by the government and not by private business; he did bust trusts, but did not use all of his resources to make it difficult. However, he did implement the Elkins Act which fined rebate giving railroads, the Hepburn Act which restricted Free Passes, and fought the Northern Securities Company into dissolving. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act

8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? It brought the topic of food safety to the eyes of the American Public. It revealed the insanitary conditions workers were stuck in as well as the insanitary conditions that food was being prepared which disgusted American consumers enough to bring about the Meat Inspection Act where meat shipped over state lines must be federally inspected.

Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? Activists like Pinchot helped convince president Roosevelt of the dire state that American natural resources were at. Pinchot, the head of the Forest Reserve, convinced Roosevelt to pass the Forest Reserve Act which authorized the president to set aside land to be protected as national parks. The Newlands Act was later passed which authorized the government to collect money from sales of Western lands and use it for irrigation. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? The Panic forced the American people to face the fact that there is much needed economic reform which lead to the passing of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act which said that in in times of great economic distress, silver could be used to back up currency. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? The legacy of Roosevelts presidency is that the presidency can actually activate social reform and conservation reform. He was known as the president who tamed capitalism and gave conservation a chance in America. He pulled America out of the Gilded Age. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain Taft on face value was 2nd in his class at Yale, a judge, a lawyer, and a great administrator under Roosevelt, however, he lacked the charm needed for a politician. He did not respond to criticism well and he was more attracted to stability over change. Furthermore, he did not have the social skills needed to run the presidency. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? Dollar diplomacy was Tafts foreign policy where Wall Street Bankers put money into foreign economies to put a stronghold on foreign economic interests. This was used to control countries in place of the military. Taft put U.S money into Haiti, Honduras, Dominican Republic, and China.

Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? Taft deserved the name Trustbuster. Although Roosevelt brought suits against trusts, it was Taft who truly waged the war against trusts. Especially prevalent in the U.S. Steel issue where Roosevelt actually was involved in one of the mergers that prompted Tafts lawsuit against a company.

Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? When Taft signed the Aldrich bill, he went against his campaign promises and outraged the progressives who were strongly against the Payne-Aldrich Bill which would actually lower the tariff but thanks to Aldrichs edits it raised the tariffs. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? The National Progressive Republican League was formed with LaFollette as its leader with Roosevelt accepting the Republican nomination, but when Roosevelt took the Progressive ticket, Lafollete was pushed aside and the Republicans and Progressives were split. Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.

Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs founder and leader of the American Railway Union; lead the Pullman strike where he was then imprisoned with the other strikers for ignoring a federal injunction to stop the strike; also a known Socialist leader

Pancho Villa Mexican revolutionary (extremely radical); murdered many Americans in Mexico; Josh J Pershing was responsible for his capture, but Pershing did not succeed in finding him John J. Pershing ordered by President Wilson to find and capture Panco Villa (dead or alive); was sent with a force of about 15,000 soldiers; ultimately failed in doing so Central Powers An alliace formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire; made during WWI, enemies of the Allies Allies World War I Alliance opposite the Central powers between Britain, France, and Russia; the United States and Italy later joined this alliance; enemies of the Central Powers Lusitania British ship that was sunk by German U-boats in 1915; lead to President Wilsens warning to the Germans to not attack unarmed and unsuspeting vessels without first providing some type of warning Sussex Pledge The French passenger liner, Sussex was hit by a torpedo from a German submarine in 1916; lead to Wilson demanding the Germans to stop attacking passenger ships>Germanys response was that they would stop attacking passenger liners fo the time being, but if the British continued to blockade German ports, they would continue this practice Federal Reserve Act signed in 1913; formed a central banking system for the U.S. made up of 12 regional banks that were controlled by the Federal Reserve Board; gave the U.S. a stable and kind of flexible currency; the FRB is still an important board in the U.S. economy today(created durign Wilsons tenure) New Nationalism A progressive political policy that began with Roosevelt; wanted more government intervention in everything if it meant the assurance of social justice New Freedom A domestic policy idea started by Woodrow Wilson that encouraged anti-trust changes/improvemets, change in tariffs, and reform in baning and currency to promote a healthier and stronger economy.

Underwood Tariff Tariff made in 1913 passed through Woodrow Wilson through Congress; reduced average tariff duties by 15% and made a graduated income tax to promote social equality Federal Trade Commission formed in 1914 by the Clayton Antitrust Act; made to keep competition by preventing unfair business practices and promote investigation of complaints against companies for questionable business practices Clayton Antitrust Act passed in 1914; added to the list of outlawed business practices from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; made sure labor unions could not be considered trusts; legalized strikes and peaceful movements/strikes by labor union members. Chapter #29 Identifications The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. Roosevelt campaigned for more radical progressivism including female suffrage, a lot of social welfare,, minimum wage laws, and social insurance in New Nationalism. Wilsons New Freedom favored small businesses and focused more on breaking up trusts. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain. The 1912 election results were fascinating because Wilson won Electoral votes easily, but Wilson did not win the popular vote. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson were all favorites to win, but Debs actually won 900,000 popular votes, more that Taft and Roosevelt combined. But Wilson still eneded up winning the most popular votes. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? Wilson was a talented speaker and a sympathizer of the South with a moral appeal to the people of America. This made him a very popular president, but people were not aware of his cold nature as well as stubbornness meaning that once he was convinced of something, he would not readily change his mind. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" The three parts of the triple wall of privilege that Wilson sought to break down were tariffs, banks, and trusts. (lower tariffs, consolidate banks, and break trusts) Wilson Battles the Bankers

Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? The Federal Reserve System made 12 regional districts each with its own main bank that had the power to print paper money. The past banking system had three major American banks without the power to print cash. The Federal Reserve System left money in the power of Banks. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? Wilson curbed trusts by passing the Federal Trade Commision Act which allowed presidents and the government to investigate questionable business tactics. Then the Clayton Anti-trust Act exempted labor unions from being called trusts and legalized strikes and boycotts by labor union members. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. The Federal Farm Loan Act and the Warehouse Act actually helped farmers secure crops and prevented them from going bankrupt. The Lafollete Seamen;s act sent freight rates up, but it kept the health of American Sailors. Furthermore, some of Wilsons acts didn't get passed like the Workingmens Compensation Act. The Adamson Act, however, as well as the FRB and FTC helped prevent questionable trade practices. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. Wilson unlike Taft and Roosevelt did not have an active foreign policy. In fact he actually stopped dollar diplomacy. He helped persuade Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act and encouraged bankers to stop investing in foreign countries esp. the loan to China. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? Mexico had been economically exploited by U.S. investors in oil, railroad, and mining industries so in 1913 they decieded to revolt and install Huerta to presidency. The rebels threatened Texans and their lives, but Wilson did not want to intervene, but when Americans were kidnapped, Wilson had to take action and ordered the navy to take over Vera Cruz. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?

When Serbian nationalist assassinated Franz Ferdinand, Austria declared war on Serbia who were tied to Russia who then also declared war on Austria and Germany which declared war on Russia and France who the invaded Belgium and G.B. which lead to WWI. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? The officially neutral America turned against the Central powers when German and AustriaHungarian agents used violence in American ports and when one of these agents left a briefcase with sabotage plans, America turned against the Central powers. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? Germany told the Americans it would try not to harm neutral ships, but they accidentally did. U-Boats sunk a British passenger boat, which also killed 128 Americans and 1198 lives in total which lead to tense relations. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? The keys to Wilsons electoral victories was He kept us Out of War which warned that if Hughes were elected, that the U.S. would be forced into WWI, even though he didn't say that he was not going to bring it to the war, the slogan worked. Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why? The New Left historians were correct since Progressives sought reform and only reform that directly affected them. Progressives were the people affected by the corporation and wanted to change their own fates, not become a part of the upper class.