1

Spring 2011
Notes 31
ECE 6345
Prof. David R. Jackson
ECE Dept.
2
Overview
In this set of notes we extend the spectral-domain method
to analyze infinite periodic structures.
Two typical examples of infinite periodic problems:

Scattering from a frequency selective surface (FSS)
Input impedance of a microstrip phased array
FSS Geometry
Incident plane wave
Reflected plane wave
Metal patch
Transmitted plane wave
Dielectric layer
x
y
z
a
L
b
W
( )
0, 0
( )
, m n ( )
1, 0
( )
0,1
( )
1, 0
( )
0, 1
3
FSS Geometry (cont.)
( )
0 0
0
00
x y
z
j k x k y
jk z inc
A e e
+

= 0 0 0 0
sin cos
x
k k u | =
0 0 0 0
sin sin
y
k k u | =
0 0 0
cos
z
k k u =
( )
0 0
, u | = arrival angles
Incident plane wave
Reflected plane wave
Metal patch
Transmitted plane wave
Dielectric layer
x
y
z
a
L
b
W
( ) 0, 0
( ) , m n ( ) 1, 0
( ) 0,1
( ) 1, 0
( ) 0, 1
Incident plane wave
Reflected plane wave
Metal patch
Transmitted plane wave
Dielectric layer
x
y
z
a
L
b
W
( ) 0, 0
( ) , m n ( ) 1, 0
( ) 0,1
( ) 1, 0
( ) 0, 1
4
Phased Array Geometry
( )
0 0
00
x y
j k ma k nb
mn
I I e
+
= Probe current mn:
z
L
W
Metal patch
Dielectric layer
x
b
y
a
Ground plane
Probe
( )
0, 0
( )
, m n
5
Phased Array Geometry (cont.)
( )
0 0
00
x y
j k ma k nb
mn
I I e
+
=
0 0 0 0
sin cos
x
k k u | =
0 0 0 0
sin sin
y
k k u | =
( )
0 0
, u | = radiation angles
z
L
W
Metal patch
Dielectric layer
x
b
y
a
Ground plane
Probe
( ) 0, 0
( ) , m n
( )
0 0
, u |
6
Periodic SDI
Fundamental observation:
If the structure is infinite and periodic, and the excitation is periodic except
for a phase shift, then all of the currents and radiated fields will also be
periodic except for a phase shift.
This is sometimes referred to as Floquets theorem.
7
x
y
z
Periodic SDI (cont.)
From Floquets theorem:
( )
( )
00
00
t mn
jk r mn
s s mn
J r J r r e

=
00 0 0

t x
k x k y k = +
x
y
z
a
b
L
W
0
S A ab = = area of unit cell
mn
r
layered media
0
S
(0, 0)
( , ) m n
8
Periodic SDI
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0
, ,
, ,
x
y
jk a
jk b
x a y x y e
x y b x y e

+ =
+ =
( )
( )
( )
0 0
, ,
x y
j k x k y
x y e P x y
+
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, ,
, ,
P x a y P x y
P x y b P x y
+ =
+ =
Let denote any component of the surface current
or the field (at a fixed value of z).
9
x
y
z
a
b
L
W
0
S A ab = = area of unit cell
mn
r
layered media
0
S
(0, 0)
( , ) m n
Periodic SDI (cont.)
( )
( )
( )
0 0
, ,
x y
j k x k y
x y e P x y
+
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, ,
, ,
P x a y P x y
P x y b P x y
+ =
+ =
( )
2 2
,
p q
j x y
a b
pq
p q
P x y A e
t t | |

+
|
\ .
= =
=

Hence we have
From Fourier-series theory, we know that the periodic function P
can be represented as
( )
0 0
2 2
,
x y
p q
j k x k y
a b
pq
p q
x y A e
t t

| | | | | |

+ + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= =
=

where
10
Periodic SDI (cont.)
( )
( )
,
xp yq
j k x k y
pq
p q
x y A e

+
= =
=

0
2
xp x
p
k k
a
t
= +
0
2
yq y
q
k k
b
t
= +
Hence, the surface current or field can be expanded in a set of Floquet waves:
11
Periodic SDI (cont.)
The surface current on the periodic structure is represented in terms of
Floquet waves:
( )
,
tpq
jk r
s pq
p q
J x y a e


= =
=


tpq xp yq
k x k y k = +
To solve for the unknown coefficients, multiply both sides by
and integrate over the (0,0) unit cell S
0
.
tp q
jk r
e
' '

0
2
xp x
p
k k
a
t
= +
0
2
yq y
q
k k
b
t
= +
r x x y y = +
12
( )
,
tpq
jk r
s pq
p q
J x y a e


= =
=

( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
2 2
,
tp q tpq tp q
jk r jk r jk r
s pq
p q
S S
j p p x q q y
a a
pq
p q
S
J x y e dS a e e dS
a e dS
t t
' ' ' '


= =
| |

' ' +
|
\ .
= =
=
=

} }

}
Use orthogonality:
( )
0
,
tp q
jk r
s p q
S
J x y e dS a A
' '

' '
=
}
( )
0
1
,
tpq
jk r
pq s
S
a J x y e dS
A

=
}
Periodic SDI (cont.)
13
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
00
00
00
1
,
1
,
1
1
,
tpq
tpq
jk r
pq s
S
jk r
s
S
s tpq
s xp yq
a J x y e dS
A
J x y e dS
A
J k
A
J k k
A

=
=
=
}
}
The current J
s
00
is the
current on the (0,0) patch.
Periodic SDI (cont.)
Therefore we have:
( )
00
1
,
pq s xp yq
a J k k
A
=
Hence, we have
14
We now calculate the Fourier transform of the 2D periodic current (this is
what we need in the SDI method):
( ) ( )
00
1
, ,
tpq
jk r
s s xp yq
p q
J x y J k k e
A


= =
=

Hence the current on the 2D periodic structure can be represented as
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
tpq xp yq
x y
xp yq
xp yq y
x
jk r jk x jk y
j k x k y
jk x jk y
jk x jk y jk y
jk x
x xp y yq
F e F e e
e e e dxdy
e e dx e e dy
k k k k to to


+ +



+
+

( (
=

(
=

=
=
} }
} }
Periodic SDI (cont.)
15
Now calculate the field produced by the patch currents:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
00
1
, , 2 2
s x y s xp yq x xp y yq
p q
J k k J k k k k k k
A
to to

= =
=

Hence
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
, , , ; , ,
2
x y
j k x k y
x y s x y x y
E x y z G k k z z J k k e dk dk
t

+

'
=
} }
( ) ( ) ( )
, , , ; , ,
x y x y s x y
E k k z G k k z z J k k
'
=
Periodic SDI (cont.)
16
Hence, we have
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
00
1
, , , ; ,
2
1
, 2 2
x y
x y
s xp yq x xp y yq
p q
j k x k y
x y
E x y z G k k z z
J k k k k k k
A
e dk dk
t
to to



= =
+
'
=
(

(

} }

Periodic SDI (cont.)
17
Therefore we have
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
00
1
, , , ; , ,
xp yq
j k x k y
xp yq s xp yq
p q
E x y z G k k z z J k k e
A

+
= =
'
=

Periodic SDI (cont.)
18
Compare:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
00
1
, , , ; , ,
xp yq
j k x k y
xp yq s xp yq
p q
E x y z G k k z z J k k e
A

+
= =
'
=

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
, , , ; , ,
2
x y
j k x k y
x y s x y x y
E x y z G k k z z J k k e dk dk
t

+

'
=
} }
Single element (non-periodic):
Periodic array of phased elements:
Periodic SDI (cont.)
19
Conclusion:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
, ,
x y x y xp yq
p q
F k k dk dk F k k
A
t


= =



} }
The double integral is replaced by a double sum, and a factor is introduced.
( )
( )
0 0

2 2

tpq xp yq
x y
k xk yk
p q
xk yk x y
a b
t t
= +
(
| | | |
= + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

where
Periodic SDI (cont.)
20
k
x
k
y
( )
,
xp yq
k k
( )
0 0
,
x y
k k
2 / a t
2 / b t
Periodic SDI (cont.)
Sample points in the (k
x
, k
y
) plane
21
Example
Microstrip Patch Phased Array
x
y
z
a
b
L
W
Microstrip Patch Phased Array
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
sin cos
sin sin
x
y
k k
k k
u |
u |
=
=
Find E
x

(x,y,0)
22
Single patch:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2
1 1
, , 0 ,
2
x y
x sx x y
t
j k x k y
y
x
x y
m t e t
E x y J k k
k
k
k
e dk dk
D k D k
t
+ +

+
=
(
+
(
(

} }
Phased Array (cont.)
( )
, cos
sx
x
J x y
L
t
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
2 2
cos
2
, sinc
2 2
2 2
x
sx x y y
x
L
k
W
J k k LW k
L
k
t
t
(
| |
(
|
| | | |
\ .
(
=
| |
(
\ . \ .
| | | |

(
| |
\ . \ .

23
2D phased array of patches:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
00
2
1 1
, , 0 ,
xp yq
j k x k y
xp yq
x sx xp nq
p q
tpq
m tpq e tpq
k k
E x y J k k e
A k
D k D k

+
= =
(
( = +
(


( )
0 0
2 2

tpq xp yq x y
p q
k xk yk xk yk x y
a b
t t (
| | | |
= + = + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

where
Phased Array (cont.)
( )
00
, cos
sx
x
J x y
L
t
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
00
2 2
cos
2
, sinc
2 2
2 2
xp
sx xp yq yq
xp
L
k
W
J k k LW k
L
k
t
t
(
| |
(
|
| | | |
\ .
(
=
| |
(
\ . \ .
| | | |

(
| |
\ . \ .

24
The field is of the form
( )
( )
( )
, , 0 ,
xp yq
j k x k y
x pq pq pq
p q p q
E x y A e A x y

+
= = = =
= =

( )
0 0
2 2

tpq xp yq x y
p q
k xk yk xk yk x y
a b
t t (
| | | |
= + = + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

The field is thus represented as a sum of Floquet waves.
Phased Array (cont.)
where
Note: Each Floquet wave repeats from one unit cell to the next,
except for a phase shift.
25
Scan Blindness
One of the sample points (p,q) lies on the surface-wave circle (shown for (-1, 0)).
26
k
x
k
y
( )
,
xp yq
k k
2 / a t
2 / b t
( )
0 0
,
x y
k k
0
TM
|
(E-plane scan)
Scan blindness (-1,0)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
00
2
1 1
, , 0 ,
xp yq
j k x k y
xp yq
x sx xp nq
p q
tpq
m tpq e tpq
k k
E x y J k k e
A k
D k D k

+
= =
(
( = +
(


Scan Blindness (cont.)
0
( ( , ))
tpq TM
k p q | = for some
The scan blindness condition is:
( )
0
m tpq
D k =
The field produced by an impressed set of infinite periodic
phased surface-current sources will be infinite.
27
Scan Blindness (cont.)
Physical interpretation: All of the surface-wave fields excited from the patches
add up in phase in the direction of the vector

tpq xp yq
k xk yk = +
( )
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
cos sin
,
,
,
TM m TM n
xp yq
TM m TM n
tpq tpq
xp yq
TM m TM n
TM TM
j x y
sw mn
m n
k k
j x y
k k
mn
m n
k k
j x y
mn
m n
AF A e
A e
A e
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
+ +
| | | | | |
| + |+ |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
| | | + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
=

Proof:
Start with the surface-wave array factor:
N elements
28
x
y
sw
|
r
0
cos
xp
sw
TM
k
|
|
| |
=
|
|
\ .
Scan Blindness (cont.)
x
y
sw
|
r
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
,
2 2
,
2 2
,
,
00
xp m yq n
x m y n
x y
x y
xp yq
x y xp yq
j k x k y
sw mn
m n
p q
j k x k y
a b
mn
m n
p q
j k x ma k y nb
a b
mn
m n
j k ma k nb jk x jk y
mn
m n
j k ma k
jk x jk y
AF A e
A e
A e
e e A e
e e A e
t t
t t
+ +
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
+ + + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + +
+
+ +
=
=
=
=

( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0
,
00
x y
xp yq
nb j k ma k nb
m n
jk x jk y
e
e e A N
+ +
+ +

Hence we have, in this direction, that

N elements
29
Scan Blindness (cont.)
x
y
sw
|
N elements
0
cos
xp
sw
TM
k
|
|
| |
=
|
|
\ .
In the direction |
sw
the surface fields
from each patch add up in phase.
0
TM surface wave
30
Scan Blindness (cont.)
31
k
x
k
y
2 / a t
2 / b t
0
TM
|
Example
x
y
0
TM
|
0
0
xp TM
yq
k
k
| =
=
1, 0 p q = =
Grating Lobes
32
z
L
W
Metal patch
Dielectric layer
x
b
y
a
Ground plane
Probe
( ) 0, 0
( ) , m n
z
L
W
Metal patch
Dielectric layer
x
b
y
a
Ground plane
Probe
( ) 0, 0
( ) , m n
( )
0 0
, u |
( )
,
g g
u |
One of the higher-order Floquet waves propagates in space. For a finite-size
array, this corresponds to a secondary beam that gets radiated.
Grating Lobes (cont.)
33
( ) ( )
0
( , ) 0, 0
tpq
k k p q < = for some
k
x
k
y
( )
,
xp yq
k k
( )
0 0
,
x y
k k
2 / a t
2 / b t
Grating wave (-1,0)
k
0
Pozar Circle Diagram
34
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
sin cos
sin sin
x
y
u k k
v k k
u |
u |
= =
= =
0
tan / v u | =
2 2 2 2
0 0
sin u v k u + =
u
v
E-plane scan
H-plane scan
0
|
0
k
Denote
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
35
0 tpq
k k <
2 2 2
0 xp yq
k k k + <
2 2
2
0 0 0
2 2
x y
p q
k k k
a b
t t
| | | |
+ + + <
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
sin cos sin sin
p q
k k k
a b
t t
u | u |
| | | |
+ + + <
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2
0
2 2 p q
u v k
a b
t t
| | | |
+ + + <
| |
\ . \ .
Grating Lobes
or
or
or
or
36
2 2
2
0
2 2 p q
u v k
a b
t t | | | |
| | | |
+ <
| | | |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 p q
u u v v k + <
2
2
p
q
p
u
a
q
v
b
t
t
=
=
or
or
where
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
37
2
2
p
q
p
u
a
q
v
b
t
t
=
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 p q
u u v v k + <
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
u
v
0
k
( )
1, 0
( )
1, 0
( )
0, 1
( )
0,1
Grating lobe region
+
0
k
38
0 0 0 0 0 0
sin cos sin sin u k v k u | u | = =
u
v
( )
1, 0
( )
1, 0
( )
0, 1
( )
0,1
E-plane scan
H-plane scan
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
39
1 0
1 0
2
2
u k
v k

>
>
0
0
2
2
2
2
k
a
k
b
t
t
>
>
0
0
k a
k b
t
t
<
<
0
0
/ 2
/ 2
a
b

<
<
or
Hence
To avoid grating lobes, we require
or
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
40
0
tpq TM
k | =
0
2 2 2
xp yq TM
k k | + =
0
2 2
2
0 0
2 2
x y TM
p q
k k
a b
t t
|
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
0
2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
sin cos sin sin
TM
p q
k k
a b
t t
u | u | |
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
0
2 2
2
2 2
TM
p q
u v
a b
t t
|
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
Scan Blindness
or
or
or
or
41
0
2 2
2
2 2
TM
p q
u v
a b
t t
|
| | | |
| | | |
+ =
| | | |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
( ) ( )
0
2 2
2
p q TM
u u v v | + =
2
2
p
q
p
u
a
q
v
b
t
t
=
=
or
or
where
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
42
2
2
p
q
p
u
a
q
v
b
t
t
=
=
( ) ( )
0
2 2
2
p q TM
u u v v | + =
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)
u
v
0
k
( )
1, 0
( )
1, 0
( )
0, 1
( )
0,1
Scan blindness curve
0
TM
|
+
43
0
0
1 0
1 0
TM
TM
u k
v k
|
|

> +
> +
0
0
0
0
2
2
TM
TM
k
a
k
b
t
|
t
|
> +
> +
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
/ 1
2
/ 1
TM
TM
k
k a
k
k b
t
|
t
|
> +
> +
0
0
0
0
0
1
/
/ 1
1
/
/ 1
TM
TM
a
k
b
k

|
<
+
<
+
or
Hence
To avoid scan blindness, we require
or
Pozar Circle Diagram (cont.)