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Hooker chemical sealed multiple chemical wastes into steel drums and dumped them into an old canal excavation which is now Love Canal

The area was abandoned in 1980 Waste is any discarded material for which no further sale or use is intended Example: residue

Solid waste is waste that isn't liquid or gas Municipal solid waste is produced directly from homes Industrial Solid waste is produced indirectly by industries that supply people with goods

Waste stream is a flow of waste as it moves from its sources toward disposal destinations

Recovery is the next best strategy in waste management Recycling: sends used goods to manufacture new goods Compositing: recovery of organic waste E-waste consists of toxic and hazardous electronic wastes We can manage the solid wastes we produce and reduce or prevent their production

Open Dumps: are fields or holes in the ground where garbage is deposited and sometimes covered with soil. Mostly used in developing countries

Sanitary landfills: Solid wastes are spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered daily with a fresh layer of clay or plastic foam.

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Landfills are used for protect groundwater, protect air quality ... Leachate is the liquid that migrates from within a land disposal site which has come in contact with solid waste.

Waste to energy incinerators boil water to make steam for heating for production of electricity

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Landfill gas: a mix of gases that consists of roughly half methane Refuse: to buy items that we don't need Reduce: consume less Reuse: rely more on items can be used over and over Repurpose: use something for another purpose instead of throwing it away

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Recycle: buy items made from recycled materials. Primary recycling: materials are turned into new products of the same type

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Secondary recycling: materials are converted into different products. CERCLA operates under the polluter pays principle Bioaccumulators: chlorinated insecticides, metals, herbicides Hydrogen sulfide: decomposition product of organic matter Cyanides are commonly found in plating operations and sludges

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Lead is harmful to children and is still used in leaded gasoline. Mercury is released into the environment mostly by burning fuels PCBs are group of chlorinated hydrocarbons Waste minimization is required by all Large quantity generators Incineration is heating many types of hazardous waste to break them down and convert them to less harmful chemicals

Plasma torch: passing electrical current through gas to generate an electric arc and very high temperatures can create plasma.

Deep-well disposal is liquid hazardous wasted are pumped under pressure into dry porous rock far beneath aquifers.

Surface impoundments are excavated depressions into which liners are placed

Long term retrievable storage: used to store toxics in areas that can be inspected and retrieved

Secure landfills: buried hazardous waste on monitored sites