A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese Notes

Lesson 1:
TEXT 1:

Chinese

Pinyin zhi1 ming4

zhe3 bu4 yuan4 tian1 ji3 ren2

English To know, to understand, to know how to, knowledge 1. To command; a command 2. Fate, life span* A grammatical particle Not (always negates verbs and adjectives) To resent; resentment, grievance Sky, Heaven Oneself, self, ego 1. Person, people, human beings* 2. Others, other people

TRANSLATION TEXT 1: One who knows his fate does not resent Heaven; one

who knows himself does not resent others.

TEXT 2: Chinese Pinyin huo4 sheng1 English Disaster, misfortune, bad luck 1. To be born from, to arise, to grow, to give

yu2 yu4 de2

fu2 zi4

jin4 sheng4 yi3

xin1 dao3 er2

mu4

birth to, to be alive, to raise, to grow; alive, life* 2. Master, Mister A multipurpose preposition To desire, to want, to want to; desires, wants 1. To get, to obtain; gain, profit* 2. To succeed in, to be able to (verb) Good fortune, prosperity 1. Oneself, personally, naturally, spontaneously* 2. From (away from something) To control, to prohibit, to restrain Sage, wise person; saint, sagely, wise 1. With, by means of [coverb]* 2. In order to [conjunction] Heart, mind; state of mind, attitude To lead 1. Ear* 2. And that is all () Eye; to look at, to glare at

TRANSLATION TEXT 2: Disaster/misfortune arises from wanting to obtain

[things]; good fortune arises from self-control. The sagely person leads his ears and eyes by means of his mind/heart; the petty person leads his mind/heart by means of his ears and eyes.

TEXT 3: Chinese Pinyin xiao3 English Little, petty, insignificant; petty person, to consider small, to scorn 1. To do, to make, to be, to become* 2. For the sake of, because of 1. Good, excellent, virtuous; good [thing] 2. To be good or skilled at [something] 1. To repay, to reward, repayment* 2. To avenge, revenge 3. Report, to report 1. Virtue, power* 2. Good deed, to do a good deed

1. wei2 2. wei4

shan4

bao4

de2

TRANSLATION TEXT 3: [As for] one who does good, Heaven rewards him with

virtue/favors. [As for] one who does evil, Heaven repays him with misfortune.

GRAMMAR: 1. Parts of Speech a. can mean to want (verb) i. = Men want ears b. It can mean to want to (auxiliary verb) i. = Heaven wants to reward the wise person c. Or it can mean desire (noun) i. = The good person resents desire d. can mean to know or to understand (verb) i. = The petty person does not understand virtue e. Or it can mean to know how to (auxiliary verb) i. = Heaven knows how to reward the wise person f. ALSO: Sometimes, an adverb + verb = noun i. (not) + (to know) = ignorance ii. (oneself) + (to control) = self-control iii. (not) + (virtuous) = wickedness 2. Numbers & Tense a. Writer lets context decide if something is singular or plural b. Same applies to tense (past, present or future) 3. Added to a verb to indicate person or thing carrying out an action a. = One who knows b. = One who resents c. = One who leads d. = One who leads people e. = One who grows ears f. = One who creates disaster g. = One who does not command PRACTICE: A. One who desires = B. One who knows the heart =

C. One who wants eyes = D. One who rewards the person = E. One who leads Heaven = 4. a. b. c. d. e. f. Placed between verb or noun and translated by context Noun that follows is the location Can mean in from or by = The wise person obtains eyes from Heaven = The wise person leads the petty person from disaster = The petty person arises from disaster = The person who knows himself obtains a reward from Heaven

PRACTICE: A. One who does good deeds leads the heart away from disaster = B. The heart is born from the good = C. The person got eyes from Heaven = 5. Comes before main verb, followed by special object; means with or by means of a. = Heaven repays with disaster the person who does evil i. is the main verb ii. is the object of the main verb iii. is the coverb iv. is object of the coverb 6. Shifting coverb position: If writer wants to place special emphasis on thing that gets used (i.e. Text #3), place coverb and its object after main verb a. = Petty person leads his heart with his eyes and ears

b. = It is with good that one who knows himself rewards others c. = It is with resentment that the petty person rewards Heaven PRACTICE: A. It is with disaster that [our] eyes and ears repay ignorance = B. Virtue arises from the good person through his heart = C. It is with self-control that the one who knows herself commands Heaven =

Lesson 2: TEXT 1:

Chinese

Pinyin jun1

zi3

jun1 zi3 you3

English 1. Ruler, lord* 2. Polite second person pronoun 1. Son, child* 2. You 3. Master 4. Viscount Son of a lord, a gentleman, a superior man 1. To possess, to own, to have; possession*

zhong1 shen1 zhong1 shen1 zhi1

you1 er2 wu2

yi1 1. zhao1 2. chao2

yi1 zhao1 huan4

shun4

2. Being, existence; to exist, to be To end, to die; ending, finally Body, the self; oneself, personally, on ones own All ones life, to the end of ones life 1. Grammatical particle 2. Him, her, it, them 3. To go Worry, anxiety, concern; to worry [about] But, and, then (connects two verbs) 1. To not have; nonposession 2. Nonexistence, nothingness; to not exist 3. Dont. One, first, once 1. Morning, dawn* 2. First day of lunar month 3. Court; to go to court Right away, at once, immediately Grief, misfortune, disaster; to suffer; to worry about [a crisis] To act in accordance with, to agree with, to obey;

dao4

1. xing2 2. xing4

xun2 li3

yan2 xi3

jia1

yi4

nu4 nan2

favorable 1. Road, path, skill, method, philosophy, the right way to live* 2. To speak 1. To go, to walk, to act, to circulate, to practice, to put into practice 2. Behavior, conduct To follow, to comply with Principles, pattern, rationale; to straighten, to arrange, to put in order To speak, to say; words, speech To be happy, to be delighted, to enjoy [something]; joy, pleasure To increase, increasingly, more*; to apply [to], advantage, gain 1. Easy, easily 2. Change, to change, to exchange Angry, anger 1. Difficult, hard to deal with* 2. Difficulty, problem

TRANSLATION TEXT 1: The gentleman/superior man has worries/concerns that last all his life, but he does not have short-term/immediate disasters. He acts in

accordance with the Way; he speaks in accordance with principle. Though he is delighted, he is not any more lenient; though he is angry, he does not make things any more difficult.

TEXT 2:

Chinese

Pinyin xia4

zi3 shi1 hou4

er2 hou4 ren2 yi4

yan1 guo2 jia1

English Under, below, to go down, to descend, to put down, social inferiors Under Heaven (i.e. the World) To lose, to be remiss, to neglect; loss, failure 1. Behind, later, subsequently, afterword; to follow behind* 2. Successor, heir And then, only then Kindness, benevolence 1. Righteousness, justice; righteous, just* 2. Principles, principled 3. Meaning, significance 1. [An object pronoun] 2. How [question word] Country, state, capital city 1. House, household,

1. chi2 2. zhi4

xiao4 min2 zheng4

fen1

ci4 hui4 ni4 shi2 fan3

quan2

mou2

family* 2. School of Thought 1. To govern well, to put in order* 2. Government, administration Filial, filiality, filial piety The common people (group) 1. To vie, to compete, to struggle* 2. To try ones hardest, to be eager to 1. To divide up, to apportion, to share* 2. Share, lot, fate Compassion, sympathy, compassionate Compassion, compassionate To go against [the right], to be perverse, to go awry Time, the times, the era 1. To revolt, to go astray, to be perverse* 2. To return 3. On the contrary To weigh, to balance [objects], circumstances, temporary situation*, influence, authority, power Plan, scheme, strategy; to plot, to plan, to scheme;

quan2 mou2

resourceful Grand strategies, resourcefulness, provisional plans

TRANSLATION TEXT 2: When the world loses the Way, only then do benevolence and righteousness arise in it. When the state is not governed, only then are filial sons born in it. When the people fight and do not share, only then do compassion and kindness arise from them. When the Way goes awry and times go astray, only then do grand strategies/resourcefulness arise from them.

GRAMMAR: 1. Connects two nouns, optional but used when clarification is needed, can represent possession or description a. = The rulers schemes b. = The states of the world c. = The petty persons house d. = Behind the gentleman e. = A family that does good f. = The era of the wise person g. = A people that vies to obtain the Way h. = A plot that goes against good people i. = A Heaven that rewards a state with good fortune

PRACTICE:

A. = An era of planning and benevolence B. = The disaster of going against the Way C. = A filial lord who leads his people by means of kindness and justice D. = A good people who know how to follow their lord E. = A filial son does not lose family principles that possess justice F. = The whole world obeys a lord who practices virtue G. = The whole world vies to obey a lord who practices virtue H. = The whole world vies to obey a lord who practices virtue by means of kindness and justice I. = The angry son did not know how to obey the words of the gentleman/superior man J. = The people do not have any plans to practice kindness PRACTICE: A. B. C. D. E. F. A wise ruler who talks about virtue = A different principle that goes against the family = An era that obeys the gentleman = An angry son who loses benevolence = A good man who governs with compassion = () The people speak about a ruler who governs with compassion = G. Filial sons obtain rewards from a Heaven that follows the Way = H. Unfilial rulers go against wise men who possess righteousness = 2. Usually connects two verbs, but depends on context

a. ( translated as and) b. ( translated as but) c. ( translated as and) 3. Stative Verb Describes an adjective functioning as a verb a. In literary Chinese, the verb to be is not necessary b. = The ruler is angry c. = The son is small d. = The wise person is kind e. = Angry ruler f. = Small son g. = Kind wise person 4. Passive Structures a. If subject carries out action; active voice i. Example: The filial son killed the rat b. If subject receives effect of verb; passive voice i. Example: The rat was killed by the filial son ii. Example: = State and family are not [well] governed 5. Implied Compound Sentences a. Usually omit words for constructing multiclause sentences b. Example: i. means only then, which suggests first phrase has an implied when or if c. Example:

PRACTICE: A. The common people struggle to obtain life and do not follow the ruler =

B. The petty man talks about kindness and justice, but he does not practice virtue = C. When the world is not governed, only then do the people struggle to obtain the Way = D. The son practices filial piety and governs his family = E. Although she is angry, she does not resent the ruler = F. When the ruler does not speak, only then do the people plot against virtue =

Lesson 3: TEXT 1:

Chinese

Pinyin wan4 wu4 qi2

ben3 bai3 shi4

English Ten thousand Thing; object 1. This; that; these; those; its; his; her; their 2. Perhaps, probably, should [Tree] root; fundamental; basics One hundred 1. Thing, matter, affair, occupation, job* 2. To serve, to work for; to employ, to have as a servant

cheng2

suo3

zai4

gui1

gui4 ai4 wei4 wu1 huan4 qu4 shui3 qian3 yu2 tao2 shu4

gao1 niao3 su4

To complete; to accomplish; to perfect; to become 1. Place, location 2. [Grammatical particle: turns a verb into a direct object]* To be located in [a place]; to be at [a place]; to exist, to be living To go home; to give allegiance; to find refuge with Valuable, expensive, to value, to treasure To love; to cherish, to begrudge To fear; to be in awe of; to respect House, room To leak 1. To leave, to abandon 2. To leave, to depart Water Shallow Fish To flee, to escape 1. Tree* 2. To plant [a tree]; to establish High, lofty Bird 1. To roost, to lodge, to spend the night,

hou4 shi4 qu1 li3

zhong1 xin4

si3

lodging, inn* 2. Previous, former Thick; generous Knight, military officer, gentleman, gentry To hurry, to hasten Rites, ceremonies, politeness, etiquette, courtesy, polite, courteous Loyal, faithful; loyalty 1. Trustworthy, sincere, to believe, faith, trustworthiness 2. Truly, actually Death; to die

TEXT 1 TRANSLATION: Those among the ten thousand things that obtain their roots live; those among the hundred affairs that obtain their way are perfected. Where the Way resides, all the world returns there/gives it their allegiance. Where virtue resides, all the world honors it. Where kindness resides, all the world loves/cherishes it. Where justice resides, all the world fears it. As for houses that leak, the people leave them. As for water that is shallow, fish flee it. As for trees that are tall/lofty, birds roost in them. As for virtues that are generous, the knight hurries to them. As for [men] who possess propriety, the people are in awe of them. As for [men] who are loyal and faithful, the knight dies for them. GRAMMAR: 1. Possessive/demonstrative adjective; primarily is to signify demonstrative functions (this, that the) or possessive a. Not to be confused with : i. () = The rulers mind

ii. = His mind b. In order to say your or my, you must use and a first or second person pronoun: i. () = My mind ii. () = Your mind c. Example: = The ruler obtains the peoples hearts, and only then will he obtain their trust 2. Partitive Structure a. Long verbal phrase can modify a noun: i. Example: = A people who do not trust their ruler b. If you want to put a particular emphasis on such people see them as a special subgroup of peoples in general (the subgroup of those who dont trust their ruler), then: i. NOUN + + VERBAL PHRASE + ii. Rewritten Example: (literal meaning is to say that peoples not trust-their-rulers-ones iii. Example: (small tree/trees) vs. ([those] trees that are small) iv. Example: = [those] people who flee disaster v. Example: = [those] states that do not obey Heaven vi. Example: = [those] birds that do not nest in trees vii. Example: = [those] sages who control themselves c. X V i. () PRACTICE: A. = People who do not spend the night in houses B. = Lords who do not resent disaster

C. = Knights who do not trust Heaven D. = As for trees that are small, their roots are not formed E. = Those knights who do not cherish/love themselves do not worry about fate/their lives F. = As for fish who do not flee shallow water, people/others catch them G. = As for birds who form homes in tall trees their houses leak

PRACTICE: A. B. C. D. Petty people who are not at home = Fish who do not have rulers = Knights who abandon the water = As for rulers who perfect the Rites, the people will give allegiance to them = E. As for valuable people who do not love fish, their hearts are shallow = F. As for knights who die in the water, rulers compete in loving them = G. As for birds who hasten to obtain the Way, knights honor their virtue = 3. Placed before a verb or verb phrase to nominalize it (turns it into a noun); received action of the verb, rather than performing it a. Examples: i. = one who loves ii. = that which/what is loved iii. = one who flees iv. = that which/what is fled

v. = one who completes vi. = that which/what is completed b. If the verb in a structure takes a location as its object, then you may need to translate as place i. = one who abandons ii. = the place that is abandoned iii. = one who returns iv. = the place that is returned to v. = one who is present/exists vi. = the place where [someone] is located PRACTICE: A. B. C. D. = What the people honor = What the fish resents = Where the birds roost = The knight does not cherish what the people cherish E. = What the lord abandons, the petty person competes to hurry to

Lesson 4:

TEXT 1: Chinese Pinyin qi2 English 1. The state of Qi*

huan2 gong1

qi2 huan2 gong1 da4 chen2

ju4

jiu3

qi1

ri4 zhong1

ri4 zhong1 guan3

2. To be equal, to be the same 1. Martial, military 1. Duke* 2. Gong [a surname] 3. Master 4. You, Sir Duke Huan of Qi Great, large, important 1. Minister; subject [of a ruler]* 2. [First person pronoun when addressing a superior] 1. To prepare 2. Utensil, tool 3. All, the whole, every [adverb] 1. Alcoholic beverage 2. Banquet [figurative usage] 1. To set an appointment, to choose a time, to set or determine* 2. To expect, to wait for Sun, day, daily 1. Middle, midst* 2. To hit on target, to strike the middle of Noon (the middle of the day) Tube, pipe, flute

zhong4 guan3 zhong4 zhi4

ju3

shang1 yin3 ban4 qi4 yue1

ke3

hu1

The second in order of birth Guan Zhong (a prominent minister of ) 1. To arrive* 2. To go so far as; to reach the point of 3. When, when the time came that 4. The ultimate, the most, the perfect 1. To raise, to lift, to mobilize [troops], to light [a fire] 2. All, entire, every Cup, goblet, drinking cup, to offer a toast To drink Half To abandon, to cast aside, to reject 1. To say, to speak* 2. To be named, to be called To be feasible, to be allowable, to be permissible 1. [Question particle; ends a sentence, indicating a question] 2. [An exclamation particle, indicating surprise or

dui4 wen2

ru4 she2 chu1

ji4 ru2

bu4 ru2 xiao4 fu4 zhong4 fu4 qi3 jiu4

zuo4

emphasis] To reply, to answer 1. To hear* 2. To smell 3. Learning, fame, reputation To enter Tongue To go out, to come out, to emerge; to produce, to make come out To plan, to calculate; plans, calculations 1. To resemble, to be like* 2. To go [to] 3. If, supposing To not be as good as, to not come up to To laugh, to smile Father Uncle To rise; to get up [from sleep] 1. To proceed to, to go to* 2. To carry out, to accomplish 1. To sit; seat, place [at a banquet or meeting]* 2. To try [someone] on criminal charges; to be brought to

court [on a charge] TRANSLATION TEXT 1: Duke Huan of Qi prepared a banquet for his important ministers, and he set the time for noon. Guan Zhong arrived afterward. Duke Huan raised a cup in order to have him drink. Guan Zhong cast aside half of the ale. Duke Huan said, I set a time and you arrived afterward; I offered you drink and you case aside half the ale. Is this acceptable in terms of propriety? Guan Zhong replied, I have heard: When ale enters, the tongue comes out; the one whose tongue comes out will speak remiss; the one who speaks remiss will cast himself away. I calculate that casting aside oneself is not as good as casting aside the ale. Duke Huan laughed and said, Uncle, rise and go to your place!

GRAMMAR: 1. Coverb that means on behalf of (usually) or because of (sometimes) a. = The ruler practices virtue on behalf of the people b. = The son gave up ale for the sake of his father c. = The minister proceeded to his seat for the sake of the duke 2. Causative Verb a. Sometimes verbs will have a specific causative use that is, they represent letting or making someone else carry out the action of the verb b. Example: i. Whereas this could mean Duke Huan raised his cup in order to drink from it, the next sentence jumps to s act of pouring out half of the ale. That would suggest that the best reading of the line is Duke Huan raised the cup in order to have him drink from it. c. Example: = I provided a seat for my uncle [lit., caused my uncle to sit] d. Example: = The ruler passed around the ale [lit caused the ale to go]

e. Example: = The duke hurried his minister off to his house f. Example: = The minister produced his plans 3. and Direct Speech a. Writers used to indicate a quotation b. When writers wished to describe the manner in which something was said, they often put a verb before : i. Example: = Replied, saying ii. Example: = Laughed, saying c. Speakers could indicate they had heard from others by using 4. Question Forms: a. Two types of questions one can ask: i. Question that gives two alternatives and asks which one is correct (Yes or no question) ii. Question that elicits new information through the use of a question word, such as when, where, why, what, etc. b. acts as a question particle, particularly for yes-or-no question forms (similar to in modern Chinese) 5. Idiomatic Meanings for a. Whereas this phrase normally means does not resemble.. it has also come to mean not as good as i. Example: = Loving the ruler is not as good as fearing him ii. = To obtain the world for oneself is not as good as governing the state for the sake of the people 6. Flexibility in Using a. In the example :

i. For the sake of emphasis, the author has decided to place , and before the verbs for which they serve as objects. PRACTICE: A. = I [your minister] wish to cast aside evil in order to govern the people. Is that OK? B. = The duke of all his life/always practiced unfiliality in order to go against the world C. = A good knight prepares a banquet with propriety D. = Guan Zhong said, Do you not know how to cast aside evil ministers? E. = The duke replied, I calculate that casting aside evil ministers is not as good as cherishing the people of the state F. = Water that is shallow is not as good as trees that are tall G. = The knights who arrived late did not fear the lords anger H. = The duke has his ministers sit and pass around the ale I. = To drink ale and to be remiss in speech is not as good as casting aside ale and controlling ones speech J. = The bird roosted in a lofty tree for its own sake, whereas the fish abandoned shallow water for the sake of its sons/children PRACTICE: A. The Duke of Qi for the sake of his people returned to the good =

B. I have heard: His son speaks of filial piety and yet does not love his father = C. Guan Zhong laughed and said, Did the lord to the end of his life cast aside the ale cup? [That] is not as good as holding a banquet [lit. preparing ale] for the sake of wise men. = D. His uncle does not sit in the middle of the ministers = E. The bird raised its tongue and laughed. The fish was in the water and did not hear = F. His father wants to leave the house and drink in a tall tree = G. The duke daily proceeds to his room and hears what the ministers are planning = ()()()() H. The lord appointed a day in order to complete the Rites = I. Are you rejecting rituals in order to obtain what you love? = () J. I believe in what the knight believes = ()

Lesson 5: TEXT 1:

Chinese

Pinyin

English

zeng1 zeng1 zi3 1. yi1 2. yi4 bi4 geng1 lu3 shi3

wang3 zhi4

yi4 qing3

ci3 xiu1 shou4 fu4

you4 xian1

1. Zeng [a surname]* 2. Once in the past Master Zeng (one of Confucius disciples) 1. Clothes, robe* 2. To put on clothes, to wear clothes* Worn out, tattered To plow The state of Lu 1. To send, to make, to cause* 2. To go on a mission; emissary, ambassador 3. If, supposing To go To present; to elicit; to make come; to bring about; to convey District city; county; region 1. To request* 2. To pay a polite visit to Here; this; these To repair; to mend, to regulate, to cultivate To receive 1. Again, moreover* 2. To return, to repay, to report Again, moreover First, earlier, in front, to be

xian1 sheng1 fei1

qiu2 ze2 xian4 xi1 xi1 wei4 1. yu3 2. yu2 jiao1

zong4 ci4 wo3 ye3 neng2

wu4 kong3 kong3 zi3 1. can1 2. shen1

first, to go first, to put first Master 1. Is not... Is not the case that... 2. Wrong To seek, to request, to look for Then To present, to give, to offer (often to a superior) How, what [question word] Why [question word] 1. To give* 2. I, me Arrogant, proud, highspirited; to treat someone arrogantly Even if To give [as a present]; gift I, me [Particle -- places special emphasis on a phrase] To be able to, can; to be capable, to be able; ability, talent Do not [imperative] 1. Hole, nostril 2. Kong [a surname]* Master Kong (Confucius) 1. To counsel, to consult, to participate 2. Shen [a personal

zu2

quan2 jie2

name]* 1. To be sufficient, to be enough, to be competent at* 2. Foot Complete, preserved; to preserve; to complete Joint (originally of bamboo); segment, virtue, chastity, self-restraint, virtuous, chaste

TRANSLATION TEXT 1: Master Zeng was wearing/put on tattered clothing in order to plow. The ruler of Lu sent someone to go and present a city to him; he said, please use this [lit. by means of this] to mend your clothing. [Master Zeng] did not accept. [The man] returned, then came again, but Master Zeng still [lit. again] did not accept. The emissary said, It is not that you, sir, are seeking [something] from others; others are giving it to you. Why wont you accept? Master Zeng said, I have heard: Those who receive things from others are in awe of/fear others, whereas those who give to others are arrogant toward others. Even if the ruler has a gift and is not arrogant toward me, would I be able to not be in awe of him? In the end he did not accept. Confucius heard of this and said, Shens words are sufficient to preserve his virtue.

GRAMMAR: 1. Pivot Structures a. When a writer wishes to express the idea of making somebody do something, he might turn a verb into a causative verb

b. Another way is to employ pivot verbs, such as , which function as the object of one verb and the subject of another c. Example: [ is the object of and the subject of ] d. Example: = The lord made his ministers drink ale e. Example: = His uncle made ZengZi go and plow f. Example: = The Duke of Qi made me go to my seat PRACTICE: A. = The duke sent Guan Zhong [to] repay the people with fish B. = Master Zeng for the sake of his lord sent his son [to] go to Lu C. = Kindness and justice make me preserve the people and [yet] obtain good fortune D. = Confucius sent me [to] prepare a banquet E. = Confucius words make me abandon myself in order to govern the state 2. Implicit Subjects a. Third subject pronouns are relatively rare in literary Chinese b. Instead, writers usually do not give any subject at all and allow context to explain 3. Use of the Negative a. One might say that does not negate the verb , but negates the whole sentence concept. b. tends to be used when one wishes to deny a proposition made by someone else and then go on to give the right preposition c. Example: = I am not abandoning my father d. Example: = Its not that Im abandoning my father

e. Example: = Why are you throwing away the ale? Is that in keeping with courtesy? f. Example: = Its not that Im discourteous, [but] I dont want to speak rashly

PRACTICE: A. = The duke said, Do you treat Confucius arrogantly? Guan Zhong replied, Its not that I treat Confucius arrogantly, but I dont love him. B. = Its not that I dont love my state, but I am unable to value the lords plans C. = Its not that I seek evil conduct, but I am insufficient to preserve my virtue D. = Its not that I am casting aside the lords gift, [but] I cant drink ale E. = Its not that I dont love kindness and justice, but [they] are not easy to practice

4. Double Object Construction a. Two types of sentences that use double objects: i. Sentences of giving ii. Sentences of explaining b. Simplest construction is simply with both objects after the verb c. Example: d. Example: e. If direct object (the thing given) is a pronoun (i.e. or ), then a writer rarely uses this pattern

f. Indirect object can also be expressed with multipreposition (i.e. ) g. = + Object Pronoun () i. = The duke gave a town to him/her/them h. Can also turn the direct object into the coverb-object of i. = The duke gave me a town [lit. The duke by means of a town gave I to me] ii. = Confucius spoke to me of virtue [lit. Confucius by means of virtue spoke to me] PRACTICE: A. = Confucius gave me a big fish B. = Guan Zhong presented the duke with good plans C. = Master Zeng speaks to me about filial piety and loyalty D. = The father gave his home to [his] son E. = The lord gave Guan Zhong a cup

5. New Information Questions a. Sometimes question words function as adverbs and precede the verb (i.e. Why are you going?) b. Sometimes question words function as direct object pronouns and also tend to precede the verb (i.e. What are you doing?) c. Question words can often combine with coverbs (especially and ) to form two-character question words. These phrases are usually inverted and come before the verb (i.e. ) 6. Idiomatic Inversions a. Two character question expressions: is best interpreted as , a coverb and its object, for the sake of what, that is why

b. Inversions with negatives and pronoun objects: If a sentence has a negative adverb (such as ) and a direct object replaced by a pronoun (usually , , or ) then the pronoun is moved to a place between the negative and the verb. i. becomes PRACTICE: A. B. C. D. = I didnt get it = I didnt say it = The lord doesnt love me = Does Confucius not preserve you?

E. = The duke did not raise it

7. Fusion Particles: a. When two words that occurred together were said quickly, they fused into one syllable and were represented by a different character b. = + c. can be replaced as and can be rearranged with idiomatic inversion as d. It is a habit for writers to negate sentences that contain verbs of desire or ability with an imperative of the simple i. Changing the sentence above once more to make (Am I able to not be afraid of him?) e. Example: = Do not prohibit/control it! f. Example: = (Do not go against him!) g. = (Do not bring it out/ do not let him go out!) h. = (The lord did not want to look for him) i. = (The knight was able to not drink it [avoid drinking it])

PRACTICE: A. To look for Guan Zhong in Lu is not as good as sending Confucius to go to Qi = B. Its not that Im sending Confucius to go to Qi. Im going there myself = C. Why is the duke giving him a town? = D. Its not that I dont love you = E. Please give this to the knight = F. Benevolence and righteousness are sufficient to preserve my people = G. Are you making Guan Zhong proceed to his seat? = H. Do not fear it! = I. Abandoning the town is not as good as giving it to his lord = J. Its not that I can cultivate virtue, but I respect the Way of filial piety and loyalty =