Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structures
&
Its Remedial Measures
By
Tushar Ghosh
Final Year
K.I.T.S, Ramtek
Index:
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
Index:
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction:
During an Earthquake, large scale
devastation occurs due to failure of
buildings, dams and other structures.
There are various factors resulting to this
failure. In this paper we study one such
Geotechnical factor causing large scale
damages. We study a particular
phenomenon called Liquefaction.
Liquefaction is caused due to
Earthquake.
Introduction:
This phenomenon was very little known until it
drew the attention of Geotechnical Engineers in
1964 when a devastating earthquake occurred in
Alaska followed by Niigata earthquake in Japan
which caused huge scale damages due to
Liquefaction including slope failures, bridge and
building foundation failures.
Liquefaction is a phenomenon by which loose
saturated sand becomes liquid when rapid
loading occurs under undrained conditions.
Index:
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
During
Solids
Earthquake,
the
saturated
Pore
Wate
sand is
r vibrated as a
result of
it tends to densify. As the particles tend to
this,
come close to each other, the excess pore
water pressure increases and hence effective
stress decreases.
The Mohr-Coulomb strength equation is given by,
τ = c + σ’tanΦ
Where,
τ is the shear strength
c is cohesion
σ’ is effective normal stress
Φ is the angle of internal friction
As the sand is cohesionless, c = 0
But, σ’ = σ – u, where σ is total normal stress that depends on
unit weight and u is pore water pressure.
In case of loose sand, σ itself is very small and since there is a
possibility of the excess pore water pressure developed during
Earthquake being equal the σ, the effective stress σ’becomes
zero. As a result of this the shear strength,
τ = 0 and the sand becomes a liquid.
Index:
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
Effects of Liquefaction
The development of
positive excess pore water Pile
pressures causes soil
stiffness to decrease Nonliquified
during an Earthquake Liquefied
displacement. These
displacement may affect
the buried structures, Potential Effects of Subsurface
utilities and structures Liquefaction on Pile.
supported on pile
foundations that extend
through liquefied soils.
i. Alteration of Ground Motion
Sand Boils
G.L
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
Remedial Measures
Densification by dynamic
compaction is performed
by dropping heavy weight
of steel or concrete in a
grid pattern from heights
of 30 to 100 ft. it provides
an economical way of
improving soil for
mitigation of liquefaction
hazards.
III. Compaction Piles
Compaction grouting is a
technique whereby a slow
flowing water/sand/cement
mix is injected under
pressure into granular soil.
The grout forms a bulb
that displaces and hence
densifies the surrounding
soil. It is a good option if
the foundation of an
existing building requires
improvement since it is
possible to inject the grout
from the side or at an
inclined angle to reach
beneath the building.
Index:
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
Conclusion:
Thus, alteration of ground motion,
development of sand boils and settlement are the
effects of liquefaction which can be reduced by
avoiding liquefaction susceptible soils, building
liquefaction resistant structures and by
densification of soil.
Liquefaction resistant structure include
shallow and deep foundation aspects while soil
improvement techniques include vibroflotation,
dynamic compaction if soil, installation of
compaction piles, compaction grouting.
Thus in these ways the liquefaction related
hazards can be reduced to a great extent.
Index:
Introduction
Liquefaction-Related Phenomenon
Effects of Liquefaction
Remedial Measures
Conclusion
Reference
References:
[1] Kramer S.L, ’Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering’; Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte.
Ltd., New Delhi
[2]Gopal Ranjan and Rao, A.S.R, ’Basic & Applied
Soil Mechanics’; Willey Eastern Ltd, New Delhi,
1991.
[3]www.ce.washington.edu
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