26 7 Vol. 26 No.

7
2013 7 PR & AI Jul
2013

*
1,2 1,2,3
1
2
3

( 610031)

( 400065)

( , 401122)

( ) .
, , ;
,
, .
, , ,
TP 181

Backward Cloud Transformation Algorithm for

Realizing Stability Bidirectional Cognitive Mapping
1

XU ChangLin1,2 , WANG GuoYin1,2,3

( School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031)
2

( Chongqing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence,

Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065)

( Institute of Electronic Information Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401122)

ABSTRACT
The uncertainty of human cognition for the objective world is mainly reflected by the basic unit of

cognition, that is, concept. In this paper, based on the cloud model theory, a new stable backward cloud

transformation algorithm is proposed firstly, and the stability of the method is illustrated by experimental
comparison. Secondly, according to the characteristics of the transformation between the intension and
extension of a concept, which is implemented by the forward cloud transformation and backward cloud

transformation respectively, the stable bidirectional cognitive processes between intension and extension of
concept are simulated by the forward cloud transformation algorithm and the backward cloud
transformation algorithm.

*( No. 61073146, 61272060) ( No. CQLCI200308)

:2012-06-19;:2013-03-18
,,1983 ,,. Email: xuchlin
@ 163. com. ( ) ,,1970 ,,, Rough
. Email:wanggy@ ieee. org.

635

Key Words Cloud Model, Forward Cloud Transformation, Backward Cloud Transformation, Cognitive
Computation

, ,
,
[7,11 -12] .

, .

, (

Neisser :

) (

, ,

[1] .

) ( ) ,

. ( )

, (

, ,

( ) (

) ,

, . (

[2 -3]

. ,

) , .

) . ,

( ) [4 -5] .
, ,

,,

[6] .

, Frege 1904

[7]

, , [8] ,

[9]

[7,10]

.
;

, [7] .

Frege ,

. Pawlak
Frege ,
,

,
.
,
. ,

, Frege [7] .
.

1995
,

1,

Cloud Transformation, FCT)

, . , ,
.
, , ,
,
. , ,
,
. , ,
,

, ( Forward

, Frege ;

( Backward Cloud Transformation,

BCT) . ,

,
[2 -3, 13 -15] .

[13]

. ,

636

. ,
,

26

[2] .

, ;

, ( )

, ,

. ,

, ,

, ,

, .

; , (
) ,

3 ,
,
.

,
.

, ,
.

:. ,

,
;
,
,
;
,
;
.

2. 1

Ex ( Expected Value) En

( Entropy) He ( Hyper Entropy)3

[3]

, , Ex

, [13] .
, ( p
) .

U ,C U

, C p + 1 : Ex = En1 ,En2 ,
,En p -1 ,En p ,He, ,He > 0. R N( Ex,)
Ex ,2 X( X ~

N( Ex,2 ) ) , p
x p ,
xi =

. En
, . En
,
;, En
,
, En .
He ,,
,,

i=1

R N( En p -( i -1) ,x i -1 ) , 2 i p

C ( x p ) [0,1]
, x p C
( x p ) = exp -

( x p - En1 ) 2
2x2p - 1

( x p ) = exp -

( x p - Ex) 2
,
2x2p - 1

, ;
Ex , ,

R N( En p ,He) ,

,x p U p . x p

( ) ,
. Ex ,

, X p p
.

p = 1 ,x1 = R N( En1 ,He) ( x1 = R N( Ex,

He) ) ,p . p = 2 ,p
, En1 = Ex,En2 =
En,[14] .

2. 2

(Forward Cloud Transformation, FCT)

( Backward Cloud Transformation,

X=

1
1
x i , S2 =
( x i - X) 2 ,

n i=1
n - 1 i=1

E X -X

BCT) ,

( ) ,

step 3

. , 3
, ( FCT)

( Ex,En,He) , n

n x i ( x i ) ( i = 1,2,,n)
step 1

En , He2

y i = R N( En,He) .

( x i ) = exp -

step 4

( x i ) x i

1
x i - Ex .

2 n i=1
n

step 4

x i( i = 1,2,,n)

S2 - E n2 .

He =

3 SBCT 4thM [17]

(Ex,En,He)

step 1

X=

( x i - Ex) 2
.
2y2i

step 3

E x = X .

x1 ,x2 ,,x n ,

step 2 Ex , y2i

x i = R N( Ex,y i ) .

En =

1 FCT [3]

1
x -X .
n i=1 i

step 2

( )

637

step 4

He =

Cloud Transformation Algorithm Based on the

1storder Absolute Center Moment, SBCT1stM)

Cloud Transformation Algorithm Based on the

S2 -

9 ( S2 ) 2 - 4
.
6

9 ( S2 ) 2 - 4
.
6

. SBCT1stM , He
=

S2 - E n2 ,

S2 - E n2 0. , SBCT 4thM ,
,

[16]

( Backward

. ,

( Backward

E x = X .

step 3 E n =

. ,

( Single) ,

1
( x i - X) 4 .

n - 1 i=1

. , ,

step 2

n .

4 =

step 5 step 1 ~step 4,

1
1
x i , S2 =
( x i - X) 2 ,

n i=1
n - 1 i=1

S2 -

9 ( S2 ) 2 - 4
0.
6

4thorder Center Moment, SBCT 4thM) [17] ,

2 SBCT1stM [16]

x i( i = 1,2,,n)

(Ex,En,He)

step 1

x1 ,x2 ,,x n ,

,
. ,
,

638

3. 1

MBCTSR , (1)

,.

Y1 ,Y2 ,,Y m

( )

Y ~ N( En,He2 ) , , ,
E n2 =

,
, x i = R N( Ex,y i ) ,

,y i = R N( En,He) , x i Ex ,
En, He ,

;,
( ) ( ) .
, ,

. 3 ,
) ,

( MultiStep Backward Cloud Trans

Algorithm

Based

on

Sampling

Replacement, MBCTSR) , .

with

4 MBCTSR

x i( i = 1,2,,n)

1
x , Ex .
n k=1 k

1
( x ij - E x i ) 2 , i = 1,2,,m,

r - 1 j=1

EY

N( En,He2 ) .

y21 ,y22 ,,y2m En2 ,

He :

,
E Y2 =

1
2

4 ( E Y2 ) 2 - 2DY2 ,

He = E Y - E n ,
2

(1)

1
1
y 2i , DY2 =
( y 2i - E Y2 ) 2 .

m i=1
m - 1 i=1
m

y2 f Y( y) dy = He2 + En2 ,
y f Y( y) dy = 3He + 6En He + En .
4

(2)

, Y 2

DY 2 = EY 4 - ( EY 2 ) 2 = 2He4 + 4En 2 He 2 . (3)

2He4 - 4EY2 He2 + DY2 = 0,

(4)

(4)

= 16 ( EY2 ) 2 - 8DY2 = 16En4 0.

(4) ,
He21 =

2EY2 -

He22 =

2EY2 +

En21 =
En22 =

, y1 ,y2 ,,y m

EY 2 =

1
x .
r j = 1 ij

E n2 =

, Y 2 Y 4

step 3

1
( y - En) 2
exp ,
2He2
2 He

4( EY2 ) 2 - 2DY2
,
2

4( EY2 ) 2 - 2DY2
.
2

(3) , En ,

,E x i =

f Y( y) =

, m r n) .

, m , r ( m, r

y 2i =

Y ~ N( En,He2 ) ,

step 2 x1 ,x2 ,,x n

(2) (3) He2

x1 ,x2 ,,x n ,

E x =

1
1
y 2i , DY2 =
( y 2i - E Y2 ) 2 .

m i=1
m - 1 i=1

E Y2 =

(Ex,En,He)

step 1

4( E Y2 ) 2 - 2DY2 ,

H e2 = E Y 2 - E n 2 ,

( y i ) En He
,

1
2

, ( )

formation

26

En22 =

4 ( EY2 ) 2 - 2DY2
,
2

4 ( EY2 ) 2 - 2DY2
.
2

4 ( EY2 ) 2 - 2DY2
< 0,
2

En22 , En He
(1) . .

, MBCTSR

He He2 < 0 ,
. MBCTSR
.

3. 2

, 3
. : 1)

,
.

,
,
SBCT1stMSBCT 4thM MBCTSR

639

Ex ,
.

,
; 2) ,
SBCT1stMSBCT 4thM MBCTSR 3
( Mean) ( Mean
Squared Error, MSE) , .

1) ,

( Ex,En,He) = (25,3,0. 1) ,n = 10 000,

FCT ( ) ,
SBCT1stMSBCT 4thM
MBCTSR ExEn He ,

( a) En

T = 20 . 20 1 ,

( a) Estimated value of En

20 1 .

1 1 , 3

He ,
SBCT1stM SBCT4thM He
. 1 He ,
,
2. 2 . MBCTSR He En
, He .

2) ,

1), (Ex,En,He) = (25,3,0. 1),

( b) He

( n 2 000 1 000

10 000), T = 20 En He
M(En), M(He), 2.

2 , , 3

( b) Estimated value of He
1 3 T = 20

Fig. 1

Experiment results of 3 backward cloud transformation

algorithms with T = 20 times

En
, En . He
, 3 ,
SBCT1stM SBCT4thM He
0. 1,

, MBCTSR ,
, SBCT1stM SBCT4thM
MBCTSR. MBCTSR He
, ,
MBCTSR .

1) 2) , MBCTSR

Table 1

Means and mean squared errors of the estimated

values ( Ex,En,He)

SBCT1stM

25. 0025
Mean
Ex
MSE
7. 7497 10 -4

Mean
2. 9989
En
MSE
0. 0011

He

( Ex,En,He)

Mean
MSE

0. 2066
0. 0211

SBCT 4thM

MBCTSR

25. 0025
25. 0025
7. 7497 10 -4 7. 749710 -4
3. 0036
2. 9991
6. 0195 10 -4 5. 3960 10 -4
0. 1005
0. 1847
0. 0097
4. 7497 10 -4

640

26

, [18] .

[19] .
,
, :1)
,
( a) En

( a) The mean of En

, ,
;

2) ,
, ,
,

( ) ,

[20] . 3
,

( b) He
( b) The mean of He

( c) En

( b) The mean squared error of En

,
3 .

Fig. 3 Bidirectional cognitive computing model

,
,

.
( )
( ) ,
.
,

( d) He

( d) The mean squared error of He

2 En He
Fig. 2

Mean and variance changes of estimated values of En

and He under difference sample sizes

( ) ( ) ,
( )
( ) . ,

, ( )

( ) ,

641

( ) ,

0. 1) , 50 ,

He = 0. 1 ,

, SBCT 4thM C2(25. 03,

. Ex = 25, En = 3,

. C(25, 3,
SBCT1stM C1(24. 92, 2. 96, 0. 34)

Ex = 25 25

2. 98, 0. 30) , MBCTSR

. ,

MBCTSR SBCT1stM SBCT 4thM

, En = 3 He = 0. 1
C(25, 3, 0. 1) ,
.

: FCT

BCT ,

, FCT
3 SBCT1stMSBCT4thM

C3(24. 98,3. 01, 0. 096) ,

, 3 3

. ,
MBCTSR

SBCTSR 3 . ,
C(25, 3, 0. 1) , FCT SBCT1stM
SBCT 4thM SBCTSR L = 50

50 , C(25, 3, 0. 1)

. L =

( a) C(25, 3, 0. 1)

50 , SBCT1stM,SBCT 4thM,MBCTSR

50 C1(24. 92, 2. 96, 0. 34) ,

(b) C1(24. 92, 2. 96, 0. 34)

C2(25. 03, 2. 98, 0. 30) ,C3(24. 98,3. 01, 0. 096) .

, C(25, 3, 0. 1) 3

,
/

, . , 3
Ex En

(c)C2(25. 03, 2. 98, 0. 30)

, MBCTSR SBCT1stM

SBCT 4thM He , 50

MNBCTSR
.

50

Fig. 4 The 50th cognitive computing cloud maps

C3(24. 98,3. 01, 0. 096)

C(25, 3, 0. 1) ,

(d) C3(24. 98, 3. 01, 0. 096)

C(25, 3, 0. 1) L = 50 , 50

C(25, 3, 0. 1) , 4( b) , ( c) , ( d)

4 , 4( a)
SBCT1stMSBCT

4thM SBCTSR

C1(24. 92, 2. 96, 0. 34) C2(25. 03, 2. 98, 0. 30)

C3(24. 98,3. 01, 0. 096) .

4 , C(25,

3, 0. 1)
, ( )

,
.
,
,
.
,

642

,
, , ,
,
.

, ,
,
,
,
,
( ) ,
.

26

[9] Zadeh L A. Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control, 1965, 8(3) : 338
-353

[10] Pawlak Z. Rough Sets. International Journal of Computer and

Information Sciences, 1982, 11(5) : 341-356

[11 ] Wang Guoyin, Yao Yiyu, Yu Hong. A Survey on Rough Set

Theory and Applications. Chinese Journal of Computers, 2009, 32
(7) : 1229-1246 ( in Chinese)

( ,, . .
, 2009, 32(7) : 1229-1246)

[12] Wang Guoyin. Rough Set Based Uncertainty Knowledge Expressing

and Processing / / Proc of the 13th International Conference on
Rough Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Data Mining and Granular Computing.
Moscow, Russia, 2011: 11-18

[13] Li Deyi, Meng Haijun, Shi Xuemei. Membership Clouds and

Membership Cloud Generators. Journal of Computer Research and

[1] Robert L S, Otto H M, MacLin M K. Cognitive Psychology. 8th

Edition. Boston, USA: Pearson / Allyn and Bacon, 2008

[2] Li Deyi, Liu Changyu, Du Yi, et al. Artificial Intelligence with

Uncertainty. Journal of Software, 2004, 15 (11) : 1583 -1594 ( in
Chinese)

( , , , . . ,

2004, 15(11) : 1583-1594)

[3] Li Deyi, Du Yi. Artificial Intelligence with Uncertainty. London,

UK: Chapman and Hall / CRC, 2007

[4 ] Zajonc R B, Morrissette J. The Role of Uncertainty in Cognitive

Change. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1960, 61
(2) : 168-175

[5] Quayle J D, Ball L J. Cognitive Uncertainty in Syllogistic Reason

ing: An Alternative Mental Models Theory / / Proc of the 23rd

Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah,

Development, 1995, 32(6) : 15-20 ( in Chinese)

( ,,. .
, 1995, 32(6) : 15-20)

[14] Li Deyi, Liu Changyu. Study on the Universality of the Normal

Cloud Model. Engineering Sciences, 2004, 6 ( 8 ) : 28 - 34 ( in
Chinese)

( , . . ,

2004, 6(8) : 28-34)

[15] Li Deyi, Liu Changyu, Gan Wenyan. A New Cognitive Model:

Cloud Model. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2009,

24(3) : 357-375

[16] Liu Changyu, Feng Mang, Dai Xiaojun, et al. A New Algorithm of

Backward Cloud. Journal of System Simulation, 2004, 16 ( 11 ) :

2417-2420 ( in Chinese)

( , ,,. X .
, 2004, 16(11) : 2417-2420)

[17] Wu Tao, Qin Kun. Image Segmentation Using Cloud Model and

Data Field. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 2012,

USA, 2001: 792-797

25(3) : 397-405 ( in Chinese)

Temple University Press, 2004

,2012, 25(3) : 397-405 )

[6] Wallerstein I. The Uncertainties of Knowledge. Philadelphia, USA:

( , . .

[7] Wang Guoyin, Miao Duoqian, Wu Weizhi, et al. Uncertain Know

[18] Wang Yingxu, Pedrycz W, Baciu G, et al. Perspectives on Cogni

Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications: Natural Sci

IEEE ICCI'10 / / Proc of the 9th IEEE International Conference on

ledge Representation and Processing Based on Rough Set. Journal of

ence Edition, 2010, 22(5) : 541-544 ( in Chinese)

( , , , .
. :, 2010, 22(5) : 541-544)

[8] Wang Zikun. Foundations and Applications of the Probability Theo

tive Computing and Applications: Summary of Plenary Panel I of

Cognitive Informatics. Beijing, China, 2010: 8-16

[19] Snaider J, McCall R, Franklin S. Time Production and Represen

tation in a Conceptual and Computational Cognitive Model. Cogni
tive Systems Research, 2012, 13(1) : 59-71

ry. 3rd Edition. Beijing, China: Beijing Normal University Press,

[20] Wang Guoyin, Xu Changlin. Cloud Model-A Bidirectional Cogni

( . . 3 . :

the International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Tech

1996 ( in Chinese)
, 1996)

tion Model between Concept s Extension and Intension / / Pro of

nologies and Applications. Cairo, Egypt, 2012: 391-400