.

. :
4 x 15 ( )
3 x 10 ( )
o : 3-5
: 25
(I ): 15 - 30
(): 40

O :

Mmmmmmmmhhhh!!!!

 (1879): 300

O
NH
SO2

Bulletproof!

CO2H
O

CH3

H
N

C6H5CH2

O
O
N
H

OH

O
OH

CH3
CO2H

CH3

HO
O OO
O

1. :
() ;
o je ( )
()
Whler (1828):

je

NH4 OCN

CH4N2O

NH2CONH2
-

2. : ()

-



()

()
e :

e- s- i p-
e- iz d- orbitala (M-; II III )

e- d- i f- o (
)

 ()?

A 1 + A 2

A:A A-A

(E)
2

1.
(Coulomb-o ).
2.E ( ).

3. E

Jo o e je
,

e-

a 1
Na

2,8,1

e- +

a 2
+

Cl

2,8,7

e+
e

- a
[Na

2,8]+

[Cl

2,8,8]-

Ko
+

e-

A 1

e-

A 2

H H

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

H Cl

e-

e-

Ko
()
e

H
H

C H
H

Koo- : e
e

A B

Koo

H
H N
H
R3N

F
+

B F
F
+ O

H
H N
H

F
B F
F

R3N O

T-o

 jo,

E

0.3

<

0.3 2.0

<

2.0
j

O - ()
( )

M

:
:

H : H Li : H : F: F:

:
:

: F: Be
:

ne

: F: Be : F:

180

H O

T :

:
:

: Cl : B

Cl
Cl

:
N

H
H

H
H

C
H

H
H

H
H

Ko -
1897.- e- ( )
? ( )

K ?
( )

?
( )

1923. DeBroglie

h
mv

h= Planck-o = 1.34 x 10-34 cal sec

m- ev-

1926. Schrodinger e-

e-
e-

Ko-o ,o
, o o
90-95%
4 :

n e
n = 1-7
l ,
l= 0, 1,2...(n-1)
M . m
m = 0, +1, -1, +2, -2, ..+l, -l
s-
s= -1/2 +1/2

K ?
?

s-

p-

C 1s2, 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz

2s
1s

px

py

pz

1 s-

2s-

s-Orbital

 2p

p-Orbital


: ?
2s
1s

px

py

pz

es (He)

1.
2. Pauli: : 2e- .
3. Hunds- : o je
(px,y,z) 1 esvaka

+/- =

(Linus Pauling)

( )

+
0

+ +

++

0
-

1s1
H

1s1
+

H2

+ +

+
-

+
-

+
-

( )

( )

 He ?
E (MO)
A (MO)

E H

H2

+E

-E

He

-E

He

MO

2 e-

2 e-

+E

MO

He2
e

4 e-

MO


( )
1. A
(1s 1s 1s 3s)

2.

A
() (
) .

BeH2 ,
-

Be 1s2 2s2
o

1s2 2s1 2p1

e

sp
a , ,
sp-
hibridizovane sp orbitale koje su linearne strukture

2s + 2p = 2 sp

s-veza

- sp o : 50% 50% p
- : 180
2 p o

sp2
BH3 ()

B 1s2, 2s2, 2p1

1s2, 2s1, 2px1, 2py1

2s 2 p o 3
sp2 o (
120) s + 2p = 3 sp2

s-veza

p-

sp3 hibridizacija
CH4

C 1s2, 2s2, 2px1, 2 py1

1s2, 2s1, 2px1, 2py1 2pz1

e

1s i 3 p o 4 sp3
o ( 109,5)
s + 3p = 4 sp3

s-veza

s- 2 sp3

s-veza

Ethane

s- ,
p-o

p- p-o

a) ( )

b)
.
: d+ i d( ).

d+

d-

Pauling-

0.3

<

0.3 2.0

<

2.0

d+

d-

d+

C-Y
d+
a)

CH3

d-

Cl

d+

O Cl

CH

CH3 Cl
d-

d+

d-

d3

Cl

d+

Cl

K
N

d-

R2

H
C N

C N

H
R2
H

H
R

) C-N
e e (+)
ja s-

d-

H
R1

d+

-H

C O
H

C O
H

) -
C-O-

 (m) je

m=q d

(10-8 cm = 1 A)

e - = 4.8 10-10 esj (e

Je m je Debye [D]

d+

d-

m=5D

m = 1.2 D

) C-H

H
R1

m ~ 0.3 D

<

C C
H

H <

C C

H-

) Mo

C C

C
Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

m=0

trans- 1.2-

H
C C

cis- 1.2-

Cl

N
H

H
m = 1.47 D

N
F

m = 1.85 D

Cl

m = 0.23 D

( s )
s

d+

C3

dd+

C2

ddd+

C1

d-

Cl

H
dd +

H
d+

d-

Y
e
H
-I e

Z
s
Z

H
+I e

 (-I)

R3C

R3C

N
O

I e

I e

NR3 > NO2 > CN

>

C6H5

Cl
>

>

Br

>

>

CH CH2

COOH >

I
>

>

OH

C O>
R
>

CH CH

OR

>

CH3
< CH3<

CH2 CH3< CH
CH3

CH3< C

CH3<

CH3

e
( +I e)

C O
O

Lewis-
1:

CO2

OCO

H
HC H
H

CH4

2:

:Br .

H.

.
. C. .

..
.O :
.

3: ()

(e H)

:
:

: F: F:
:
:

H: H

 4:

. O

.

e : 2
, 1; a 2

+
H O H
H

+
H3O

?
6 e ()
-5e
+1

:N:::O:
H

H C
H

H
H C
H

:C:::O:
H
H C
H

CO2
O C O

1. :

2. O 6e, C 4e, 6

16e

3.

1. 2e 1 .

2.
.

3. Ukoliko nekom od atoma nedostaje oktet prebaci slobodne

elektronske parove da postanu vezivni elektroni

..
:O..

..
O:
..

..
O
..

..
O
..


a)
: II Be, B

Cl Be Cl
-

H B H
H

b) e- - -

7 e

H C H
H

Mo ( e- od 8)
)

H B

H
H

B H

C
H

H H

H
+

C H
H

C H

H H

d) E P, S 8

10 e-

12 e-

 ()

:

Mo
, a

oA

A
B

Ka a CO32-

O
3
je (e)

e ,

 -
3

2/3-

2/3-

2/3-

= e
=

1. (
p - )

CH3C

O
O

CH3C

O
O

p-

CH2 CH CH CH2

CH2 CH Cl

Cl
Cl C Cl
H

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2

a s-
o ( )

2. ;
-

N N O

N N O

m= 0

1/2

1/2

N N O

3. e

O
C
O

O
C

O
C
O

4. (
(
)

Mo (ee)
o
1.

:N

O:

:N

..
O:

H
C

2.

C
-:
:O
..

C
H

H
C
:O:

(
)

I
() o II
()

II s
( )

E
Energija oblika II

Energija oblika I


( )

:
a)
)

) (-) (+)
2 ...

 (R)
(p-)

A. () e
(+R) e;

H2C

CH

..
OCH
3
..

_
H2C

CH

+
OCH
3
..

 ()
p-e (-R)

O
H2C CH C
H
O
H2C CH C
H

H2C CH C N
H2C CH C N
a

. sa
+R
+ R efektom

gr.
(i( --I-efektom)
I )

. gr.
R sa

-R efektom

(i -I -efektom)
( I )

NR2

NO2
C N

OR

C O
R
C O
OH

OH
X (F, Br; I)

C O
OR

C O
Z


( )

je
a RH

nema

CH3CH2CH3

-X
CH CH CH Br
RX
a 3 2 2
a

-OH a CH3CHCH3
OH

2-

 -SH CH3CH2SH
e

e R-O-R CH3O CH2CH3

o
(a)
a
(a)

CH3 CH CH2

CH3 C CH

ArOH

ARH(R)

OH

R(H)

2-

K -C=O
a

ketoni

H C

CH3

CH3

CH3

H
O
CH3

O
OH

O
OCH3

a
CONH-

CH3

CH3
-COCl

CH3
CH3

C
C

O
O

CH3
e

CH3

NH2
C

Cl

O
NH