----------------------- Page 1--------------------------------------------- Page 2----------------------Table of Contents Copyright, ii About the Authors, iv Preface, xvi Part I.

Decision Support and Business Intelligence, 1 Chapter 1. Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence, 2 1.1. Opening Vignette: Norfolk Southern Uses Business Intelligence for Decision Support to Reach Success, 3 1.2. Changing Business Environments and Computerized Decision Support, 5 1.3. Managerial Decision Making, 7 1.4. Computerized Support for Decision Making, 9 1.5. An Early Framework for Computerized Decision Support, 11 Application Case 1.1. Giant Food Stores Prices the Entire Store, 14 1.6. The Concept of Decision Support Systems (DSS), 16 Application Case 1.2. A DSS for Managing Inventory at GlaxoSmithKline, 16 1.7. A Framework for Business Intelligence (BI), 18 Application Case 1.3. Location, Location, Location, 21 Application Case 1.4. Alltel Wireless: Delivering the Right Message, to the Righ t Customers, at the Right Time, 23 1.8. A Work System View of Decision Support, 25 1.9. The Major Tools and Techniques of Managerial Decision Support, 26 Application Case 1.5. United Sugars Corporation Optimizes Production, Distributi on, and Inventory Capacity with Different Decision Support Tools, 27 1.10. Plan of the Book, 28 Application Case 1.6. The Next Net, 30 1.11. Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection, 30 Chapter Highlights, 31 Key Terms, 32 Questions for Discussion, 32 Exercises, 33 End of Chapter Application Case: Vodafone Uses Business Intelligence to Improve Customer Growth and Retention Plans, 34 References, 35 Part II. Computerized Decision Support, 37 Chapter 2. Decision Making, Systems, Modeling, and Support, 38 2.1. Opening Vignette: Decision Modeling at HP Using Spreadsheets, 39 2.2. Decision Making: Introduction and Definitions, 41 2.3. Models, 44 2.4. Phases of the Decision-Making Process, 45 2.5. Decision Making: The Intelligence Phase, 48 Application Case 2.1. Making Elevators Go Faster!, 48 2.6. Decision Making: The Design Phase, 50 Technology Insights 2.1. The Difference Between a Criterion and a Constraint, 51 Technology Insights 2.2. Are Decision Makers Really Rational?, 52 2.7. Decision Making: The Choice Phase, 58 2.8. Decision Making: The Implementation Phase, 58 2.9. How Decisions Are Supported, 59 Technology Insights 2.3. Decision Making in the Digital Age, 61 Application Case 2.2. Advanced Technology for Museums: RFID Makes Art Come Alive , 63 2.10. Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection, 64 Chapter Highlights, 65

Key Terms, 65 Questions for Discussion, 65 Exercises, 66 End of Chapter Application Case: Decisions and Risk Management (!) That Led to t he Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 67 References, 68 ----------------------- Page 3----------------------Chapter 3. Decision Support Systems Concepts, Methodologies, and Technologies: A n Overview, 70 3.1. Opening Vignette: Decision Support System Cures for Health Care, 71 3.2. Decision Support System Configurations, 74 3.3. Decision Support System Description, 75 Application Case 3.1. A Spreadsheet-Based DSS Enables Ammunition Requirements Pl anning for the Canadian Army, 76 3.4. Decision Support System Characteristics and Capabilities, 77 3.5. Decision Support System Classifications, 79 Application Case 3.2. Expertise Transfer System to Train Future Army Personnel, 81 3.6. Components of Decision Support Systems, 85 3.7. The Data Management Subsystem, 89 Application Case 3.3. Pacific Sunwear Tracks Business Performance, 90 Technology Insights 3.1. The Capabilities of a Relational DBMS in a DSS, 92 Technology Insights 3.2. The 10 Essential Ingredients of Data (Information) Qual ity Management, 94 3.8. The Model Management Subsystem, 96 Application Case 3.4. SNAP DSS Helps OneNet Make Telecommunications Rate Decisio ns, 98 Technology Insights 3.3. Major Functions of an MBMS, 100 3.9. The User Interface (Dialog) Subsystem, 100 Technology Insights 3.4. Next Generation of Input Devices, 104 3.10. The Knowledge-Based Management Subsystem, 105 Application Case 3.5. IAP Systems' Intelligent DSS Determines the Success of Overs eas Assignments and Learns from the Experience, 106 3.11. The Decision Support System User, 106 3.12. Decision Support System Hardware, 107 3.13. A DSS Modeling Language: Planners Lab, 108 Application Case 3.6. Nonprofits Use Planners Lab as a Decision-Making Tool, 109 3.14. Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection, 125 Chapter Highlights, 126 Key Terms, 127 Questions for Discussion, 128 Exercises, 128 End of Chapter Application Case: Spreadsheet Model-Based Decision Support for In ventory Target Setting at Procter & Gamble, 132 References, 133 Chapter 4. Modeling and Analysis, 135 4.1. Opening Vignette: Model-Based Auctions Serve More Lunches in Chile, 136 4.2. Management Support Systems Modeling, 139 Application Case 4.1. Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Optimizes Infrastruc ture Project-Portfolio Selection, 140 Application Case 4.2. Forecasting/Predictive Analytics Proves to be a Good Gambl e for Harrah's Cherokee Casino and Hotel, 142

4.3. Structure of Mathematical Models for Decision Support, 145 4.4. Certainty, Uncertainty, and Risk, 147 4.5. Management Support Systems Modeling with Spreadsheets, 149 Application Case 4.3. Showcase Scheduling at Fred Astaire East Side Dance Studio , 150 4.6. Mathematical Programming Optimization, 152 Application Case 4.4. Spreadsheet Model Helps Assign Medical Residents, 152 Technology Insights 4.1. Linear Programming, 154 4.7. Multiple Goals, Sensitivity Analysis, What-If Analysis, and Goal Seeking, 1 57 4.8. Decision Analysis with Decision Tables and Decision Trees, 161 Application Case 4.5. Decision Analysis Assists Doctor in Weighing Treatment Opt ions for Cancer Suspects and Patients, 164 4.9. Multicriteria Decision Making with Pairwise Comparisons, 165 Application Case 4.6. Multicriteria Decision Support for European Radiation Emer gency Support System, 166 ----------------------- Page 4----------------------4.10. Problem-Solving Search Methods, 168 Application Case 4.7. Heuristic-Based DSS Moves Milk in New Zealand, 170 4.11. Simulation, 171 Application Case 4.8. Improving Maintenance Decision Making in the Finnish Air F orce Through Simulation, 171 Application Case 4.9. Simulation Applications, 176 4.12. Visual Interactive Simulation, 177 4.13. Quantitative Software Packages and Model Base Management, 179 4.14. Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection, 180 Chapter Highlights, 181 Key Terms, 182 Questions for Discussion, 182 Exercises, 183 End of Chapter Application Case: HP Applies Management Science Modeling to Optim ize Its Supply Chain and Wins a Major Award, 185 References, 187 Part III. Business Intelligence, 189 Chapter 5. Data Mining for Business Intelligence, 190 5.1. Opening Vignette: Data Mining Goes to Hollywood!, 191 5.2. Data Mining Concepts and Applications, 194 Application Case 5.1. Business Analytics and Data Mining Help 1-800-Flowers Exce l in Business, 195 Technology Insights 5.1. Data in Data Mining, 197 Application Case 5.2. Law Enforcement Organizations Use Data Mining to Better Fi ght Crime, 199 Application Case 5.3. Motor Vehicle Accidents and Driver Distractions, 203 5.3. Data Mining Applications, 204 Application Case 5.4. A Mine on Terrorist Funding, 206 5.4. Data Mining Process, 207 Application Case 5.5. Data Mining in Cancer Research, 213 5.5. Data Mining Methods, 216 Application Case 5.6. Highmark, Inc., Employs Data Mining to Manage Insurance Co sts, 222 5.6. Data Mining Software Tools, 228 Application Case 5.7. Predicting Customer ChurnA Competition of Different Tools, 231 5.7. Data Mining Myths and Blunders, 233 Chapter Highlights, 234 Key Terms, 235

Questions for Discussion, 235 Exercises, 236 End of Chapter Application Case: Data Mining Helps Develop Custom-Tailored Produ ct Portfolios for Telecommunication Companies, 238 References, 239 Chapter 6. Artificial Neural Networks for Data Mining, 241 6.1. Opening Vignette: Predicting Gambling Referenda with Neural Networks, 242 6.2. Basic Concepts of Neural Networks, 245 Technology Insights 6.1. The Relationship Between Biological and Artificial Neur al Networks, 247 Application Case 6.1. Neural Networks Help Reduce Telecommunications Fraud, 248 6.3. Learning in Artificial Neural Networks, 253 Application Case 6.2. Neural Networks Help Deliver Microsoft's Mail to the Intende d Audience, 254 6.4. Developing Neural NetworkBased Systems, 259 Technology Insights 6.2. ANN Software, 263 6.5. Illuminating the Black Box of ANN with Sensitivity Analysis, 264 Application Case 6.3. Sensitivity Analysis Reveals Injury Severity Factors in Tr affic Accidents, 266 6.6. A Sample Neural Network Project, 267 6.7. Other Popular Neural Network Paradigms, 270 6.8. Applications of Artificial Neural Networks, 274 Application Case 6.4. Neural Networks for Breast Cancer Diagnosis, 276 ----------------------- Page 5----------------------Chapter Highlights, 277 Key Terms, 277 Questions for Discussion, 278 Exercises, 278 End of Chapter Application Case: Coors Improves Beer Flavors with Neural Network s, 282 References, 284 Chapter 7. Text and Web Mining, 286 7.1. Opening Vignette: Mining Text for Security and Counterterrorism, 287 7.2. Text Mining Concepts and Definitions, 289 Technology Insights 7.1. Text Mining Lingo, 290 Application Case 7.1. Text Mining for Patent Analysis, 291 7.3. Natural Language Processing, 292 Application Case 7.2. Text Mining Helps Merck to Better Understand and Serve Its Customers, 294 7.4. Text Mining Applications, 296 Application Case 7.3. Mining for Lies, 297 Application Case 7.4. Flying Through Text, 301 7.5. Text Mining Process, 302 Application Case 7.5. Research Literature Survey with Text Mining, 309 7.6. Text Mining Tools, 312 7.7. Web Mining Overview, 312 7.8. Web Content Mining and Web Structure Mining, 314 Application Case 7.6. Caught in a Web, 315 7.9. Web Usage Mining, 316 7.10. Web Mining Success Stories, 318 Application Case 7.7. Web Site Optimization Ecosystem, 319 Chapter Highlights, 321 Key Terms, 322 Questions for Discussion, 322 Exercises, 323 End of Chapter Application Case: HP and Text Mining, 323 References, 325

Chapter 8. Data Warehousing, 326 8.1. Opening Vignette: DirecTV Thrives with Active Data Warehousing, 327 8.2. Data Warehousing Definitions and Concepts, 328 Application Case 8.1. Enterprise Data Warehouse Delivers Cost Savings and Proces s Efficiencies, 331 8.3. Data Warehousing Process Overview, 333 Application Case 8.2. Data Warehousing Supports First American Corporation's Corpo rate Strategy, 333 8.4. Data Warehousing Architectures, 335 8.5. Data Integration and the Extraction, Transformation, and Load (ETL) Process es, 342 Application Case 8.3. BP Lubricants Achieves BIGS Success, 342 8.6. Data Warehouse Development, 346 Application Case 8.4. Things Go Better with Coke's Data Warehouse, 347 Application Case 8.5. HP Consolidates Hundreds of Data Marts into a Single EDW, 350 Technology Insights 8.1. Hosted Data Warehouses, 352 Application Case 8.6. A Large Insurance Company Integrates Its Enterprise Data w ith AXIS, 357 8.7. Real-Time Data Warehousing, 359 Application Case 8.7. Egg Plc Fries the Competition in Near-Real-Time, 360 Technology Insights 8.2. The Real-Time Realities of Active Data Warehousing, 363 8.8. Data Warehouse Administration and Security Issues, 364 Technology Insights 8.3. Ambeo Delivers Proven Data Access Auditing Solution, 36 5 8.9. Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection, 365 Chapter Highlights, 367 Key Terms, 367 Questions for Discussion, 367 ----------------------- Page 6----------------------Exercises, 367 End of Chapter Application Case: Continental Airlines Flies High with Its Real-T ime Data Warehouse, 369 References, 371 Chapter 9. Business Performance Management, 374 9.1. Opening Vignette: Double Down at Harrah's, 375 9.2. Business Performance Management (BPM) Overview, 377 9.3. Strategize: Where Do We Want to Go?, 379 9.4. Plan: How Do We Get There?, 382 9.5. Monitor: How Are We Doing?, 383 Application Case 9.1. Discovery-Driven Planning: The Coffee Wars, 385 9.6. Act and Adjust: What Do We Need to Do Differently?, 387 9.7. Performance Measurement, 390 Application Case 9.2. Expedia.com's Customer Satisfaction Scorecard, 393 9.8. BPM Methodologies, 395 Technology Insights 9.1. BSC Meets Six Sigma, 402 9.9. BPM Technologies and Applications, 404 9.10. Performance Dashboards and Scorecards, 408 Chapter Highlights, 411 Key Terms, 412 Questions for Discussion, 412 Exercises, 413 End of Chapter Application Case: Tracking Citywide Performance, 414 References, 416 Part IV. Collaboration, Communication, Group Support Systems, and Knowledge Mana gement, 419 Chapter 10. Collaborative Computer-Supported Technologies and Group Support Syst

ems, 420 10.1. Opening Vignette: Procter & Gamble Drives Ideation with Group Support Syst ems, 421 10.2. Making Decisions in Groups: Characteristics, Process, Benefits, and Dysfun ctions, 423 Technology Insights 10.1. Benefits of Working in Groups and Dysfunctions of the Group Process, 425 10.3. Supporting Groupwork with Computerized Systems, 426 Application Case 10.1. GSS Boosts Innovation in Crime Prevention, 427 Technology Insights 10.2. Unsupported Aspects of Communication, 430 10.4. Tools for Indirect Support of Decision Making, 431 Application Case 10.2. Catalyst Maintains an Edge with WebEx, 433 10.5. Integrated Groupware Suites, 436 Application Case 10.3. Wimba Extends Classrooms at CSU, Chico, 440 10.6. Direct Computerized Support for Decision Making: From Group Decision Suppo rt Systems to Group Support Systems, 441 Technology Insights 10.3. Modeling in Group Decision Making: EC11 for Groups, 44 3 Application Case 10.4. Collaborative Problem Solving at KUKA, 444 Application Case 10.5. Eastman Chemical Boosts Creative Processes and Saves $500 ,000 with Groupware, 445 10.7. Products and Tools for GDSS/GSS and Successful Implementation, 448 Technology Insights 10.4. The Standard GSS Process, 449 10.8. Emerging Collaboration Tools: From VoIP to Wikis, 453 Technology Insights 10.5. VoIP System Helps Increase Productivity and Enhance Le arning Experiences at the State University of New York, 453 10.9. Collaborative Efforts in Design, Planning, and Project Management, 456 Application Case 10.6. CPFR Initiatives at Ace Hardware and Sears, 461 10.10. Creativity, Idea Generation, and Computerized Support, 462 Chapter Highlights, 465 Key Terms, 466 Questions for Discussion, 466 Exercises, 467 End of Chapter Application Case: Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein Uses Wiki for Co llaboration, 468 References, 469 ----------------------- Page 7----------------------Chapter 11. Knowledge Management, 471 11.1. Opening Vignette: MITRE Knows What It Knows Through Knowledge Management, 472 11.2. Introduction to Knowledge Management, 474 Application Case 11.1. KM at Consultancy Firms, 477 Application Case 11.2. Cingular Calls on Knowledge, 480 11.3. Organizational Learning and Transformation, 481 Application Case 11.3. NASA Blends KM with Risk Management, 483 11.4. Knowledge Management Activities, 485 11.5. Approaches to Knowledge Management, 486 Application Case 11.4. Texaco Drills for Knowledge, 488 Technology Insights 11.1. KM: A Demand-Led Business Activity, 490 11.6. Information Technology (IT) In Knowledge Management, 493 11.7. Knowledge Management Systems Implementation, 498 Application Case 11.5. Knowledge Management: You Can Bank on It at Commerce Bank , 501 11.8. Roles of People in Knowledge Management, 504 Application Case 11.6. Online Knowledge Sharing at Xerox, 506 Technology Insights 11.2. Seven Principles for Designing Successful COP, 508

11.9. Ensuring the Success of Knowledge Management Efforts, 509 Technology Insights 11.3. MAKE: Most Admired Knowledge Enterprises, 510 Application Case 11.7. The British Broadcasting Corporation Knowledge Management Success, 511 Application Case 11.8. How the U.S. Department of Commerce Uses an Expert Locati on System, 512 Technology Insights 11.4. Six Keys to KM Success for Customer Service, 513 Technology Insights 11.5. KM Myths, 516 Application Case 11.9. When KMS Fail, They Can Fail in a Big Way, 517 Technology Insights 11.6. Knowledge Management Traps, 518 Chapter Highlights, 520 Key Terms, 521 Questions for Discussion, 521 Exercises, 522 End of Chapter Application Case: Siemens Keeps Knowledge Management Blooming wit h ShareNet, 523 References, 524 Part V. Intelligent Systems, 529 Chapter 12. Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 530 12.1. Opening Vignette: A Web-Based Expert System for Wine Selection, 531 12.2. Concepts and Definitions of Artificial Intelligence, 532 Application Case 12.1. Intelligent System Beats the Chess Grand Master, 533 12.3. The Artificial Intelligence Field, 535 Technology Insights 12.1. Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence, 5 37 Application Case 12.2. Automatic Speech Recognition in Call Centers, 539 Application Case 12.3. Agents for Travel Planning at USC, 541 12.4. Basic Concepts of Expert Systems, 542 Technology Insights 12.2. Sample Session of a Rule-Based ES, 545 Application Case 12.4. Expert System Helps in Identifying Sport Talents, 546 12.5. Applications of Expert Systems, 546 Application Case 12.5. Sample Applications of ES, 547 12.6. Structure of Expert Systems, 550 Application Case 12.6. A Fashion Mix-and-Match Expert System, 552 12.7. Knowledge Engineering, 553 Technology Insights 12.3. Difficulties in Knowledge Acquisition, 555 12.8. Problem Areas Suitable for Expert Systems, 564 Application Case 12.7. Monitoring Water Quality with Sensor-Driven Expert System s, 565 12.9. Development of Expert Systems, 566 12.10. Benefits, Limitations, and Critical Success Factors of Expert Systems, 56 9 12.11. Expert Systems on the Web, 572 ----------------------- Page 8----------------------Application Case 12.8. Banner with Brains: Web-Based ES for Restaurant Selection , 573 Application Case 12.9. Rule-Based System for Online Consultation, 573 Technology Insights 12.4. Automated and Real-Time Decision Systems, 574 Chapter Highlights, 575 Key Terms, 576 Questions for Discussion, 576 Exercises, 577 End of Chapter Application Case: Business Rule Automation at Farm Bureau Financi al Services, 577 References, 578 Chapter 13. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 580 13.1. Opening Vignette: Machine Learning Helps Develop an Automated Reading Tuto ring Tool, 581

13.2. Machine-Learning Techniques, 582 13.3. Case-Based Reasoning, 585 Application Case 13.1. A CBR System for Optimal Selection and Sequencing of Song s, 590 13.4. Genetic Algorithms and Developing GA Applications, 593 Application Case 13.2. Genetic Algorithms Schedule Assembly Lines at Volvo Truck s North America, 600 Technology Insights 13.1. Genetic Algorithm Software, 600 13.5. Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Inference Systems, 601 13.6. Support Vector Machines, 606 13.7. Intelligent Agents, 613 Technology Insights 13.2. Intelligent Agents, Objects, and ES, 617 13.8. Developing Integrated Advanced Systems, 622 Application Case 13.3. International Stock Selection, 623 Application Case 13.4. Hybrid ES and Fuzzy Logic System Dispatches Trains, 625 Chapter Highlights, 625 Key Terms, 626 Questions for Discussion, 627 Exercises, 627 End of Chapter Application Case: Improving Urban Infrastructure Management with Case-Based Reasoning, 628 References, 629 Part VI. Implementing Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence, 633 Chapter 14. Management Support Systems: Emerging Trends and Impacts, 634 14.1. Opening Vignette: Coca-Cola's RFID-Based Dispenser Serves a New Type of Busi ness Intelligence, 635 14.2. RFID and New BI Application Opportunities, 636 14.3. Reality Mining, 641 14.4. Virtual Worlds, 644 Technology Insights 14.1. Second Life as a Decision Support Tool, 645 14.5. The Web 2.0 Revolution, 649 14.6. Virtual Communities, 650 14.7. Online Social Networking: Basics and Examples, 653 Application Case 14.1. Using Intelligent Software and Social Networking to Impro ve Recruiting Processes, 656 14.8. Cloud Computing and BI, 658 14.9. The Impacts of Management Support Systems: An Overview, 659 14.10. Management Support Systems Impacts on Organizations, 661 14.11. Management Support Systems Impacts on Individuals, 664 14.12. Automating Decision Making and the Manager's Job, 665 14.13. Issues of Legality, Privacy, and Ethics, 667 14.14. Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection, 671 Chapter Highlights, 671 Key Terms, 672 Questions for Discussion, 672 Exercises, 672 End of Chapter Application Case: Continental Continues to Score with Data Wareho use, 674 References, 675 ----------------------- Page 9----------------------Glossary, 678 Index, 690 ----------------------- Page 10----------------------User name: Shane Lindo ce Systems, Ninth Edition Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligen Page: ii

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. FAhotlai Olrtor, SaUy aQan ne Conle EdllOr In ChId, Eric SVl1ldscn s l"",... Bruce Kensel.... ~t".., Edi ....., Bob Hor.In Jght:o and Perml""iofLo, Shannon Bame FAltotlai Pn.>jecc Man.... Kelly Lotius eo...... \1~..a1 Re,earch a !>ermlslons. EdllOrlal Anl5tanc.}aMlIl Galeano anaa. Dlrtor of MMketlng. PlIIrIc ..JIH>lS GeI!y lmaglS. loc. Senior Markedtlli: Man"2"" Anne P.hlgren ttt Mana&ef Lis> Rlruoldi Markclluj M6lslanl MeUnd}en!lef1 e ProJt MaNjCmetll, Senior Managing &1110... Judy Lnle aW!1S. IOC . Senior Production Project Manager, tio... lni<1lra K:ulIlyn HoIbnd inden H.m"on Plintlll8 Co. Senior Operation. Supervl-. Arnold VU. inIer1 LehJ&ll-PIloenlx CoIor/Ha~n Operations Spialm. Ilene KaIm IQfl2 G"",mond Art OIl"K1on Ja Co....r De Manager. R Man"~. Karen S Co..,r Arc. Mtitla Proj FuIl Servlc Sh:rnm ~ COm .....l Prlnuer/ll Cor Pr Titit Fon..

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Where those doeI;tgnattom appe... In thl!; book , and the publisher WlLS a"",1I of a tndenurk dalm. the doeI;l8Mllom have been pIInted In Inltbl c:tpll or all ClpI!. lIbrary o r eonlVeM CataklslllllllnPublIcaIIOIl 0_ TUrban , linlm. DecIsion support .nd bustOOSli In\ell~ "Ystlfl1!1/F.fralm TUm.... R:Im I>sh Sh:lrdo., Du~n Delen .---9:h ed. p . em. Rev . ed. d . DedMon support and buslOOMlln!elllfl"oce ~yslem!/l!fralm TUrtxon ..leI aI .l. 81h ed. c2001 . Indude! btbIIographlc:al refen>ncel and Index. ISBN !17tK).1~1Q7~3 I. r.bnagement-O:ua proce55lng . 2. DcdsIonsupport systems. 3. Expcn yslems (Ganputer .science) 4 . BusJn<.os:ollnteUiglnce. I. Sharda. I!ame5h. II . Delen, Du"un . Ill . 11tle. N. Tltie . Dldslon ...ppon and bu slnesi! tnteUig<.flce "YstemI . HO}() .2.T87 2011 6S8.403028s.--dc22 I09876s(}21 Prentice Hall is an imprint of PEARSON ISBN ----------------------- Page 11----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition Page: iii No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Dedicated to our spouses and children with love -The Authors ----------------------- Page 12----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition Page: iv No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the 10. {H}--6I Q729-X

ISBN I}. 97tK).1 }--610729-}

law. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Efraim TUToon (M.B.A. , Ph.D., University of C alifornia, Berkeley) is a visiting scholar at the Pacific inslitute for infornmtion System Management, University of Hawaii. Prior to this, he was on the staff of seve~l universit ies, induding Oty University of Hong Kong; Lehigh University; Florida International University; California State University, Long Beach; Eastern Illinois University, and the Un iversity of Southern California. Dr. Turban is the author of more than 100 refereed papers published in leading journals, such as M(magement SciellCe, MIS Quarterly, and Decisio n Support Systems. He is also the author of 20 books, including Efectrollic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective and lIifomUltioll Techl/%g)for Mallagemenr. He is als o a consultant to major corporntions worldwide. Dr. Turbans current areas of interest are Web-based decision support systems, social commerce and collaborative decision making. Ram csh S har da (M.B.A., Ph.D., University of Wisconsin- Madison) is director of the Institute for Research in Informati on Systems (iRIS), ConocoPhillips Chair of Management of Technology, and a R egents Professor of Managemem Science and Information Systems in the Spears School of Business Administration at Oklahoma State University (OSU). More than 100 papers d escribing his research have been published in major journals, including Management Science, Infol"Tllltion Systems Research, Decisioll Supporr Systems, and Journal ofMIS. H e cofounded the AIS SIG on Decision Support Systems and Knowledge Management (SIGDSS). Dr. Sharda serves on severnl editorial boards, including those of II\FORMS Journal on Complllillg. Decision Supp0/1 Systems. and ACM TransactiO/IS 011 Mallagementlnformatio ll Systems. His current research interests are in decision support systems, collaborative applications , and technologies for managing infonnation overload. Dr. Sharda is a lso a cofounder of iTradeFair.com, a company that produces vinual trade fairs. D urs un D dell (Ph.D, Oklahoma State University) is an Associate Professor of Management Science and Information Systems in the Spears School of Business at Oklahoma State University (OSU). Prior to his appointment as an assistant professor at OSU in 2001, he worked for Knowledge Based Systems Inc. , in wllege Station, Texas, as a research scientist for 5 yellfs, during which he led a number of decision support and

other information systems research pr agencies such as the Department of Defense, NASA, the N ational Institute of Standards and Technology (NISn, and the Department of Energy. His research has appeared in major journals. including decisioll sUpporl systems, comm unications oj the ACM, rompUlers and operations research, computers in industr), fou nlal ofproduction operations mallagemelll, Arlificial Intelligence in Medicine, and Expert Systems with Applications, among others. With Professor David Olson he recently published a book on advanced data mining techniques. He is an associate editor for the International Jounlal of RF Technologies: Res earch and Applications and serve s on the editorial boards of the Jourllal oj ,_r~~_.~,,~_ ~_" v_~..._,I_~ u~_~_~_ _ , ,_,~_~,,~_~, ,~ ..~_~, ~r ,_,~"__ , ."J....v" .." .. "",......" ../;" ,.... . " ..,..;"""., " ..",......,,,.. JVU VJ "; Illformation Techl/ologies, Journal oj Emer gillg Technologies ill Web Intelligence, and IntenlationalJournal ojService Sciellces. His research and teaching interests are in decision support systems, data and text min ing, knowledge management, business intelligence. and enterprise modeling. ojects funded by federal ----------------------- Page 13----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Nint h Edition Page: xvi No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. P REFACE We are experiencing major growth of computer-based decision support. Companies such as IBM, Ornde, Micros oft, and others are creating new organizational units focused on analytics that help businesse s become more effective and efficient in their operations. As more and more decision maker s become computer and Web literate, they are using more computerized tools to supp ort their work. The field of decision support systems (DSS)Jbusiness intelligence (B I) is evolving from its begirmings as primarily a personal-support 1001 and is quickly becoming a shared commodity across organizations. The purpose of this book is to intnxiuc in the use

e the reader to these technologies, which we call, collectively. managenWlu support .systems (A~) . The core technology is BI. In some circles, it is also rEferred to as ana/yfics. We use these tenns interchangeably. lhis book presents the fundamentals of the tedmiques and the manner in w hich thE"8e systems are construcred and used. Most of the specific improvements made i n this ninth edition concentrate on three areas: BI, data mining, and autom.,ued decisicu suppo n (ADS). Despite the many changes. we have presetVed the comprehensiveness and user f riendliness that have made the text a market leader. We have also reduced the books siz e by eliminating generic llmterial and by nuving llmterial to the Web site. Finally, we present acrurnte and updated m:lteri.:u that is not available in any othE!" text. We first describe the changes in the ninth editiOil and rerum to expanding on the objectives and covernge latE!" in the Preface. WHATS NEW IN THE NINTH EDITION? With the goal of improving the text, this n inth editiOil makes severnl enhancements to the major changes in the eighth editiOil. The last edition transformed the book from the traditional DSS to BI and fOiStered the tight lin kage with the Teradata UniVEf"Sity Network (IUN). These changes have been retained. The new ed ition has malty timely additions, and dated content has been deleted. The following major specific changes have been m."lde: tE!"s have been added: lfllg. " New chtlpters. The following chap

ClNlpter 7, 7e:o:t (111(1 Web Mfl This new chapter explores two of the most popular business analytics tools in a comprehensive. yet easy-to-understand. way. The chapter provides a wide variety o f Application Cases to make the subject interesting and appealing to the intended a udience. [85% new material) Clu lpter 14, -llullmgemelll support syste",s. elllergfllg trcIIlls mI(l f",ptlcls." lhis chapter examines several new phenom ena that are already changing or are likely to change decision support technologi es and practices--RFID. vinual worlds, cloud computing, social networking, \fub 2.0 , vinual communities, and so cu. It also updates some coverage from the last edition on individual/organizationaVsocietal impacts of computeriZed dedsiOil suppon. [8Cl% n ew material] SlremllUllcl1 cOlertlge. We hav

e made the

shorter by keeping the most conunonly used content. We al so reduced the prefonnaned online content so that the book does not appear too depende nt on this content. Instead , we \vi]J use a Web site to provide updated content and links on a regular basis. We reduced the number of references in each chapter. Specifically, we streamlined the introductorr coverage of business intelligence and u" lta mining by deleting Chapter S and instead putting some of that content in Cha pter 1. With this change, the reader can get an overview of the overall content thro ugh Chapter l---both decision suppon and BI technologies. This overview can prepa re a srudent to begin thinking about a term project in either area (should the instructor require it) right from the beginning of xvi ----------------------- Page 14----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: xvii No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. P...,face xvii

book

the term. The details of DSS are examined in Chapters 2 through 4. and BI topics begin with Chapter 5. We deleted the chapters that were available a s online chapters with the last edition and incorporated some of tbat coment into this edition. New tllltbor leum. This edition includes one new author and an expanded role for an author from the last edition. Building upon the e xcellent content that has been prepared by the authors of the previous edition (Turban, Aronso n, Liang, and Sharda), this edition was revised printarily by Ramesh Sh arda and Dursun Delen. Both Ramesh and Dursun have worked extensively in D SS and data mining and have industry as well as research experience. Dave King QDA Systems), a coauthor of The Srmlegy Gap (a book on corporate performance management) con tributed Chapter 9, "Business Performance Management." All "ew.figuresfor PowerPoI",. Although the figures in the print edition have

been retained from previous editions and new figures added for the ne w content. all the figures have been redrawn in color and are available th rough the image library for use in P01;.eTPoint presentations. A live uptltlle Web sill. Adopters of the textbook will have ac cess to a Web site that will include links to news stories, software, tutorials, and eve n YouTube videos related to topics covered in the book. Reliisetl (I1/(1 uptluletl cOIlIe,,. Almost all of the chapters have new opening vignenes and closing cases that are based on recent stories and events . For example, the closing case at the end of Chapter 2 asks the stud ents to apply Sim ons decisionmaking phases to bener understand the current economic conditions caused by the subprime mortgage mess in the United States. In addition. Application Ca ses throughout the book have been updated to include recent exampl es of applications of a specific technique/ moclel. New Web site links have been added throughou t the book. We also deleted many older product links and references. Finally, most cl}"lpters have new exercises. Internet assigrunents. and discussion questions throughou t. Other specific changes made to the ninth edition are sUllJITl."lrized ne xt: Chapter 3 includes a major DSS software section to introcluce The Pl anners Lab software. l1tis software builds upon a DSS software tool th.u was very popular in the 1980s and 1990s. The PC-based version of the software is available for free to academics. The chapter includes a concise introduction to this software and severa l exercises to help students learn to use the DSS builder software. This sec tion was contributed by Dr. Jerry \(~gner of University of Nebrnska-Ornaha and the founder of Planners Lab. Chapter 4 brings back a brief coverage of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and also introduces some free/ inexpensive pairwise ratings softwar e that the students can use. In addition, all the Microsoft Excel- related coverage has been updated to work with Microsoft Excel 2007. Chapter 5 presents an in-depth, comprehensive discussion of data mining. T he presenmiion of me maieriai in ihis chapier foiiows a meihociicai approach ihai corresponds io the standardized process used for data-mining projects. O:l mpared to the corresponding chapter in the eighth edition, this chapter has been entirely r ewrinen to make it an easy-TO-use digest of infonnation for d"lta mining. Specifically, i

t excludes text and Web mining (which are covered in a separate chapter) and signific antly expands on cbta-mining methods and methodologies. Chapter 6 provides detailed coverage on anificial neural networks (ANN) and their use in managerial decision making. The most popular ANN architectures ar e described in detail; their differences as \vell as their uses for different types of de dsion problems are explained. A new section on the explanation of ANN models via sensitivity analysis has been added to this chapter. Chapter 7 is a mostly new chapter, as described earl ier. ----------------------- Page 15----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Nin th Edition Page: xviii No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. xviii Preface

G-tapiers 8 and 10 through 13 have b een updated to in clude new Technology Insights, Application Cases, and upd:ued text , as appropriate. For example. Chapter 13 now includes coverage of ne wer techniq ues. such as fuzzy inference sy stem s. support vector nl:lchlnes, and inte lligent a gents. Chapter 9 is a new chapter that combines material from multiple chapters in the previous edition. Besides streaml ining and updating the coverage through a new opening vignette, a new closing case , and discussions throughout, it includes new sections on key performance Indicat ors (KPI), operational metrics, Lean Six Slgm:l, payoff o f Six Sigma, and a section on DPM architcct:urc. Chapter 14 is a mostly new chapter, a s described earlier. We have retained m.1.ny of the en hancements made in the last edition and updated the content . These :lre summari7.cd next : LI"ks 10 TermltlltlU"llIersl/yNellIJor chapters include links to TUN (tcradataunivcrsitync twork.com) The student side of the Teradata site (Teradata Student Ne twork [TSN]; tc Most

k (TUN). .

r :ld:llasmdcntnclwork.com) mainly includes assignments for student s. A vi sit to TSN li llows students to read cases, view \{eb seminars , answer questions, search ma t(rial. and more. Fewer boxes, better orgtll/lzetl. We reduced the number of boxes by more than SO percent. Importa nt material was incorporated in the text. Only two types of boxes now exist: Applicatlon Cases a nd Techno lo gy In.s ights. Book IlIIe. We re ta ined the ch anged title of the book-/)(I cIsINI Supporl (llId BIISllless 11I1e/ligellce Systems. Soft IImf(! sllpport. The TUN Web site provides software support at no charge. It also p rovides links to free data min ing and other soft ware. In addition, the site provides exercises in Ihe usc of such soft Vl~lfe. OBJECTIVES AND COVERAGE Organizalions can now easily use Internet to deliver high-value performance-analysis applications to decision makers around the world. Corporations regularly develop distributed system.s, in tranets, and extrJnets tmt enable easy access to data stored In multiple locations, coJiabonttlon. and communlCJ tlon ......orldwlde. Various Infonnation ~)steln.s ~pplications are intcgntte d with one another and/or with oth er Web-based ~lstems. Some integration even t.ranscends organizational boundaries. Managers can make bener decisions because they h.we more accurate infomlation at their fmgen ips. Todays d eci.sion support tool s ut il ize the Web fo r their ,lnalysi.s. and they u se grllphical u ser Interfaces that allow d ec ision m:lk ers to nexlbly , efficiently, and eas ily view and process data and models by using f amiliar Web browsers. The e-"~l-to-use and r<.~. di!y !I.",,-i!~. b!<. c:~. r-~biJjTj< .~ c:Jf <.!.t<.!"pfL""" i!10f!!!~ti0!., !<:D.0W!<.dg<.; ,,_,,-d Q!..h .<.r ". d"". !"I~X! systems have migrated to the PC and pens onal digital ass istants (PDAs). Managers communicate with computers and the Web by us ing a variety of handheld Wireless devices, including mobile phones and PDAs. These devi ces enable managers to access imponant infonnation and useful tools, communicate, and collaborate. Data warehouses and their analytical tools (e.g., online analytica l processing [OLAP), data mining) dramatically enhance information access and analysis acros s organizational boundaries. Decision suppon for groups continues to improve, with major new developments in intr.m ets and the

groupware for enhancing collaborative work , a nytime and anywhere. Artificial intelligence methods are improving the quality of deci sion suppan and mve become embedded in many applications, ranging from automated p ricing optimization to intelligent Web search engines. Intelligent agents perform routine tasks , freeing up time that decision makers can devote to imponant work. Developments in wireless technologies. organizational learning, ----------------------- Page 16----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, N inth Edition Page: xix No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Prefac", xix

and knowledge m.1n:lgemcnt deliver an entire organiz:ltion s expert i se o n the solution o f problems anytime and anywhere. 61 , DSS, and expen syste ms (ES) courses and portions of courses are recomrne nded jo intly by the association for computing rll.1 chinery (ACAI) , the As sociation for 1nf0000000tion Syslems (AIS), and the Association of Infonnaticn TechnaJ.ogy Professio nals (AITP, fcrmerly DPMA). This course is designed to present the decision suppo rt :lnd :lrtificiaJ inte lligence compcuems of the model curriculum for infcrmatlon ~lo:;tel.I"lS; it acrua lly covers more than the UIlTirulum teC{)flunends. lhe texl also covers the decision support and artificial intelligence compcucnts o f the M:l5ter of Scicnoo Infcnnatlon SystClTlS (MSIS) 2lXXl Mo del Curriculum dmft (5ee acnLorgfcducatioll!currk-ula.htmIlMSIS20(0). Another objective is t o provide practieing managers v.1th the fooncl1tions and applications of 131 , gro up support ~y>leIns (GSS), knowtcclgc tnanagcmcnt , ES, d1~ m ining, intc llig...flt :lgcnts, :In<! other intdligcnt systems . The theme of this nvised edition is BI and analytics fO enterpris e decision. support. In additio n to tr:ad itio na J d ecision suppo rt appl ications, this ed ition expands the reader s unde rstanding o f th e world o f the Web by providing examples, products, scrvices. and exercises and by discu ssing Web-related issues throughout the text . We hig hlight Web inte lJigcnce/Web an alytiCS, wh ich par.dle! BI/bus iness an:llytiC (BA) fO e<O!lunerce and S othe r \( e b :tpplicatio n s. The book is supported b y a Web sit

( pcarsonhlghc rcd,com/ nlrban), which provides some online files . We v.~ll a lso provide lin ks to software ruto ri a ls through a spec ial section o f the Web s ite. THE SUPPLEMENT PACKAGE: PRENHALL.COMITURBAN c ompre hensi\e and flexible technology-sup port pack:tge :tvailable to enhance the teac hing and learning experience. The follOwing instroctor a n d student supplements are avai bble on th e books Web s ite, pcatSo llhlghc tt:d com/ t urban : A is Instructor s iJfmlllllL The Instructors Manual includes lear o !JteaNes for the e ntire course and fO each chapter, answe rs to the questions :lnd e xerci!;lCS at the end o f C:l ch ch:lpter, and teaching suggestion s (incl uding instru ctions fo r projects), The Instructors Manual is available on the secure fac ulty secri on of pcarsonhlghcrcd .com/ mrban. Tjlsi It,,,,, File mill TestGe" SojlllJ",.... Th e Test I te m File is a comprehe ns ive collection of true/ false, multiple-choice , fill-in -t h e -b lank , and essay questions. 1lle questions :Ire rated by difficulty level. and the answ ers a re referenced by book page number. The Test Ite m File is available in Micro s oft Wo rd :md in the computerized fonn of Prentice Hall TestGen. TestGen is a comprehensive suite o f tools for testing and assessm ent . [t allow s instructors to easily c reate and di stribute tests fo r the ir courses, either by printing and distributing through uadit ional me thods or by online delivery via a local area nelWork (UN) server. TeslGen fe: tlun S wizards that assist in m o ving through the program, and the sofiw.Ire is b acked WWI fuU technicJ.l support. Both the Tesl Item File and teslgen software are available on the secure bculty section ci pt-"aJ"!j()uhighcral.com/ rurbalL Porr:e rPolllt slides. PowerPoint s lides are available tha t illuminate and build on key concepts in me text . Faculty can download the PowerPoint slides from pcarsonhighc n "d. ,com/ turban. }.fldel lldsfor YOII,. Oliff".! course. Pearson Prentice Hal l su pports our adopters using online courses by providing files ready fO uplo ad into Blackboard course management systems for lesting, quizzing, and other supplements. Please conl3ct your local Pearson represemative fO funher infOmation on your panicula r course. In add ilion, a blog site will include continuous updates 10 each chapter including links 10 new material and related software. It will ning

be available through web s ile.

lhe text

----------------------- Page 17----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Nint h Edition Page: xx No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. xx Preface ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals have provided suggesti ons and criticisms since the publication of the fUst edition of this book. Dozens of srudenT S participated in class testing of various chapters, software, and problems and assisted in collecting material. It is not possible to name everyone who participated in this project, but our thanks go to all of them. Cenain individuals made significant contributions, and th ey deserve special recognition. First, we appreciate the effons of thos e individuals who provided fOnllal reviews of the first through ninth editions (school aff iliations as of the date of review): Robert Blanning, Vanderbilt University Ranjit Bose, University of New Mexico Warren Briggs, Suffolk University Lee Roy Bronner, Morgan State Universi ty Charles Butler, Colorado State Univers ity Sohail S. Chaudry, University of Wis consin- La Crosse Kathy Chudoba, Florida State Universit y Wlngyan Chung, University of Texas Woo Young Chung, University of Memphis Paul "Buddy" Clatk, South Carolina St ate University rsity--Stanislaus ersity Kurt Engemarm. Iona College Gary Farrar, Jacksonville University George Fedenlmn, Santa Clara City Coll ege PiSheng Deng, Ca lifornia State Unive Joyce Elam, Florida International Univ

Jerry Fjermestad. New Jersey Institute of Technology Joey George, Florida State University Paul Gray, Claremont Graduate School Orv Greynholds, Capital College (Laure l. Maryland) Martin Grossm.ln. Bridgewater State Co llege Ray Jacobs, Ashland University Leonard Jessup, Indiana University Jeffrey Johnson , Utah State University Jahangir K.lTimi, University of Colorado Denver Saul Kassideh. University of New !>lex ico Anand S. Kurmathur, University of To ledo Shao-ju ity at Northridge Yair Levy, Nova Southeastern Universi ty ity viaryianci Dick Mason, Southern Methodist Univer sity Nick McGaughey, niversity Ido Millet. Pennsylvania State Univers ity--Erie sity titute and State University niversity Marianne Murphy, iversity Peter Mykyryn, Southern Illinois Univer sity Natalie Nazarenko, SUNY College at Fr edonia Souren Paul, Southern Illinois Universi ty Joshua Pauli, Dakota State University ----------------------- Page 18----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: xxi No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Northeastern Un Benjamin Mittman, Northwestern Univer UIIT) Moore, Virginia Polytechnic Ins Simitra Mukherjee, Nova Southeastern U San Jose State U Hank Lucas, New York University Jane Mackay, Tex..ls Christian Univers George r.i. r.jarakas, University of i Lee , California State Univers

Preface

xxi

Roger Alan Pick, University of Missouri--St. Lou is W. "RP " Raghupaphi, California State University....chico Loren Rees, Virginia Polytechnic Instirnte and State University David Russell , Western New England College Steve Ruth, George Mason University Vartan Safarian, Winona State University GlelUl Shephard. San Jose State University Jung P. Shim, Mississippi State University Meenu Singh, Murray State University Randy Smith , University of VU"ginia James T.e. Teng, University of South Carolina John VanGigch, California State University at Sacrnmento David Van Over. University of Idaho Paul J.A. van Vliet, University of Nebraska at Omaha B. S. Vijayaraman, University of Akron Howard Cha rles Walton, Gettysburg College Diane B. Walz, University of Texas at San Antonio Paul R. Watkins, University of Southern California Randy S. Weinberg, Saint Cloud State University JelUlifer Williams, University of Southern Indiana Steve Zanakis, Florida International University Fan Zhao, Florida Gulf Coast University Several individuals contributed material to the text or the supporti ng material. For this edition, we acknowledge the contributions of Dave King (IDA Software Group, Inc. ) and Jerry Wagner (University of Nebraska-Omaha). Barbara WlXonl wrote the openi ng vignelte for Chapter 1 to illustrate the special relationship of this book to Teradata Univers ity Connection. Peter Horner, Editor of OR;MS Today allowed us to reuse new ap plication stories from OR/MS Today as opening vignette and closing cases for Ch apter 4. Dan Power (Dssrcsourccs.com and University of Northern Iowa) penn itted us to use information from his column on virtual worlds. Major contributors for the previous editions include Mike Goul (Arizona State University), whose contributions were included in Chapter S of the eighth edition, Leila A. Halawi (Bethune-Cookman College) who pr ovided material for the chapter on data warehousing, and Christy Cheung (Hong Kong Baptist Uni versity) wbo contributed to the chapter on knowledge management. L inda Lai (Macau Polytechnic University of China), Dave King (IDA Software Group , Inc.), Lou Frenz el , an independent consultant whose books Cmsb COlll:5e in Artificial IntelligellGe and Expert Systems and Understanding of E:tpert Systems (both published by Howard W. SanIS, New York,I987) provided material for the early editions; Lany Medsk er (American University), who con~ tributed substantial material on neural networks; and Richar

d V.

McCarthy (Quinnipiac

.;_~. ___ ._., _.L _ .__ ...__ . __ ~ _ ._. _____ _._ . _ ._ .L ____ ._ .. L _~ __ Ullly.,l-"nYJ, WllU p.,nUlHlt<U lll"JUl,.,YISlUI" III III., M!Y""llll -<JlllUll. Third, the b ook benefited greatly from the efforts of many individuals who contributed advice and interesting material (such as problems), gave fee dback on material, or helped with class testing. These individuals are Warren Briggs (Suffol k University), Frank DeBaJough (University of Southern California). Mei-Ting Che ung (University of Hong Kong). Alan Dennis Ondiana University), George Easton (San Diego State U niversity), Janet Fisher (Califomb State University, Los Angeles), David Friend (pilot Software, inc.), Paul Gray (Garemont Graduate School). Mike Henry (OSU), Dus tin Huntington (Exsys, Inc.), Subramanian Rama Iyer (Oklahoma State University), Angie Jungermann (Okl ahoma State University), Elena Karahanna (The University of Georgia), Katie Murray (OSU), Mik e McAulliffe (The University of Georgia). Chad Peterson (The Uni versity of Georgia), Neil Rabjohn (York University), Jim Ragusa (University of Central Floridl), Elizabeth Rivers, Alan ----------------------- Page 19----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, N inth Edition Page: xxii No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. xxii Preface

Rowe (University of Southern California), Steve Ruth (George Mason University), Unus S<:hrage (University of Chicago), Antonie Stam (University of Missouri), Ron Swift (NCR Corp.). Merril Warkentin (Northe:tst ern Unlver~ity), P:tul W:ttkins (The University of Southern California), Ben MOr1agy (Clar emont Graduate School of Management), Dan Walsh (BeUcore), Richard Watson (The Univers ity of Georgia), and the many other inSlruCtors and students who have provided feedback. Fourth, several vendors cooperated b y providing development andlor demonstration software: Axiom (Unle Rock, Arkansas)

Company (1..1Jolla. California), California S<:icntific Sof1.\lIlc (Nevada City, California), Cary Har.o.in ci Catalyst Development (Yucca Valley, California), Demandtec (San CarIOiS, California), OS Group, Inc. (Greenwich, Connecticut), Expen Choice, Inc. ( Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), Nancy dark of Exsys, Inc. (Albuquerque, New Mexico), Jim Godsey of G roupSystems, Inc, (Broomfield, Colomdo), Raimo HlIm~lI(\lnen of Helsinki Univ ersity of Technology, Gregory Piatetsky-Sh:lplro of KDNuggets.com, Logic Programming Associates (UK), Gary Lynn of NeuroDimension Inc. (Gainesville, Florida), Palisade Software (New field, New York), Jerry Wagner of Planners L.1b (Omaha. Nebraska), Promised Land Technologies (New Haven. Connecticut), Salford Sr-;tems (1..1Jolla. CtHfornla), Sense Network s (New York. New York), Guy Miner of Statsoft. Inc. (Tulsa, Oklahoma), Ward Syst ems Group, Inc. (Frederick, Maryland), Idea Fisher Systems, Inc. (Irving, California), and \{o rdtcch Systems (Orinda, California). Fifth, special thanks to the Tera data University Network and especially to Hugh Watson. Michael Goul. Exe<:Utive Director; Ba rb Wixom. Associate Director. Susan Baxley, Program Director; :md M:try Gros, Terad;lta, a division of NCR, :tnd a liaison between Temdata ;md the aCJdemic communit y, ror their encouragement to tie this book with TUN and for providing useful material for the book. Sixth, many individuals helped us with administrative matters and editing, proofreading. and preparation. The projec t beg:m with Jack Rcpcheck (a former Macmillan editor), who initiated this project with t he support of Hank Lucas (New York University). Judy 1..1.ng collaborated with all of us. provided editing, and guided us during the entire project through the eighth edition. Finally, the Prentlce Hall team is to be commended : Executive Editor Bob Hornn, who orchestrated this project; our editorial p roject manager Kelly Loftu s, who kept us on the timeline; Kitty Jarrett, who copye dited the manuscript; and the production team, Karalyn Holland at Prentice H~tU. and the staff at GGS nook Service:;. who tr.msfonned the m:lnuscript into a book. We would like to thank all these individuals and corpoTJtions. Without their help, the creation of this book would not have been possible. Ramesh and Dursun want to specifically acknowledge the contributi ons of previous coauthors Jay Aronson and T, p, J.i:tng whose original contributi ons constitute slgnifiClnt components of the book.

CACI

Products

E.T. R .S. D.D.

Nore tha( Web site URLs are dynamic. As th is book "elll to pKSIl. we verified that aU !he ctted Web sUes were acdve and valid. Web slles (0 whieb we "f... . ln too ten sonl<llmes change or are discontinued OO<:ause coll1Jllnles chonge naIDes .re bought or sold. me1 J!e. or fall. SometImes Web sites .re down for maimenance, repaIr. or redesign. MOSI organlZat!oru h,,e dropp ed tbe iniUa] "wwwdeslgnationfor!heirsltes, hut some Slut use U. Ifyou have a problem ronneaing to a Web site that we mention. please be patlent.nd sImply run a Web search to uy to ldenUfy too new sI(e. Mo& timell. (be new site can be found qUickly. We apologize in advance for thls inmnvenience.
----------------------- Page 20----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition P age: 1 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. P Decision Support and Business Intelligence I.EARNING OBJECIlVES FOR PART I Understand the complexity of I<xiays business or frameworks of computerized environment port: decision support systems 2 UndersLInd the foundations and key issues iness intelligence (EO of managerial decision making :\ Recognize the difficulties in managerial decision making today This book deals with a collection of computer technologies thai support manag erial workessentially, decision making . These technologies have had a profound impact on corporate strategy, periolTT1ance, Rnd competitivene!l!l. The!!e techniques are also stmngly con nected 10 the Internet, 4 Learn the maj decision sup (DSS) and bus A R T

intraneis, and Web tools, as shown throughout the book. In Part I, we provid e an overview of the whole book in one chapter. We cover several topics in this chapter. The first topic is managerial decision making and its computerized support; the second is frameworks for decision support . We then introduce business intelligence. We also provide brief coverage of t he tools used and their implementation, as well as a preview of the entire book. ----------------------- Page 21----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition Page: 2 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence LEARNING OBjECllVES Understand tooays rurbulent business Describe the business intelligence (BI) envirorunent and describe how organizations methodology and con cepts and relate them survive and even excel in such an environment to DSS (solving problems and exploiting opportun ities) Describe the concept of work systems and 2 Understand the need for computerized support its relationship to decision support of managerial decision making List the major tools of computerized decision 3 Understand an early f~mework for managerial suppon decision making Understand the major issues in implementing 4 Learn the conceptual foundations of the computerized support systems decision support systems CDSS 1) methodology he business environment ( climate) is constantly changing , and it is becoming more and more complex. Organizations , private and public, ar e under pressures that force them to respond Tquickly to changing conditions and to be innov ative in the way they operate. Such activities require organizations to be agile and to make frequent and quick strategic , tactical, and operational ... - -, -,~~- --~- -<_ ... ,_.. --- ._ _ . --~~, - . "-,.,~~ _.. _ . . - - ---- - ~-. - -_..,-- -~--, ... - - ... ,- -~-..-.8 5

Ut::U~UI~, "-"lit:: v, WllU ,tit:: ""Y LVJJJp., ..... " " "UIS ~ULll U<:LI~VIJ~ JJJay "" jU ., ., LUU,U, "IIIVUIJl~ of releva nt data, information, and knowledge. Proces sing these , in the framework of the needed decisions. must be done quickly. frequently in real time, and usually requires some computerized support. This book is about using business intelligence as computerized support for managerial decision making. It concentrates both on the theoretical and conceptual found ations of decision support , as well as on the conunercial tools and techniques that are available. This in troductory chapter provides more details

lbe acronym DSS Is treated as bah sIngular and plu",J throughout thLs book. slmll.rly, other acronym!. such 35 MIS and GSS. designate bolh pluntl .nd slng uJar fonns.
2 ----------------------- Page 22----------------------User name: Shane Lindo ms, Ninth Edition Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Syste Page: 3

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Decision Suppon Systems and Business Intelligence of these topics as well as an overview of the This chapter has the following sections: ss Chapler I 3 book.

1. 1 Opening Vignette: Norfolk Southern Uses Busine Intelligence for Decision Support to Reach Success 1.2 Changing Business Envirorunents and Computerized Decision Support 1.3 Managerial Decision Making 1.4 Computerized Support for Decision Making 1.5 An Early Framework for Computerized Decision Support 1.6 The Concept of Decision Support Systems (DSS) 1.7 A Framework for Business Intelligence (BI) 1.8 A Work System View of Decision Support 1.9 The Major Tools and Techniques of Managerial Decision Suppon 1.10 Plan of the Book 1.11 Resources, Links, and the Teradata University Network Connection 1.1 OPENING VIGNETTE: NORFOLK SOUTHERN USES BUSINESS INTELUGENCE FOR DECISION SUPPORT TO REACH SUCCESS

Then:- an:- four large fn:-ight railr<XIds in the United States. an d Norfolk Southern is one of them. Each day. the company moves approximately 500 fn:-igbttra

across 21,000 route miles in 22 eastern states, the District of Columbia, and Ontario, Canada. Norfolk Southern manages more than $26 billion in assets and employs over 3(l,OOO people. Por more than a century, the railroad industry was heavily reg ulated, and Norfolk Southern and its predecessor railr<XIds made money by managing their C05ls. Managers focused on optimizing the use of railcars to get the most production out of their fI Xed assets. Then, in 1980, the ,_ ......._. __ ~~o".. "___ ..0_" _.h~h ~~___ .....~ ~_~~_.._,.,_ . <~. ~_ ___ n_" nl1~_._" """,.. , __0 ......._", "~~IIU_~" _u~u up~"~" up ~ppu"",u..~, u, "~II~" _ u" _uu_~~ companies to charge rates based on se!Vice and enter into con tracts with customers. On-time delivery became an important factor in the industry. Over time, Norfolk Southern responded 10 these industry changes b y becoming a "scheduled railroad." This meant thm the company would develop a fIXed set of train schedules and a fIXed set of connections for c ars to go between trains and yards. In this way, managers could predict when they could get a shipment 10 a customer. Norfolk Southern has always used a variety of sophisticated s ystems to run its business. Becoming a scheduled railroad, however. requin:-d new syste ms that would first use statistical nxxlels to determine the best routes and connections to optimize railroad performance, and then apply the nxxlels to create the plan that would actually run the rai lroad operations. These new systems wen:- called TOP, shon for Thoroughbred Operating Plan: TOP was d eployn:l in 2002. Norfolk Southern realized that it was nO{ enough to run the rail road using TOPit also had 10 monitor and measure its perfoffilance against the TOP plan. Norfolk Southerns numerous systems generate millions of n:-cords about fn:-ight n:-cords, railcars, t rain GPS information, train fuel levels. n:-venue infonnation, crew management. and historical tracking n:-cords. Unfortunately, the company was not abie to simpiy tap into this data without riskin g significant impact on the systCfll.l perfoffilance. Back in 1995. the comJXlny invested in a l -ternb)-1e Terndata d ata warehouse, "tlich is a central n:-posltory of historical data. It is organized in such a way that the d ata is ea,y to access (using a \reb browser) and can be manipulated for decision suppon. lhe wan:-house data co mes from the systCfll.l that run the comJXln y (Le., sou",", systems), and once the data is mov ed from the sou",", systCfll.lto the wan:-house users can access and use the data without risk of impactin g operations. In 2002, the data warehouse became a critical component of TOP. Norfolk Southern built a TOP dashboard application that pulls data from the data wan:-house and the n graphically depicts actual performance against the trip plan for both train perfoml3nce and co

ins

nnection perfonnance. The application uses visualization technology so that field managers can mon:easily interpret the large volumes of data (e.g., then:- were 160,000 weekly connections across the netwOlk). The ----------------------- Page 23----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Ninth Edition Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Page: 4

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number of missed connections has decrea by 60 percent since the application was implemented. And, ;n the past 5 years, railc ar cycle time has decreased by an entire day, which trans lates into millions of dollars ;n annual savings. Norfolk Southern bas an enterprise data warehouse, which means that once data is placed in the warehouse. ;t is available acros s the company, not just for " single appHcatiOfl. Although train and connection perfonnance data is used for the TOP applic3lion, the company has been able to levemge that dam for all kinds of o ther purposes. For example, the Marketing Depaltrnenl has developed an application called acce ssNS, which was built for Norfolk Southern customers who want visibility into Norfolk Southe rns eXlensive transponation network. Customers want to know where their shipments are "right n ow"-and at times they want hiSlorical information: Where did my shipment come from? How long did it I3ke to arrive? What were the problems along the route? accessNS allows more than 14,50 0 users from 8,000 customer OIg:lfiizations to log in and access predefined and custom repons about their accounts at any time. Users can access currem dam. which is updated hourly. or they can look at dam from the past 3 years. accessNS provides alening and RSS feed capabilities: in f act, 4,500 repons are pushed to users daily. lbe self-service nature of accessNS has allowed Norfolk Southern to give customers what they want and also reduce the nwnber of people needed for customer service. [n fact. without accessNS, it ""QuId I3ke approximately 47 people to suppon th e current level of customer reponing. Deparunents across the companyfrom Engineering and Strategic Planning to Cost and Human Resources---use the enterprise data

warehouse. One interesting intemal application was developed by Human Resour<:es. Recendy. the depanment needed to detel1l1ine where to locate its field offices in order to best meet the needs of Norlolk Southerns 30.000+ employees. By combining employee demographic data (e.g., zip codes) with geo.spatial data traditionally used by the Engineering Group, Human Resour<:e s was able to visually map out the employee population density, making it much easier t o optimize se!Vices offices locations. Today, the Norfolk Southern dam wareho use has grown to a 6-terabyte system that manages an extensive amount of infonnation about th e companys vast network of railroads and shipping se!Vices. Norfolk Southern uses the dat a warehouse to analyze trends. develop forecasting schedules, archive records, and facili tate customer self-service. The dam warehouse provides information to over 3.000 employees and ov er 14,000 external customers and stakeholders. Norlolk Southern was the first r ailroad to offer self-se!Vice business intelligence. and its innovation is sening an example that OI: her railroads have followed. The company was also one of the first railroads to provide a lar ge variety of historical dam to external customers. Question.s for the Opening Vignette 1. How are information systems used at Norfolk Southern to suppon decision making? 2. What type of information is accessib le through the visualization applications? 3. What type of information suppon is pr ovided through accessNS? 4. How does Norfolk Southern use the dat a warehouse for HR applications? S. Can the same dam warehouse be used for business intelligence and optimization applications? What We Can Learn from TIlL! Vi~nette This vignette shows that data warehous player even in a mature indust<y the abili<y to atmin competiti ve advantage by squeezing additional efficiency from its operations. Indeed. in many cases, this may be the major frontier to explore. Getting more out of a companys assets requires more timely and detailed understanding of its operations. and the ability to use that information to make bener decisions. We will see many examples of such applications throughout this book. Additional resour<:es about this v ignette are available on the Teradata University Network, which is described later in the chapter. T hese include OI:her papers and a podcast titled "Norfolk Southern Uses Teradal3 Warehouse to Suppo n a Scheduled Railroad." ing technologies can offer a

.IOurc", Contributed by Professors R1rl:xi . .. Wixom (Unlwrslty dVlrQlnla). HuBh watson (UnlV<lSlty d GeOl!!I.), and j..tf Hoffer (Unlverslty d Dayton). ----------------------- Page 24----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition Page: 5 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Ch3p1~ I n Suppon Sy>;tems and Business [nteUigence 1.2 5 CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS AND COMPUTERIZED DECISION SUPPORT ~isio

TIle opening vignette illustrates how a global company excels in a matu re bUI competitive market. Companies are moving aggressively 10 computerized suppon of their operations. To uoderst:lnd why compan ies are emOOting computeri 7.cd suppoft, in cluding business inleUigence. we developed a model called the Bus/ness Pressur n-Re:spcmses-Sllpport model, which is shown in Figure 1.1. The Business Pressures-Responses-5upport Model The Business Pressure s-Responses-SuPJXl1 model, as its n."lme indialte s, has three COIll ponents: business pressu res that result from todays business clima t e, responses (action s taken) by companies to counter the pressures (or to take advantage of t he opportunities available in the environment), and computeri7.cd support that facilitates the monitoring o f the environment and enhances the response actions taken by organizations. THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT TIle environment in ....illch organ izations oper.ue today Is becoming more and more complex. This complexity creates oppo rtunities on the one hand and proble ms on the othe!-. Take globalization as an example. To day , you can easily find suppl iers and custom ers in many counllics, which tIle ans rou can buy cheaper materials and sell more of your products and services: great opportunities e xist. HOWCVCT, globalization a lso means more and stronger competitors. Busin ess en vironment factors can be d ivided into fou r major categories: markets, CO/ISIIII/CT"

demands, tecb,loloS). and societaf. l1lese categories are summarized in Table 1.1. Note that the i me1lsity o f IllOIit of these factors incre:l5es with t inlC, leading to more pressures. more competition. and so on. In addition. organ iz ati on s and d e pa rtrrlents within organ izat ions face decreased budgets and amp liflCd pressures from top managers to increase performance and profit . In this kind o f environment, managers muS( respond quickly , innovate. and be agile. lets see how they do it. ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES : BE REACnVE, ANTICIPATIV ADAPTIVE , AND PROACnVE Both private :md public org:miz."ltions are aware of todays business environment and pressures. 11ley use different actions to counter th e pressures. Vodafone E , BUSin8&& Environmantal Factors I GI(]tmliz~ """""" ""no,"" Govemme~ reg.Jlatioos Market conditions """""""" "" "" Business irt.elligence FIGURE 1. 1 The Business Pressures-flesponses-Support Model ",.~ Opporturities Real-tirm response A{jlity Increased productivity New business models --I ........ P:Jrtners coUabtration

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TABLE 1 . 1 ors That Create Pressures on Organ iutions f "ctor

Mar~ets ition bal mar~ets

Strong compet Expanding glo Booming elect

ronic mar~ets on the Internet Innovative ma r~eting methods for outsourcing o\;tn IT support ime, on-demand trar1sactions Consumer demands !>lomization ality. diversity of products. and speed of de~\olry ing powerful and Ie<>s loyal Technology tions, new products. and new services solescence ra te Increasing in formation overload Social networ l:ing, Web 2.0 and beyond Societal fnment rle9ulations and deregulation re diversified, older, and composed of more women Prime concern s of homeland 5I!ClJnty and terroris! attacks Necessity of Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other reporting-related legislation Increasing so cial responsibility of companies Greater empha si-s on sustainability New Zeabnd Ltd (Krh-da , 20(8), fo r e l to BI to improve conununicatio n and to support execut ivcs in its e ffo rt to retain e xisting customers and Increase revenue from these custom ers (see case at the e nd of this chapter). Managers ma y ta ke o th e r actions. including the foUowing: Glmple, TUrned Empl oy stmte gic pl:mnlng . Use new and innovative bu siness mode ls. Restrocture business processes. Participate in bus iness allian ce s. Improve corpomle tems. Improve pannership relationships . Encoumge inn ovatio n and creati vity. infonnation sys Groling goYf Worl:force mo More ilVlOVa Increasing ob Desire for qu Custome~ gett Desire for (u Opportunities Need for realt

 Improve customer service and relationsh ips. merce). Mo \e to e lectronic commerce (e-com

Mo ve to maiOC-to-oruer product ion a nd on-de ma nd m anufacturing and services. Use new IT to improve connTIunication, d ata access (discovery of information), and collaiJc:lr.l tion . ResJXlfld quickly to compelitOl"s actio ns (e.g.. in pricing, promotions. new products and services). Automate many tasks of w h ite-col lar employees , Autontale cenain decision processes, e specially those dealing with customers. Improve decision making by emplo ying analyties. uire some computerized Many , if nO! a U, of these actions req support. These and other response aaions a re frequently facilitated

by computeri zed DSS. CLOSING THE STRATEGY GAP One o f the majo olJtectives of computerized decisio n support is to facilitate closing the gap be tween the current perfommnce of an o rganization and its desired perfOl"mance, as expr essed in its m ission, objectives, and goals , and the ----------------------- Page 26----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 7 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ChapleT 1 cision Support Systems and Business Intelligence strategy rized and how s look at decision Sectio n 7 De

to achieve them. In order to understand why compute support is needed it is provided, especially for dedsion-making support, let managerial making. 1.2 Revie w Qucsd o ll..i

1. [lst the components of and explain the Business P..,ssu..,s-Responses --Suppon model. 2. \lhat a.., some o f the major factors in today. business environme nt? }. \lhat a.., some of the major ..,sponse activities that OIganizario ns take?

1.3 s

MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING

Management is a process by which organizational goal are achieved by using resources. The resources are considered inputs , and attainment of goals is viewed as the output of the process. The degree of success of the organization and the manager is often measured by the ratio of outputs to inputs. This rati o is an indi cation of the organization s productivity , which is a reflection of the or galliztilional alld mana~ gerial performance. The level of productivity or the success of management depends on t he performance of managerial functions , such as planning , organizing, directing, and controlling. To perform their functions , managers are engaged in a continuous pro cess of making dedsions. Making a decision means selecting the best alte rnative from two or more solutions. The Nature of Managers Work Mintzbergs (20Cl8) daSliic study of top managers and several replic ated studies suggest that managers perfonn 10 major roles that can be classified int o three maj or categories: interpersonal, illformatiollal, and decisiollal (see Table 1.2) . To perform these roles. managers need infomlation that is deliv ered efficiently and in a timely manner to personal computers (PCs) on their desktops and to mob ile devices. This infomlation is delivered by networks, generally via Web technologies . In addition to otxaining infomlation necessary to better perf onn their roles , nlanagers use computers directly to support and improve decision making , which is a key task that is part of most of these roles. Many managerial activi ties in all roles revolve around decision making. Mallagers, especially those til bigb managerial le vels, areprima rily decisioll makers. We review the dedsion-making process next but will study it in more detail in the next chapter. The Decision-Making Process For years, managers considered decision making purely an arta talent acquired over a long period through experience (Le. , learning by trial~and-errol) and by using intuition. Management was considered an art because a variety of individual styles could be used in approaching and successfully solving the same types of ma nagerial problems.

These styles were often based on creativity , judgment. intui tion, and experience rather than on systenlatic quantitative methods grounded in a scientific a pproach. However, recent research suggests that companies with top managers who are mo re focused on persistent work (almost dullness) tend to outperform those with leaders whose main strengths are interpersonal conununication skills (Kaplan et aI. , 2008 ; Brooks. 2009). It is more important to emp hasize methodical , thoughtful , anal ytical decision making rather than flashiness and interpersonal communication skills. ----------------------- Page 27----------------------User name: Shane Lindo stems, Ninth Edition Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Sy Page: 8

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 8 l Roles Rol e InterperwnaJ Figurehead head; obliged to perform a number of routine duties al or social nature Leader le for the motivation and act ivation of subordinates; le for staffing, training, and a ssociated duties Liaison lf-developed network of outside contacts and informers de favors and informat ion Informational Monitor eceives a wide variety of special information (mlKh of it to develop a thorough understanding of the organization onment; emerges as the nerve center of the organizations and external information Disseminator form ation received from outsiders or from subordinates to Transmits in members o and envir internal Seeks and r current) Is responsib responsib Maintains se who provi 15 symbolic of a leg Pan [ Decision Suppon 3nd Business IntelHgence TABLE 1.2 Mintzbergs 10 Manageria Description

f the organization; some of this information is factual, and some involves interpretation and integrat ion SpokesperiOn formation to out!.iders about the organizations plans, actioos, results, and S<) forth; setVeS a s an expert on t he ions industry 0ed5ionaJ Entrepreneur organization and its environment for opportunities and improvement projects to bring about change; supervises de!.ign o f certain projects Disturbance handler ble for oorrective action when the organization faces , unexpected disturbances Resource allocator ble for the allocation of organizational resources of all kinds; , is responsible for the making Of approval of all significant Ofganizat ional decisions Negotiator le for representing the Ofganization at major negotiations Is responsib Is responsi in effect Is respon!.i important organizat Transmits in policies,

Searches the initiates

So",.,,,,.: CompilOd from H. A. MlrttZbe rg, J1JeNamTeojMageriallRri. PrenU<:e Hall , Englewood CUffs, NJ, t98O; and H. A. Mln!2:berJ!. 1b~ Rls~arut Fall ojSlmWIJW: na,mlng. TIle PIle Press, New York, 1993. Managers usually make decisions b y following a four-step process (we learn more about these in Chapter 2): 1. Define the problem (j.e., a decis ion siruation that may deal with some difficulty or with an opportunity) . 2. <nrtStruCi a mooel that describes the real -world problem. ~ .~ __ . <.. _ _ _ _ LO _ _ _ L. __ . _ ._ .L __ . _ ~_-~ ____ LO __ ___ ~ _ _L._. _ ... _ _ _ . . ___ _ ;) . JU.,"llY pu:>~JUJ" "-lllllUI" lU 111., JJl<.>Ut<J"-J prUUJ.,,,, c"u ""{lua"" 111., "-JUllUI". 4. <nrtlpare, choose, and reconmlend a potential solution to the problem. To follow this process, one must make sure that sufficient alternative solutions are being considered. that the consequences of using these alternatives can be reasonably predicted, and that comparisons are done properly. However, the envirorunenml f:lCIOfS listed in Table 1.1 make such an e valuation process difficult for the following reasons:

 Technology, information systems, adv anced search engines. and globalization result in more and more alternatives from which 10 choose. Government regulations and the nee d for comp liance, political instability and terrorism, competition, and changing consu mer demands pnxluce more uncenainty. making it more difficult to predict consequ ences and the future. ----------------------- Page 28----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 9 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Chapl~ I sion Suppon Sy>;tems and Business [nteUigence 9 ~i

Other f:tctors lue the need to make rapid d ecisions, the frequent lmd unprcdid::tble changes that make trial-and-error learning difficult, and me potenti al costs of making mistakes. lllese environments are growing more comple x every da y. Therefore . making decisions today is indeed a complex task. Because of m ese trends and c hanges, it is nearly impos sible to rely on a trial-anderror approach to ma.nagement, especially for decisions for w h ich the factors shown in Table 1.1 are strong influences. Managers must be more sophisti cate d; they must use the new lools and techniques of their fields . Most of those tools and techniques are discussed in mis book . Using them 10 suppon decision making can be extremely rewardi ng in making effecti\e decisions. In the following section. we look no w at w hy we need computer support and how il is provided .

x"Ction

1. 3 Rc v icw Questions

I. Describe the thc= major manageri:Il rok-.., and list ~of the specific a cti"iti"" in each. l.. Why h:I.\C" some argued th:.ot management is the u rne as decision making? J. Describe the four steps managers take in making a decision. 1.4 COMPUTERIZED SUPPORT FOR DECISION MAKING in payroll and bookkeeping functions, compu

From traditional uses

terized systems are now pene trating complex managerial areas ranging from the design and man::tgcmcnt of automated factories to m e application of anillctal intelligence m ethods to the evaluation of proposed merge rs and acquis itions. Nearly all execut ives know t hat information tech_ nology is vital to their bus iness and e xum sive ly u sc inform:ltion techno logies, cspcci::tUy Wcb-Ixtsed on es. Computer applications have moved from transaction processing and monil oring activities to problem analysis and solution applications, and mu ch of the a(.1ivity is done with \(eb-bascd technologies. BJ tool s su ch a s d1ta warehousing, dab mining, o nline analytical processing ( OLAP), dashboards. and the use of the Web for decision support a re the cornerstones of troays modem management. Managers must have high-speed, netwo rked information ~1stems (wireline or wireless) to assist them with their most impor tant b sk: making decisions. lets look at why and how computerized systems can help. Why We Use Computerized Decision Support Systems Today s comPUteri7.ed systems possess capabilities that can fac ilitate d ecision support in a nunlix.>r o f ways. including me following: SIx.Ctly compllltlliolls. A computer enables the decision maker to perform many cornputMion:; quickly :md :It:; low cost. Ti,,,e]r decision:; lie cri tical in mlnr situations , ranging from a physidan in an emergency room 10 a stock trader o n the trading 1100r. With a computer, mousands of alternatives can be eva luated in seconds. Furthel"more, the benefits--to-cost ratio of computers and the speed of executions are constantly increasing. Impro ved co"mlll"ictltiOPI {md c olltlboratiOlI.. Many d ecisions are made today by groups whose members may be in different locatio ns. Groups can collaborate and communicate readily by using Web-based tools. Collaboration is especially important along the supply cha in , where panners--aU the way from vendors to custOfl1CfS--fI1USt share information. Itl cN!tlsed P,O(III Ctivlly ofgrollp m~mb~rs. Assembl ing a group of decision makers , especially experts, in one place Gin be costly. Comp uterized support can ----------------------- Page 29----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: D ecision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition

Page: 10 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 1010 PanPan II iness ImelJigenceIm..JHgence DecisionDecision SupponSuppon andand BusinessBus

improveimprove th ethe collaborntioncollaboration processprocess ofof aa groupgroup andand en ableenable itsits membersmembers toto bebe atat difdif-ferentferent loca tionslocations (saving(saving traveltravel costs).costs). InIn addition,a ddition, computerizedcomputerized supportsuppon cancan increa~increase thethe productivityproductivity ofof staffstaff supportsupport (e.g.,(e .g., financialfinancial andand legallegal analysts).analysts). DecisionDecision m akersmakers cancan alsoalso increaseincrease theirtheir productivityproductivity byby usingusing sosofftwaretware optimiZ3tionoptimization tools that tools that helph elp determinedetermine thethe bestbest wayway toto runrun aa businessbusine ss (see(see ChapterChapter 4).4). ImprovedImproved (/(l1 1I(Itllu m(lIU1gI/ullulgeme mell/e nt.. ManyMany decisionsdecisions involveinvolve complexcomplex computa computa-tions. Data for tions. Data for thesethese cancan bebe storedstored inin differentdifferent datab asesdatabases anywhereanywhere inin thethe organorgan-izationization and and eveneven possiblypossibly atat WebWeb ss iitestes outsideoutside thethe organizatorganizat iion.on. TheThe datadata maymay includeinclude te xt.text, sound,sound, graphics,graphics. andand video,video, andand theythey cancan bebe inin foreignforeign languages.languages. ItIt maymay bebe neces sarynecessary toto transmittransmit datadata quicklyquickly fromfrom distantdi stant locations.locations. ComputersComputers cancan search.search. s tore,store. andand transmittransmit neededneeded datadata quickly,quic k ly. economically,economically. securely,securely. andand tJ<msparentranspar entt ly.ly. MfllUlglllgMmmglng glt mlgltlllt (lulu(llItll warelJOuses.wflrebollSes. LargeLarge dltadata ware houses,warehouses. likelike thethe olleone operatedoperated byby WaJ-Mart,Wal -Malt, cont::l..incontain terabytestern bytes andand eveneven petabytespeL "lb)1es ofof data.data. CoComputersm puters cancan provideprovide extremelyextremely greatgreat storagestorage capabilitycapability forfor aanyn y typetype ofof dig italdigital information.information. andand thisthis informa~information cancan bebe accessedaccessed andand searchedsearched veryvery rapidly.rapidly. Sp

ecialSpecial methods,methods. includingincluding parallelparallel tion computing, are available to organize, search, conlPUting, are available to organize, search, andand minemine thethe data.data. TheThe costsC05ts relatedrelated toto daL"ldata warehou singwarehousing areare declining.declining. Qjj(lIi1Qlullityy supp orlsupport.. ComputersComputers cancan improveimprove thethe qua lityquality ofof decisionsdecisions made.made. ForFor example,example, moremore datadaw cancan bebe accessed,accessed, moremOTe alternativesaltern atives cancan bebe evaluated,evaluated, forecastsforecasts cancan bebe impro ved,improved. riskrisk analysisanalysis cancan bebe perfonnedperfonned quickl y,quickly, andand thedIe viewsviews ofof expensexpens (some(some ofof wh omwhom aTeare inin remoteremote locations)locations) cancan bebe collectedco llected quicklyquickly andand atat aa reducedreduced COSI.cost. Expeni seExpertise cancan eveneven bebe derivedderived directlydirectly fromfrom aa computercomputer systemsystem usingusing anificialanificial intelligence intelligence meth odsmethods (discussed(discussed inin PartPart IIIIII andand al soalso ChapterChapter 12).12). WithWith computers,computers. decisiondecision makersmakers cancan perfonnperfornl complexcomplex simulations.simulations, che ckcheck manymany possiblepossible scenarios,scenarios, andand assessasse ss diversediverse impactsimpacts quicquicklykly andand economically.economicall y. AgllllyAgility suppsu pporto rt.. OmlpetitionCompetition todaytoday isis basedbased nOlnot jus tjust oncu priceprice butbut alsoalso onon quality,quality. timeliness, custom iZ3tion ofof pnxiucts,pn:xlucts. andand customercustomer support.support. InIn addition,addition, organizationsorganizations timeliness, cuSlo mization must must bebe ableab le toto frequentlyfrequently andand rapidlyrapidly changechange theirtheir modemode ofof operation,operation, reengineerreengineer processesprocesses andand structures,structures, empowerempower employees,employees, andand innov ateinnOv.lte inin orderorder toto adaptadapt toto theirtheir changing environme nts. Decision dJanging environnl ents. Dedsion supportsupport technologiestedmologies suchsuch asas intelligent intelligent systemssystems cancan empowerempower peo plepeople byby allo""lngallowing themthem toto makemake goodgood decisionsdecis ions quickly,quickly. eveneven ifif theythey lacklack some!iOIlle knowle dge.knowledge. fA-efComilgOt--erco

m/lig cognitiveCogllitive limIImllsits IIIII, process/llgprocessing and(IIId sto ringSIO/"ilig l7iforllltlliOlLlI!formallOlI. AccordingAccording to Simon (1977), thethe humanhuman mindmind hashas onlyonly aa limitedlimited abilityability toto processprocess andand storestore inforinfor-to Simon (1977), mation. People ! iOIlletimes find it difficult to recall and use infonnation in an elTOl"~free mation. People so metimes fmd it difficult to recall and use information in an error-free fashion due to th eir cognitive limits. The term cogni{ivc limilS indicates that an indifashion due to th eir cognitive limits. The tenn cognitive limits indicates that an individual"s vidual"s problempr oblem--solvingsolving capabilitycapability isis limitedlinuted whenwhen aa widew ide rangerange ofof diversediverse infcnnationinfa-mation and knowledgeknow ledge isis required.required. ComputerizedComputerized systemssystems enabl eenable peoplepeople toto overconJeovercome theirtheir 3fId cognitive linuts byby quicklyquickly accessingaccessing andand processingprocessing vastvast a mountsamounts ofof storedstored infonnainfonna-cognitive limits . ____ _ ~~ UslllgUslllg tbeOJe WebWeb.. SinceSince thethe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe InternetInternet andand WebWeb serversservers andand tools.tools, there there havehave beenbeen dramaticdramatic changeschanges inin howhow deci siondecision ntakersmakers areare supported.supponed. MostMost importa nt,important, thethe \<ebWeb providesprovides (1)(1) accessaccess toto aa vastvast bodytxxly ofof data,data, infomlation,infonnation, andand knowledgekn owledge availableavailable aroundaround thethe world;world; (2)(2) a a common,common, useTuser-friendly"friendly graphicalgraphical useruser interfuce interface (GU!)(GUI) thatthat isis easyeasy to10 learnlearn toto useuse andand readilyreadily available;available; (3)(3) thethe abilityability to10 effectivelyef fectively collaborntecollaborate withwith remoteremote partners;partners; anda nd (4)(4) thethe availabilityavailability ofof intelligentintelligent ......rch r()( )l~ th,1t pn.~hlf mln:lgfl"~ to find thp info nn:ltion thpy n ....d "[llickly :lnd """"h tools th,u pn"hlp m"n"gprs to finn thp infn nnminn thpy nf>fn ql1ickly ~nn inexpensively.inex pensively. ... --U rupte,"PIt.! .:0).,;.). UUlIUUlI ~""e~"., ~ __ ., __ f ___ ~L_

/ ._. ~L.

 AllywbereAnywhere,, (III)"tlm(IIyIlIlleC support.slIpport. UsingUsing wirelesswireless techno logy,technology, managersmanagers cancan accessaccess infonnationinfonna tion an)limeanytime andand fromfrom anyplace.anyplace. analyzeanalyze anda nd interpretinterpret it,it. andand communicatecommunicate with those invol ved. with those invol ved. ----------------------- Page 30----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Nint h Edition Page: 11 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Chapler I ision Suppon Systems and Business Imellige-nce 11 Dec

These and other capabilities have been driving the use of computerized decis ion support since the late 1960s, but especially since the mid- I990s. Next, we pr esent an early framework for decision suppan. Section 1.4 Revie w QUf..""S tions 1. How have the capabilities of computing evolved over time? 2. !lSI some capabilities of computing that can facilitate managerial de cision making. :So How can a computer help overcome the cognitive limits of humans? 4. \lhy is the Web considered so imponant for decision suppon:? 1.5 AN EARLY FRAMEWORK FOR COMPUTERIZED DECISION SUPPORT

An early framework for computerized decision suppan includes several major concepts that are used in fonhcoming sections and chapters of this book. Gorry and Scott-Morton created and u sed this frnmework in the early 1970s, and the framework the n evolved into a new technology called DSS. The Gorry and Scott-Morton Classical Framework Garry and Scott-Morton (1971) proposed a framework that is a 3-by-3 matrix. as shown in Figure 1.2. Two dimensions are the degree of structuredness and the types of control. DEGREE OF STRUCTUREDNESS is based on Simons (1977) The left side of Figure 1.2

idea that decision-making processes fall along a continuum that ranges f rom highly structured (sometimes called programmed) to highly unstructured (Le., Ilollprogmmmed) I Operation31 Strategic Type of Decision Planning L! Fmancial rnanagemoot Structured IrMlSIment plrtfolio W arehouse location Mak&or-OOy Ostribution systems ~ l5 Building a new plart lnvertory cortrnl Mergers & acquisitions M~", """""" ..... nnnnnn Somi&trucilrilli ,.~...... ~y_ ~o,, .. COrfllOOsation planning Reward system design Quality 3ssurance InVllrtory HR policies InverWI) planning l" R&D planning Un&tructurad New tech development Social responsibility planning FIGURE 1.2 l" Buying software Approving loans ~ting a help desk Selecting a C!Ml( for a magazine DecIsIon Support Frameworks Vll l. Negotiating Recruiting an executi Buying hardware lobbying categorization Budget preparation OO~n ,~,~ .. 0"" D~" Project scheduling l". Production scheduling CNdit evaluation L! Accounts receivOOle Accounts payable [)-dar entry g Control LBudget analysis Short-term forec astin Personnel reports TYpe of Control Managarii!l ContNlI

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User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, N inth Edition Page: 12 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 12 Pan I Decision Suppon and Bu siness Imelligen=

decisions. Structured p rocesses are repetitive problems for which Slandan! solution methods exist. Uns tructuredprocesses are fuzzy , complex problems for which there are no cut-and-dried solution methods . Simon a lso described the dccislonmaking process with II throe-phase process of inrcfllgmu:e, desi811 , and cboice. Later, a fourth phase was added: jmfJlememarion (see Chapter 2). The four phases are defined as follows: routine and typically 1.I"telllgf!llce. lbi.s phase involv es searching for conditioru; that call for decisions. 2. DeslWI. This p h ase invohes In \enting, developing, arK! ana lyzing possible a lternative courses of action (solutions). 3. Choice. Th is phase involves selecting 3 cou rse of a ction from amon g those av:.llable . 4. Impleme "tatlo". This phase involves ad:lpting the selected course of action to the decision situation (i.e., problem solving O opponunity exploiting). The rela tionships among the four ph :ISCS 1.3. \(Ie will discuss these phases in more detail in Chapter 2. An uns tnlc nu"l -d. problc m i s one in wh ich none of the four phases described in Figu re 1.3 is structured. In a suuc turt--d problc.m , all phas es are structu red . TIte procedures fo r obtainin g the beSi (or at least a good enough ) solut ion are knovm. Whether the problem involves finding an appropriate invemory level or chC lO!iin g an o ptimal investment strategy, the o bjectives are dearl y defined. Comm on objectives a re cost minimization and p rofit maximi zation . Semistructured probl c lils rail between structured and unstructured problems, having som e structured c lenlt"nts and SOUle u nstroctured elements. Keen and Scott-Monon (1978) me ntioned trading Ixwlds, sett ing marketing budgets for consumer products, and performing capilli acquisition lnalysis as se are shown in Figure

mistructured problem s. TYPES OF CONTROL The.second half o f the Garry and Scott-Morton framework (refer to Figure 1.2) is based on Anthonys 09(5) taxo nomy , \\11ich defines three broad C".Jtcgorics Problems or Opportunities Implementation Deploy: pIA; solution into action Choice FIGURE 1.3 Support ----------------------- Page 32----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Nin th Edition Page: 13 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Chapler I cision Suppon Systems and Business Intelligence 13 De The Ste ps of Decision

that encomJXlSS a ll managerial activities: stmtegic plmming, which involv es defining longrange goals and policies for resource allocation: numagement control, the acquisition and efficient use of resources in the accomplishment of organizational goals; an d opemlional cOlI/rol, the efficient and effective execution of specific tasks. THE DECISION SUPPORT MATRIX Anthonys and Simons tax onomies are combined in the nine-cell decision support matrix shown in Figure 1.2. The initial purpose of this matrix was to suggest different types of computerized suppo n to different cells in the matrix. Gorry and Scoll-Morton suggested, for examp le, that for semis lroell/red decisions and IIlIstructured decisions, conventional management info nnation systems (MIS) and management science (MS) tools are insufficient. Human intellect and a diffe rent approach to computer technologies are necessary. They proposed the use of a supponi ve infonnation system. which they called a DSS. Note that the more structured and operational control-oriented tasks

(such as those in cells I, 2, and 4) are usually performed by lower- level managers , whereas the tasks in cells 6, 8, and 9 are the responsibility of top executives or highly train ed specialists. Computer Support for Structured Decisions Computers have supported structured and some semistructured deci sions, especially those that involve operational and managerial control, since the 1960s. Operational and managerial control decisions are made in all functional area s, especially in finance and production (i.e., operations) management. Structured problems, which are encountered repeatedly, have a hi gh level of strucmre. It is therefore possible to abstract. analyze. and classify them into specific categories. For example, a make-or-buy decision is one category. Other examples of categories are Clpital budgeting, allocation of resources, distribution. procurement, pla nning, and inventory control decisions. For each category of decision, an easy-to-apply prescribed model and solution approach have been developed, generally as q uantitative formulas. This approach is called managemellt science. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE The manage m e nt scie n ce ( MS) approach (also called the o p e ralio n s r esear c h [O R] approach) says that in solving problems managers should follow the four-step systematic process described in Section 1.3. Therefore, it is possible to use a scientifIC approach to automating portions of managerial decisio n making. The MS process adds a new step 2 to the process described in Section 1.3 so that the steps are as follows: 1. Defme the problem (i.e., a decision siruation that may deal w ith some difficulty or with an oppormnity). 2 . dassify the problem into a standard category. 3. Construct a model that describes the real-world problem. 4 . Identify possible solutions to the modeled problem and evaluate the solutions. 5 . Compare, choose, and reconmlend a potential solution t o the problem. MS is based on mathematical modeling (i.e., algebraic expressions that describe problems). Modeling involves transforming a real-world problem into an appro priate prototype strucrure (model). Computerized methodologies can fmd solutions to the standard Cltegory models quickly and efficiently (see Chapter 4). Som e of these, such as linear progranuning, are deployed directly over the Web.

AUTOMATED DECISION MAKING A relatively new ap proach to sup poning decision making is called automat<.."rl d <..-c isio ll !!o"yste nL! (ADS) , some tinles also known as decisioll ----------------------- Page 33----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, N inth Edition Page: 14 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 14 Pan I Decision Suppon and Business Intelligence

automatioll systems (DAS; see Davenport and Harris, 2005). An ADS is a rule -based sy&tern that provides a solution, usually in one functional area (e.g., fma.nce, manufacturing) , to a specific repetitive managerial proble m, usually in one industry (e.g. , to approve or not to approve a request for a lo an, to determine the price of an item in a store). Application Case 1.1 shows an exampl e of applying automated decision systems to a problem that every organization faces--how t o price its products or services. APPLICATION CASE 1.1 Giant Food Stores Prices the Entire Store Giant Food Stores, liC, a regional u.s. supemJarket d competitive data to model and forecast conchain based in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, had a narrow mer demand, as well as automate and streamline Every Day Low Price strategy that it applied to most mplex rule&-based pricing schemes. It can handle of the products in its stores. The company had a rge numbers of price changes, and it can do so 30-year-old pricing and promotion system that was thout increasin g staff. The system allows Giant very labor intensive and that could no longer keep ods to codify pricing rules with "narural language" up with the pricing decisions required in the fastntences rather than having to go through a technipaced grocery market. The system also limited the an. The system also has forecasting capabilities. companys ability to e x ecute more sophisticated ese capabilities allow Giant Foods to predicr the pricing strategies. pact of pricing changes and new promotions Giant was interest ed in executing its pricing fore they hit the shelves. Giant Foods decided to strategy more consistently based cu a defmitive set of an su co la wi Fo se ci Th im be im

plement the system for the entire store chain. pricing rules (pricing rules in remiI might include relaThe system has allowed Giant Foods to become tionships between national brands and private-label re agile in its pricing. It is now able to react to brands, relationships between sizes, ending digits such mpetitive pricing changes or vendor cost changes as "9," etc.). In the past, many of the rules were kepi: a weekly basis rather than when resources become on paper, others were k ept in peoples heads, and ailable. Giants productivity has doubled because it some were not documented ...."ell enough for others to longer has to increase staff for pricing changes. understand and ensure continuity. lhe company also ant now focuses on "maintaining profitability while had no me-ans of reliably forecasting the inlpacr of rule tisfying its customer and maintaining its price changes before prices hit the stc.-e shelves. age." Giant Foods worked with DemandTec to l.,.,,,,, "Gtant Fond StollS Prt<:ell the Entl" St"", with deploy a system for its pricing decisions. The system mandTec. DemandTec. demand,ec.com (accessed is able to handle nJassive amounts of point-of-sale rch 26, 20(9). airline

mo co on av no Gi sa im So De Ma

ADS initially appeared in the industry, where they were calJed revellue I"~_ .. ,_,-" _._ .. ___ __ ... 1"__ __ .~_ .. ~ ~_.,_,__ >,~_, __ _>___ ,_,,___ .._~ _.. __ ~ __ ._>__ _ _~ ~Vl YU) If""IlUl!,tfI""" ~UJ ",,.""U" U!-UllllLdUUll) "Plll<>. ,",UJUI..." """ UI""" "Y"" IV dynamically price tickets based on a many service industries use similar pricing models. In contrast with m anagement science approaches, which provide a model -based solution to generic strucru red problems (e.g. , resource allocation, inventory level determination), ADS provide rulebased solutions. The following are examples of b usiness rules: "If only 70% of the se ats on a flight from Los Angeles to New York are sold 3 days prior to depanure , offer a discount of x to nonbusiness travelers ," "If an applicant owns a house and makes over $100,0 00 a year, offer a $10,0CI0 credit line," and $2,000, "If an item costs more than and if your company buys it only once a year, the purchasing agent does not need special approv al." Such rules , which are based on experience or derived through data mini ng, can be combined with mathematical models to fon n solutions that can be automatically and instantly applied to problems (e.g., "Based ctual demand. Today, ----------------------- Page 34----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edit

ion Page: 15 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Chaple-r I Decision Suppon Syste-m& and Bus ine-S5 lnteUi~llCe Foundation& and SotrcH TllcIT1ology ~~ 5~ Busi.,.. dacision rulea Types ~I fiGURE 1.4 Automated De<lslon-Millklng fr~mework 15

on the informa tion p rovided and subje<:t to verification, you w ill be admilled to our university ). o r Ihey c:ln be provided to a human , who ....ill m :lke the final dec is ion (.see Figure 1.1). ADS attempt to automate highly repetitive decisi ons On order to justify the computerization COSl), based on business ru les. ADS are mostly suit able for frontline e mployees who can see me customer information online and frequently must mak e q u ick deci.5ions. For further infommtion on ADS, see Da\enport and Harris (20 05). Computer Support for Unstructured Decisions Unstructured p ro bl e m s can be only partially supported by stand computerized quantitative methods. [I is usually necessary 10 develop customized solutions. H owever, such solutions may benefit from data and information generated from corporate or external data sources (see Part III and Chapter 12) . Intuition and judgment may playa large role in these types of decisi o n s. as m :ly compute r i zed communication and co llaborntion technologies (sec Ch:tplCr 10). as well as k no wledge management (see Chapter I I). ard Computer Support for Semistructured Problems Solving semistructured proble ms may involve a combination of standard solution procedures and human judgment , MS can provide n"KXIels for the portion of a de cision-making iJiOblem i.t;;;i is ;;t,-tlCmiEd. FOi ihe linSi.mCiUied poilion, it DSS ca n iinproVf u"1f quall;-y of

me infoffilaoon on which the decision is based by providing , for e xample, not only a single solution but also a range of alternative solutions , along with their potential impacts. These capabilities help managers 10 better understand the nature of problems and m us to make better decisions. In Chapter 2. we provide a detailed description of how decisions are supported during the major phases of decision making: intelligence. design, choice, and imp lementation. Section l.S Review Questio ns

1. What are structulNi. unstructured. and semistructured decisions? Provi de two examples of each. 2. Ddine operalKmal control. managerial control. and strat"8ic planning . Provide two examples of each . ----------------------- Page 35----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition Page: 16 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 16 Part I Decision Support and Business Intelligence of the decision support for maki systems (ADS). support to ....m

3. What are the nine cells framework? Explain what each is for. 4. How can computers provide ng structured decisions? 5. Define m<lomated decision 6. How can computers provide istructured and unstructured decisions? 1.6 (DSS)

THE CONCEPT OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

In the early 1970s, &ott-Morton ftrst articulated the major concepts of DSS. He defmed d c...d s io n support ,,""ys tc m s ( DSS) as systems. which help "interactive computer-based decision makers utilize data and mode ls to solve unstructured problems" (Gorry and Scott-Morton, 1971). The following is another classic DSS definition, provided by Keen and Scott-Morton (1978): Decision support systems couple the inte llecmal resources of individuals with improve the capabilities of the computer to the quality of decisions. It is a computer-based support system for ma

nagement decision

makers who deal with semistructured problems.

Note that the teml decisioll support system like mallagement information system (MIS) and other terms in the field of IT, is a content-free expression (i.e., it means different things to different people). Therefore, the re is no universally accepted definition of oss. (We present additional definitions i n Chapter 3.) Actually, DSS can be viewed as a conceptual methodology-that is, a broad, um brella tenn. HowevET, some view DSS as a narrower, specific decision support applicati on. , DSS as an Umbrella Term The tenn DSS can be used as an umbrella term to describe any computerized system that supports decision making in an organiwtion . An organization may have a knowledge management system to guide all its personnel i n their problem solving. Another organization may have separate support systems for mark eting, fmance, and accounting; a supplychain management (SCM) system for production; and several e xpert systems for proouct repair diagnostics and help desks. DSS encompa sses them all. Application Case 1.2 demonstrates some of the major characteristics of the DSS framework. The problem to be solved was unstruc tured, but the initial analysis was based on the decision makers strucrured defmition of the situation, using an MS approach. The DSS was built using data. available from corporate data sources. The development platfonn was a spreadsheet. The DSS pr ovided a quick what-if analysis (see Chapter 4). FurthemlOre, the DSS was flexible and res ponsive enough to allow managerial inruition and judgment to be incorporated into the ana lysis. APPLICATION CASE 1.2 A DSS for Managing Inventory at GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a global pharmaceutical titive retail market, it is important to have company. The conlpany sells products in hundreds h product quantity on hand to provide a high of proouC! categories-prescription drugs, over-thece level to customers, but excess inventory counter medicines, oral health care prooucts, nutrimoney, so developing an optimal inventory tional health drinks, among others. In this highly y is essential in achieving a decent profit. GSK compe enoug servi costs polic

----------------------- Page 36----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, N inth Edition Page: 17 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Decision Suppon Systems and Business Intelligence Chapler I 17

w anted to evaluate its inventory policies and develThe entire model was built using a spreadop a new policy, if necessary. eet tool (Microsoft Excel). The Excel-based DSS GSK collects all of its sales and demand inforables the company to evaluate many wh:lt~if situ mation through the supply chain planning system. ions. Because of the stochastic nature of demand From this system, it e xtracted the historical forecast r many products, the model includes a simulation and demand, month.-en d inventory, production lot ature, which a ll ows the company to analyze the size, and lead time information. GSK developed a pact of uncertainty in demand on the optimal model that takes these inputs and estimates the fety stock level. Managers have found the DSS to safety stock (measured in weeks forward carryover very helpful in making inventory decisions. [WFC). which is the number of weeks of estimated .m;", J. Sh. ng. P. R. TadlkamaUa. demand capacity). The Decision suppon system for Mangl0S changes in the safety n:oSmllhKllne: Dedskm suppan Systems. ~rvice level. Xl8. pp. 1- 13. 1.J. Kirsch. L Brown, model can determine how Imemory at stock affect the customer Vol. 46. No.1.

sh en at fo fe im sa be So

A
G! 2l

How can a thorough risk analysis, like the one in Appl ication Case 1.2, be perfonned w quickly? How ca n the judgment factors be elicited, quantifie d, and worked into a model? How can the results be presented meaningfully and convincingly to the executive? What are what- if questions? How can the Web be used to access and integrate appropriate data and models? We provide answers to these questions in Chapt ers 3 and 4. The DSS concepts introduced in Chapter 3 provide considerabl e insights to software vendors that develop decision support tools, to builders that constru ct specific decision support applications. and to users. DSS AS A SPECIFIC APPLICATION Although DSS usually refer

s to the u m brella term, some use it in a narrower scope to refer to a process for building custom ized applications for unstructured or semistructured problems. Others use the term DSS to re fer to the DSS application itself. THE ARCHITECTURE OF DSS The DSS methooology recognizes the need for data to solve problems. These dlta can come from many sources, including the Web (see Chapter 5). Every problem that has to be solved and every opponunity or strate gy to be analyzed requires some data. Data are the first component of the DSS archi tecrure (see Figure 1.5). Data related to a specific situation are manipulated by using mooels (see C hapters 3 and 4). These models, which are the second component of the DSS architecture, can be Slandard (e.g.. an Excel function) or customized. Some systems have a knowled ge (or intelligence) 0!"!1.p0!.<:!!t. Th.k< k; tho: r.hin:l. <:D!))p0!"!o:!"!t <:If !..h.o : 1)5.5 ~. rdljl~~l!",:,. t~o:~ ~. !": !......o: vit<ll f<:l1.!!T_h. component of the architecture. Interfacing with the system via a use r interface is the fifth component of the DSS architecture. When creating a DSS. it is important to plan the system and then pu rchase (or build) the components and "glue" them together. In many DSS, the components are standards and can be purchased. But in other situations, especially unstru ctured ones, it is necessary to custom build some or all of the components. The details of the majo r components are provided in Chapter 3. TYPES OF DSS There are many types of DSS, each with different objectives. The two major types are the nuxlel-oriemed DSS. in which quantitative models are used to generate a recommended soluti on to a problem , and d a ta-oriellte d DSS, which suppan ad ----------------------- Page 37----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Nin th Edition Page: 18 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 18 Pan I Da-ision Suppon and Business Imelligence I Models I 0" I

I Knowledge User . irmrrnce FIGURE 1.5 chitectur e of a DSS s and other types, t, Knowledge hoc reporting and queries. For detail see Chapter 3 and the Special Interest Group on Decision Sup]X}r and Data Management Systems (SIGDSS) Web site at s ig s .ai sn e t.o r gls Evolution of DSS into Business Intelligence In the early days of DSS. managers let the ir staff do some supportive analysis by using DSS tools. As PC technology advanced, a new generation of managers evolved---one that was comfortable with computing and knew that technology can directly help make intelligent business decisions faster. New tools such as OlAP, data warehousing, data mining, and intelligent systems, delivered via Web technology, added promised capabilities and easy access to tools. models , and data for computer-aided decision making. These tools started to appear under the names BI and business a llalytics in the midI?X)s. We introduce these concepts n ext, and relate the DSS and BI concepts in the following sections. S(."Ctio n 1.6 R....v le w Qu(."Stio n s 1. 2. J . 4 . c world? 1.7 (BI) The decision support concepts presented in Se ctions 1.5 and 1.6 have been implemented incrementally. under different names. by many vendors that have created tools and methodologies for decision support. As the ente rprise-wide systems grew, maruJgers were able to access user -friendly reports that enabled them to make decisions quickly. These systems, which were generally called executiv A FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE Provide two definitions 0: Describe DSS as an umbrdla Describe the archite<:ture How is the term DSS used DSS. term. of DSS. in the academi HIghLevel Ar

lgdss .

e infomtation systems (EIS), then began to offer additional visualization, alerts, and p erforntance measurement capabilities. By 2006, the major commercial products and services a ppeared under the umbrella term business intelligence (BO. ----------------------- Page 38----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Ed ition Page: 19 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Chapl~ I Suppon Sy>;tems and Business [nteUigence Definitions of BI RusinLSS imclligcn cc ( 8I) is an umbrella term lhat combines arc hitectures, tools, dna_ bases, analytical tools , applications, and methodologies (sec Turban e I aI. , 2(08). l! is, like DSS, a content-free expressicu, so it means different things to differ ent people. Pan of me conli..t:sion about 61 lies in the flurry o f acronyms and buzzwords that are assoda.ted with it (e.g., busine5s pcrform:m ce mmugement [6PM)). 6 1s nu;or objective is to e nable interactive access (sometimes in real time) \0 data, to enable manipulation of data. a nd to give business managers and 3llalysts the ability to rooduct appropriate analysis. By analy zing h istorical and current data. situ:ltions, and performances, decision m.1kers get valuable insights that en.1ble them to make more informed and bener decisions. TIle proces s of BI is based on the Imllsjor/J1mWtl of data to Infonn:nio n, then to decisions. and finally to actions. A Brief History of BI The te nn HI W.I.S coined by the Gartner G roup in the mkI- I990s. Howcvtr, the concept is much older, it has ilS rOOIS in the i\flS reporting .systems of the 1970s. During mat period, reporting .sySlem s were Slatic. two din"lCnsional, and h.1d no analytical capabilities. In the early 198(b;, the COflC(>pt of fm!Cllliw illjonnQIKm sysIems (ElS) emerged. 1llis OOfIcept e xpanded the computerized suppon (0 top-level managers and executiU5. So rne of the capabilities Introduced were dyruunic multidimensioo:tl (ad h oc Of on-dcmand) re por ting , fo recaSling and prediction, trend all.1lysis, drill-dO\\n \0 details, status access, a 19 ~ision

nd critical sucuss factors. lbese features appeared in dozens of rommercial products until the mid-l990s. lhen me same capabWtles and some new ones llppe:tred under the name OJ. Tcxby, II goxxI BI-based enterprise infoml.1tion system contains all the infornl.1tiOfl executi ves need. So, the original concept of EIS was tran.sformed inlO 81 . By 2(1)5, BI S}l>Iem s Slarted to include aniftcial /1/feillge llce Cllpabilities as well as powerful analytietl cap:lbiliti es . Figure 1.6 illu strates the ~ I Metadata ;;~~ ClAP I FIGURE 1.6 EvoIutlon of Busln~ Intelligence (BI) f-~~j -----: FII"""BC.~~_""=" ~II I _lig,~ ~Data warehouse

----------------------- Page 39----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ninth Edition Page: 20 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 20 Pan I Decision Suppon and Business Intelligence

various tools and teclmiques that may be inc luded in a BI system. It illustrates the evolution of BI as well. lhe tools shown in Figure 1. 6 provide the capabilities of BI. The most sophis.ticated BI proouas include most of these capab ilities; others specialize in my some of them. We will study severnl of these capabilities in more detail in Ch....pters 5 through 9. The Architecture of BI A BI system has four major components: a d ata u-a.rehollse, with its source data; business (malylics, a colJeaion of tools for manipulati ng, mining, and analyzing the data in the data warehouse; business performallce ma nagement (BPM) for monitoring and analyzing performance; and a llser interface (e.g., a d ...shboard). The relationship among these components is illustrated in Figure 1.7. We will discuss these in detail in Olapters 5 through 9. Norice that the data warehousing enviro nment is ntainly the responsibility of techni-

cal staff, whereas the analytical enviro as business allalylics) is the realm of business users. Any user can conn ect to the system via the user interface, such as a browser, and top managers may use the B PM componem and also a dashboard. Some business analytics and user interfa ce tools are introdu ced briefly in Section 1.9 and in Chapter 9. However, one set of tool s, illlelligent systems (see Chapters 12 and 13), can be viewed as a futuristic component of BI. nment (also known DATA WAREHOUSING The data warehou are the cornerstone of any medium-ta-large BI system. Originally , the data warehouse included only historical data that were organized and summarized , so end users could easily view or manipulate data and information. Today , soille data warehou ses include current data as well, so they can provide real-time decision suppon (see Chapte r 8). se and its variants house by using a variety of tools and teclmi ques. These tools and teclmiques fit into two major categories: 1. Reports mI(l queries. Business dynamic reporting, all types of queries, discovery of inf ormation, multidinlensional view, drill-down to details, and so on. These are preseme d in Chapter 9. These reports are also related to BPM (introduced next). analytics include static and Datil WaroooU&e Business Analytics Environmant Performance and Environm9l1t Strategy [J,,,,, Tech rical staff Business users SolJ"Ges _ Managers/executives ~ BPM strategies EJ------ User interlace Q\g FIGURE 1.7 A HIgh-Level Arc h Itecture o f BI Source: Based on w. Ed;:el5on, Smart Com~n/f1/n the 2 1st Century: The Seuets 01 Creating Su ccessful Bustness Intelligent So/utlons. The Data W arehousIng Institute, Seattl e, W A, 2003,

p. 32, illustration 5. ----------------------- Page 40----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 21 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Chapter 1 edslon Suppan Syscems ~nd Busines& Inte lli gence 21 2. lXllt" le:d, l IPId UelI millillg alllt otber sopbisticatctllllllt bemtilical mll/ stlltiSUetl/looI.... I)ala mining (d escribed further in Chapters 5 th rough 8) is a process of searching for unknown rel:ltionships or information in large databases or data warehouses, using intelligent tools such as neural computing, predictive analytics techniques, or advanced statisticJI tTlethods (see ChaptCf 6). A s discussed further in Chapter 7, mining can be done on Web data as weU . Two examples of useful applications of data mining follow: EXAMPLE 1 National Australia Bank uses dut.1 m ining to aid its pred ic tive marketing. The tools ure used 10 extract and analyze data stored in the banks Orade databas e. Specific applica tion s focu s on assessing h ow competlt ors initiath-es are :Iffectlng the ba nk s bouom line. The data mining tools are used to generate market analysis models fr om historical d ata . The bank considers initiatives to be crucial 10 maintaining a n edge in the increasingly compctiti\e financial services marketplace . EXAMPLE 2 FAI Insurance Group uses its data mining to reassess the rel ationship belween hislOrical risk from insur.mce policics and the pric ing structure used by its underwriters . The d1ta analYSis capabilit ies aUow FAI to better SCfve its cuSlomers by more accurately assessing the insurance risk associated with a customer rcquesl . Through the use of n euml nelworks a nd linear statistics. th e a nalysts comb the dal<1 for trends and relationships. Application case 1.j describes the application of ancther HI lechniq ue--duSief analysis. D

APPLICATION CASE 1.3 Location. Location, Location Hoyt High land Partners is :1 m arketing intelligence irn p:>ttant markets. Hoyt Highland used PersonicX to rl1lIl that assists health care providers with growing del :emune which dusters were we ll represented in the their patient base . The finn a lso helps detenrune urg ent care clinic daL100se and which cluslef"S provide the 1:JeSI locations for the oo~lth care providerS prJCthe o perator w ith the highest relurn-on-investment tices. Hoyt Highland Panners was working with an (RO O potential. ursent care clinic diem. 1he urgent care dinic faced Using the softwares geospatiaJ analysis capaincrwscd oompctitio n from other urgent care opernbil ity, Hoyt Highland found that 80% of the clinics !(l!"f; a.f!d CQ!!.YefLie!>.! 01_"" rlinjQ5. The dink ne~ !O pat iffi!.5 !iy~ v.il..h1.f1 a )-!!1le mdi~ of a dinje !<X1!.tlQn. decide if it should move its location or change !TI:ll"kelIt also found that young families were well repreing practkes to increase its income. To help with this sen ted, but that singles and seniors were underrepredecision. Hoyt Hig hland identifted , using Acxiom s sen ted. In addition, it found that proximity is a top PersonieX syslem, where the mo:sl concentrated areas fac tor in the choice of an wgent care dinic. l1tis analyof the dinks target audience \\"n. located. sis h elped the clinic to derermine that the best course Acxioms PersonkX categorizes every U .S . of action VII3S to change its marketing focus rather than household into one of 70 segments and 21 life-sl3ge to nx)\"e ills clinics. Today, the c1inic focuses its markelgroups. The placement is based on SpecifIC consumer ing tov.wd patients who live within a 5-mile radius of behavior as weI.I as demographic characteristics. a c linic location and toward YOWlg fanlilies . 1he information includes consumer SUf\")li outlining Sourc t: "Loc:otlon , IDcallon, Localon, Aalom. acIIonu:om behaviors and arurudes and location characteristics for ( a cres.sed MardI 26, 200)). ----------------------- Page 41----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Ninth Edition Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Page: 22

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Ninth Edition

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Ninth Edition

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Ninth Edition

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Ninth Edition

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Ninth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 193----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 174 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 194----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 175 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 195----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 176 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 196----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 177 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 197----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 218----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 199 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 219----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 200 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 220----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 201 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 221----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 202 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 222----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 223----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 204 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 224----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 205 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 225----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 206 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 226----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 207 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 227----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 228----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 209 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 229----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 210 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 230----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 211 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 231----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 212 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 232----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 233----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 214 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 234----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 215 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 235----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 216 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 236----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 217 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 237----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 238----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 219 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 239----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 220 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 240----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 221 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 241----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 222 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 242----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 243----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 224 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 244----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 225 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 245----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 226 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 246----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 227 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 247----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 248----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 229 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 249----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 230 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 250----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 231 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 251----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 232 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 252----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 253----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 234 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 254----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 235 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 255----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 236 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 256----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 237 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 257----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 258----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 239 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 259----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 240 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 260----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 241 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 261----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 242 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 262----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 263----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 244 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 264----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 245 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 265----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 246 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 266----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 247 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 267----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 268----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 249 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 269----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 250 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 270----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 251 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 271----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 252 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 272----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 273----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 254 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 274----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 255 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 275----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 256 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 276----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 257 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 277----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 278----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 259 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 279----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 260 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 280----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 261 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 281----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 262 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 282----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 283----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 264 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 284----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 265 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 285----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 266 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 286----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 267 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 287----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 288----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 269 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 289----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 270 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 290----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 271 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 291----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 272 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 292----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 293----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 274 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 294----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 275 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 295----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 276 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 296----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 277 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 297----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 328----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 309 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 329----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 310 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 330----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 311 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 331----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 312 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 332----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 333----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 314 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 334----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 315 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 335----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 316 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 336----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 317 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 337----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 338----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 319 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 339----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 320 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 340----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 321 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 341----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 322 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 342----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 343----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 324 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 344----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 325 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 345----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 326 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 346----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 327 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 347----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 348----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 329 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 349----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 330 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 350----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 331 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 351----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 332 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 352----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 353----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 334 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 354----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 335 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 355----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 336 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 356----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 337 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 357----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 358----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 339 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 359----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 340 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 360----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 341 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 361----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 342 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 362----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 363----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 344 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 364----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 345 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 365----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 346 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 366----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 347 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 367----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 368----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 349 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 369----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 350 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 370----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 351 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 371----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 352 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 372----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 373----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 354 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 374----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 355 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 375----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 356 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 376----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 357 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 377----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 378----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 359 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 379----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 360 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 380----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 361 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 381----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 362 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 382----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 383----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 364 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 384----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 365 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 385----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 366 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 386----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 367 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 387----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 388----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 369 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 389----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 370 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 390----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 371 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 391----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 372 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 392----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 393----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 374 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 394----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 375 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 395----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 376 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 396----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 377 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 397----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 378

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nth Edition

Page: 383

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nth Edition

Page: 388

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 408----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 389 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 409----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 390 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 410----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 391 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 411----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 392 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 412----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 393

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 413----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 394 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 414----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 395 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 415----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 396 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 416----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 397 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 417----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 398

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 418----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 399 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 419----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 400 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 420----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 401 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 421----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 402 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 422----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 423----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 404 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 424----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 405 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 425----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 406 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 426----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 407 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 427----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 408

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 428----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 409 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 429----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 410 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 430----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 411 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 431----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 412 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 432----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 413

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 433----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 414 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 434----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 415 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 435----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 416 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 436----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 417 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 437----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 418

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 438----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 419 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 439----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 420 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 440----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 421 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 441----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 422 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 442----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 443----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 424 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 444----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 425 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 445----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 426 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 446----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 427 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 447----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 428

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 448----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 429 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 449----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 430 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 450----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 431 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 451----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 432 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 452----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 453----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 434 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 454----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 435 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 455----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 436 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 456----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 437 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 457----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 458----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 439 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 459----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 440 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 460----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 441 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 461----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 442 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 462----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 443

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 463----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 444 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 464----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 445 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 465----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 446 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 466----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 447 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 467----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 468----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 449 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 469----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 450 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 470----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 451 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 471----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 452 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 472----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 453

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 473----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 454 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 474----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 455 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 475----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 456 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 476----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 457 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 477----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 458

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 478----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 459 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 479----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 460 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 480----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 461 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 481----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 462 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 482----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 463

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 483----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 464 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 484----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 465 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 485----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 466 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 486----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 467 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 487----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 468

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 488----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 469 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 489----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 470 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 490----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 471 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 491----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 472 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 492----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 493----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 474 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 494----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 475 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 495----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 476 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 496----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 477 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 497----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 478

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 498----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 479 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 499----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 480 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 500----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 481 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 501----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 482 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 502----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 483

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 503----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 484 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 504----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 485 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 505----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 486 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 506----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 487 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 507----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 488

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 508----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 489 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 509----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 490 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 510----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 491 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 511----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 492 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 512----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 493

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 513----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 494 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 514----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 495 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 515----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 496 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 516----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 497 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 517----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 498

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 518----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 499 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 519----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 500 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 520----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 501 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 521----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 502 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 522----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 523----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 504 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 524----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 505 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 525----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 506 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 526----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 507 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 527----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 508

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 528----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 509 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 529----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 510 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 530----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 511 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 531----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 512 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 532----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 513

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 533----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 514 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 534----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 515 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 535----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 516 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 536----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 517 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 537----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 518

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 538----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 519 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 539----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 520 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 540----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 521 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 541----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 522 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 542----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 523

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 543----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 524 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 544----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 525 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 545----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 526 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 546----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 527 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 547----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 528

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 548----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 529 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 549----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 530 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 550----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 531 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 551----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 532 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 552----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 533

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 553----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 534 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 554----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 535 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 555----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 536 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 556----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 537 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 557----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 538

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 558----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 539 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 559----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 540 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 560----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 541 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 561----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 542 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 562----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 543

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 563----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 544 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 564----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 545 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 565----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 546 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 566----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 547 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 567----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 548

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 568----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 549 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 569----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 550 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 570----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 551 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 571----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 552 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 572----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 553

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 573----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 554 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 574----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 555 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 575----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 556 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 576----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 557 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 577----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 558

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 578----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 559 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 579----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 560 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 580----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 561 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 581----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 562 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 582----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 563

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 583----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 564 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 584----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 565 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 585----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 566 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 586----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 567 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 587----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 568

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 588----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 569 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 589----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 570 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 590----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 571 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 591----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 572 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 592----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 593----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 574 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 594----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 575 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 595----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 576 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 596----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 577 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 597----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 598----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 579 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 599----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 580 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 600----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 581 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 601----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 582 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 602----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 603----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 584 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 604----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 585 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 605----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 586 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 606----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 587 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 607----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 608----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 589 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 609----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 590 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 610----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 591 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 611----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 592 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 612----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 613----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 594 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 614----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 595 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 615----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 596 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 616----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 597 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 617----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 618----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 599 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 619----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 600 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 620----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 601 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 621----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 602 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 622----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 623----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 604 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 624----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 605 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 625----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 606 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 626----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 607 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 627----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 608

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 628----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 609 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 629----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 610 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 630----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 611 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 631----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 612 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 632----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 613

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 633----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 614 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 634----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 615 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 635----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 616 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 636----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 617 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 637----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 638----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 619 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 639----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 620 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 640----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 621 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 641----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 622 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 642----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

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No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 643----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 624 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 644----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 625 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 645----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 626 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 646----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 627 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 647----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 628

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 648----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 629 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 649----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 630 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 650----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 631 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 651----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 632 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 652----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 633

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 653----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 634 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 654----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 635 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 655----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 636 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 656----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 637 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 657----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 638

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 658----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 639 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 659----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 640 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 660----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 641 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 661----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 642 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 662----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 643

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 663----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 644 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 664----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 645 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 665----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 646 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 666----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 647 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 667----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 648

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 668----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 649 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 669----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 650 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 670----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 651 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 671----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 652 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 672----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 653

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 673----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 654 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 674----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 655 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 675----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 656 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 676----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 657 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 677----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 658

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 678----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 659 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 679----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 660 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 680----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 661 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 681----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 662 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 682----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

nth Edition

Page: 663

No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 683----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 664 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 684----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 665 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 685----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 666 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 686----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni nth Edition Page: 667 No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the pu blishers prior permission. Use (other than qualified fair use) in violation of the law or Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ----------------------- Page 687----------------------User name: Shane Lindo Book: Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems, Ni

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