Notes on Derivation of Generalized Ohms Law

February 20, 2014

1 Ion and electron momentum equations

t
(m
i
n
i
u
i
) + (m
i
n
i
u
i
u
i
) = n
i
q [E+u
i
B]
P
i
n
i
m
i

ie
(u
i
u
i
) (1)

t
(m
e
n
e
u
e
) + (m
e
n
e
u
e
u
e
) = n
e
q [E+u
e
B]
P
e
n
e
m
e

ei
(u
e
u
e
) (2)
Here, the pressure tensors, P
i
and P
e
, are dened in the species frames.
m
e
equation (1)-m
i
equation (2), and assume neutrality, n
i
= n
e
= n
m
e
m
i
_

t
[n(u
i
u
e
)] + [n(u
i
u
i
u
e
u
e
)]
_
= qn(m
i
+ m
e
) E+ qn(m
e
u
i
+ m
e
u
e
) B
m
e
P
i
+ m
i
P
e
m
e
m
i
n
ie
(u
i
u
i
) + m
i
m
e
n
ei
(u
e
u
e
) (3)
2 Useful relations
u =
m
e
u
e
+ m
i
u
i
m
e
+ m
i
,
J = nq (u
i
u
e
) ;
u
i
= u +
J
nq
m
e
m
i
+ m
e
u,
u
e
= u
J
nq
m
i
m
i
+ m
e
u
J
nq
;
1
u
2
= n(m
e
+ m
i
)
_
m
e
u
e
+ m
i
u
i
m
e
+ m
i
_
2
nm
i
u
2
i
+
m
e
m
i
nm
i
_
2u
i
u
e
u
2
i
_
u
i
u
i
u
e
u
e
=
1
nq
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
_
m
2
i
m
2
e
_
(m
i
+ m
e
)
2
__
=
1
nq
__
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
+ 2
m
e
m
i
JJ
nq
_
3 Collisionless Ohms law with charge neutrality
assumption
The following generalized Ohms law is obtained by assuming n
e
= n
i
= n,
neglecting collision (J term), and dening m m
e
/m
i
:
E+u B =
J B
qn
_
1 m
1 + m
_

P
e
qn
_
1
1 + m
_
+
P
i
qn
_
m
1 + m
_
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
+ 2m
_
JJ
q
___
1
1 + m
_
=
J B
qn
_
1 2m + O
_
m
2
_

P
e
qn
_
1 m + O
_
m
2
_
+
P
i
qn
_
m + O
_
m
2
_
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
+ 2m
_
JJ
nq
__
_
1 m + O
_
m
2
_
(4)
E+u B =
J B
qn

P
e
qn
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
__
+m
_
2
J B
qn
+
P
e
qn
+
P
i
qn

m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
2
_
JJ
nq
___
+O
_
m
2
_
, where m
m
e
m
i
(5)
If all terms m
e
are kept,
E+u B =
J B
qn

P
e
qn
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
__
+
m
e
m
i
_
2
J B
qn
+
P
e
qn
+
P
i
qn
_
,
2
or
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
=
nq
2
m
e
_
E+u B
J B
qn
+
P
e
qn
_

nq
2
m
i
_
2
J B
qn
+
P
e
qn
+
P
i
qn
_
(6)
Particularly, in the limit m
e
= 0 (note that now u = u
i
), one nds
E+u B =
J B
nq

P
e
nq
. (7)
Consider the z-component of equation (7),
E
z
+ u
x
B
y
u
y
B
z
=
1
nq
(J
x
B
y
J
y
B
x
)
1
nq
_
P
exz
x
+
P
eyz
y
_
, (8)
Right at the X-point of reconnection, u = J = B = 0, it is essentially the P
e
term supporting the electric eld, i.e.,
E
z
=
1
nq
_
P
exz
x
+
P
eyz
y
_
. (9)
3.1 Dimensionless form

pi0
=
_
n
0
q
2
/m
i

0
, d
i0
= c/
pi0
= c
_
m
i

0
/n
0
q
2
=
_
m
i
/
0
n
0
q
2

d
i0
=
d
i0

0
=
_
m
i

0
n
0
q
2

2
0

0
J = B

J =

B, J =
0
J
0

J
J
0
= B
0
/
0
/
0
J B
nq
=

0
J
0
B
0
n
0
q

J

B
n
=
B
2
0

0
n
0
q

J

B
n
=
B
2
0

0
n
0
q

J

B
n
=
The normalization of J/q is J
0
/q
0
= n
0
v
A0
= n
0
B
0
/

0
n
0
m
i
= B
0
_
n
0
/
0
m
i
4 Generalized Ohms law from electron momen-
tum equation

t
(m
e
nu
e
) + (m
e
nu
e
u
e
) = nq [E+u
e
B] P
e
3
E+u
e
B =
P
e
nq

m
e
nq
_

t
(nu
e
) + (nu
e
u
e
)
_
=
P
e
nq
+
m
e
nq
2
_

t
J
e
+ (J
e
u
e
)
_
, (10)
Use the relation u
e
= u
i
J/nq, one nds
E+u
i
B
J B
nq
=
P
e
nq
+
m
e
nq
2
_

t
J
e
+ (J
e
u
e
)
_
; (11)
Or use u
e
= u J/nq (1 + m), where m m
e
/m
i
, one nds
E+u B
J B
nq
1
1 + m
=
P
e
nq
+
m
e
nq
2
_

t
J
e
+ (J
e
u
e
)
_
; (12)
Further mathematical manipulation should eventually leads to the other forms
of the generalized Ohms law.
5 Generalized Ohms law with the J term
m
e
m
i
_

t
[n(u
i
u
e
)] + [n(u
i
u
i
u
e
u
e
)]
_
= qn(m
i
+ m
e
) E+ qn(m
e
u
i
+ m
e
u
e
) B
m
e
P
i
+ m
i
P
e
m
e
m
i
n
ie
(u
i
u
i
) + m
i
m
e
n
ei
(u
e
u
i
) (13)
Consider the friction terms in (1) and (2). Conservation of total momentum
requires that
m
i
n
ie
(u
i
u
i
) = m
e
n
ei
(u
e
u
e
) .
A reasonable assumption is
m
i
n
ie
= m
e
n
ei
,
u
i
u
i
= (u
e
u
e
) and u
i
+u
e
= u
i
+u
e
,
where u
i
and u
e
may be parameterized by a bias coecient, say, :
u
i
= (1 ) u
i
+ u
e
,
u
e
= u
i
+ (1 ) u
e
.
Here 0 1. When = 0, no friction is considered, as u
i
u
e
= u
i
u
e
=
0.
Consequently, the last line of (3) may be rewritten as
(m
i
+ m
e
) m
e
n
ei
(u
e
u
e
) = (m
i
+ m
e
) m
e
n
ei
(u
i
u
e
)
= (m
i
+ m
e
) m
e

ei

J
q
4
E+u B =
J B
qn
_
1 m
1 + m
_

P
e
qn
_
1
1 + m
_
+
P
i
qn
_
m
1 + m
_
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
+ 2m
_
JJ
q
___
1
1 + m
_
+
m
e

ei
q
2
n
J (14)
=
J B
qn
_
1 2m + O
_
m
2
_

P
e
qn
_
1 m + O
_
m
2
_
+
P
i
qn
_
m + O
_
m
2
_
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
_
+ 2m
_
JJ
nq
__
_
1 m + O
_
m
2
_
+
m
e

ei
q
2
n
J (15)
If all terms m
e
are kept,
E+u B =
J B
qn

P
e
qn
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
__
+
m
e
m
i
_
2
J B
qn
+
P
e
qn
+
P
i
qn
_
+
m
e

ei
q
2
n
J. (16)
A classical denition of resistivity relates to the collisional frequency by
=
m
e

ei
q
2
n
,
therefore
E+u B =
J B
qn

P
e
qn
+
m
e
nq
2
_
J
t
+
_
uJ +Ju
JJ
nq
__
+ J
5