REFRIGERANTS

DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF REFRIGERANTS :

HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION LOW SPECIFIC VOLUME OF VAPOUR SUB-ZERO BOILING POINT & LOW FREEZING POINT LOW VISCOSITY CHEMICAL STABILITY NON-TOXICITY & NON-FLAMMABILITY COMPATIBILITY & MISCIBILITY WITH COMPRESSOR LUBRICANTS & MATERIALS LOW COST & EASY AVAILABILITY
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CLASSIFICATION OF REFRIGERANTS

ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, REFRIGERANTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS :

HALOCARBON COMPOUNDS : ONE OR MORE HYDROGEN ATOMS REPLACED BY CHLORINE, FLUORINE OR BROMINE IN CH4, C2H6. HYDROCARBONS : eg. ISOBUTANE, ISOPROPANE, etc. (600 SERIES) INORGANIC COMPOUNDS : eg AMMONIA, SULPHUR DIOXIDE, etc. (700 SERIES)

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REFRIGERANT NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR HALOCARBON COMPOUNDS

FIRST DIGIT ON THE RIGHT IS THE NO. OF FLUORINE ATOMS SECOND DIGIT FROM THE RIGHT IS ONE MORE THAN THE NO. OF HYDROGEN ATOMS. THIRD DIGIT FROM THE RIGHT IS ONE LESS THAN THE NO. OF CARBON ATOMS. NO. OF CHLORINE ATOMS IS FOUND BY SUBTRACTING THE SUM OF F AND H ATOMS FROM THE TOTAL NO. OF ATOMS THAT CAN BE CONNECTED TO THE CARBON ATOMS. EG. R-134a : TETRAFLUOROETHANE ( C2H2F4 ) H H I I F-CCF I I F F

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AN EASIER METHOD

ADD

R-22 90 112

F : CHCLF2

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REFRIGERANTS : SOME DEFINITIONS

AZEOTROPES :

MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE REFRIGERANTS IN A FIXED RATIO WHICH BEHAVES LIKE A SINGLE REFRIGERANT WITH A DIFFERENT SET OF PROPERTIES, eg. R-502, R-500 MIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE REFRIGERANTS WHICH BEHAVE THERMODYNAMICALLY LIKE AN AZEOTROPE, BUT EXHIBIT SLIGHT TEMPERATURE GLIDE, eg. R-404A, R-407C.

NEAR-AZEOTROPES :

ZEOTROPES :

MIXTURES OF 2 OR MORE REFRIGERANTS WHICH EXHIBIT MARKED CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE & COMPOSITION OF INDIVIDUAL PHASES DURING EVAPORATION & CONDENSATION.
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SAVING THE OZONE LAYER

OZONE MOLECULES EXIST IN THE STRATOSPHERE (15 TO 50 KM) ABOVE THE EARTH. THIS IS CALLED THE OZONE LAYER. OZONE LAYER PROTECTS THE EARTH FROM DANGEROUSLY HGH LEVELS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FROM THE SUN. EXCESSIVE UV RADIATION LEADS TO : SKIN CANCER EYE CATARACT REDUCED PLANT YIELD DAMAGE TO OCEAN ECO-SYSTEM

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THE SCIENCE OF OZONE DEPLETION

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THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

1928 : CFCS (CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS) INVENTED. HAILED AS WONDER CHEMICALS. 1974 : SHERWOOD ROWLAND & MARIO MOLINA OF THE UNY. OF CA. LINKED CFCS WITH OZONE DEPLETION. 1985 : OZONE HOLE DISCOVERED OVER THE ANTARCTIC. VIENNA CONVENTION FOR PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER. 1987 : MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER DRAWN UP TO LIMIT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION OF ODS. 1996 : CFCS PHASED OUT (IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES) 2010/: PHASE OUT OF HCFCS (IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES) 2030
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INDIAS OBLIGATION UNDER MONTREAL PROTOCOL

INDIA SIGNED THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL IN 1992. TARGETS FOR LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA (ARTICLE 5 COUNTRIES) :

CFC PHASEOUT ON JAN 1, 2010 (CFC 11, 12, ETC.) (MANUFACTURE OF CFC CONTAINING EQPT. HAS BEEN ALREADY PROHIBITED FROM JANUARY 2003.) HCFC PHASEOUT BY 2030 / 2040 (HCFC-22, 123, ETC.) FREEZE OF HCFC CONSUMPTION AT BASE LINE OF 2015 AVERAGE.
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CFC-12 CFC-11 CFC-115 HCFC-141b HCFC-22 HFC-134a 9K 8K 7K 6K 5K 4K 3K 2K 1K 0 0

0 0.11 0.6

0.055

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL(20 YEAR,CO2=1)

OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL (CFC-11=1)

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HFC 134a

WIDELY USED SUBSTITUTE FOR R 12. ZERO ODP (BUT SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL). THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO THOSE OF R-12. NON-FLAMMABLE & NON-TOXIC. ONLY SYNTHETIC POLYOL ESTER LUBRICANTS TO BE USED (TRADITIONAL MINERAL OILS CANNOT BE USED)

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HFC SUBSTITUTES FOR R-22

R 407 C : A SHORT TERM SUSBSTITUTE : ZEOTROPIC BLEND OF HFCS R-32, R-125 & R-134a. PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE & EFFICIENCY SIMILAR TO R-22. TEMPERATURE GLIDE AFFECTS HEAT EXCHANGER EFFY. R 410 A : LONG TERM SUBSTITUTE FOR R-22 : NEAR AZEOTROPIC BLEND OF R-32 & R-125. NEGLIGIBLE TEMP. GLIDE. 50% HIGHER REFRIGERATING CAPACITY FAVOURABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION (AT LOW COND. TEMPS.) 50 60% HIGHER PRESSURES THAN R-22. ALL HFCS REQUIRE SYNTHETIC POE BASED LUBRICANTS.

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R-404A

ZERO OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL. RETROFIT REPLACEMENT FOR R- 502 PREFERRED REFRIGERANT FOR FREEZING APPLICATIONS. NEAR- AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE OF HFC134a, 125 & 143a, WITH A VERY SMALL TEMP. GLIDE (<1 K). NON FLAMMABLE USED WITH POLYOL ESTER LUBRICANTS WHICH ARE HIGHLY HYGROSCOPIC.

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REFRIGERANTS : OLD & NEW

REFRIGERATORS : WATER COOLERS BOTTLE COOLERS : FREEZING EQPT. : AIRCONDITIONERS :

CFC 12

HFC 134a HYDROCARBONS HFC 134a R 404A, R 507 R-407C, R-410 A R-407C, R-410A HFC-134a HCFC - 123

CFC 12 R-502 HCFC 22

PACKAGED CHILLERS : HCFC 22 CFC 12 CFC -11

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PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF HFCs

SYSTEM CLEANLINESS DURING INSTALLATION & SERVICE. BRAZED CONNECTIONS PREFERRED TO FLARED CONNECTIONS. SYNTHETIC POE BASED OILS ARE HIGHLY HYGROSCOPIC. EXPOSE SYSTEM TO AIR FOR MINIMUM TIME. USE DRYERS WITH GREATER MOISTURE ABSORBING CAPACITY. EVACUATE THE SYSTEM TO AT LEAST 40 MICRONS. CHARGE HFC MIXTURES (eg. R-404A) IN LIQUID STATE.

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RETROFITTING CFC / HCFC SYSTEMS

OIL, EXPANSION DEVICE & FILTER DRYER MUST BE CHANGED. DRAIN OUT ORIGINAL (MINERAL) OIL FROM COMPRESSOR. REFILL THE COMPRESSOR WITH POE OIL. RUN THE SYSTEM WITH ORIGINAL REFRIGERANT. DRAIN OUT OIL & CHARGE FRESH POE OIL. RERUN THE SYSTEM. RECOVER ORIGINAL REFRIGERANT & DRAIN OUT OIL. CHARGE THE SYSTEM WITH NEW POE OIL & HFC REFRIGERANT.

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COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF REFRIGERANTS

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LUBRICANTS USED IN REFRIGERATION

3 BASIC GROUPS : ANIMAL, VEGETABLE & MINERAL OILS.

3 GROUPS OF MINERAL OILS : NAPHTHENIC, PARAFFINIC & AROMATIC. NAPHTHENIC MINERAL OILS ARE USED MOST OFTEN FOR FOR REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS (NON- HFC). MINERAL OILS ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH HFC REFRIGERANTS.

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SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS FOR HFCS

SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS : ALKYL BENZENES, GLYCOLS (PAGS) & ESTERS (POES). PAGS ARE USED FOR AUTOMOBILE AIRCONDITIONING WITH OPEN TYPE COMPRESSORS : PAGS ABSORB & HOLD MOISTURE VERY READILY. WILL NOT TOLERATE CHLORINE. POES ARE MOST COMMONLY USED FOR HFC REFRIGERANTS. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED WITH CFCS & HCFCS. POES ALSO ABSORB MOISTURE READILY (BUT LESS THAN PAGS)
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PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERATION OILS

VISCOSITY VISCOSITY INDEX SPECIFIC GRAVITY POUR POINT FLOC POINT FLASH POINT DIELECTRIC STRENGTH MOISTURE CONTENT TOTAL ACID NO. CHEMICAL STABILITY MISCIBILITY (WITH REFRIGERANT)
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TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF REFR. LUBRICANTS

PROPERTY VISCOSITY, SSU RELATIVE DENSITY POUR PT., C FLOC PT., C FLASH PT., C ANILINE PT., C

NAPHTHENIC 33 - 68 0.913 0.9 -43 TO -37 -56 TO -51 171 - 204 71 - 92

ALKYL BENZENE 32 0.872 -46 -73 177 52

ESTER 30 - 100 0.995 0.972 -48 TO 30 N.A. 234 - 258

GLYCOL 30 - 90 0.99 - 1.007 -46 TO -40 N.A. 204 - 168

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