Lesson 8.

Chapter 8: Equations and Functions

Standards:
6.0 Students graph a linear equation and compute the x-and y-intercepts (e.g., graph 2x + 6y = 4). 7.0 Students verify that a point lies on a line, given an equation of the line. Students are able to derive linear equations by using the point-slope formula. 8.0 Students understand the concepts of parallel lines and perpendicular lines and how those slopes are related. Students are able to find the equation of a line parallel/perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point. 16.0 Students understand the concepts of a relation and a function, determine whether a given relation defines a function, and give pertinent information about given relations and functions. 17.0 Students determine the domain of independent variables and the range of dependent variables defined by a graph, a set of ordered pairs, or a symbolic expression. 18.0 Students determine whether a relation defined by a graph, a set of ordered pairs, or a symbolic expression is a function and justify the conclusion. Alg2-24.0 Students solve problems involving functional concepts, such as composition, defining the inverse function and performing arithmetic operations on functions.

Lesson 8.5: Algebra and Composition with Functions

Objectives: 1.Find the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions. 2. Find the composition of two functions.

If f and g are functions with domains A and B: Their sum f + g is the function given by

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

The domain of f + g consists of the numbers x that are in the domain of f and in the domain of g.

Their difference f - g is the function given by

(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

The domain of f - g consists of the numbers x that are in the domain of f and in the domain of g.

Their product f g is the function given by

(f g)(x) = f(x)g(x)

The domain of fg consists of the numbers x that are in the domain of f and in the domain of g.

Their quotient f / g is the function given by

(f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), g(x) 0

The domain of f / g consists of the numbers x for which g(x) 0 that are in the domain of f and in the domain of g.

Example 1:
Given that f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 2x + 5, find each of the following. a) (f + g)(x) b) (f + g)(5)

a) ( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x)

x 2 2x 5 3x 7
b) We can find (f + g)(5) provided 5 is in the domain of each function. This is true.

f(5) = 5 + 2 = 7

g(5) = 2(5) + 5 = 15

*(f + g)(5) = f(5) + g(5) = 7 + 15 = 22 or *(f + g)(5) = 3(5) + 7 = 22

Example 2:
Given that f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 2x + 5, find each of the following a) (f - g)(x) b) (f - g)(5)

a) ( f g )( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
x 2 (2 x 5) x 2 2x 5 x 3
b) We can find (f - g)(5) provided 5 is in the domain of each function. This is true.

f(5) = 5 + 2 = 7

g(5) = 2(5) + 5 = 15

*(f - g)(5) = f(5) - g(5) = 7 - 15 = -8 or *(f - g)(5) = -(5) - 3 = -8

Example 3:
Given that f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 2x + 5, find each of the following. a) (f g)(x) b) (f g)(5)

a) ( fg )( x) f ( x) g ( x)

( x 2)(2 x 5) 2 x 2 9 x 10
b) We can find (f g)(5) provided 5 is in the domain of each function. This is true.

f(5) = 5 + 2 = 7

g(5) = 2(5) + 5 = 15

*(f g)(5) = f(5)g(5) = 7 (15) = 105 or *(f g)(5) = 2(25) + 9(5) + 10 = 105

Example 4:
Given the functions below, find ( f / g )( x) and give the domain.

f ( x) x 3

g ( x) x 2 16
x 3 2 x 16

f ( x) ( f / g )( x) g ( x)

We must exclude x = -4 and x = 4 from the domain since g(x) = 0 when x = 4.

The radicand x 3 cannot be negative. Solving x 3 0 gives x3

The domain of f / g is {x | x > 3, x 4}.

Composition of Functions Composition of functions is the successive application of the functions in a specific order. Given two functions f and g, the composite function is defined by f g x f g x and is read f of g of x. The domain of f g is the set of elements x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f.

Another way to say that is to say that the range of function g must be in the domain of function f.

Composition of functions
Composition of functions means the output from the inner function becomes the input of the outer function. f(g(3)) means you evaluate function g at x=3, then plug that value into function f in place of the x. Notation for composition:

( f g )(x) f ( g ( x))

A composite function
f g
x g g(x)

domain of g
f

range of f
f(g(x))

range of g domain of f

A different way to look at it

x
f g x

g
Function Machine

gFunction x Machine

Example 5 Evaluate f g x and g f x : f x x 3 g x 2x 2 1 f g x 2 x 2 1 3 2 g f x 2 x 3 1 2x 2 4

2 x 2 6x 9 1

2 g f x 2 x 12 x 17

2 x 2 12 x 18 1

You can see that function composition is not commutative. NOTE: This is not a formal proof of the statement.

More Examples: Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x 3. (a) Find the functions f g and g f and their domains. (b) Find (f g)(5) and (g f )(7).

(f g )( x ) f (g ( x )) f ( x 3) ( x 3)2 (g f )( x ) g (f ( x )) g( x 2 ) x 3
2

Defn. of f Defn. of g Defn. of f

Defn. of g f Defn. of f Defn. of g

We have: (f g)(5) = f(g(5)) = f(2) = 22 = 4

Example (b)

(g f )(7) = g(f(7)) = g(49) = 49 3 = 46

Individual Practice/Homework Problem Set 8.5, TB pp. 517-519 Multiples of 4 (4, 8, , 52); 54, 56