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22.17

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51(075)

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78 . .: , 2010. 464 .: .
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ISBN 978-5-94723-672-9
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, 060400 , 060500
, , 060600 , 351200 , , , ,
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ISBN 978-5-94723-672-9

, 2010

27.11.09. 60u90 1/16. . . . 29. . 3000.

, 194044, -, . ., 29.
005-93, 2;
95 3005 .
1906.
195299, -, ., 2.
.: (812) 531-20-00, 531-25-55.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.7. . . . . . . .
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5.
1.2.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4. . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1. . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5. .
1.5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4. . . . . . .
1.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1. . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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13
14
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
25
26
26
27
27
28
29
31
32
32
33
34
34
35
36
41
42
42
43

4
1.6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2. .
2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. . . . . . . . .
2.3. . . . . . .
2.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2. . . .
2.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . .
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45
47
51
51
54
55
56
57
58
61

II.
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1. . .
3.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3. .
3.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.5. . . .
4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2. . . . . .
4.3.3. . . . .
4.3.4. . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. . . . . . . .
4.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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63
64
64
64
65
67
67
67
68
70
72
73
75
75
75
77
78
78
79
80
82
83
84
84
85
86
86
87
88
88

4.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5.1. . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.5. . . 100
5.1.6. , 100
5.1.7. . . . 101
5.1.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.1. . . . . 103
5.2.2. . . . . 104
5.3. n- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

6.1.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

6.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.3. . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

6
7.1.2. . . . . . . . .
7.1.3. . . . . . . . . .
7.1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.3. . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.4. . . . . . . . . .
7.2.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.6. . . . .
7.2.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1. Em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.1. . . . . . . . .
8.1.2. m- . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.3. Em . . . . . . . . . .
8.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1. . . . . . . .
8.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3. . . . . . . .
8.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4. . . . . . . .
8.4.1. . . . . . . . . .
8.4.2. . . . . . . . . . .
8.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.1. . . . . . .
8.5.2.
8.5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9. . .
9.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2. . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2. . . . .

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128
128
130
135
135
136
136
138
139
141
144
147
150
150
150
150
151
152
153
155
156
156
157
158
159
159
161
162
162
163
164
167
169
169
169
171
173
173
175
175
176


9.2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.5.
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. . . . 176
. . . . 178
. . . . 179
. . . . 180

III.
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2.1. . . . . . . . .
10.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3. . . . . . . . . . .
10.3.1. . . . . . . . . .
10.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2. . . . . .
11.2.1.
11.2.2. . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.1. . . . . . .
11.3.2.
11.4. . . . .
11.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.3. c2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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183
184
184
184
185
185
186
186
188
189
189
190
191
192
192
193
195
197
197
197
198
199
200
200
201
203
204
205
206
206
207
209
209
210
211

8
11.4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.3. . . . . . . . . .
12.1.4. . . . . . . . . .
12.1.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2. . . . . . .
12.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.3.
12.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3. . . . . . . . .
12.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3.2. . . . .
12.3.3. . . .
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212
212
213
216
216
216
217
218
219
220
222
222
223
224
225
226
227
227
228
230

IV. . . . . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . .
13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.1. . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.4. .
13.1.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.1. . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3.1. . . . . . .
13.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1.2.

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233
234
234
235
236
238
241
244
246
246
249
251
251
252
254
255
256
259
261
261
262

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14.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.1. . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.2. . . . . . . .
14.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.1. . . . . .
14.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1.1. , . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.2. .
15.2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5. . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.1. . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.3. . . . . . . . . .
15.5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
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9
264
267
267
269
272
272
275

. 280
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282
286
286
295
301
313
314
315
320
325
325
328
333
334
336
336
337
339
340
341
344

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345
347
347
353
356
358
359
366

10
V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.1. .
17.2.
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2. . . .
18.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3.2. . . . . . . . . .
18.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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373
375
375
381
384
386
386

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387
399
402
402
402
403
404
409
409
412

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417
417
424
426
428
430
434
445
446
448
450
452
453
454
456
457
458
460
461
462



: ,
, , .
VI . . . :
( )
. III . . . ,
,
. .
,
XVII . .
,

. ,
.
: , , . ,
.
:

. ,
.

,
. , , 1494 . , ,
, I, 9, XI . -

12
, XX . . . ,
. . , . . . , .

, : , , . , ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
, , , ,
.

.
,
, , ,
.

.

1.1.
1.1.1.
n- .
1. n
a1, a2, ..., an n- a; , , ()
a.
2. n-
n- R n.
n- a
(-)
a = (a1 , a2 , ..., an ),

(1.1)

(-)
a1

a
a = 2 .
M

a
n

(1.2)

3.
a = (a1 , a2 , ..., an ),

b = (b1 , b2 , ..., bn )

(1.3)

, ,
. .
a1 = b1,

a 2 = b2 ,

...,

an = bn.

1.1.

15

4. , , :
0 = (0, 0, ..., 0).

1.1.2.
a b (1.3) n- Rn. a b c, :
c = a + b = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , ..., an + bn ).

(1.4)

l . a
l , a :
c = la = (la1 , la2 , ...,

lan ).

(1.5)

. a, b c n- . :
1) a + b = b + a ;
2) (a + b ) + c = a + (b + c ) ;
3) l (a + b ) = la + lb , l ;
4) (l + m ) a = la + ma, l m ;
5) l (ma ) = (lm ) a, l m ;
6) a + 0 = a;
7) a a,
-a = (-1) a,

a + (-a ) = 0;

8. 0 a = 0 a.

1.1.3.
5. a b (1.3) ,
:
a b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + K + an bn .

(1.6)

16 1.
:
1) a b = b a ( );
2) (l a ) b = a (l b ) = l (a b ), l ;
3) a (b + c ) = a b + a c;
4) a a > 0, a 0 a a = 0, a = 0.
( )
n > 3.
6. n-
a j a b

a = a a = a12 + a22 + K + an2 =

2
i

(1.7)

i =1

cos j =

ab
.
a b

(1.8)

. a b , :
ab = 0.

(1.9)

(1.9) - , (1.8) cos j = 0.

1.1.4.
, ,
,
.
:
a1 , a2 , ..., ak .

(1.10)

7. (1.10)

(1.11)
b = l1 a1 + l 2 a2 + K + l k ak ,
l1, l2, ..., lk .
, b (1.10)
.

1.1.

17

1. :
a1 (1, 2, 0), a2 = (2, 1, 1) a3 = (-1, 1, - 2).
, , 2, 3
4 b = (4, 11, 5).
8. (1.10) , l1, l2, ..., lk,
, :
l1 a1 + l 2 a2 + K + l k ak = 0.

(1.12)

(1.12) (1.10) l1 = l2 = ... = lk = 0,

.
, a1 = (1, 0) a2 = (0, 2) ; b1 = (1, 2, 1) b2 = (2, 4, 2)
, b2 - 2b1 = 0.
(1.10) ,
(1.12) , ls 0, .
(1.10):
1. , , .
2. , , .
3. , , ,
, .
R n .
1.1. R n , m , m > n.

1.1.5.
(1.10). (1.10) , : )
; ) (1.10)
.

18 1.
9. (1.10) ; , , . . ,
k ,
.
10. n R n, :
1) ;
2) R n
.

1.1.6.
(1.10) , b . .
1.2. , , .
Rn
(1.13)

a1 , a2 , ..., an

b = a 1 a1 + a 2 a2 + K + a n an .

(1.14)

(a1, a2, ..., an) ai b (1.13), , , .

1.1.7.
Rn, :
e1 , e2 ..., en ;

e j e j = 0,

i j;

i, j = 1, 2, ..., n.

(1.15)

.
, , .

1.2.

19

,
b (1.15).
:
b = a1 e1 + a2 e2 + K + an en .

(1.16)

, ,
ei . 2 3

b ei = a 1 (e1 ei ) + a 2 (e2 ei ) + K + a i (ei ei ) + K + a n (en ei ).

(1.15)
, i-,
, . . ai
ai =

bei
bei
=
,
ei ei | ei | 2

i = 1, 2, ..., n.

(1.17)

, (1.15) (| ei | = 1)
.
(1.17) :
a i = b ei ,

i = 1, 2, ..., n.

(1.18)

1.2.
1.2.1.
11.
a11

a
A = 21
K

a
m1

a12
a22
K
am 2

K a1n

K a2 n
,
K K

K amn

(1.19)

. aij (i = 1, 2, ..., m;
j = 1, 2, ..., n), , i j ,
. m n
. (1.19) :

20 1.
A = || aij ||,

i = 1, 2, ..., m,

j = 1, 2, ..., n.

(1.20)

, , .
, m = n ( ), . n .
a11, a22, ..., ann
. ,
.
,
, :
1 0 L 0

0 1 L 0
E =
.
L L L L

1
0 0

(1.21)

12. B ( = B),

: aij = bij; i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.

1.2.2.
1. . B ,
.
A = || aij ||,

B = || bij ||;

i = 1, 2, ..., m,

j = 1, 2, ..., n,

= A + B
C = || cij ||, cij = aij + bij;

i = 1, 2, ..., m,

j = 1, 2, ..., n.

2. :
3
-2

A = 0 -1
3 4

3
2
-3

1 ,
5

1
2

B = 3 2

2 -3

-5
4
5

-1 .
-2

1.2.

21

, ,
0 4 -2

C = 3 1 6
5 1 2

0.
3

2. .
a ,

a.
3. a:
3 5
-1 2
,
A =
8 4 -2 7

a = 3.

a
9 15
-3 6
.
C = a A =
24 12 -6 21
3. ,
. , , ,
a b . :
1) A + B = B + A;
2) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C);
3) a (A + B) = aA + aB;
4) (a + b) A = aA + bA;
5) (ab) A = (aA) b;
6) A + = A, ;
7) 0 A = O.

1.2.3.

(, ,
).
(1.19). , , A
( A)

22 1.
a21 L am1

a22 L am 2
.
L L L

a2 n L amn

a11

a
A = 12
L

a
1n

:
A = ||aij||,

A = ||aji||;

i = 1, 2, ..., m,

j = 1, 2, ..., n.

4. A B.
6 3 1

A = 2 4 -2 ,
5 7
0

2 1 0 3
.
B =
5 2 4 7

6 2 5

A = 3 4 7 ,
1 -2 0

B =
0

2
.
4

:
1. :
A = A.

(1.22)

2. .

, , , , . . aij = aji. ,
A = A

(1.23)

1.2.4.
1. ,
. - - -

1.2.

23

; ,
- -.
: m n n k.
m - ai n , k b j , n :
a1 a11

a2 a21
A=
L L

am am1

a12
a22
L
am 2

L a1n

L a2 n
,
L L

L amn

b1 b2
b11 b12

b22
b
B = 21
L L

b
n1 bn 2

K
L
L
L
L

bk
b1k

b2 k
.
L

bnk

(1.24)

,
.
13. ,
cji ai - b j :
n

C = AB = | | c ij | | , c ij = ai b j = ais bsj , i = 1, 2, ..., m,

j = 1, 2, ..., k. (1.25)

s =1

,
; - - . .

mn m
-:
= ;
nk k
: m k.
, ,
(. . ).
n, AB, ,
, . , . . .

24 1.
5.
1 -1 2

A = 0 2 3 ,
1 4 1

1
0

B = 1 1 .
2 -2

.
, .
(1.25) 3 2:
0 - 1 + 4

AB = 0 + 2 + 6
0 + 4 + 2

1 - 1 - 4 3 -4

0 + 2 - 6 = 8 -4 .
1 + 4 - 2 6
3

,
.
6.
2 3
,
A =
4 -1

1 0
.
B =
5 -2

. .
2 3 1 0 2 + 15 0 - 6 17 -6

=
;
AB =
=
4 -1 5 -2 4 - 5 0 + 2 -1 2
3
1 0 2 3 2 + 0 3 + 0 2
.

=
=
BA =
2
17
5
2
4
1
10
8
15
+
2

,
. , :
2 2.
7.
1 0 2

A = 2 1 1 .
1 3 2

3.

1.2.

25

. :
1 + 0 + 2 0 + 0 + 6 2 + 0 + 4

A = A A = (AA)A = 2 + 2 + 1 0 + 1 + 3 4 + 1 + 2
1 + 6 + 2 0 + 3 + 6 2 + 3 + 4

3 6 6 1 0 2 21 24 24
1 0 2

2 1 1 = 5 4 7 2 1 1 = 20 25 28 .
1 3 2
9 9 9 1 3 2 36 36 45

2. . , ( ),
a .
:
1) (AB) C = A (BC);
2) (A + B) C = AC + BC;
3) A (B + C) = AB + AC;
4) a (AB) = (aA) B = A (aB).
. , , . . , :
5) = ;
6) = .
, , , .

1.2.5.

n n, , , n.
n n- n- :
Ax = b .
, , .

26 1.
14. l n, x R n ,

Ax = lx .

(1.26)

x ,
l , x.
(1.26) .
, :
(A - lE ) x = 0.

(1.27)

. : (1.23) n .

1.2.6.
, m n , m n- ( n m- ).
(. 1.1.5), . - -, ,
, : .
.
1.3. .
, m n ,
: m -,
n -.
r = min (m, n).
n n n: r n.

1.2.7.

.
15. n ,
r < n.

1.3.

27

16. 1
, :
AA1 = A1A = E.

(1.28)

, ,
. ,
n r < n,
.

1.3.
1.3.1.
n , n- .
.

a
A = 11
a21

a12
a22

a
a12
(1.29)
D 2 = 11
= a11 a22 - a12 a21 .
a21 a22
(1.29)

.
, , .

a11 a12 a13
D 3 = a21 a22 a23 =
(1.30)
a31 a32 a33
= a11 a22 a33 + a21 a32 a13 + a12 a23 a31 - a13 a22 a31 - a11 a23 a32 - a12 a21 a33 .
,
. 3- . 1.1.

28 1.

. 1.1. 3-

n-

Dn =

L a1n
L a2 n

a11
a21

a12
a22

L
an1

L L L
an 2 L ann

(1.31)

, , .
17. n-
n! n-
,
.

1.3.2.
.
1. , .
2. () .

.
3. , ( ), .
, , Dn = Dn,
, Dn = 0.

1.3.

29

4. ()
.
5. () Dn
,
. 3- :
a11
D 3 = a21 + a21
a31
a11
= a21
a31

a12
a22 + a22
a32
a12
a22
a32

a13
a23 + a23 = D3 + D3 =
a33

a13
a11

a23 + a21
a31
a33

a12
a22
a32

a13
a23 .
a33

6. ,
()
(), .
35.
7. .
, ,
() - ().
.
,
() .

1.3.3.
n- (1.31). - aij i- j- , . (n 1)-
ij ij Dn.
8. 32
0 -1 2 4
D4 =

1
2
3

2 1 5
.
3 7 1
0 9 3

30 1.
. 32 32 3- 2- . 3-
M 32

0 2 4
= 1 1 5 = 36 + 30 - 12 - 6 = 48.
3 9 3

18. aij (1.31)

Aij = (1)i + j Mij .

(1.32)

,
32 = (1)5 48 = 48.
. .
1.4. :
D n = ai1 Ai1 + ai 2 Ai 2 + ... + ain Ain ,

1 i n.

(1.33)

(1.33) i- .
. n- n (n 1)- .
9. 4-
1 2 4 7
D4 =

0 3 0 2
.
2 4 3 2
6 3 1 1

. , () (1.33).
, (), .
.
D 4 = 0 A21 + 3 A22 + 0 A23 + 2 A24 =

1.3.

1 4 7
= 3(-1)

31

1 2 4

2 3 2 + 2 (-1) 2 4 3 =
6 1 1
6 3 1
6

= 3 (3 + 14 + 48 126 2 8) + 2 (4 + 24 + 36 48 9 4) = 207.

1.3.4.
1. , m n .
k k . ,
,
k- ; k- . ,
k- . m n, . .
max k = min (m, n).

(1.34)

, . , .
19. , , .
20. , , .
,
, .
, .
1.2.6
- ().
, .
, , .
10. 4 6
2

2
A =
5

3 1 5 4 2

2 2 2 2 2
.
5 5 5 5 5

0 0 0 0 0

32 1.
. ,
, , ,

2 4, ,
. ( 1- 3-),
( 1- 5-, 2- 6-); .
2. 1.2.7, n , r < n.
n;
. ,
, .

1.4.
. .

1.4.1.
m n () x1,
x2, ..., xn
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
a x + a x + ... + a x = b ,
21 1
22 2
2n n
2

.......................................

am1 x 1 + am 2 x 2 + ... + amn x n = bm .

(1.35)

aij bi (i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n), , , (1.35).

, xi.
(1.35) n x1 = a1,
x2 = a2, ..., xn = an, .

1.4.

33

(1.35) ,
; , . , ,
, .
(1.35) ,
. . :
0x1 + 0x2 + ... + 0xn = 0 ;
aij xj ;
,
;
, .

1.4.2.


a11 a12 L

a22 L
a
A = 21
L L L

a
m1 am 2 L

(1.35)

amn
a1n
a2 n
L

(1.36)

m n
. -: X B (-)
x1
b1


x
2
b
(1.37)
X = ,
B = 2 .
M
M


x
b
n
m
(1.37) , m n,
n 1, , :
AX = B.

(1.38)

34 1.
, , - m 1. (1.35)
(1.38) (. 1.2.1).
:
m (n + 1):
a11 a12 L a1n b1

a21 a22 L a2 n b2
(1.39)
AB =
.
L L L L L

am1 am 2 L amn bm
AB .
.
1.5 ( : ).
,
.
21. .

1.5.

1.5.1.
(1.35),
, . . m = n.
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,
a x + a x + ... + a x = b ,
21 1
22 2
2n n
2

......................................

an1 x 1 + an 2 x 2 + ... + ann x n = bn .

(1.40)

n (1.36) m = n.
(1.40) (1.38).
, . . -

1.5.

35

1. 1, (1.40) :
X = A1B.

(1.41)

. , n
1 ,
.

1.5.2.
(1.40)
. :
a11
a
D = 21
L

a12
a22
L

an1

an 2

L a1n
L a2 n
,
L L
L ann

(1.42)

.
1.6 ( ). D
, Dj , D j- . , D 0,
(1.40) ,
xi = Dj / D,

j = 1, 2, ..., n.

(1.43)

(1.43)
.
11.
x + 2y + z = 1,

2x + 3y + 2z = 2,
x - y + 3z = 0.

. D Dj (j = x, y, z):
1

2 1

D = 2 3 2 = -2 ,
1 -1 3

2 1

D x = 2 3 2 = -3,
0 -1 3

36 1.
1 1 1

D y = 2 2 2 = 0,
1 0 3

2 1

D z = 2 3 2 = 1.
1 -1 0

, , , (1.43):
x = Dx / D = 3/2,

y = Dy / D = 0,

z = Dz / D = 1/2.

1.5.3.
, ,
. n2n! .
n = 5 3000 , n = 10 3,6 108
.
n = 100 .

. , .
,
. , , .
(1.35). 11 0 ( 11 = 0, ).
(1.35) 21/11
.
31/11
. . . .
, ai1/a11, i-
(i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n). , ,
, , x1:

1.5.

a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x 3 + ... + a1n x n = b,

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22 x 2 + a23 x 3 + .. . + a2 n x n = b1 ,

................................. ................
a (1) x + a (1) x + ... + a (1) x = b (1) .
mn n
m
m3 3
m2 2

37

(1.44)

, .
,
. ,
, (m 1) ,
(1.39)

AB(1)

a11 a12 a13

(1)
(1)
a22
a23
0
=
L L
L

)
(
1
0
am 2 am(13)

L
L
L
L

a1n
(1)
2n

a
L
(1)
amn

b1

b2(1)
.
L

bm(1)

(1.45)

, 2- (1.45)

(1)
3- m-: ai(21) a22
i- (i = 3, 4, ..., m). (m 2)
, .

AB( 2 )

a11 a12 a13

(1)
(1)
a22
a23
0
(2 )
= 0
0
a33

L
L L

0
am( 23)
0

L a1n
L a2(1n)
L a3( 2n )
L L
(2 )
L amn

b1

b2(1)
b3( 2 ) ,

bm( 2 )

(1.46)

. ,
(1)
a22
= 0, , ai2 0.
(. .
4- m-, 5-

38 1.
m- . .) , m- .
(r 1)- :

( r -1)
B

a11

0
L

= 0

0
L

a12 L a1r
(1)
a22
L a2(1r)
L L L
0 L arr( r -1)

a1, r+1
a2(1, )r+1
L
ar(,rr-+11)

L a1n
L an(1)
L L
L arn( r -1)

L
L

0
L

b1

b2(1)
L

br( r -1) . (1.47)

br(+r1-1)
L

bm( r -1)

(m r)
(1.48)
0x 1 + 0x 2 + ... + 0x n = bi( r -1) ; i = r + 1, r + 2, ..., m.
, (1.35)
, . (1.35) ; , , br(+r1-1) , br(+r2-1) , ..., bm( r -1) . ,

, (1.35), .
(1.35) , (1.48)
, , r.
, aii, :
a11 a12 a13 L a1r
L a1n
b1

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22 a23 L a2 r
L a2 n
b2(1)
0
(2 )

0
a33
L a3( 2r )
L a3( 2n )
AB( r -1) = 0
b3( 2 ) . (1.49)
L
L L
L L
L L

( r -1)
( r -1)
( r -1)

0
0
L arr
L ar n
br
0

r,

1.5.

a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x 3 + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22 x 2 + a23 x 3 + . .. + a2 n x n = b2 ,
(2)
(2)
(2)
a33 x x + ... + a3 n x n = b3 ,
.... ............................................

arr( r -1) x r + ... + ar(nr-1) x n = br( r -1) .

39

(1.50)

(1.50) , , . .
. (1.35)
(1.50) ,
(1.50) . .
1. (1.35) r = n, (1.50)
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1r x r = b1 ,
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22 x 2 + ... + a2 r x r = b2 ,
(1.51)

.......................................
a ( r -1) x = b ( r -1) .
r
r
rr
, (
):
r- x r = br( r -1) arr( r -1) ;
(r 1)- xr 1
xr;
i- xi
xr, xr 1, ..., xi + 1;
,
xr, xr 1, ..., x2 x1.
2. (1.50) r < n. xr + 1, xr + 2, ..., xn (1.50), ,
x1, x2, ..., xr:
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1r x r = b1 - a1, r+1 x r+1 - ... - a1n x n ,
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
a22 x 2 + ... + a2 r x r = b2 - a2 , r+1 x r+1 - ... - a2 n x n ,
(1.52)

....................................................................
a ( r -1) x = b ( r -1) - a ( r -1) x - ... - a ( r -1) x .
r
r
rn
n
r+1
r , r+1
rr

40 1.
: , , (1.35) .
12. :
x 1 - 3x 2 + 2x 3 + 3x 4 = 1,
2
x 1 - x 2 + x 3 - 4x 4 = 0,

2x 1 + x 2 - x 3 + 2x x = 2,
3x 1 - 2x 2 + x 3 + 5 x 4 = 3.
. ,
.
1 -3 2
3

2 -1 1 -4
2
1 -1 2

3 -2 1 5

1 -3 2
3

0 5 -3 -10
0 7 -5
-4

0 7 -5
-4

-2 (- 7 5 ), (- 7 5 ),
0

1 -3
2
3

0 5 -3 -10
0 0 - 4
10

4
10
0 0 5

-2
14
(-1)
5
14

1 -3
2
3

0 5 -3 -10
0 0 - 4
10

5
0 0
0
0

-2
14 .
5
0

(1)

(2)

(3)

1 (-2) (-2) (-3)

0
2

(1)

(2)

, , 3- , - ,
1- 3- . -

1.5.

41

,
( ). x4
, :
x 1 - 3x 2 + 2x 3 = 1 - 3x 4 ,
5 x - 3x = -2 + 10x ,
2
3
4

4
14
- x =
- 10x 4 .
5 3
5

x3 = -

7 25
x4,
+
2 2

x2 = -

5 19
+ x4,
2 2

x1 =

1 1
+ x4.
2 2

,
x4 .

1.5.4.

. .

:
1. , ,
.
2.
( | ) .
3. , . .
, 1. ,
( | ) ( | A1).
13.
1 2
.
A =
3 4
. 13:

42 1.
1 2 1 0 (-3)

(A | E )

3 4 0 1

(1)

1 2 1 0

0 -2 -3 1 (1)

1 0 -2 1

0 -2 -3 1 (- 1 2)

(3)

1 0 -2
1

0 1 3 2 -1 2 .

(2)

, 1.5.3, ,
. , 3, 2. ,
1
-2
.
A -1 =
1,5 -0,5
: 1 = 1.

1.6.
22. , .
( )
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = 0,

a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 + ... + a2 n x n = 0,

......................................
am1 x 1 + am 2 x 2 + .. . + amn x n = 0.

(1.53)

: , xi = 0 (i = 1, 2, ..., n)
.
, .

1.6.1.

(1.53) .
1.7.
, .

1.6.

43

.
1. , .
2. , ,
.

1.6.2.
,
a = (a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n ) (1.53),
k ka = (ka 1 , ka 2 , ..., ka n )
. (1.53) g = (g 1 , g 2 , ..., g n ), a + g
. , .
1.1.4, n- ,
n , . ,
- (1.53)
, . . - . () . .
1.8. r (1.53) n, (n r) .
. (1.53) r < n. , , x1, x2, ..., xr
xr + 1, ..., xn:
x 1 = b11 x r+1 + b12 x r+2 + ... + b1, n - r x n ,
.................. ............................
x r = b r1 x r+1 + b r 2 x r+2 + ... + b r , n - r x n .

(1.54)

(1.53) . - x 1
x r+1 = 1, xr + 2 = xr + 3 = ... = xn = 0.

44 1.
x 2 : xr + 2 = 1, r 1 . ,
, . , () r (1.54)
x 1 = (b11 , b 21 , ..., b r1 , 1, 0, ..., 0),
x 2 = (b12 , b 22 , ..., b r 2 , 0, 1, 0, ..., 0),
.................................... ...................
x n - r = (b1, n - r , b2 , n - r , ..., b r , n - r , 0, ..., 0, 1).

(1.55)

(1.55) (1.53).
14.
x 1 - x 2 + x 3 - x 4 + x 5 - 2x 6 = 0,

2x 1 - 3x 2 - 2x 3 + x 4 - x 5 = 0,
-2x + 3x + 3x + x + x - x = 0.
1
2
3
4
5
6

. .
, x1, x2, x3
, x4, x5, x6 . , :
1 -1 1
x 4 - x 5 + 2x 6 (-2), (2)

2
3
2
x4 + x5
(1)

-2 3 3
-x 4 - x 5 + x 6

(1)

(2)

1 -1 1

0 -1 -4

0 1 5

x 4 - x 5 + 2x 6

-3x 4 + 3x 5 - 4x 6 (1)
x 4 - 3x 5 + 5 x 6

1 -1 1

0 -1 -4
0 0
1

x 4 - x 5 + 2x 6

-3x 4 + 3x 5 - 4x 6 .

-2x 4 + x 6

(2)

, :

1.6.

45

x 1 - x 2 + x 3 = x 4 - x 5 + 2x 6 ,

-x 2 - 4x 3 = -3x 4 + 3x 5 - 4x 6 ,
x = -2x + x .
4
6
3
,
,
x 3 = -2x 4 + x 6 ,

x 2 = 11x 4 - 3x 5 ,

x 1 = 14x 4 - 4x 5 + x 6 .

, . (1.55)
n = 6 r = 3,
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1), :
x 1 = (14, 11, 2, 1, 0, 0),
x 2 = (4, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0),
x 3 = (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1).

1.6.3.
1.2.5. . x
n.
Ax = lx ,

(A - lE )x = 0,

(1.56)

l , 0 ,
-. , (1.56) , . . 2 (. ) :
a11 - l
a12
L
a21
a22 - l L
L
an1

L
an 2

a1n
a2 n

L
L
L ann - l

= 0.

(1.57)

(1.56) , (1.57) .
(1.57) n l.
.

46 1.
, (1.56).
15.
3 2
.
A =
1 4
.
3- l
2
= 0,
1
4-l
, , :
l2 - 7 l + 10 = 0.
l = 2, l = 5. (1.56) n = 2, . ,
l1 = 2,
x 1 + 2x 2 = 0,

x 1 + 2x 2 = 0.
, ,
. x2 = b ,
x 1 = (2b, b) = b (2, 1). l2 = 5
-2x 1 + 2x 2 = 0,

x 1 - x 2 = 0,
x2 = c : x 2 = (c, c) = c (1, 1).
b c ,

. , ,
(
),
x 1 = (2, 1), x 2 = (1, 1).

47

1.1. 3a + 4b - c, = (4, 1,
3, 2), b = (1, 2, 2, 3), c = (10, 8, 1, 3).
1.2.
(a, b ) c - 3(a, c ) a + 3(b , c ) b ,
a, b , c , .
1.3. a = (2, 4, 3, 0) b = (1, 2, 2, 5)
.
1.4. (a - b )2 , a = 2 2,

b = 4, -

j = 135.
1.5. a = (2, 4, 3, 5) , e1 = (2, 0, 0, 0), e2 = (0, 3, 0, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 4,
0), e4 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
1.6. = 2A B,
3 -2 1 6

A = 8
3 4 1 ,
-5 7 0 4

-2 1 0 9

B = 2 8 3 2 .
-5 3 6 7

1.7. :
-3

1
A =
0

2 4 0

4 -1 3 -1
,
2 -2 4 2

1 0 -2 3
9

0 0 -3

2 -1 4
D =
,
7
0 1

2 -2 5

1 2 -3

2 1 5
B =
6 7 0

0 -3 1

1 8

E = 3 -3 ,
2 4

0
,
8

0 2 1

C = -3 4 5 ,
2 -1 3

2 -1

1 2
F = 4 0 ,

3 5
0 6

1 3 0

G = 2 -1 3 .
1 -1 3

: ) , ; ) ; ) 2G C2; ) 3.

48 1.
3 2
. 1.8. A =
1 4
, ,
:
1
-2
2
1
-1
a = , b = , c = , d = , e = .
1
0
7
4
2
1.9. :
a)

2 4
,
1 -2

1.10.

1
) 2

2 2
1 -2 ,

2 -2

3 -1

0 -2
A =
4
1

3
5

2
1

3 -1
0 2

3 -3
4 0

3
4

2 4
1 -1

1
.
2

1 -3

2
3
3

: 23, 14, 34, 32, 43, 24.

1.11. :
1 -23 4

2 -1 3 -2 4

21 2
3
1 7 , B =
,
A = 4 -2 5
5 -27 10
2 -1 1 8 2

4 6
4

1 2 4

C = 0 2 4 .
3 -1 2

1.12. , a1 , a2 , a3 :
a) a1 = (2, 1, 3), a2 = (1, 4, 1), a3 = (0, 9, 5);
) a1 = (1, 2, 0), a2 = (3, 1, 1), a3 = (0, 1, 1).
1.13. , a1 = (1, 1, 3), a2 = (3, 1, 1) a3 = (0, 1, 1)
.
:
2x - 3x 2 = 1,
1.14. 1
5 x 1 + 4x 2 = 14.

x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 8,

1.15. -2x 1 + 3x 2 - 3x 3 = -5,

3x - 4x + 5 x = 10.
2
3
1
3x 1 + x 2 = 9,

1.16. x 1 - 2x 2 - x 3 = 5,
3x + 4x - 2x = 13.
2
3
1
:
x 1 + 2x 2 - 2x 3 = 2,

1.17. 2x 1 - 3x 2 + 3x 3 = 3,
4x + x - x = 8.
2
3
1
x 1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 = 6,

1.18. 2x 1 + 3x 2 - x 3 = 4,
3x + x - 4x = 0.
2
3
1
2x 1 + 3x 2 - x 3 + x 4 = -3,
x -x + x + x = ,
2 3 4 4 8
3
2
1.19. 1
x 1 + x 2 + 3x 3 - 2x 4 = 6,
-x 1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 + 5 x 4 = 3.
1.20.

1.21.

1.22.

1.23.

2x 1 + 3x 2 - x 3 + 2x 4 = 5,
x -x + x + x = ,
2 3
1
3 1
2
4

-x 1 + 4x 2 - 3x 3 + x 4 = 6,
6x 1 + 4x 2 + 4x 3 + 6x 4 = 1.
3x 1 - 2x 2 + x 3 - x 4 = 0,

3x 1 - 2x 2 - x 3 + x 4 = 0,
x - x + 2x + 5 x = 0.
2
3
4
1
2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 1,

x 2 - x 3 + 2x 4 = 2,
2x + 2x + 3x = 3.
2
4
1
x 1 + x 2 + 3x 3 - 2x 4 + 3x 5 = 1,
2 + 2 + 4 x2
x 3 x 4 + 3x 5 = 2,
x1

3
+
3
+
5
x 3 - 2x 4 + 3x 5 = 1,
x
x
2
1
2x 1 + 2x 2 + 8x 3 - 3x 4 + 9x 5 = 2.

49

50 1.
, .
2x + x 2 = 1,
1.24. 1
x 1 + x 2 = 8.
2x 1 - 3x 2 - x 3 = -6,

1.25. 3x 1 + 4x 2 + 3x 3 = -5,
x + x + x = -2.
2
3
1
2x 1 + 2x 2 - x 3 = 4,

1.26. 3x 2 + 4x 3 = -5,
x + x = -2.
3
1
:
x + 2x 2 - x 3 = 0,
1.27. 1
2x 1 - 3x 2 + x 3 = 0.
x + 2x 2 - x 3 + x 4 = 0,
1.28. 1
2x 1 - 3x 2 + x 3 - 2x 4 = 0.
1.29. x 1 - 2x 2 + 4x 3 - x 4 = 0.
x 1 + 2x 2 + 4x 3 - 3x 4 = 0,
3x + 5 x + 6x - 4x = 0,

2
3
4
1.30. 1
4
+
5
2
+
3
x
x
x
x
2
3
4 = 0,
1
3x 1 + 8x 2 + 24x 3 - 19x 4 = 0.
2x 1 - 4x 2 + 5 x 3 + 3x 4 = 0,

1.31. 3x 1 - 6x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x 4 = 0,
4x - 8x + 17 x + 11x = 0.
2
3
4
1
.
2 4
.
1.32. A =
-1 -3
1 2 -2

1.33. A = 1 0
3 .
1 3 0

2.1.
.
:

.
, .
1. , -
. 2.1.
2.1
,
/

, .

,
/.

,
/.

,
. ./.

20

10

30

50

15

30

15

45

40

40

:
S, T P .

52 2.
. . 2.1 , :
q = (20, 50, 30, 40) ;
s = (5, 2, 7, 4) ;
t = (10, 5, 15, 8) ;
p = (30, 15, 45, 20) .

q , . .
S = q s = 100 + 100 + 210 + 160 = 570 , T = q t = 1220 ,
P = q p = 3500 . .
2. . 2.2
5 , 4 ,
.
2.2

,
./

,
. /.

15

10

,
. ./.

-
1

200

150

170

120

140

40

50

60

:
1)
;
2) ;

2.1.

53

3) ,
.
. , ,
. :

4 5 3

0 2 4
A =
8 15 0

3 10 7

4 5
6 7 1

3 0 2
.
4 6 3

5 4 4

.
, j-
j-
(j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). ,

800 750 510

300 680
0
=
1600 2250
0

600
1500
1190

720 980

360 0
.
480 840

600 560

( )

1 2

3 4

2 3 4 5 1

B = 3 5 4 8 2
4 6 5 6 3

54 2.
:
55 126 53 62 58

BA = 68 165 85 89 77 ,
74 167 78 92 82

i- , j- . 2.2 (i = 1, 2, 3; j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
, , BA
:
11000 18900 9010 7440 8120

BA = 13600 24750 14450 10680 10780 .

14800 25050 13260 11040 11480

p = (40, 50, 60).
p :
P = p BA = (2 008 000, 3 496 500, 1 878 500, 1 494 000, 1 552 600).
,
P.

2.2.
,
.
,
. . 2.3.

.
, , .

2.3.

55

2.3
, . ./.
1

,
.

2400

1450

1550

.
x1, x2 x3.
, :
6x 1 + 4x 2 + 5 x 3 = 2400,

4x 1 + 3x 2 + x 3 = 1450,
5 x + 2x + 3x = 1550.
2
3
1
, , , ( ),
x1 = 150,

x2 = 250,

x3 = 100.

.
= || cij ||; i = 1, 2, ..., m, j = 1, 2, ..., n

(2.1)

m n . , ,
q = (q1 , q2 , ..., qm ),

(2.2)

- x = (x1, x2, ..., xn) m n :

(2.3)
C x = q,
T - -.

2.3.

. , -

56 2.
, ,
, .
. 1936 . . ,
1929
1932 .
.

2.3.1.
,
n ,
.
(
). ; .
:
xi i- ( );
xij i- , j-
xj;
yi i- , () , . , ,
, . .
, i-
. (
)
xi = xi1 + xi2 + ... + xin + yi, i = 1, 2, ..., n.

(2.4)

(2.4) .
, .

2.3.

57

2.3.2.
.
: aij = xij/xj
. ,
, ,
j- i-
xj .
:
j- xj
i- aijxi, aij .
,
.
aij . ,
aij = xij/xj;

xij = aijxi,

i, j = 1, 2, ..., n.

(2.5)

(2.4)
x 1 = a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n + y 1 ,

x 2 = a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 + ... + a2 n x n + y 2 ,

(2.6)

..............................................
x n = an1 x 1 + an 2 x 2 + ... + ann x n + y n .
- ( ),
( ) :
a11 a12 L a1n
x1
y1

x
y
a21 a22 L a2 n
2
2
(2.7)
.
x = , y = , A =
L L L L
L
L

x
y
a

n
n
n1 an 2 L ann
(2.6)
(2.8)
x = A x + y.
. (2.8)
.

58 2.
.
, ,
x, y.

:
(, ) y x . (2.8) y.
.
(2.8) ,
;
x y .

2.3.3.
, , , y (2.8) x,
. .
(2.8) . .
(2.8)

(2.9)
( E - A) x = y .
(E A)1, (2.8)
x = (E - A)-1 y .
1

(2.10)

(E A) .
. .
1. ,
(E A)1 .
2. ,
() :

2.3.
n

ij

1,

59

(2.11)

i =1

()
.
.
1. . 2.4 . ,
, .
2.4

,
. .

15

12

24

23

16

10

100

10

35

15

30

100

10

10

10

10

50

10

10

15

50

15

15

10

50

100

. . 2.4
(2.7): xij , yi , xi (i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
(2.5) (2.7),
100

100
x = 50 ,

50
100

,
10
015

,
30
010
y = 5 , A = 010
,

,
15
010
50
007

,

012
,
0,48 0,46 016
,

003
,
070
,
0,30 007
,
005
,
020
,
020
,
010
, .

005
,
020
,
010
,
005
,
015
,
0,30 020
,
0,03

, ,
. , ,

60 2.
.
,
3 4 .
2. 2.5 .
, , , 60, 70 30
.
2.5

20

40

100

35

10

10

20

60

100

20

10

10

10

50

. .
(2.5) (2.7), :
,
0,35 0,40
100
40
005

x = 100 , y = 60 , A = 010
,
010
,
0,40 .
50
10
020
010
,
020
,

,
.
60

y * = 70 .
30

(2.12)

x * , , . x1, x2, x3 x *
,
:
x * = Ax * + y * , (E - A)x * = y * .

(2.13)

61

0,95 -0,35 -0,40

(E - A) = -010
,
0,90 -0,40 .
,
-010
,
080
,
-020
(2.13)
(2.12) (, ) x *
:
,
1526

x * = 135,8 .
925
,

, , :
52,2 %, 35,8 %
85 % ,
. 16.5.

2.1. . 2.1 - :
20 %;
20 %;
10 %.
, 1 2.1,
.
2.2. . 2.2
:

100 %,
1-
50 %, 40 %,
, , 10, 20 30 %.
.

62 2.
2.3. :
400

300
x =
,
250

300

,
025

02
, 0
A =
015
,

0,30

,
010
015
,
020
,
015
,

,
024
0,36
020
,
020
,

,
025

017
,
.
015
,

015
,

,
.
2.4.
, .
, . ./.

,
.

12

2350

10

2060

11

2270

.
2.5. 2 2.3.3 ( ), , , 30, 10 50 %.
.

 II

3.1.
3.1.1.
.
.
p/q, p q . ,
, .
,
. , 1/3 0,33333...
; , 2 = 1,41421356..., p = 3,14159265...
.
. .
a b
a + b a b, , , . a, b c :
1. a + b = b + a (, , ).
2. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c, a (bc) = (ab) c ( ).
3. (a + b) c = ac + bc ( ).
4. 0 , a + 0 = a
.
5. (), a + (a) = 0.
6. 1 0 ,
1 = .

3.1.

65

7. 0 1, 1 = 1.
1
1 .
a
. .
: a = b (a b), a > b (a b) a < b (a b).
: a = b
b = c, a = c.
.
a, b c:
1. a > b b > c, a > c.
2. a > b, a + c > b + c.
3. a > 0 b > 0, a b > 0.
a > b b < a. a b
(b a) , a = b, a > b. >,
<, , 13
.
4.
.
,
, . , , ,
.

3.1.2.
. , X Y ,
- x X ( x X) y Y. , x X Y y Y
x X.
,
. .
, (

66 3.
) (. 3.1).
() .
.

. 3.1.

. x, 0A +,
, ,
0. x . : x , x.
. a b , a < b. :
1) , a x b, () [a, b];
2) ,
a < x < b , (a, b);
3) () < x < ( , );
4)
(a, b], [a, b), (a, + ), ( , b), [a, + ) ( , b].
: 1
2 . 4 , a b
; . . 4 .

. [a, b] 12 , 1
, 2 b. ,
( , ) (), .

3.2.

67

3.1.3.
x
( ):
x, x 0,
|x|=
-x, x < 0.

(3.1)

, ( ):
1. | x | 0.
2. | x | = | x |.
3. | x | x | x |.
4. . | x | a
a x a .
5. x y
| x + y | | x | + | y |.

(3.2)

:
| x y | | x | + | y |.

(3.3)

6. x y
| x y | | x | | y |.

(3.4)

3.2.
3.2.1.
. :
, 2 (x1 = 1, x2 = 1,4, x3 = 1,41...),
n-, .
1. n 1,
2, 3, ..., n... xn,

68 3.
x1, x2, x3, ..., xn...

(3.5)

.
x1, x2, x3, ..., xn... , , (3.5), xn , , , n . (3.5) {xn}. , {1/n}

1 1
1
1, , , ...,
...
n
2 3

. , . ,
xn = 1 + (1)n 0, 2, 0, 2...

3.2.2.
2.
{xn}, e
N, n > N
x n - a < e.

(3.6)

, , .
, :
lim x n = a x n a n .

(3.7)

, , .
3. ,
( = 0), ,
an {an} (. 3.2).

1
. 3.2. x n =
n

(3.6) (. 4
3.1)
-e < x n - a < e a - e < x n < a + e.

3.2.

69

, n > N {xn} e- (a e, a + e),

N e.
. , , , e-
-
, e-
. (. 3.3).

. 3.3.

. , :
lim x n = .

(3.8)

, , (),
lim x n = +

(lim x
n

= - .

{xn} , {1/xn} ,
(3.8), , {xn} , {1/xn} .
.
1. , n
, lim
= 1.
n n + 1
n
. e > 0. x n - 1 =
-1 =
n+1
1
, (3.6)
=
n+1
1/(n + 1) < e, n > (1e)/e.

70 3.
N = [(1e)/e] ( (1 e)/e)1,
| xn 1 | < e n > N.
2. , {xn} = (1)n, 1, 1,
1, 1..., .
. , , 1 1, e < 0,5 (3.6),
, : e-
xn, 1, 1.

3.2.3.
,
.
1. {xn} , = 0.
2. .
3. .
4. () {xn} {yn}
, () {xn} {yn}.
5. {xn} {yn}
,
{xn} {yn}.
6. {xn} {yn} , {yn} , ,
{xn} {yn}.
7. {xn} xn b (xn b) , a b
(a b).
1

[a] , . . ,
. , [2] = 2, [2,5] = 2, [0,8] = 0, [0,5] = 1, [23,7] = 24.

3.2.

71

8. .
9. .
, 4, {xn}
, {an} = {xn a} , xn , ,
xn = a + an .

(3.9)

.
2n 2 + 2n + 4
3. lim
.
n 4n 2 + n - 3
. n , . . ,
. ,
n2. , , :
2

2+2 n+ 4 n )
2 + 2 n + 4 n 2 nlim(
2n 2 + 2n + 4
lim
lim
=
=
=
2
2
2
n 4n + n - 3
n
lim(4 + 1 n - 3 n )
4+1 n-3 n
n

lim 2 + lim(2 n) + lim(4 n )

lim 4 + lim(1 n) - lim(3 n )

2+0+0 1
= .
4 + 0 -0 2

4. {xn} =
n .

n cos n

n+1

. , , , . n, :
lim{x n } = lim

(1

lim(1 n )cos n
n )cos n
= n
.
1+ 1 n
lim 1 + lim(1 n)
n

72 3.
, 8 :
0
lim {x n } =
= 0.
n
1+ 0
5. {xn} = n + 1 - n
n .
.
() ,
{xn} .
{xn} n + 1 + n :
lim{x n } = lim

( n + 1 - n) ( n + 1 + n)
n+1+ n

= lim
n

1
n+1+ n

= lim
n

lim(1

n)

lim( 1 + 1 n ) + lim(1

n)

n + 1- n
n+1+ n
=

0
=0.
1+ 0

3.2.4.
{xn},
n

x n = 1 + .
n

, , (xn < 3) .
. , ,
n

e = lim 1 + .
n
n

(3.10)

.
. ,
; :
= 2,7182818...
.
6. ,

73

Q = QO 1 +
,
100

(3.11)

QO , p (, ), n , Q n
. (3.11) ( ) ( ).
, p n ,
t
nt

Q n = QO 1 + ,
n

r = p/100. :
rt

r r

Q n = QO 1 + .

n
m = ; n m ,
r
m

1
lim Q n = lim QO 1 +
n
m
m

rt

= QO e rt .

(3.12)

, (3.12),
.
7. 1 % .
?
. (3.12) r = 0,01 t = 182
Q QO e1,82 ,
QO , 182 . ,
6 .

,
:
3.1. | x | < 3. 3.2. x2 16. 3.3. x2 > 25. 3.4. | x 3 | < 1. 3.5. (x2 + 1) 26.

74 3.
3.6. (x2 3) 1. 3.7. x x2 > 0. 3.8. x2 2x + 7 > 0. 3.9. x2 2x + 5 < 0.
x 2 + 9x + 8
3.10. 2
0. 3.11. x3 5x 100 0.
x - 5x + 6
.
n+1
n2 + 5n + 1
n 3 + 10n - 5
3.12. lim
. 3.13. lim
. 3.14. lim
.
n 3n - 1
n
n
3n + 1
2n 2 + 3n
2n 2 + n - 3
4n 2 - 3n + 1
n 3 + 2n 2 + 2
3.15. lim 3
. 3.16. lim
. 3.17. lim
.
2
2
n
n
n
n -n
2n - 3n
3n 3 + 4n
3n + 2 - n
3.18. lim n + 3 - n . 3.19. lim
.
n
n
n

3.20. p .
? p = 3 %
p = 5 %.
3.21. 6 .
, 4 % .
?
3.22. , :
20 % ?

4.1.
4.1.1.
1. X Y
x X - f
y Y. y x y = f (x).
( ), y ,
X () ,
Y () .
Y , , .
, f
. .
1. . : ,
, . . ,
,
. , , . . .
2. . .
.

76 4.
1. y = x3.
< x < .
< x < . (. 4.1).

. 4.1. y = x3

2. y = 1 - x 2 . [1, 1],
[0, 1]. ,
(. 4.2).

. 4.2. y = 1 - x 2

-1, x < 0,

3. y = sign x = 0, x = 0,
1, x > 0.

4.1.

77

sign signum . (, ),
: 1, 0, 1 (. 4.3). , , x = 0
.

. 4.3. y = sign x

3. .
.
(, . .).
,
: , , , . .

4.1.2.
.
1. , ( )
y = f (x)

(4.1)

, , f (4.1). :
, , , . .

78 4.
4. y = log 2 (x 2 - 5 x + 6).
x2 5x + 6 > 0.
x = 2 x = 3, ,
: (, 2) (3, ).
(2, 3).
1
5. y = arcsin
.
x +2

: arcsin
, . .
1
-1
1, x -2 .
x +2
, ,
: (, 3]
[1, ). x = 2 .
2. f (x).
6. y = 3x4/3 + 2, 1 x 4.
3. ,
(, ).
2. y = f (x) ( y),

f (x) = f (x).

(4.2)

3. y = f (x) (
),
f (x) = f (x).

(4.3)

, y = x4 y = cos x ,
y = x3 y = sin 2x .

4.2.
4.2.1.
f (x) X.

x1, x2, x3, ..., xn...,
(4.4)

4.2.

79

, .
f (x1), f (x2), f (x3), ..., f (xn)...

(4.5)

(4.5).
4. f (x)
( ),
(4.4) , , (4.5)
.
: lim f (x ) = A f (x ) A. f (x)
x a
x a
, {f (xn)} .
7. f (x) = = const . , (4.4), , (4.5),
, , f (xn) C n .
8. f (x) =
, . , (4.4)
(4.5) , {xn} , {f (xn)} .
x 2 - 4x + 2
= 0 , 9. f (x ) =
2x - 1
2. , {xn} , , . . lim xn = 0 n ;
19 (. 3.2.3)

)
(

(
)

lim x n
- 4 lim x n
x 2 - 4x n + 2
n
lim f (x n ) = lim n
= n
n
n
2x n - 1
2 lim x n - 1
n

) + 2 = 0 - 0 + 2 = -2.
0 -1

4.2.2

:
xn a ( ), (-

80 4.
), . . xn < a, xn > a n. ()
lim f (x ) = A

x a+

( lim f (x ) = A).
x a -

10. f (x) = sign x (. 4.1.1, 3).

= 0 :
lim sign x = 1,

x 0 -

lim sign x = 1.

x 0+

,
{xn}, xn < 0 (xn > 0), 1
(+1), . . () = 0 .
,
.

lim f (x ) = A, lim f (x ) = A .
x

x-

. f (x) = 1/x.
, . ,
(4.4) ,
(4.5)
1/x1, 1/x2, ..., 1/xn...; (. 3.2),
. . , lim(1 x ) = 0.
x

4.2.3.
,
, .
4.1. f (x)
, , .
.
4.2. f (x) g (x)
. f (x) g (x), f (x) g (x) f (x)/g (x) ( 0) , , , , /.
, 4.2 , (+ ).

4.2.

81

: ,
. . .
x 2 - 5x + 6
11. lim 2
.
x 2 x
- 3x + 2
. , = 2 0
.
0
,
= 2:
lim
x 2

(x - 2)(x - 3)
x 2 - 5x + 6
x -3 2-3
= lim
=
= lim
= -1.
2
2
x

2
x

x -1 2 -1
(x - 2)(x - 3)
x - 3x + 2

12. lim
x

4x + 2
.
x +1

. ( )
4.2 . :
4 + 2 x ) 4 + lim(2 x ) 4 + 0
4 + 2 x xlim(
4x + 2
x
=
= lim
=
= 4.
=
x x + 1
x 1 + 1 x
lim(1 + 1 x ) 1 + lim(1 x ) 1 + 0
lim

13. lim
x

2x + x + 1
.
x3 + x2 +1
2

.
x3 ( ), 4.2:
2

2 x +1 x +1 x
2x 2 + x + 1
= lim
3
x x 3 + x 2 + 1
x
1+ 1 x + 1 x

lim

0+0+0 0
= = 0.
1+ 0 + 0 1

.
.
14. lim( x + 3 - x ).
x

82 4.
( x + 3 + x ), , x .
:
x + 3- x
lim( x + 3 - x ) = lim
=
x
x
x +3+ x
= lim
x

3
x +3+ x

= lim
x

1+ 3 x + 1

0
1+ 0 + 1

= 0.

4.2.4.
,
. .
sin x
= 0
4.3.
x
, . .
lim
x 0

sin x
= 1.
x

(4.6)

(4.6) . .
.
15. sin (ax)/cx x 0.
. , ; , x 0 ax
. :
sin(ax )
sin(ax ) a
sin(ax )
a
a a
lim
= lim
= lim
lim = 1 = .
x 0
x

0
ax

0
x

0
cx
ax c
ax
c
c c
16. lim
x 0

1 - cos x
.
x2

. 4.2 ,
x 0 .
,
:
2

2 sin 2 (x 2)
1 - cos x
1 sin(x 2
=
= lim
= lim
2
2
x 0
x

0
x

0
2
x
x
x2

lim

4.2.

83

sin(x 2)
sin(x 2) 1
1
1
lim
lim
= 1 1 = .
x

0
x

0
x2
x2
2
2
2

4.4. ( ).
x
1

f (x) = 1 + x , . .
x

lim 1 + = e.
x
x

(4.7)

.
eax ,
ln.
2
e - x .
(4.7).
17. lim(1 + 4 x )x .
x 0

. , x = 4y. x y :
4

lim(1 + 4 x )x = lim(1 + 1 y )4 y = lim[(1 + 1 y )y ]4 = lim(1 + 1 y )y = e 4 .

x
y

y
y
18. lim(log a (1 + x ) x ).
x 0

. , 1
x 0 y = , y :
x
log a (1 + x )
1

= lim log a (1 + x ) = lim log a (1 + x )1 x =

lim
x 0
x

0
x
x
x 0
1
log a [lim(1 + x )1 x ] = log a e =
.
x 0
ln a

4.2.5.
5. f (x)
( ) = ,
: lim f (x ) = 0.
x a

x ,
x , x a+ x a.

84 4.
4.5.
,
, .
6. f (x) ( ), {xn} {f (xn)}
.
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = + lim f (x ) = -
x a
x a
x a

, (+
). :
lim f (x ) = +, lim f (x ) = -, lim f (x ) = +, lim f (x ) = - .

x a+

x a -

x a -

x a+

x ,
+, .
, , . . a () ,
f (x) = 1/a (x) , .

4.3.
4.3.1.
. .
f (x) .
7. f (x) ,
:
lim f (x ) = f (a).
x a

(4.8)

lim x = a,
x a
:
lim f (x ) = f lim x .
x a
x a

4.3.

85

8. f (x) () , () , . .
lim f (x ) = f (a) f (a + 0) = f (a),
x a+
(4.9)
lim f (x ) = f (a) f (a - 0) = f (a).
x a -

f (x) , .
, ,
.
, .
19. f (x) = sign x (. 4.1). ,
= 0 , , , 1 +1. = 0
, f (0) = 0.
.
4.6. f (x) g (x) .
f (x) g (x), f (x) g (x) f (x)/g (x) ( g (a) 0).

4.3.2.
f (x) =
. , lim f (x ) = = f (a), x a

.
f (x) = ,
:
lim f (x) = a = f (a).
x a

4.6 , x2 = xx, x3 = x2x, ..., xn = xn1 (n ) .

P (x) = a0xn + a1xn1 + a3xn2 + ... + an

86 4.
4.6, .
4.6 -
R (x )
R (x ) =
,
Q (x )
P (x) Q (x) ,
.
sin x cos x
, 7.
tg x = sin x/cos x sec x = 1/cos x , p/2 + np;
ctg x = cos x/sin x cosec x = 1/sin x n np
(n = 0, 1, 2...).
( ) ,
. 4.6 ,
,
.

4.3.3.
, f (x) (, b), . f (x)
[a, b], (a, b)
, b :
lim f (x ) = f (a),

x a+

lim f (x ) = f (b).

x b -

4.3.4.
, , .
1. f (x),
,
f (x) , f ()
.

4.3.

87

sin x
= 0, ,
x
, ( ).
= 0 , . . . ( ),
, . .
sin x
, x 0,

g (x ) = x
1, x = 0.

20. f (x) =

g (x) .
2. f (x),
,
:
lim f (x ) lim f (x ).

x a -

x a+

21. f (x) = sign x (. 3 10).

= 0 1- .
3. 2- f (x),
f (x) .
22. f (x) = 1/x = 0 2- , lim(1 x ) = +, lim(1 x ) = .
x 0+

x 0 -

23. f (x) = sin (1/x) = 0

2- , ,
:

4.3.5.
9. z = j (x) Z Z
y = f (z), y = f[j (x)] ( ), z .
.
23. y = cos ( 1 - x ) , (, 1], y = f (z) = cos z, z = j (x) =
= 1 - x.

88 4.
3 2

1+ x
24. y =
, x
(, 0) (0, +), y = f (z) = z3/2,
z = j (x) = (1 + x)/x.
4.7. z = j (x) 0, y = f (z) z0 = j (x0).
y = f [j (x)] 0.
25. y = tg (x2 + x) = 0,
z = x2 + x = 0, y = tg z z = 0.

4.4.

, . ().
:
;
().
.

F (x, y) = 0.

(4.10)

(4.10) () L
xy. ,
.

4.4.1.
, (4.10) y
. ,
Ax + By + C = 0,

(4.11)

, .
0:
y = kx + b.

(4.12)

4.4.

89

k = tg j, j
.

.
1. (4.12)
. k, M0 (x0, y0):
y y0 = k (x x0).

(4.13)

,
M0 (x0, y0) M1 (x1, y1):
y - y0
(4.14)
y - y0 = 1
(x - x 0 ).
x1 - x 0
.
(4.14):
y - y0
x - x0
=
= t,
y1 - y 0
x1 - x 0

(4.15)

t.
2. . , y = k1x + b1 y = k2x + b2, k1 = tg j1 k2 = tg j2.
tg j 2 - tg j1
j = j2 j1, , tg j = tg (j 2 - j1 ) =
, ,
1 + tg j1 tg j 2
,
tg j =

k 2 - k1
.
1 + k1 k 2

(4.16)

(4.16)
: p j (. 4.4). (4.16)
.
, ,
k1 = k2;
, j2 = p/2 + j1, tg j2 = ctg j1 =
= 1/tg j1,

90 4.

. 4.4.

k2 = -

1
.
k1

26. ,
y = 2x 5 y = 3x = 4.
(4.16) k1 = 2 k2 = 3,
tg j =

-3 - 2
= 1,
1-6

j = p/4.
3. .
(4.11). d M0 (x0,
y0) (. 4.5)
d = | Ax 0 + By 0 + C |

A2 + B2 .

. 4.5.

4.4.

91

4.4.2.
: ,
.
1. . ,
, ,
, , .
,
F1 F2 (. 4.6):

. 4.6.

r1 + r2 = 2a.
() :
x2 y2
(4.18)
+ 2 = 1,
a2
b
a b , b2 = a2 c2, (0, 0) , .
(4.18) , , .
, , ,

e= .

, a = b, , . . = 0,
.
2. . ,
, -

92 4.
, , .
. 4.7 .
F1 F2,
, :
| r1 r2 | = 2a.

. 4.7.

,
x2 y2
(4.19)
= 1,
a2 b 2
b2 = c2 a2.
b
x a
. ,
.
y =

3. . , , , ,
p
( y
2
F .
, M (x, y) , r1 = r2.
,

4.5.

y = 2 px .

93

(4.20)

. 4.8. ,

y = Ax2, A
.

. 4.8.

(4.21)
Ax 2 + 2Bxy + Cy 2 + 2Dx + 2Ey + F = 0,
A, B, C, D, E, F ,
, . (4.21) :
, 2 > 0;
, 2 < 0;
, 2 = 0.

4.5.
4.5.1. .
D (demand) S (supply) P (price). ,
. D P , :
D = aP + c, a > 0, c > 0,
(4.22)
, ,
S P :

94 4.
S = bP + d, b > 0, d > 0.
(4.23)
(4.22) (4.23) a, b, d ; ( , . .). , (4.22) (4.23), ,
.
, . . ;
D (P) = S (P)

(4.24)

M D S (. 4.9). 0,
, .

. 4.9.

,
(4.22), ,
D ;
S.

4.5.2.
.
,
(. 4.10).
P1 (
). P1 (-

95

,
). D1
P2, D1 . P2 (
). ,
D2, P2, P3,
; .

, . . .
, , P0 (. 4.10, ). , , b < a.
(b = a, . 4.10, ),
(b < a,
. 4.10, ).

. 4.10.

, .
2x - 4
4.1. y = 3x 2. 4.2. y = x2 5x + 6. 4.3. y =
. 4.4. y = 9 - x 2 .
3x - 2
1
4.5. y = x - 3 - x + 3. 4.6. y = x - 3 +
. 4.7. y = x 2 - 4x + 3.
x -6
4.8. y =

-x 2 + 4x - 3
. 4.9. y = x2 + cos 2x. 4.10. y = arctg (2x + 1).
4-x2

96 4.
4.11. y = 21/x. 4.12. y =

cos x
. 4.13. y = log3(2x 6).
x - 3x + 2
2

4.14. y = log5(3x x2). 4.15. f (x) = arccos (lg x), f(1/10), f(1),
f(10). 4.16. y = sin x - 1.
.
4.17. lim
x 3

x2 -9
5x - 2
x 2 + 2x - 2
. 4.18. lim 2
. 4.19. lim 2
.
x x
x x
x -3
-x + 4
- 5x + 7

x3 + 4
. 4.21. lim 1 + x 2 - x . 4.22. lim x 2 + 4x - x .
x
x
x x 2 - 3

4.20. lim

x 2 - 5x + 4
x2 +1
sin 3x
sin 3x
4.24.
.
lim
. 4.25. lim
. 4.26. lim
.
x1 x 2 - 6x + 5
x
x

x
0
x +1
x
sin 5 x
2 x+1
1 - cos x
sin x
sin 2 x
2x + 1
4.30.
4.27. lim 2 . 4.28. lim
. 4.29. lim
.
lim
.

x0 tg 3x
x 0
x 2x - 3
x0
x2
x

4.23. lim

3x

2x
4.31. lim
.
x 2x - 3

.
x
4.32. y =
. 4.33. y = 2 -1 x . 4.34. y = tg x. 4.35. y = etg x.
x +2
1
x 2 - 5x + 6
4.36. y = e| tg x |. 4.37. y = 2
. 4.38. y = 2
.
x - 3x + 2
x - 3x + 2
4.39. D (P) = a bP, S (P) = dP + c.
1. . 2. , . :
) a = 2, b = 5, c = 3, d = 2;
) a = 5, b = 3, c = 1, d = 4.

5.1.
5.1.1.
f (x) . 0 D
, 0 + D . f (x) Dy = f (x0 + Dx) f (x0).
1. f (x) 0 D 0 ( ).
D
y(x0) f (x0):
f (x 0 ) = lim

Dx 0

f (x 0 + Dx ) - f (x 0 )
Dy
= lim
.
D
0
x

Dx
Dx

(5.1)

0 (5.1) :
lim

Dx 0

Dy
Dy
= + lim
= - ,
Dx 0 Dx
Dx

, 0 f (x) .
f (x) ,
f(x) , .

98 5.

5.1.2.
.
2. = (x)
MN, N = f (x).
f (x) 0,
N 0 + D (. 5.1). , 0 ,
lim j (x ) = j 0 , Dx 0

0. MNA ,
tg j(x 0 + Dx ) =

Dy f (x 0 + Dx ) - f (x 0 )
=
.
Dx
Dx

. 5.1.

f (x) 0 , ,
(5.1), :
tg j0 = f (x0).

(5.2)

, f(x0) = f (x) M (x0, f (x0)).

(5.2):
j0 = arctg f(x0).

(5.3)

5.1.

99

5.1.3.
, l = f (t) l t.
Dl = f (t + Dt) f (t) , Dt, Dl/Dt Dt. lim (Dl Dt ) = f (t ) Dt 0
t .
y = f (x)
:
| f (x) |, , f (x) () .

5.1.4.

.
3. () y = f (x) 0 () (5.1) Dx 0,
.
:
Dy
Dy
(5.4)
f+(x 0 ) = lim
f - (x 0 ) = lim
.
Dx 0+ Dx
Dx 0 - Dx

f (x) 0 ,
, .
,
, .
f (x) = | x |. , = 0
f+ (0) = 1, f - (x ) = -1 (. 5.2)
f+(0) f - (0), . . = 0.
. 5.2. ,
, :
f (x) = | x |,
= 0

100 5.
; , ,
.

.
5.1. 0, .
: f (x), ,
.
y = | x |; = 0,
.
,
, ,
.

5.1.5.

4.5.1, , M (x0,
y0) k,
y y0 = k (x x0).
= f (x), (x0, y0).
(5.2) , f (x)

y y0 = f (x0) (x x0).

(5.5)

5.1.6. ,

.
5.2. u (x) v (x) ,
(), (
v (x) 0) ,
:

u v - uv
u
(5.6)
(u v ) = u v , (u v ) = u v + uv , =
.
v2
v

5.1.

101

5.1.7.

.
I. (C) = 0, .

1
1
1
II. (xa) = a xa1; = - 2 , ( x ) =
.
x
x
2 x
1
1
III. (loga x) = log a e; , (ln x) = .
x
x
IV. (ax) = ax ln a, , (ex) = ex.
V. (sin x) = cos x.
VI. (cos x) = sin x.
1
VII. (tg x) =
.
cos 2 x
1
VIII. (ctg x) = - 2 .
sin x
1
IX. (arcsin x) =
.
1- x2
1
X. (arccos x) = .
1- x2
1
XI. (arctg x) =
.
1+ x2
1
XII. (arcctg x) = .
1+ x2
, ( 5.2), . :
,
.

5.1.8.
5.3. x = j (t) t0,
y = f (x)

102 5.
x0 = j (t0). f [j (t)]
t0 :
dy
(5.7)
y (t 0 ) =
= f (x 0 )j (t 0 ).
dt | t = t 0
5.3 , f
t x.
,
. , y = (x), x = j (u), u = y (t), y (t)
y (t) = y (x) j (u) y (t).
(5.8)

.
1. y = tg (x2).
. u y = tg u, u = x2. (5.7) :
y (x ) = y (u )u (x ) =

1
2x
2x =
.
2
cos u
cos 2 (x 2 )

2. y = e tg

4x

. : y = eu, u = v2, v = tg w, w = 4x.

(5.8) , :
y (x ) = y (u )u (v )v (w )w (x ) = e u 2v(w )v (w )w (x ) =
= e u 2v

8 tg 4x tg 2 4 x
1
4=
e
.
2
cos v
cos 2 4x

3.
y = esin 3x + tg 4x = 0.
,
y = eu + tg a, u = w, w = sin z, z = 3x, a = 4x.

, :

103

5.2.

y (x ) = e u u (w )w (z ) z (x ) +
= e u (-1)cos z 3 +

1
a (x ) =
cos 2 a

4
4
= -3 cos 3x e - sin 3 x +
.
2
cos a
cos 2 4x

0 = 0
, , = 0:
4
tg j = y (0) = -3 1 1 + = -3 + 4 = 1,
1
j = arctg 1 = 45.

5.2.
5.2.1.
4. y = f (x) x0 D
:
dy = f (x0) Dx.

(5.9)

dx D , (5.9)
dy = f (x0) dx.

(5.10)

(5.10) f (x) dy
dx:
dy
(5.11)
f (x ) =
.
dx

(. 5.3). y = f (x) 0, N x0 + Dx, MS f (x) , j
. , AN . ABM, ,
= Dx tg j = f (x0)Dx = dy, . . D
D. , , BN.

104 5.

. 5.3.

5.2.2.


:
Dy dy.
,
. 5.3, 0 D.
(5.9) D, :
f (x 0 + Dx ) f (x 0 ) + f (x 0 )Dx.

(5.12)

(5.12) .
4. 107
, .
. f (x) = x0,5 0 = 1.

1
f (x ) =
, , D = 0,07, (5.12):
2 x
f (1 + 007
, ) = 1007
,
f (1) + f (1) 007
, = 10035
,
.

5.3. n-
f (x) f (x)
, .
y = f (x) -

5.3. n-

105

, ,
.
, .
. , , . : y,
y, y(4), y(5), ..., y(n) (
y(2) y(3)) y f (x): f (x), f (x), ..., f(n) (x).
n- , , (n 1)- : y(n) = (y(n 1)).
.
5.
y = x3 + 2x.
. ,
:
y = 3x2 + 2, y = 6x.
2

6. y = e - x .
:
2

y = 2 e - x .
, :
2

y = -2e - x + 4x 2 e - x = 2e - x (2x 2 - 1).

7.
y = x ln x.
. :
y = ln x + 1, y = 1/x, y = 1/x2.
8. n- y = e2x. :
y = 2e2x, y = 4e2x,
. . 2. :
y(n) = 2ne2x.

106 5.
n-
sin x cos x. ,
p
p

sin ( n ) x = sin x + n , cos ( n ) x = cos x + n .

2
2

.
5.1. y = x3 + 3x2 2x + 1. 5.2. y = 5x7 + 3x3 4x 1. 5.3. y =
5.4. y = 3 x +

1
+ x.
x

1 2
3
2
- 2 + x 4 . 5.5. y = 4 x 3 + 3 - 4 - 2.
x x
x
x

5.6. y = 3x5 + 2 sin x + 5 tg x. 5.7. y = 6 x 5 - 4x 6 + 2 ln x - ctg x.

5.8. y = log2 x 3 log3 x. 5.9. y = 3ex + tg x arcsin x.
x

1
5.10. y = 5 x + 6 x + . 5.11. y = x2tg x. 5.12. y = 7 x 2 ln x.
5
1
6
5.13. y =
+
+ x arccos x. 5.14. y = x2 log3 x ex tg x.
3
4
2
3
x
x
5.15. y =

x2 +1
ln x
. 5.16. y =
+ x tg x. 5.17. y =
2
x
cos
x -1

x
x +1

x tg x
1 + ex
cos x
. 5.20. y =
. 5.19. y =
.
2
1 + 2 sin x
1 + e-x
1+ x
1
5.21. y = x 2 - 2 , f (2) f (2).
2x
5.18. y =

5.22. y = x ln x, f(1), f(e), f(1/e), f(1/e2).

5.23. y = sin 4x. 5.24. y = cos (x2 2x + 1). 5.25. y = sin2x.

5.26. y = 2x - sin x . 5.27. y = tg3 x. 5.28. y = ln x 2 + x .

5.29. y = arctg

x
x2
. 5.30. y = ln ln x. 5.31. y = arcsin
.
2
3

5.32. y = arctg 2
5.36. y = xcos x.

1
. 5.33. y = esin x. 5.34. y = ln2 sin x. 5.35. y = xx.
x

107

.
5.37. y = x2 (1, 1). 5.38. y = ln x (1, 0). 5.39. y = e2x
.
5.40. y = 1/x
M (1, 1).
5.41. y = x2, = 2
D = 0,01.
5.42. :
) 101; ) 104
, ; ) 48; ) 3 9; ) 5 33.
.
2

5.43. y = tg x. 5.44. y = sin2 x. 5.45. y = e - x . 5.46. y = x sin x.

x +1
5.47. y =
.
x -1
.
5.48. y = xex. 5.49. y = ex sin x. 5.50. y = x ln x.
n- .
5.51. y = ln x. 5.52. y = sin 2x. 5.53. y = 3x. 5.54. y = x2 ln x.
5.55. y = x cos x. 5.56. y = x3ex.

6.1.
6.1.1.
,

f (x )
g (x )

0
,
0
lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = 0.
x a

x a

6.1 ( 1). f (x) g (x) , , , . ,

lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = 0, g (x) 0
x a
x a
f (x )
(
. , lim
x a g ( x )
f (x )
), lim
,
x a g ( x )

f (x )
f (x )
(6.1)
lim
= lim
.
x a g ( x )
x a g ( x )
. ,
f (x) g (x) ,
f (x) g (x).
.
1

(16611704).

6.1.

1. lim
x 0

109

1 - cos x
sin x
cos x 1
= lim
= lim
= .
2
x

0
x

0
4x
4
4
2x

, 0
.
0
2. lim

3e 3 x
e3x - 1
= lim
= 3.
x 0
x
1

3. lim

x a - ax
ax a -1 - a x ln a
= a a (1 - ln a).
= lim
x a
x -a
1

x 0

x a

6.1.2.

f (x )

g (x )

, lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = , +.
x a
x a

lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = 0 lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = .
x a
x a
x a
x a
1x
ln x
1
4. lim
= lim
= lim = 0.
x x
x 1
x x

5.
1 (x - 1)
ln(x - 1)
1
sin 2 px
p sin 2px
= lim
lim
lim
= 0.
= - lim
=
x1 ctg px
x1 -p sin -2 px
x

1
x

1
1
x -1
p

6.1.3.
0 0
. .
0
6. lim x ln x.
x 0+

. 0 .
ln x
: x ln x =
;
1x

0+. , :

110 6.
lim x ln x = lim

x 0+

x 0+

1x
(ln x )
= lim
= - lim x = 0.
2
x

0
+
x 0+
(1 x )
-1 x

7. lim (cosec x ctg x).

x0

. .
1
cos x 1 - cos x
, : cosec x ctg x =
=
. sin x sin x
sin x
0
0. 0

1 - cos x
sin x
lim (cosec x ctg x) = lim
= lim
= 0.
x0
x 0
x 0 cos x
sin x
00, 1, 0, y = u (x)v(x).
0 , , :
u (x)v(x) = ev(x) ln

u(x)

(6.2)

8. lim x .
x

x 0+

. 00; (6.2),
:
lim x x = lim e x ln x = e 0 = 1.

x 0+

x 0+

9.
lim(1 + x )ctg 2 x .
x 0

. 1.
y = ctg 2x ln (1 + x) 0.
(6.2) :
ln(1 + x )
lim y = limln (1 + x ) ctg 2x = lim
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
tg 2x
1 (1 + x )
cos 2 2x
=
= 1 2.
lim
x 0 2 cos 2 2x
x 0 2 (1 + x )

= lim

,
lim e y = e.
x 0

6.2.

111

6.2.

. 1 . ,
= 0,
. ,
, . .
, f (x), (n + 1) = 0,
:
f (0)
f (0) 2
f ( n ) (0) n
f (x ) = f (0) +
x+
x + ... +
x + o (x ). (6.3)
1!
2!
n!
(6.3) f (x)
, .

;
o ().
.
10. f (x) = ex.
. e(n) (x) = ex, f(n) (0) = e0 = 1 n,
(6.3)
ex = 1 +

x x2 x3
xn
+
+
+ ... +
+ o (x n ).
1! 2 ! 3!
n!

(6.4)

(6.4) . = 1
2,7182818...
11. f (x) = sin x.
p

. , f(n) (x) = sin x + n ; :

2

n ,
p 0
f ( n ) (0) = sin n =
( n -1)/ 2
n .
2 (-1)
1

(16981746).

112 6.
(6.4)
sin x = x -

x3 x5 x7
x 2 n -1
+
+ ... + (-1)n -1
+ o (x ( 2 n ) ).
(2n - 1)!
3! 5 ! 7 !

(6.5)

12. f (x) = cos x.

p

. f(n) = cos x + n ,
2

:
p 0, n ,
f ( n ) (0) = cos n =
n 2
2 (1) , n .
(6.3)
:
cos x = 1 -

x2 x4 x6
x 2n
+
+ ... + (-1)n
+ o (x 2 n ).
2! 4! 6!
(2n)!

(6.6)

13. f (x) = ln (1 + x).

.
f(n) (x) = (1)n 1

(n - 1)!
,
(1 + x )n

f (0) = 0, f(n) 0 = (1)n 1 (n 1)!; (6.3) ln (1 + x) (

0! = 1):
ln(1 + x ) = x -

x2 x3 x4
xn
+
+ ... + (-1)n -1
+ o (x n ).
2
3
4
n

(6.7)

14. f (x) = (1 + x)a, a .

.
.
.
f(n) (x) = a (a 1) (a 2) ... (a n + 1) (1 + x)a n,
(n)
f (0) = a (a 1) ... (a n + 1),

a (a - 1) 2
a
(1 + x )a = 1 + x +
x + ...
1!
2!
(6.8)
a (a - 1)L (a - n + 1) n
n
+
x + o (x ).
n!
, a = n , f(n+1) = 0 (6.8)

6.3.

(1 + x )n = 1 +

n (n - 1) 2
n
x+
x + ... + x n ,
1!
2!

113
(6.9)

. . .
(6.4)(6.8) ( ) 0.
(6.3) . . .
sin x - x
15. lim
.
x 0
x3
. (6.3) n = 2, :
lim
x 0

x - x 3 3 ! + o (x 4 ) - x
- 1 3 ! + o (x 4 ) x 3
1
=
=- .
lim
3
0
x

1
6
x

6.3.
6.3.1.
. .
6.2. f (x) f (x) 0
(f (x) 0) (a, b), ( )
.
f (x) > 0 (f (x) < 0) , . .
().

(. 6.1): - , : tg j > 0;
, tg j < 0.

. 6.1.

114 6.

6.3.2.
1. 0
() f (x), x x0 0 f (x0) > f (x) (f (x0) < f (x)).
.
6.3 ( ).
f (x) 0 , f (x0) = 0.
6.3 . 6.2:
, .

. 6.2.

, , , , ,
. 0 ,
. . f (x0) = 0, .
, f (x) = 3 (. 4.1) = 0 , . , 6.3
.
6.4 ( ). f (x) 0. 0 f (x) ( ),

6.3.

115

0 f (x) ();

0.

.
16. f (x) = x3 6x2 + 9x.
. f (x) = 3x2 12x + 9. x2 4x + 3 = 0, : 1 = 1 2 = 3. , f(x)
1 = 1 + , . .
; , 2 = 3 f (x) .
.
f (x) > 0 (, 2), 6.2
; (2, 3) f (x) (f (x) < 0), (3, +) (f (x) > 0).

6.3.3.
2. , = f (x)
(, b) , (),
( ) (a, b) (. 6.3).

. 6.3. (a, b): ;

116 6.
.
6.5. = f (x) (a, b)
f (x) 0 (f (x) 0) (a, b), (a, b) , ().
3. (0, f (x0)) = f (x),
0,
f (x) .
,
, . . (. 6.4).

. 6.4. .

6.6 ( ).
= f (x) (0, f (x0)) f (x)
0 .
f (x0) = 0.

(6.10)

, f (x0) = 0 = f (x). ,
y = x2n (n N) (0, 0), = 0
. (6.10)
. , (6.10) , .
6.7 ( ).
= f (x) 0,
0.
= f (x) (0, f (x0)).

6.3.

117

, f (x) 0 0 . , f (x) = 1/3

= 0 ; (0, 0) 0. , f (x) =
= 2/(9x5/3) = 0 (. 6.5).

. 6.5. f (x) = x1/3

: .
17. f (x) = exp (x2).
. :
f (x) = 2 exp (x2), f (x) = 2exp (x2)(2x2 1).
,
x = 1 2.
x = 1 2. ,
f (x) . ,
M1 (- 1 2, e1/2)

(. 6.6). M 2 (1 2,
e1/2) .

118 6.
18. f (x) = ln (x2 2x + 2).

. 6.6. f (x) = x1/3

. f (x) = 2

x (2 - x )
.
( x 2 - 2x + 2) 2

, x1 = 0, x2 = 2.
1 (0, ln 2)
;
2 (2, ln 2) .

6.3.4.
, , . .
( ,
) . .
: , .
4. x = a
= f (x),
lim f (x ) lim f (x ) + .
x a+

x a -

. , = 1/x = 0, f (x) 0+.

5. y = kx + b
= f (x) , f (x)

6.3.

f (x) = kx + b + a (x),

119

(6.11)

a (x) 0 .
,
: k (6.11) .
k b . (6.11) , :
lim

f (x )
f (x )
b a(x )

= lim k + +
.
= k, . . k = xlim
x

x
x
x
x

(6.12)

(6.11) :
lim[b + a (x )] = b = lim[ f (x ) - kx ].

x
2

19. f (x) =

(6.13)

x -4
.
x +1

. . = 1
2- ,
lim f (x ) = +,

x-1-

lim f (x ) = -.

x-1+

:
1- 4 x2
f (x )
x2 -4
k = lim
= lim 2
= lim
= 1,
x
x x
x
+ x x 1 + 1 x
x 2 - 4

x+4
b = lim[ f (x ) - kx ] = lim
= -1.
- x = - lim
x
x
x x + 1
1
x
+

:
y = 1.

6.3.5.

.
1. = f (x).
2. : (. 4.1.2).

120 6.


: f (x)
f (x).
3.
, . . y = f (0) f (x) = 0.
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. , , , .
8. . [a, b],

.
9. .
20.
y=

x2 +1
.
x

(6.14)

. .
1. : 0 (, 0) (0, ).
2. (6.14) , f (x) = f (x).
3. .
4. , f (x)
0 : f (x) + 0+, f (x) 0.
:
f (x )
x2 +1
= lim
= 1,
x
x
x
x2
x 2 + 1

1
b = lim[ f (x ) - kx ] = lim
- x = lim = 0 .
x
x
x

x
x

k = lim

: = .

6.3.

121

x 2 -1
, . . = 1; x2
+ = 1 (
) + = 1 (
). , ,
2 2.

5. f (x) =

6. f (x) = 2/x3 .
7. (6.14) (, 1) (1, ) (1, 0) (0, 1).

(f (x) < 0), (f (x) > 0).
8. ,
.
9. (6.14) . 6.7.

. 6.7. (6.14)

122 6.

6.4.
6.4.1.
.
1. Q: C = f (Q). D DQ:
MC =

DC
.
DQ

D DQ
:
MC = lim

DQ 0

DC
= C (Q ).
DQ

(6.15)

(6.15).
21.
C = 20Q 0,05 Q3
.
Q = 10 . .
1.
C = C Q , ,
= 20 - 005
, Q2,
C (10) = 20 - 005
, 100 = 15 . .
2. , (6.17),
C = 20 0,015 Q2,
Q = 10 (10) = 5 . .
,
15 . . 5 . .
.

6.4.

123

6.4.2.
. D = f (P)
(. 4.6.1).
:
E=

DD D 100 %
.
DP P 100 %

, D
DQ D 0:
E(D) = P

D (P )
.
D (P )

(6.16)

S (P). , D (P) , S (P) .
22.
D (P) = 100 3P.
P = 20 . .
. (6.16),
E (D) = 20 (3)/(100 3 20) = 1,5.
, () 1 %
() 1,5 %.
.
(6.16), :
E (D) = P (ln D (P )) .

(6.17)

(6.17) , E (D) , ,
E (D1D2) = E (D1) + E (D2),

E (D1/D2) = E (D1) E (D2). (6.18)

, D (P) , D (P) < 0,

, (6.16), E (D) < 0. ,
, E (S) > 0.
| E (D) |:

124 6.
) | E (D) | > 1 (E (D) < 1), ;
) | E (D) | = 1 (E (D) = 1), ;
) | E (D) | < 1 (E (D) > 1), .
23.
.
. I
D:
I (P) = D (P) P.
(6.19)
:
I (P) = D (P) + P D (P).

(6.20)

, , (6.16).
1. E (D) < 1; , (6.16) , ,
(6.20) . ,
.
, .
2. E (D) = 1. (6.16) , (6.20) ,
. . .
3. E (D) > 1. I (P) > 0, . . .
. .
24.
Q
C = 50 0,5 Q.
Q = 30 . .
. (6.16) :
E (C ) = -

05
, Q
,
50 - 05
, Q

Q = 30 0,42, . .
1 %
0,42 %.

125

6.4.3.
Q , R (Q)
, C (Q) . , . .
:
P (Q) = R (Q) C (Q).

(6.21)

:
, , .
(6.15), R (Q) = C (Q). ,
(6.21) , P (Q) = 0, .

.
6.1. lim
x 0

ex - 1
ex - e-x
x 3 - 3x 2 + 2
. 6.2. lim
. 6.3. lim x ln x. 6.4. lim 3
.
x 0 ln(1 + x )
x0
x1 x
x
- 4x 2 + 3

x - arctg x
ln(x - 1)
ex
ln x
. 6.6. lim 2 . 6.7. lim
. 6.8. lim
.
x x
x x
x1 ctg p x
x 0
x3

6.5. lim

6.9. lim

x p / 6

tg (p x 2)
ln(1 - x )
1 - 2 sin x
. 6.10. lim
. 6.11. lim
.
x

1
x

0
cos 3x
ln(1 - x )
sin x

6.12. f (x) = tg x
3 .
6.13. f (x) = x
2 .
.
1 - cos x
e x - e - x - 2x
ex + e-x - 2
6.16.
. 6.15. lim
.
lim
.
x 0
x 0
x 0
x - sin x
x2
x2
tg x - x
6.17. lim
.
x 0
x3

6.14. lim

126 6.
.
6.18. y = x 3 - 6x 2 + x. 6.19. y =

2x 2
. 6.20. y = 2x 2 + ln x.
1+ x2

.
6.21. y =

x2
3x - 1
.
. 6.22. y = xex. 6.23. y =
x +1
x +1

.
x4
x -1
x2
6.24. y = x3 6x. 6.25. y =
- 2x 2 . 6.26. y =
.
. 6.27. y = 2
4
x +1
x -1
ex - e-x
x3
x2
6.30.
6.28. y = x ex. 6.29. y = x
6.31.
.
y
y
.
.
=
=
x -2
e + e-x
x2 +1
2

6.32. y = e - x .
.
6.33.
V, .
6.34. (0, 3) (4, 5). , .
.
6.35. Q = 30 Q 0,08 Q3. : ) Q = 5 .,
) Q = 10 .
6.36. D S
, ,
D = 30 0,9p, S = 16 + 1,2p.
.
25 %.
6.37. D S , ,
D = 9 p, S = 1 + p.
,
( ) 10 %.

7.1.
7.1.1.

.
: f (x)
F (x), f (x).
1. F (x) f (x) , F (x) F (x) = f (x).
1. F (x) = ln x
f (x) = 1/x (0, +), (ln x) = 1/x.
, f (x) ; F (x) ,
F (x) + , , f (x), [F (x) + C] = f (x).
2.
f (x) f (x)

f (x ) dx = F (x ) + C.

(7.1)

( S, ), f (x) , f (x) dx , .

128 7.
. , .

.
2. 2x dx = x 2 + C; : (x2 + C) = 2x.
3. sin x dx = - cos x + C; : (cos x + C) = sin x.
4. e 3 x dx =

1 3x
1

e + C; : e 3 x + C = e3x.
3
3

7.1.2.
,
:
1. d f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx
f (x ) dx = f (x).

2.

dF (x ) = F (x ) + C.

:
3. kf (x ) dx = k f (x ) dx.
4. [ f (x ) g (x )] dx = f (x ) dx g (x ) dx .
,
.

7.1.3.

.
. , . .
x a+1
I. x a dx =
+ C (a -1).
a +1

7.1.

129

dx
= ln| x| + C (x 0).
x
dx
III.
= arctg x + C (arctg x + C).
1+ x2
dx
IV.
= arcsin x + C (arccos x + C) (1 < x < 1).
1- x2

II.

V. a x dx =

ax
+ C (0 < a 1),
ln a

dx = e x + C.

VI. sin x dx = - cos x + C.

VII. cos x dx = sin x + C.
VIII.
IX.
X.

dx

cos
dx

sin

XI.

= tg x + C x + np, n = 0, 1, 2, ... .
2

= -ctg x + C, (x np, n = 0, 1, 2, ... ).

dx
1
x -a
ln
=
+ C (| x| a, a 0).
2
2a
x+a
-a
dx
x +k
2

= ln| x + x 2 + k | + C

(| x| >

| k | k < 0 .

.
5.1.7,
.
:
.
:
1) e - x dx ( );
2

2) sin(x 2 ) dx ;
3) cos (x 2 ) dx ;
dx

4)

ln x dx ;

5)

sin x
dx ;
x

130 7.
6)

cos x
dx .
x

, , .
; , 1 .
, , , . ,
, , .

7.1.4.
1.

. .
5. (2 sin x + 6 - 3x 2 ) dx = 2 sin x dx + 6 dx - 3 x 2 dx =

= -2 cos x + 6x - x 3 + C.
x
1
2
1 1

6.
+ sin 2 dx = 2
dx + - cos x dx =
2
2
2
1+ x
1+ x
2 2

1
1
= 2arctg x + x - sin x + C.
2
2
2.
.

. .
7.1. x = j (t)
, , f (x). , f (x)
,

f (x ) dx = f [j (t )] j (t ) dt.

(7.2)

7.1.

131

(7.2) . .
7. x (x - 1)12 dx.
.
. t = x 1.
x = t + 1, dx = dt, :
t 14 t 13
12
12
13
12
x (x - 1) dx = (t + 1) t dt = (t + t ) dt = 14 + 13 + C.
, :
1
12
13 x
x (x - 1) dx = (x - 1) 14 + 182 + C.
8.

x3
(2 - x )3 dx.

. t = 2 x; x = 2 t, dx = dt.
(7.2) :
(2 - t )3
x3
-3
-2
-1
=
dx
(2 - x )3
t 3 dt = - (8t - 12t + 6t - 1) dt =
= 4t -2 - 12t -1 - 6 ln | t | + t + C = 4 (2 - x )-2 - 12 (2 - x )-1 - 6 ln| 2 - x | - x + C.
9.

dx

cos x .

. ,
cos x
cos x
cos 2 x dx = 1 - sin2 x dx.
,
t = sin x. 1 sin2 x = 1 t2, dt = cos x dx;
dx
dt
1
1 + sin x
1
1+ t
cos x = 1 - t 2 = 2 ln 1 - t + C = 2 ln 1 - sin x + C =
1
x p
= ln tg + + C.
2
2 4
.

132 7.
10.

(x

x dx
2
+ 1)n

(n 1).

. t = x2 + 1, dt = 2x dx x dx =

dt
, 2

(x

x dx
2

+ 1)n

1
1
1 dt
1
+ C.
t - ( n -1) + C = =2 (n - 1) (x 2 + 1)n -1
2 tn
2 (n - 1)

3.
7.2. u (x) v (x) u (x) v (x)
. u (x) v (x) ,

u (x )v (x ) dx = u (x )v (x ) - v (x )u (x ) dx.

(7.3)

v (x) dx = dv u (x) dx = du
(7.3)

u dv = uv - v du.

(7.4)

(7.3) ( (7.4))
.
v (x) dx = dv.
d , , . , (7.3)
.
u dv v du, .
11. ln x dx.
. u (x) = ln x, dv = dx, . . v = x. (7.3)
:

ln x dx = x ln x - x (ln x ) dx = x

ln x - 1 dx = x (ln x - 1) + C.

x n ln x dx, n 1 ,

: u = ln x, xn dx = dv, . .

7.1.

133

v = xn + 1/(n + 1).
n
x arctg x dx.
12. x e x dx.
. u = x, ex dx = dv = d (ex), (7.3)
:

xe

dx = x e x - (e x (x )) dx = x e x - e x dx = e x (x - 1) + C.

e kx dx, n > 0 k 0

, n- ;
1
d e kx, . . e kx dx = dv = d (e kx ).
k
13. x 2 cos x dx.
. x n cos kx dx x n sin kx dx, k
n > 0 , , , 1. d
,
1
n : cos kx dx = dv = d (sin kx ), sin kx dx = dv =
k
1
= - d (cos kx ) . . :
k

cos x dx = x 2 d (sin x ) = x 2 sin x - 2x sin x dx =

= x 2 sin x + 2 x d (cos x ) = x 2 sin x + 2x cos x - 2 cos x dx =

= x 2 sin x + 2x cos x - 2 sin x + C.

4. sin x cos x

R (sin x, cos x ) dx,

(7.5)

R .
x
(7.6)
t = tg ,
- p < x < p.
2
,

134 7.
sin x =

2dt
2t
1- t2
.
,
cos
, x = 2 arctg t, dx =
x
=
1+ t2
1+ t2
1+ t2

(7.7)

(7.7) (7.5) :
2t
1- t2

R
x
x
dx
R
(sin
,
cos
)
=
,

1 + t 2 1 + t 2

2dt

1 + t 2 = R1 ( t ) dt,

R1 (t) t.
dx
14.
.
1 + cos x
. (7.7),
:
dx
x
1 + cos x = dt = t + C = tg 2 + C.
sin m x cos n x dx (m n ).
;
.
m n :
) m , n ; t = sin x;
) m , n ; t = cos x;
) m n ; , ;
) m n ;
.
15. sin x 5 cos x 2 dx .
. t = cos x; dt = sin x dx,
sin4 x = (1 t2)2; :

sin
=

x cos 2 x dx = - (1 - t 2 )2 t 2 dt = - (t 2 - 2t 4 + t 6 ) dt =

1
1
2 5 1 3 1 7
2
t - t - t + C = cos 3 x cos 2 x - cos 4 x - + C.
7
3
5
3
7
5

5. e x

R (e

) dx

(7.8)

7.2.

135

t = ex ,
x = ln t,

dx =

(7.9)

dt
.
t

16.

e 5 x dx
.
ex + 1

(7.9), :
e 5 x dx
t 5 dt
t4
1
3
2
=
=
e x + 1 (t + 1) t t + 1 dt = t - t + t - 1 + t + 1 dt =
e4x e3x e2x
t4 t3 t2
=
+
- t + ln (t + 1) + C =
+
- e x + ln (e x + 1) + C.
4
3
2
4
3
2

7.2.
7.2.1.
f (x) [a, b]. [a, b]
n
a = x 0 < x 1 < x 2 < ... < x i < x i+1 < ... < x n = b.

(7.10)

[xi, xi+1] xi ,
x i x i x i+1 , 0 i n.
:
n

s = f (x1 ) Dx 1 + f (x 2 ) Dx 2 + ... + f (x n ) Dx n = f (x i ) Dx i , (7.11)

i =1

f (x)
[a, b].
l

l = max{Dx i }.
in

(7.12)

3. I s l 0,
,
f (x) [a, b]:

136 7.
I = lim
l 0

f (x ) Dx
i

(7.13)

i =1

I = f (x ) dx.

(7.14)

(7.14) , f (x) [a, b], a b , , f (x) , .

, , f (x)
b.
, . .
b

f (x ) dx = f (t ) dt = f (z ) dz.

7.2.2.

, [a, b] (. . (7.14)). , :
[a, b] ;
[a, b] ,
;
[a, b] .

7.2.3.
b

1.

f (x ) dx , a < b.
a

.
,
a

f (x ) dx = 0

(7.15)

.
, ,

7.2.
b

137

f (x ) dx = - f (x ) dx,

(7.16)

b
Di = xi 1 xi (7.13).
2. a, b
b

f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx + f (x ) dx .

(7.17)

3. :
b

k f (x ) dx = k f (x ) dx.

(7.18)

4.
:
b

[ f (x ) g (x )] dx = f (x ) dx g (x ) dx.

(7.19)

, 4
.
, a < b.
5. f (x) 0 [a, b],
b

f (x ) dx 0.
a

6. f (x) g (x) [a, b],

b

f (x ) dx g (x ) dx.
a

7. f (x) [a, b],

b

f (x ) dx | f (x )| dx.
a

8. M m , f (x)
[a, b],
b

m(b - a) f (x ) dx M (b - a).
a

(7.20)

138 7.

7.2.4.
7.3. [a, b] f (x)
.

F (x ) = f (t ) dt.

(7.21)

(7.21) t,
.
7.3, [a, b] f (x)
,
x

f (t ) dt = F (x ) + C,

(7.22)

. x = a, 1 :
a

f (t ) dt = F (a) + C,

0 = F (a) + C,

C = F (a).
(7.22) :
x

f (t ) dt = F (x ) - F (a).
a

x = b,
b

f (x ) dx = F (b) - F (a).

(7.23)

(7.23) , .
F (b) F (a) F (x )| ba , . .
b

f (x ) dx = F (x )|

b
a

(7.24)

(7.24) .
.

7.2.
e

17.

18.

139

dx
= ln x| 1e = ln e - ln 1 = 1 - 0 = 1.
x
dx

1+ x

= arctg x| 1-1 = arctg 1 - arctg (-1) =

-1

p -p p
- = .
4 4 2

19.
2

-1

dx
1+ x

= ln (x + 1 + x 2 )| -21 = ln (2 + 5 ) - ln ( 2 - 1) = ln

2+ 5
2 -1

7.2.5.
1.
7.4. : 1) f (x) [a, b];
2) j (t) [a, b], j (t) [a, b] j (t) [a, b]; 3) j (a) = , j (b) = b.
b

f (x ) dx = f [j (t )] j (t ) dt.

(7.25)

(7.25) , , .
,
,
,
, ,
(7.25), .
.
,
7.4,
(
2 ).
1
2x dx
20.
.
2
0 1+ x
. t = 1 + x2. dt = 2x dt, t = 1
x = 0 t = 2 = 1. x = t - 1

140 7.
[1, 2], ,
, , 7.4,
. :
1

2x dx 2 dt
2
0 1 + x 2 = 1 t = ln t| 1 = ln 2 .
a

21.

a 2 - x 2 dx.

. x = a sin t. dx = a cos t dt,

x
p
a 2 - x 2 = a cos t, t = arcsin , t = 0 x = 0, t = x = a. a
2
, :
p/ 2

a 2 - x 2 dx = a 2

p/ 2

cos 2 t dt = a 2

sin 2t
a
t +

2
2
2

p 2

=
0

1
(1 + cos 2t ) dt =
2

pa 2
.
4

22. dx .
0

.
p

dx = x|

p
0

= p.

:
t = tg x. t = 0 x = 0 t = 0 x = p, x = arctg t, . .
dx = dt/(1 + t2).
p
0
dt
0 dx = 0 1 + t 2 = 0.
, t = tg x x = p/2 2 7.4.
2.
7.5. u (x) v (x) [a, b];
b

u dv = uv | - v du.
b
a

(7.26)

7.2.

141

(7.26)
.
1

23. x e - x dx.
0

. u = x, v = ex dv = ex dx;
1

-x
-x
-x 1
-x
x e dx = - x d (e ) = -x e | 0 + e dx =
0

= -e -1 - e - x | 10 = -e -1 - e -1 + 1 = 1 - 2e -1 .

7.2.6.
1.
, f (x) [a, b],
[a, b] x = a x = b (. 7.1). .

. 7.1.

f (x) [a, b]:
b

S = f (x ) dx.

(7.27)

f (x) g (x) , [a, b], S , f (x) g (x):

b

S = f (x ) dx - g (x ) dx = [ f (x ) - g (x )] dx .

(7.28)

142 7.
24. ,

y = ln x 0, O = 2.
.
1 2 (. 7.2), , (7.27), :
. 7.2. , y = ln x,
0 = 2

S = ln x dx = x ln x| 12 - 1 dx =
= 2 ln 2 - x| 12 = 2 ln 2 - 1.
25. , y = x , y = x 3 .

. 7.3. , y = x , y = x3

.
,
x 3 = x .
1 = 0, 2 = 1. , (. 7.3),
y = x y = x3,
[0, 1]:

1
2

S = ( x - x 3 ) dx = x 3 2 - x 4
3
4

1
0

5
.
12

2.
, O
, [a, b] f (x) (. 7.4).

b

V = p f 2 (x ) dx.

(7.29)

O, , , :
d

V = p x 2 (y ) dy,
c

(7.30)

7.2.

143

[c, d] = f (x).

. 7.4.

26. y = x2, y = x O.
. ,
, , y = x y = x2. a = 0 b = 1. (7.29) :
1

V = p ( x )2 dx - p (x 2 )2 dx = p x dx - p x 4 dx =
0

x x5
= p 2 5

1
0

= 0,3 p .

27. y = ex, x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 O.
. : = ln y;
[1, e] .
(. 7.5) 1
O ,
x = ln y. (7.30), :

144 7.

. 7.5.
27
e

V = pe - p ln 2 y dy = pe - py ln 2 y| 1e + p 2 ln y dy =
1

= 2py ln y| 1e - p 2 dy = 2pe - 2pe + 2p = 2p .

1

7.2.7.
,
.
.
; . ,
,
.
4. f (x)
[a, +) [a, R], R > 0,
R

f (x ) dx
a

. R ( ):

f (x ) dx = lim f (x ) dx.
a

R+

(7.31)

7.2.

145

, , (7.31) , f (x)
[a, ); (7.31)
, , .

(, b]:
b

f (x ) dx = lim

R-

f (x ) dx.

(7.32)

,
(7.31) (7.32)

f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx + f (x ),

(7.33)

.
:
(. 7.6), f (x), O, = .

. 7.6.

28. sin x dx = lim sin x dx = - lim cos x| R0 = 1 - lim cos R,

0

cos R R , . . .

29. e - x dx = lim e - x dx = - lim e| 0- R = - lim e - R + 1 = 1,

0

. . .

146 7.
30.

dx

, a .

. a.
1. a = 1 R > 0 :

dx
dx
= lim
= lim ln x| 1R = lim ln R - 0 = +,
R
R
R
x
x
1

. . .
2. a 1 R > 0 :

dx
dx
x 1- a R
1
lim
lim
|1 =
lim R1- a - 1 =
=
=

a
a
R

R
1 - a
1- a
x
1 x
1
a > 1,

= a -1
a < 1.

, a > 1
a 1.

, . , f (x) F (x) [a, ),

R , . . :

f (x ) dx = F (x )|

= F ( ) - F (a).

(7.34)

(7.32) (7.33):
+

f (x ) dx = F (x )|

b
-

31.

dx

1+ x

= arctg x| - =

f (x ) dx = F (x )|

p p
- - = p.
2 2

+
-

(7.35)

147

.
2
1
1

7.1. (x + 2x 3 + x + 1) dx. 7.2. x 4 + 2 x + 3 x + + 2 dx.

x x

3
2
7.3.
+
1+ x2
1- x2

dx. 7.4. (2 x + 3x + 4e x ) dx.

7.5. ( x + 1) (x + x - 1) dx. 7.6. (sin x + 3 cos x ) dx.

1
1
7.7. x 2 + x 3 x +
dx. 7.8.
3
x
x

7.9.

x4 + x2 + x + x + 3 x
dx.
x2

1 - sin 2 x
2 - cos 3 x
7.10.
.
dx
sin2 x
cos 2 x dx. 7.11.

1 + 3x 2
dx.
x 2 (1 + x 2 )

3x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
x5 -x +1
7.14.
.
dx
x2 +1
x 2 + 1 dx.
.
sin x
7.15. sin 5x dx. 7.16. cos (3x + 5 ) dx. 7.17.
dx.
2 x
dx
dx
7.18. x (2x + 1)9 dx. 7.19.
. 7.20.
. 7.21. 2x + 5 dx.
2 + 3x
(2 + x )4
x
sin x
1
7.22.
dx. 7.23. tg x dx. 7.24.
dx.
dx. 7.25.
2
cos
1
+
2
x
2x
cos
x +1
e 3 x + 2e 2 x + e x - 1
7.26. sin 2 x cos x dx . 7.27.
dx. 7.28. e cos x sin x dx.
ex
arctg 4 x
e x
dx
7.29.
dx. 7.30.
. 7.31.
dx.
1+ x2
x
1 + 2x 2
2x - 1
7.32. 2 + cos 5 x sin 5 x dx. 7.33. 2
dx.
x - 2x + 5
.
7.12. tg 2 x dx. 7.13.

7.34. x arctg x dx. 7.35. x ln x dx. 7.36. (2x 2 + x )ln x dx.

7.37.

ln x
x

dx. 7.38. xe - x dx. 7.39. xe 5 x dx.

148 7.
7.40. arctg 5 x - 1 dx. 7.41.

cos

dx. 7.42.

7.43. ln 2 x dx. 7.44. ln(x 2 + 1) dx. 7.45. e

arctg

dx.

dx.

.
2

7.46. (3x 2 - 1) dx. 7.47.

0

dx

1+ x

. 7.48.

2x - 3 x

3p

7.49. x 2 + 2 dx. 7.50. x (2 - x )5 dx. 7.51.

x
1
0
e

7.52. ln 2 x dx. 7.53.

1

arctg x dx. 7.54.

0

p 2

7.55.

sin x cos

x dx . 7.56.

1+

x sin x dx.

2p

x
x

p 4

) dx.

dx.

sin 4x dx. 7.57. x e

-x

dx.

, :
7.58. y = 4 - x 2 , y = 0. 7.59. y = x 2 , y = 1. 7.60. y = ln x, x = e, y = 0.
7.61. y = x , y = x. 7.62. y = 1 x , x = 1, x = 3.
7.63. y = tg x, x = 0, x = p/3. 7.64. y = x3, x = 0, x = 2.
7.65. y = sin x, y = x2 px.
, O ,
.
7.66. y = 1 x2, y = 0, x = 0. 7.67. y = ex, x = 0, x = 1, y = 0.
7.68. y = 4x x2, y = x. 7.69. y = x , y = x. 7.70. y = x2, y = 1, x = 0.
7.71. y = x3, y = x2.
.
7.72.

dx

x
0

. 7.73. e - x dx. 7.74. ln x dx. 7.75.

ln x
dx. 7.76. x e - x dx.
2
x
0

7.77. , y = xe - x

/2

0.
7.78. , O
y = ex = 0 = +.
.

149

7.79.
l , . .
7.80.

a, t < 6,

y =
p
a + b p sin 18 (t - 6),

t 6,

t . = 15 000 , b = 12 000 .

8.1. Em
8.1.1.
,
(x, y) ,
: M (x, y).
1. , M1 (x1, y1)
M2 (x2, y2)
r ( M1 , M 2 ) = ( x 1 - x 2 ) 2 + ( y 1 - y 2 ) 2 .
. , M1 (x1, y1, z1) M2 (x2, y2, z2)
r ( M1 , M 2 ) = ( x 1 - x 2 ) 2 + ( y 1 - y 2 ) 2 + ( z 1 - z 2 ) 2 .

(8.1)

, .

8.1.2. m-
2. m (x1, x2, x3, ..., xm) m-
Am.
(x1, x2, ..., xm)
. x1,
x2, ..., xm , : (x1, x2, ..., xm).

8.1. Em

151

3. Am m-
E m,
M (x 1 , x 2 , ..., x m ) M (x 1, x 2 , ..., x m ) Am r (M, M)
r (M , M ) = (x 1 - x 1)2 + (x 2 - x 2 )2 + ... + (x m - x m )2 .

(8.2)

, m- Am m- E m , , .

8.1.3. Em
{M} m- Em. .
1. {M} , x1, x2, ..., xm
(x 1 - x 10 )2 + (x 2 - x 20 )2 + ... + (x m - x m0 )2 R 2 ,

(8.3)

m- R M0
(x 10 , x 20 , ..., x m0 ).
m- , ,
.
(8.3) (8.2)
r (M, M0) R.

(8.4)

r (M, M0) < R {M} m- .

R- 0. (8.4), , {M} m- . m 2.
2. {M} , 0 r (M, M0) = R,
m- R 0.
: (x x0)2 + (y y0)2 = R2 R M0 (x0, y0),

152 8.
(x x0)2 + (y y0)2 + (z z0)2 = R2 R M0 (x0,
y0, z0).

8.2.
.
4. {M} E m -
u U. ,
{M} u = f (M).
{M} U , , ()
f (M).
, y = f (x)
. {Mn} z = f (x, y)
O (. 8.1). z , 3.
m
u = f (x 1 , x 2 , ..., x m ),
{M} E m, E m + 1.

. 8.1.

8.2.

153

8.2.1.

.
1. z = x 2 + y 2 .
. 3.

Oxy. [0, ).
(. 8.2): Oxz Oyz , , z = x2 z = y2.

. 8.2. z = x2 + y2

2.
z2 =

x2 y2
+ 2 .
a2
b

(8.5)

. E 3.
E2 Oxy. 0 (0, 0, 0);
, Oxy (. 8.3):
z =

x2 y2
+ 2.
a2
b

(8.6)

, Oxy, .

154 8.

. 8.3. z2 = x2/a2 + y2/b2

.

(8.7)
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Oxyz.
N = (A, B, C ) (8.7); . , M0 (x0, y0, z0),

A (x - x 0 ) + B (y - y 0 ) + C (z - z 0 ) = 0.

(8.8)

3. N = (1, 2, 1), 0 (2, 1, 1).

. (8.8), :
1(x - 2) + 2 (y - 1) - 1(z - 1) = 0, x + 2y - z - 3 = 0.
, Y
L.
(8.9)
Y = A K a L1- a ,
> 0 , 0 < a < 1 .

8.2.

155

8.2.2.
,
, ,
(, .).
5. z = f (x, y)
,
,
z = C, .
, , , ,
xy;
,
z = f (x, y).
, , z = f (x,
y) ,
f (x, y) = .

(8.10)

Ci
h;
, z = f (x, y). , ,
, , , (. 8.4).

. 8.4.

156 8.
4. z = x2 + y2 2x 2y.
.
xy,
x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 2y = C (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 = 2 + C.

1 (1, 1) r = 2 + C . (), ,
, x = 1, y = 1.

8.3.

8.3.1.
z = f (x, y)
M (x, y) 2. z = f (x, y)
z f

, z x , f x .
,
x x
f (x, y) z f
; :
, z y , f y . ,
,
y y
, .
. .
5. z = x 2 - 2xy + 2y 2 .
. z = f (x, y) ,
, , . :
z
= 2x - 2y ,
x
6. z = arctg xy,

z
= 4y - 2x .
y

y
z
x
z
=
.
=
,
x 1 + (xy )2 y 1 + (xy )2

8.3.

157

7. u = ye yz + ln(x 2 - 2y + z ).
. :
2x
u
u
2
=
,
= (1 + yz )e yz - 2
,
x x 2 - 2y + z y
x - 2y + z
u
1
= y 2 e yz + 2
.
z
x - 2y + 2
8. Y
: L
Y = A K a L1- a .
.
Y K = A a K a-1L1- a , Y L = A (1 - a ) K a L- a
. ,
a 1 a , , EK (Y) EL (Y)
.

8.3.2.
u = f (x, y, z), M (x, y, z).
6. u = f (x, y, z) , , ,
u u u
.

,
,
x y z
grad u:
u u u
grad u = ,
,
.
x y z

(8.11)

, z = f (x, y) :
u u
grad z = ,
(8.12)
.
x y
.

158 8.

. , 8.2.2.
7. u = f (x, y, z) ,
f (x, y, z) = c = const.
(8.13)
, .
,
. .
xy
9. z =

x + y +1
(0, 1).
. (8.12)
z z y (y + 1)
x (x + 1)
grad z = ,
,
=
2

y
(x + y + 1)2

(x + y + 1)

= 0 = 1 :
grad z |(0,1) = {1, 0}, | grad z | = 1.
10.
u = x 2 - 2x + y 2 + 2y - z.
. (8.13),
x2 2x + y2 + 2y z = c, z = (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 C, = + 2.
, = 1, = 1, z, (1, 1, ).

8.3.3.
,
, . . . ,
z = f (x, y) :

8.4.

159

z 2 z
z
2 z
z
2 z
z 2 z
,
.
=
=
=
=
,
,
2
y y
x x y x y x x y x y y 2
x
,
, . .

.
11. z = x 3 - xy 2 + x + y + y 4 .
. , :
z
z
= 3x 2 - y 2 + 1,
= -2xy + 1 + 4y 3 ,
x
y
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
= 6x ,
= -2y,
= -2y,
= 12y 2 - 2x.
2
x y
y x
x
y 2
12. z = e x sin 2y.
. :
z
= e x sin 2y,
x
2 z
= 2e x cos 2y,
x y

z
= 2e x cos 2y,
y

2 z
= e x sin 2y,
2
x

2 z
= 2e x cos 2y,
y x

2 z
= -4e x sin 2y.
y 2

, . .
8.1. z = f (x, y)
M0 (x0, y0), .

8.4.

8.4.1.
z = f (x, y) {M}, M0 (x0,
y0) .

160 8.
8. z = f (x, y) 0 (), 0, {M}, M (x, y)
f (M) f (M0) (f (M) f (M0)).

.
(
), Dz = f (M) f (M0)
0:
Dz 0, 0 ;
Dz 0, 0 .
.
8.2. z = f (x, y) M0 (x0, y0) ,
:
z
z
(8.14)
= 0,
= 0.
x | M 0
y | M 0

, (8.14):
0.
, (8.14) . , z = x2 y2
(0, 0), ( ),
: f (0, 0) = 0, 0
, .
, (8.14),
, .
.
13. z = x 2 + y 2 + xy - 4x - 5 y.
z
z
=0
= 0, x
y
:
2x + y = 4,

2y + x = 5.

. (8.14),

8.4.

161

= 1, = 2, . . (1, 2) .
14. u = x 2 + 2x + y 2 + 2xy + z 2 + zy.
. , ,

:
x + y = -1,

2x + 2y + z = 0,
y + 2z = 0.

: (3, 4, 2).

8.4.2.
z = f (x, y), .
2 z 2 z 2 z
0 11, 12, 22

,
,
x 2 x y y 2
.
.
8.3. M0 (x0, y0) u = f (x, y) . ,
a11 a22 - a122 > 0,

(8.15)

u = f (x, y) 0 : 11 < 0 11 > 0. a11 a22 - a122 0, 0.

15.
z = x3 y3 3xy.
.
z z
=
= 0. x y
:
x 2 - y = 0,

x + y 2 = 0,

162 8.
(0, 0) (1, 1).
:
a11 =

2u
= 6x ,
x 2

a12 =

2u
= - 3,
x y

a22 =

2u
= -6y,
y 2

D = a11 a22 - a122 = -36xy - 9. (0, 0) D < 0, ,

. (1, 1) ,
D = 27 > 0, . . ; 11 < 0, .
umax = f (1, 1) = 1.

8.5.
8.5.1.
, . 1, 2, ...,
m m ,
1, 2, ..., Pm ( Pi ).

C = S (x 1 , x 2 , ..., x m ).

= P1x1 + P2x2 + ... +Pmxm S (x1, x2, ..., xm).

(8.16)

(8.16) xi 0 ( )
P
= 0, i = 1, 2, ..., m.
x i
xi
Pi =

S
= 0,
x i

i = 1, 2, ..., m.

(8.17)

(8.17) :
() -

8.5.

163

. , m . ,
(8.17)
.
. , . , , P1 = 8 P2 = 10, C = x2 + xy + y2.
, (8.16), x1 = x, x2 = y
:
P(x, y ) = 8x + 10y - x 2 - xy - y 2 .

2x + y = 8,

x + 2y = 10,
(2, 4).
a11 = -2 < 0, a22 = -2; a12 = 1, D = a11 a22 - a122 = 3 > 0,
, Pmax = 28.

8.5.2.


P (K, L) = P F (K, L) WL RK,

(8.18)

F (K, L) , , W
R , ,
L , . , .
1. (0, L0) ,
(8.18) . F .
P (, L) , :
P FK (K 0 , L0 ) - R = 0, P FL (K 0 , L0 ) - W = 0.

164 8.
,
m = - FL FK ,
: m = -W R.
2. . (8.18), F (K, L) = 2 (KL)1/3.
,
P(K , L) = 2P (KL)1/ 3 - WL - RK .

0 L0 :
2 1/ 3 -2 / 3
= R,
3 PL0 K 0

2 PK 1/ 3 L-2 / 3 = W .
0
0
3
:
K 0 = (2P 3)3 R 2W ,

L0 = (2P 3)3 RW 2 .

:
P max = (2P 3)3 RW .

8.5.3.
,
.
, , . .
: n
1, 2, ..., n,
(8.19)
u,
u1, u2, ..., un.

(8.20)

u = f (M),
u () {Mi}.
,
:

8.5.

165

1) f (M) f
(),
;
2) ,
(8.19) (8.20).
, ,

j1 (M), j2 (M), ..., jm (M),

(8.21)

. .
f (M ) = a1 j1 (M ) + a2 j 2 (M ) + ... + am j m (M ),

(8.22)

a1, a2, ..., am

(8.23)

.
(8.23).
, (8.22) (8.19) (8.20).

. 8.5.

() di (. 8.5) (8.22)
(8.19) m :
n

i =1

i =1

S (a1 , a2 , ..., am ) = d i2 = [u i - f (M i )]2 =

2

= u i - ak j k (M i ) .
i =1
k =1

(8.24)

166 8.
(8.24) m
(8.23) m . m m (8.23):
A j1 a1 + A j 2 a2 + ... + A jm am = B j ,

j = 1, 2, ...,

m.

(8.25)

A jk = Akj = j j (M i ) j k (M i ),
i =1

B j = u i j j (M i );

(8.26)

i =1

j, k = 1, 2, ..., n.
(8.24) ,
E m,
(8.25)
.

(, ). (8.19) 1, 2, ... xn,
(8.21) : 1. (8.22)
u = ax + b.

(8.27)

b
A11 a + A12 b = B1 ,

A21 a1 + A22 b = B2 ,

(8.28)

A11 = x i2 ,
i =1

A22 = n,

A12 = A21 = x i ,
i =1

B1 = u i x i ,
i =1

B2 = u i .
i =1

(8.29)

167

.
1
8.1. z = 2
. 8.2. z = xy . 8.3. z = a 2 - x 2 - y 2 . 8.4. z = x - y.
2
x +y
8.5. z =

1
1+ x + y

8.8. z =

1
x -y

. 8.6. z =

1
x 2 + y 2 - a2

. 8.7. z = ln (x + y).

.
8.9. z = xy. 8.10. z = x + y. 8.11. z = y - x 2 . 8.12. z =
8.13. z =

x
.
y

y -x2
.
x2

.
xy
8.14. z = x 3 + 3x 2 y - y 3 . 8.15. z =
. 8.16. z = sin (x + y).
x -y
8.17. z = x 2 y 3 - x 3 y 2 . 8.18. z = arctg

y
. 8.19. z = exy. 8.20. z = ln (x + y2).
x

8.21. z = ln( x + y ). 8.22. z = xyexy. 8.23. z = x 2 + y 2 .

8.24. u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
.
8.25. z = 4 x2 y2, (1, 2).
8.26. z = (x y)2, M (0, 3). 8.27. u = x2 + y2 z2, M (1, 1, 2).
8.28. u = xyz, M (3, 1, 2).
.
x2
8.29. z =
. 8.30. z = xey. 8.31. z = ln (x + exy). 8.32. z = x2y.
1 + 2y
8.33. z = arctg xy. 8.34. z = e x (sin y + x cos y ).
:
8.35. z = x 2 + y 2 + xy - 4x - 5 y. 8.36. z = xy (1 - x - y ).

168 8.
8.37. z = x 3 - y 3 - 3xy. 8.38. z = 3x + 6y x2 xy + y2.
8.39. z = 2x3 xy2 + 5x2 + y2. 8.40. z = 2xy 4x 2y. 8.41. z = ex/2 (x + y2).
8.42. , , 1 = 32
2 = 24 . ,
, 3
C = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 .
2
8.43. u:
x -2 0 1 2 4
u 05
, 1 15
, 2 3
u u = ax + b.

. ,
.

. ,
.
, .
, , .

9.1.
9.1.1.
1.
F (x, y, y) = 0,

(9.1)

, ,
, .
:

170 9.
(y)3y2 + 2xy = 0,

y = x2 sin y,

(x + y)3/2 = 3xy2.

,
y = f (x, y).

(9.2)

(9.2) , .
. ,
:
y = x2 + y2,

y = xy3 + tg (xy),

y = 2x + y.

, .
1. (y)2 = x2 + y2, : y = x 2 + y 2 .
2. y = x + sin y, y = (x + sin y )2 .
2. y = j (x), (a, b), . .
3. y = x2
xy 2x2 = 0
.

.
, .
9.1. (9.2).
f (x, y) f y (x, y ) D O,
(0, 0) (9.2), y = y0 = 0.
, y0 0, ( ) :
y | x0 = y 0 .

(9.3)

(9.2), (9.3),

9.1.

171

, (0, 0)
D.
3. (9.2) y = j (x, C), ,
O.

9.1.2.
4.
y = f1 (x) f2 (y),

(9.4)

f1 (x) f2 (y) ,
.
. dy

. (9.4) dx
dx
f2 (y) (f2 (y) 0); :
dy
(9.5)
= f1 (x ) dx.
f 2 (y )
,
, . . . ,
,
. , , . .,
, , :
dy
(9.6)
f 2 (y ) = f1 (x ) dx + C,
.
4. xy y = 0, .
. , ,
dx;
:

172 9.
dy dx
=
.
y
x
( , ),

ln | y | = ln | x | + ln | C |,
. :
|y|=|Cx|,
y = Cx, y = C1x. , .
5. y = x

y2 +1
y

. ,

(0, 1).
. , :
y dy
y2 +1

= x dx.

y dy
y2 +1

= x dx + C,

.
( )

y2 +1 =

1 2
x + C.
2

, (0, 1), : C = 2, . .
( )
y = (x 2 2 + 2 )2 - 1.

9.1.

173

9.1.3.
5. (9.2)
, f
: , .
1. f .

dy = f (x) dx,
,
y = f (x ) dx + C.
2. f , . . (9.2)
y = f (y).

(9.7)

.

,
, . , f (), = 0.
(9.7)

y = j (x) ( x = y (y)):
dy

f ( y ) = x + C.

(9.8)

9.1.4.
6.
y + p (x) y = q (x),

(9.9)

p (x) q (x) , .

, .
q (x) 0, (9.9)
; q (x) ,
(9.9) .

174 9.
(9.9):
- p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx dx .
(9.10)
y (x ) = e
C + q(x ) e

,

y (x).

y + p (x) y = q (x) yn,

(9.11)

p q , n .
n 0, n 1.
z = y1 n,

(9.12)

z (x):
z + (1 - n) pz = (1 - n) q.

(9.13)

.
6. y + x2y = x2.
. . (9.10) p (x) = x2
3
3
x3
q (x) = x2 x 2 dx =
, x 2 e x 3 dx = e x 3 + C ( 3
t = x3). (9.10)

y (x ) = Ce - x

+ 1.

7. y + xy = xy3.
. n = 3. z = y2,
(9.12) (9.13), z (x)
dz
- 2xz = -2x.
dx
(9.10)

9.2.

175

z (x ) = Ce x + 1.
, y = 1
:

z , -

y = (Ce x + 1)-1 2 .

9.2.
9.2.1.
7.
F (x, y, y, y) = 0,

(9.14)

, , , .
:
y + yy - xy 3 - sin y = 0,

y 2 y + xy + x 2 cos y = 0.

, , :
y = f (x, y, y).

(9.15)

,
(9.14) y = j (x),
(a, b), .
.
.
9.2 ( ). f (x, y, y)
f y f y D
(x, y, y). M0 (x0, y0, y 0 )
(9.15),

x = x0; y = y0, y = y0.

(9.16)

(9.16) , (9.15) .

176 9.
(9.15) , ,
- .

9.2.2.
8.

y + p (x ) y + q (x ) y = f (x ),

(9.17)

, p (x), q (x) f (x) , (a, b).

f (x) = 0, (9.17)
, .

, (9.17) p (x) q (x) .
. ,
y + py + qy = f (x),
p q .
.

9.2.3.

y + py + qy = 0,

(9.18)

p q . . , .
.
(9.18) y = ekx, k . , :
k 2 e kx + pke kx + qe kx = 0.
ekx, k:

9.2.

k2 + pk + q = 0.

177

(9.19)

(9.19)
(9.18).
(9.18) ,
(9.19).
k1 k2. .
9.3. 1. k1 k2,
(9.18)
y = C1 e k1 x + C 2 e k2 x .

(9.20)

2. (9.20) (k1 = k2 = k),

(9.18)
y = C1 e kx + C 2 xe kx ;

(9.21)

3.
(k1 = a + bi, k2 = a bi, i = -1 , b ),
y = e ax (C1 cos bx + C 2 sin bx ),

(9.22)

a = - p 2, b = q - p 2 4. 1 2 .
8. y - 5 y + 4y = 0.
.

k 2 - 5 k + 4 = 0.
: k1 = 1, k2 = 4. ,
y = C1 e x + C 2 e 4 x .
9. y - 6y + 9 = 0.
. :
k 2 - 6k + 9 = 0, (k - 3)2 = 0.
k = 3; ,
y = e 3 x (C1 + C 2 x ).

178 9.
10. y - 2y + 2y = 0.
.
k 2 - 2k + 2 = 0
, 1, , -
k1 = 1 + i, k2 = 1 i, i = -1 . ,
y = e x (C1 sin x + C 2 cos x ).

9.2.4.

(9.23)
y + py + qy = f (x ).
9.4. (9.23) (9.18).
(9.23) ,
.
11. y - 5 y + 4y = 8.
.
8. , ~y = C. , = 2. ,

y (x ) = C1 e x + C 2 e 4 x + 2 .
12. y - 6y + 9y = 9.
.
,
.
, , . . ~y = Ax + B,
B . ~y
, :
-6A + 9Ax + 9B = 9x.
, : 9 = 9, 6 + 9 = 0. = 1,
= 2/3, . . ~y = x + 2 3. -

9.2.

179

(. 9), :
y (x ) = e 3 x (C1 + C 2 x ) + x + 2 3.
1. ,
(9.19) s, Pn (x) n,
Qn (x) xs, Qn (x)
n , .
2. ,
erx,
~y (x ) = x s e rx , s k = r (9.19).

9.2.5.

, 1 2. .
1. (9.16), , 9.2, 0 (9.16).
2. , ( ), :
x = x1, y = y1; x = x2, y = y2.
13.

(9.24)

y - 5 y + 4y = 8,

= 0, = 1; x = ln 2, y = 2.
11:
y ( x ) = C1 e x + C 2 e 4 x + 2 .
, , . 1 2:

180 9.
C1 + C 2 = -1,

2C1 + 4C 2 = 0.
: 2 = 1/3, C1 = 4/3.
,
(0, 1) (ln 2, 2),
4
1
y = 2 - ex + e4x .
3
3

.
9.1. xy y = 0. 9.2. yy + x = 0. 9.3. x2y + y = 0. 9.4. y = y.
9.5. (1 + y2) dx = (1 + x2)dy. 9.6. xyy = 1 x2.
9.7. (1 + x2)yy = x (1 + y2). 9.8. yy + x = 1. 9.9. (x + 1) y + xy = 0.
, ( ).
9.10. 2y x = y, y 0 = 1 x 0 = 4 .
9.11. x 2 y + y 2 = 0, y 0 = 1 x 0 = -4 .
9.12. (1 + e x ) yy = e x , y 0 = 1 x 0 = 0.
y
9.13. xy =
, y 0 = 1 x 0 = e.
ln x
9.14. (1 + y 2 ) dx - xy dy = 0, y 0 = 1 x 0 = 2 .
9.15. (2x + 1) dy + y 2 dx = 0, y 0 = 1 x 0 = 4 .
.
2
9.16. y - y = e x . 9.17. y = x + y. 9.18. xy + y = 3. 9.19. y + 2xy = 2xe - x .
y
9.20. y - = x. 9.21. y + y = cos x.
x
.
9.22. y + xy = xy 3 . 9.23. y x + y = -xy 2 . 9.24. y + y = xy 3 .
9.25. xy + 2y = x 5 y 2 .
.
9.26. y - 5 y + 6y = 0. 9.27. y - 3y + 2y = 0.

181

9.28. y - 4y + 4y = 0. 9.29. y - 8y + 25 y = 0.
9.30. y - 2y + 2y = 0. 9.31. y + 4y = 0.
9.32. y + 3y + 2y = 0. 9.33. y + 2y + 5 y = 0.
9.34. y - y = 0. 9.35. y + y = 0.
.
9.36. y + 2y + y = e x . 9.37. y + y - 2y = -4.
9.38. y + 3y = 9x. 9.39. y - 5 y + 6y = 6x.
9.40. y + y - 2y = 2e 2 x . 9.41. y - 5 y + 6y = e 2 x .
, .
9.42. y - 5 y + 6y = 0, y 0 = 0, y 0 = 1 x 0 = 0.
9.43. y - 3y + 2y = 0, y 0 = 1, y 0 = 0 x 0 = 0.
9.44. y - 7 y + 6y = 12, y 0 = 1, y 0 = 4 x 0 = 0.
9.45. y - 4y + 3y = 3x + 2, y 0 = 0, y 0 = 1 x 0 = 0.
, .
9.46. y - 7 y + 6y = 12, y 0 = 2 x 0 = 0; y 1 = 64 x 1 = ln 2.
9.47. y - 5 y + 6y = 2e x , y 0 = 2 x 0 = 0; y 1 = -6 x 1 = ln 3.
5
9.48. y - 6y + 9y = 9x, y 0 = 0 x 0 = 0; y 1 = x 1 = 1.
3
x
9.49. y + 3y + 2y = 6e , y 0 = 7 x 0 = 0; y 1 = 4 x 1 = ln 2 .

 III

 10

S ,

, .
, , .
. .

10.1.
10.1.1.
.
, .
; .
1. , n ,
.
n:
Pn = 1 2 3L n = n !
2. m , n (m n), ,
, .

10.1.

185

Anm = n (n - 1) (n - 2) L (n - m + 1).
3. , m ,
n (m n) , .

n!
, C nm = C nn - m , Anm = Pm C nm .
(10.1)
nm =
m ! (n - m)!
, ,
m > n/2.
, (10.1):
( p + q)n = C nn p n q 0 + C nn -1 p n -1 q1 + ... + C 1n pq n -1 + C n0 p 0 q n .

(10.2)

1. : ) 2 ; )
32 , 36 ?
. :
35 36
36 !
36 !
2
32
4
) C 36
=
=
= 630, ) C 36
= C 36
=
= 58 905.
2 ! 34 !
2
4 ! 32 !

10.1.2.
.

, .
1. ,

. , , .
2. ,
. , () , ;
.

10.1.3.
, . , , , .

186 10.
3.
, ,
.
(). .
.
.
1. .
2. .
3.
0 < P (A) < 1.
,
0 P (A) 1.

(10.3)

2. 10 : 6 4 . , 4 .
. : , 4 6 ,
C 64 = C 62 =

6!
= 15.
2! 4!

10 5:
105 = 252. 3,
= 15/252 0,06.

10.2.
10.2.1.
4. , .
, , , .
.
, S, , -

10.2.

187

.
, , .
5.
().
3. 11 , 3 .
, . ,
, .
. 10
8 , ,
PA (B) = 0,8.
P () PA (B) . .
10.1.

P (AB) = P (A) PA (B).

(10.4)
,
P (A) PA (B) = P (B) PB (A).
4. 3 , , .
. ,
, . P () = 3/11,
PA (B) = 0,8. ( )
, 10.1,
P (AB) = P (A) PA (B) = (3/11) 0,8 0,22.
10.1
1, 2, 3, ..., An:
P (A1A2A3 L An) = P (A1 ) PA1 (A2 ) PA1 A2 (A3 )L PA1 A2 LAn -1 (An ),

(10.5)

. . n n , PA1 A2 LAk -1 (Ak ) -

188 10.
Ak , 1, 2, ..., Ak1
(k = 1, 2, ..., n).
5. 4 , 5 3 . , .
, ( ),
( ), ( ).
.
() = 1/3;

PA (B) = 5/11;
PA () = 0,3.
(10.5) n = 3:
P (ABC) = P (A)PA (B)PAB (C) = (1/3)(5/11) 0,3 0,045.

10.2.2.
6. ,
( ):
PA (B) = P (B).

(10.6)

10.1
, (10.5),
P (A1 A2 A3 L An ) = P (A1 ) P (A2 ) P (A3 )L P (An ), n > 1. (10.7)
(10.7) .
6. , 0,9, 0,8 0,7 ( , ).
. , , , (10.9), n = 3:
P (ABC ) = P (A) P (B) P (C ) = 0,9 08
, 07
, = 0504
, .
n ,

(,
, , ).
. .

10.3.

189

10.2. 1, 2, ..., n
P (A) = 1 q1q2 L qn,

(10.8)

qi = 1 pi Ai (i = 1, 2, ..., n).
, Ai p, (10.8) ,
P (A) = 1 q n,

q = 1 p.

(10.9)

7. 4 .
0,8. , .
. ( ) q = 1 0,8 = 0,2. (10.9) n = 4:
P (A) = 1 q4 = 1 0,24 = 0,9984.

10.3.
10.3.1.
7. ,

. .
8.
= + , ,
, .
, .
10.3.
:
P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) P (AB).

(10.10)

(10.10) :
1. (10.7):

190 10.
P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A) P(B).

(10.11)

2. (10.4):
P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A) PA(B).

(10.12)

3. P (AB) = 0,
P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B).

(10.13)

8.
, , 0,8 0,9.
.
. (
)
, . (10.11):
P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A) P (B) = 0,8 + 0,9 0,72 = 0,98.
1, 2, ..., n
:
P (A1) + P (A2) + ... + P (An) = 1.

(10.14)

10.3.2.
1, 2, ..., n ,
. . (10.14):
P (1) + P (2) + ... + P (

) = 1.

%n

i, P (i), PB (A) (i = 1, 2, ..., n).

.
10.4. ,
i, (i = 1, 2, ..., n), :
P (A) = P (B1 ) PB1 (A) + P (B2 ) PB2 (A) + ... + P (Bn ) PBn (A).

(10.15)

10.3.

191

9. : 4 5 , 7 3 . .
,
.
. ( 1) ( 2) . , , P (B1) = 0,7
P (B2) = 0,3.
( )
PB1 (A) = 05
, PB2 (A) = 0,4 .
(10.15) n = 2:
, 05
, + 0,3 0,4 = 0,47.
P (A) = P (B1 ) PB1 (A) + P (B2 ) PB2 (A) = 07

10.3.3.
1, 2, ... n ,
.
Bi , ,
. .
i :
PA (Bi ) =

P (Bi ) PBi (A)

P (B1 ) PB1 (A) + P (B2 ) PB2 (A) + ... + P (Bn ) PBn (A)

= P (Bi ) PBi (A) /

i = 1, 2 , ...,

P (B
k =1

) PBk (A) = P (Bi )PBi (A) / P (A), (10.16)

n.

(10.16) , .
Bi ,
. , P (Bi)
,
, .
10. 100 60 40 .
,
, , 0,9 0,75 .
.

192 10.
. , ( 1), 0,6, 0,4 ( 2). ( ) (10.15) (10.16):
PA (B1 ) =

P (B1 ) PB1 (A)

P (B1 ) PB1 (A) + P (B2 ) PB2 (A)

06
, 0,9
, .
= 064
06
, 0,9 + 0,4 075
,

, 64% , , .

10.4.
10.4.1.
9.
,
.
, . n
, p. q = 1 p.
, n k
n k .
, n , :
Pn (k ) = C nk p k q n - k Pn (k ) =

n!
p k qn-k .
k ! (n - k )!

(10.17)

11. 4 . 4 ,
. 2, 3 4 ( ).
. (10.17) , (
) ( ) 0,25,
q = 0,75. :

10.4.

193

P4 (2) = C 42 (025
, )2 (075
, )2 = 021
, ;
, )3 (075
, )1 = C 14 (025
, )3 075
, = 0047
,
;
P4 (3) = C 43 (025
, )4 (075
, )0 = C 40 (025
, )4 = (025
, )4 = 0004
, .
P4 (4) = C 44 (025

10.4.2.
, n p. n , k
l < k < m. Pn (l, m). .
10.5. p
, 0 < p < 1. ,
n 1 m ,
:
b

e
2p

Pn (l, m) =

-z2 2

(10.18)

dz,

a = (l - np )

npq,

b = (m - np )

npq.

(10.18) n k.


F(x ) =

e
2p

-z2 2

(10.19)

dz,

. F ()
. ,
F () . (10.18) :
Pn (l, m) = F (b) - F (a), a = (l - np )
b = (m - np )

npq .

npq,

(10.20)

12. 10 . ,
. 2000 . ., -

194 10.
p = 0,005,
200 . . . : ) 0,9; ) 0,995.
. k
. , ( .):
R = (20 - 02
, k ).
N, 10000 (k > N) 1 , , ,
P10 000 (N < k < 10000) 1 - P.
(20 0,2 N)
.
F () n = 10 000, l = N m = 10 000 (10.20)
a = (N - np ) npq =

N - 50
,
7,05

b = 9550 7,05 = 141134

, .

. 2 , F () = 0,5 | x | > 5. , :
N - 50
05
, - F
1 - P.
7,05

N - 50
N - 50
05
, - F
, F
0,4.
01
7
,
05
7,05

. 2 , F ()
1,28; F () ,
F ()
:
N - 50
128
, .
7,05
, N 50 + 9,02, N 60. 0,9
R = 20 - 02
, 60 = 8 . .

195

, , N 69.
0,995
R = 20 - 02
, 69 = 62
, . .
, . :
, .

10.1. 36 .
10.2. .
, 6 ,
8 .
10.3.
. , : ) ;
) ,
.
10.4. 10 , 7 . , 6 4 .
10.5. 15 , 10 . 3 . , .
10.6. 40 : 15 , 15 10 . .
10.7. 200 50 10 . .
?
10.8. 6 ,
. , , 2 .
, .
10.9. .
0,7, 0,8

196 10.
0,5. , .
10.10. . , , 0,9
0,8.
, .
10.11.

150 % .
0,2. ,
.
10.12.
, , 0,55,
0,45. 0,9, 0,98.
.
. ,
.
10.13. ,
. , , 0,4, 0,3 0,5 .
10.14. 0,51.
, 100 50 .
10.15. 0,7 2100 . : )
1470 ; ) 1470 1500 ; )
1469 .
10.16. 0,8. , , 75 .
10.17. , , 1000 . 500 . . .
110 % . p = 0,01. : ) 0,8; ) 0,995?

 11

1. , , .
,
. ,
100 , 0 100.
, . .
2. , , .
3. , .

11.1.
11.1.1.
4. .

, ;
, :
X
P

x1
p1

x2 L xn
p2 L pn

(11.1)

198 11.

, X = x1, X = x2, ..., X = xn
, . . :
p1 + p 2 + ... + p n = 1.

(11.2)

,
:
p1 + p 2 + ... + p n + ... = 1.

(11.3)

1.

X
P

5 10 15 20 25 30
01
, 01
, 02
, 0,3 02
, 01
,

, ,
3 %
6 .
. 3 %
6 [(1,03)6 1] 100 % = 19,4 %. , , ,
:
P (X > 194
, ) = p 4 + p 5 + p 6 = 0,3 + 02
, + 01
, = 06
,.

11.1.2.
n , , . p (.
10.4.1).
n . , 1 = 0,
2 = 1, 3 = 2, ..., n+1 = n. k (. (10.17)):
Pn (k ) = C nk p k q n - k ,

(11.4)

q = 1 p (
). (11.4)

11.1.

199

( n ),
; (11.4)
. (11.4),
.
, , . .
n

k
n

p k q n - k = p n + np n -1 q + ... + C nk p k q n - k + ... + q n = 1.

(11.5)

k =0

2. 5 .
0,2 . , .
. .
, n = 5 . k 5 (11.4), p = 0,2, q = 0,8, k 5.
(11.4) k 5 C nk
(. 10.1.1, (10.1)), :
X
5
4
3
2
1
0
P
000032
,
00064
,
00512
,
02048
,
0,4096 0,32768

11.1.3.
n . n . , np
, . . np = l. , k , ,

(11.6)
Pn (k ) = lk e - l k !.
3. 10 000 . ,
, 0,0003. , 4 .
. n = 10 000, p = 0,0003, k = 4. l,
(11.6) :

200 11.
l = np = 10 000 0,0003 = 3,

P10 000 (4) = 34e3/4! = 0,168.

11.2.

. , ,
.

11.2.1.

(11.1).
5.
:
n

M(x ) = x 1 p1 + x 2 p 2 + ... + x n p n = x i p i .

(11.7)

i =1

, () .
, ( )
.
,
pi = p = 1/n (11.7).
4.
2.
. , (11.7):
() = 5 0,00032 + 4 0,0064 + 3 0,0512 +
+ 2 0,2048 + 1 0,4096 + 0 0,32768 = 1.
.
1. :
() = .

(11.8)

11.2.

201

2.
:
() = ().

(11.9)

3.
:
M(X 1 + X 2 + L + X m ) = M (X 1 ) + M (X 2 ) + L + M (X m ).

(11.10)

4.

M (X 1 X 2 ... X m ) = M (X 1 )M (X 2 ) ... M (X m ).

(11.11)

5. 120 . . .,
X
0
1 2 3 4 5
6
7
8
9
P

025
,
02
, 01
, 01
, 01
, 01
, 005
,
005
,
0025
,
0025
,

150 . . .
. :
= (150 120).
() ( . . .):
M () = M (150X 120) = 150M (X) 120 =
= 150 2,675 120 = 281,25.

11.2.2.
6. : X M (X).
7. , :
D (X) = M [X M (X)]2.
:
D (x ) = [x 1 - M (X )]2 p1 + [x 2 - M (X )]2 p 2 + ... +
+ [x n - M (X )]2 p n .

(11.12)

(11.13)

202 11.
, (11.13):
D (X ) = M (X 2 ) - [M (X )]2 .

(11.14)

6.
5.
. 2
X2
P

0
1 4 9 16 25 36
49
64
81
025
,
02
, 01
, 01
, 01
, 01
, 005
,
005
,
002
, 5 0025
,

(2) :
M (X2) = 0 0,25 + 1 0,2 + 4 0,1 + 9 0,1 + 16 0,1 + 25 0,1 +
+ 36 0,05 + 49 0,05 + 64 0,025 + 81 0,025 = 13,475.
M (X) = 2,675. ,
(11.14), :
D (X ) = M (X 2 ) - [M (X )]2 = 13, 475 - 7,156 = 6,319.
.
1. :
D (C) = 0.

(11.15)

2. , :
D (CX) = C2 D (X).

(11.16)

3.
:
D (X 1 + X 2 + ... + X n ) = D (X 1 ) + D (X 2 ) + ... + D (X n ).

(11.17)

1 3 : D (X + C) = D (X), . ,
n p

D (X ) = np (1 - p ) = npq.

(11.18)

: ,
(11.6),
l .

11.2.

203

7. n S .
. r.
,
,
.
. , , n .
q = 1 p.
, ,
= (1 + r 100) SX - nS.
X . , (11.7),
:
M () = (1 + r 100) S M (X ) - nS = (1 + r 100) Snp - Sn = Sn (rp 100 - q).

( ), () > 0

r > 100 q p r > 100 (1 - p ) p .
, (11.18)
13,
D () = D ((1 + r 100) SX - nS ) = (1 + r 100)2 S 2 npq.

11.2.3.
8. ()
s(X ) = D (X ).

(11.19)

3 (11.17) ,

s (X 1 + X 2 + ... + X n ) = s 2 (X 1 ) + s 2 (X 2 ) + ... + s 2 (X n ).

(11.20)

8. 7
n = 1000, p = 0,8,
S = 100 . . . r = 30 %.

204 11.
. , : 30 > 100 (1
0,8)/0,8.
() = Sn (rp/100 q) = 100 1000 (30 0,8/100 0,2) =
= 4 . .

s(X ) = D (X ) = (1 + r 100) S npq = 13
, 100 1000 08
, 02
, =
= 1644,38 . . .

11.2.4.
9. ,
, X Y ( )

m xy = Cov(X , Y ) = M {[X - M (X )] [Y - M (Y )]}.

(11.21)

X Y.
, mxy :
m xy = M (XY ) - M (X ) M (Y ).

(11.22)

m xy =
i =1

x y
i

p ij - M (X ) M (Y ).

(11.23)

j =1

(11.22) , . mxy , Y .
10.
Y :
rxy = m xy (s x s y ) = m xy

D (X ) D (Y ).

(11.24)

, :
| rxy | 1

1 rxy 1.

(11.25)

11.2.

205

11. Y , ( ) ;
, Y .
, (. .
rxy 0) . , . . ,
.

11.2.5.
(, Y) , Y
. Y X:
Y g (x ) = aX + b,

(11.26)

a b , . (.
8.5.3). g (x) Y
X.
11.1. Y X

sy
(11.27)
g (X ) = my + rxy
(X - mx ),
sx
rxy (11.24), my = M (Y) mx = M (X) , , Y .
a = rxy s y s x Y
, , (11.27)
Y ,
sy
(11.28)
y - my = rxy
(x - m),
sx
Y X. (11.27) ,
, :
e 2 = s y2 (1 - rxy2 ).

(11.29)

e.

206 11.

11.3.
11.3.1.
(. 3), (a, b).
12. F (x), , , :
F (x) = P (X < x).

(11.30)

:
1. [0, 1]:
0 F (x) 1.

(11.31)

2. , . .
F (x2) > F (x1) x2 > x1.

(11.32)

3. (a, b), F (x) = 0 a F (x) = 1 b.

:
1. , ,
(a, b), :
P (a X < b) = F (b) - F (a ).

(11.33)

2. ,
, .
3.
, :
lim F (x ) = 0,

x-

lim F (x ) = 1.

(11.34)

. 11.1.
13. :
f (x) = F (x).

(11.35)

11.3.

207

. 11.1.

,

.
b

P (a < X < b) = f (x ) dx.

(11.36)

(11.30)
x

F (x ) = P (X < x ) =

f (z ) dz.

(11.37)

:
1.

f (x) > 0.

(11.38)

f (x ) dx = 1.

(11.39)

2.

,
, (, ).

(a, b),
b

f (x ) dx = 1.

(11.40)

11.3.2.

.

208 11.
, (11.9) (11.14) .
b

M (X ) = x f (x ) dx,
a

D (X ) = [x - M (X )]2 f (x ) dx.

(11.41)

, 0, a b :
= , b = . , ( ).
, , (11.19):
s(X ) = D (X ).
,
(11.41):
b

D (X ) = x 2 f (x ) dx - [M (X )]2 .

(11.42)

9. ,
, [0, 1]:
f (x) = 1,

[0, 1].

. (11.41), (11.42) (11.19), :

1

M (X ) = x f (x ) dx = x dx =
1

1 2
x
2

1
= .
2
0

D (X ) = x 2 f (x ) dx - [M (X )]2 = x 2 dx - (1 2) =
2

s(X ) = D (X ) = 1 2 3 0289
, .

1 1
1
- = .
3 4 12

11.4.

209

11.4.

11.4.1.
14. ,
.
(11.39) ,
0, x a,

f (x ) = 1 (b - a), a < x b,
0, x > b.

(11.43)

. 11.2.

. 11.2.

10. , (1, 5).

. (11.43), 0,25 (1, 5). (11.41) (11.42) a = 1 b = 4:
5

M (X ) = x 025
, dx = 0125
,
x2
5

D (X ) = x 2 025
, dx - 32 = 025
,
1

x3
3

5
1

= 0125
,
(25 - 1) = 3;

-9 = 133
, ; s(X ) = 133
, = 112
, .

210 11.

11.4.2.
15.

2
2
1
(11.44)
f (x ) =
e -(x -a) 2 s .
s 2p
(11.44)
s . 11.3.

. 11.3. (11.44)
s

: s. (
(11.41) (11.42)), ,
M (X) = a,

D (X) = s2,

s (X) = s.

(11.45)

16. = 0
s = 1 ;
1 -x 2 2
(11.46)
f (x ) =
e
.
2p


x

F (x ) =

f (z ) dz =

1
2p

-z2 2

dz.

(11.47)

11.4.

211

(11.46) , ,
, N (0, 1) (. 10.4.2)
F(x ) =

e
2p

-z2 2

(11.48)

dz.

(11.47) (11.48) (. 2).

.
0 ()
, .
0 () ,
= 0 () , .
11. . , ,
48 2 . 50-

(49, 51).
. = 48, s = 2, a = 49, b = 51.
(11.36), , 50-

P (49 < X < 50) = F ((51 48)/2) F ((49 48)/2) =
= F (1,5) F (0,5) = 0,4332 0,1915 = 0,2417.
, 50- 24 %,
.

11.4.3. c2
1, 2, ..., n a = 0 s = 1.
c 2 = X 12 + X 22 + ... + X n2

(11.49)

c2- n . ,

f (x ) = x n 2 -1 e - x 2 / (2 n 2 G (n 2)),

x 0,

(11.50)

212 11.

G (x ) = t x -1 e -1 dt -.
0

c2
n. (11.50) n
. 11.4.

. 11.4. (11.50) n

11.4.4.
Z = 0
s = 1, V Z , c2
n . ,

(11.51)
T = Z V n,
( . ) n .
f (x ) =

G ((n + 1) 2)
x2
1 +

n
np G (n 2)

- ( n+1) 2

x 0.

(11.52)

n
(. 11.5).

. 11.5.

213

11.4.5.
U V ,
c2 m n . ,
U m
,
(11.53)
F =
V n
m n.

f (x ) =

G ((n + m) 2) mm 2 n n 2 m 2 -1
x
(mx + 1)- ( m+n ) 2 , x 0.
G (m 2) G(n 2)

(11.54)

11.1. , , . X
.
11.2. 100 . .
0,0001. , 5 .
11.3. 2X, 50Y. :
X
n = 100, p = 0,5; Y l = 2; X Y .
11.4. X,
X
P

-5 2 3 4
0,4 0,3 01
, 02
,

11.5. X
10 ,
0,9.
11.6. X O
F (x) = 1/2 + (arctg x)/p.
, X , (0, 1).

214 11.
11.7. X
0, x 2,

F (x ) = 05
, x - 1, 2 < x 4,
1, x > 4.

, X : ) 0,2; )
3; ) 3; ) 5.
11.8.
X
P

3 4 7 10
02
, 01
, 0,4 0,3

.
11.9. X
0, x p 6 ,

F (x ) = 3 sin 3x, p 6 < x p 3,

0, x > p 3.

F (x).
11.10. O
F (x) = 1 eax ( > 0). X.
11.11. X (0, 5)
f (x) = 2x/25; f (x) = 0. .
11.12.
f (x) = | x |/2. .
11.13. :
0, x < x 0 ,
F (x ) =
3
3
1 - x 0 x , x x 0 (x 0 > 0).
, .
11.14. , (2, 8).

215

11.15. , 39
9. 40- , (39,5, 40,5)?
11.16. ,
3, 16.
11.17. = 25. (10, 15)
0,2. (35, 40).

 12

, , , . , ,
. , .

.
,
.
: , ;
; .
.

12.1.
12.1.1.
( ) . , ,

12.1.

217

. .
, . , . ()
. .
1. 2000 100 . N = 2000, n = 100.
. ,
();
,
().
(),

.

12.1.2.
: . ( ), ;
.
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, ; , .

. ,

218 12.
,
. .

12.1.3.
n,
1 n1 , x2 n2 , xk nk . xi
, , , . ni ,
Wi = ni/n

(12.1)

. ni = n. 0 , . me ,
. ,
. . k = 2l + 1, me = xi + 1; (k = 2l),
me = (x l + x l+1 ) 2.
, :
R = x max - x min .

(12.2)

.
:
, (
). ,
: Wi = 1.
2. :
xi
ni

4 7 8 12 17
2 4 5 6 3

12.1.

219

. : n = 2 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 = 20. : W1 = 2/20 = 0,1; W2 = 4/20 = 0,2; W3 = 5/20 = 0,25;

W4 = 6/20 = 0,3; W5 = 3/20 = 0,15 . : 0,1 + 0,2 +
+ 0,25 + 0,3 + 0,15 = 1.

xi
Wi

4 7
8 12 17
01
, 02
, 025
,
0,3 015
,

12.
, k = 2 2 + 1, me = x3 = 8. , (12.2), R = 17 4 = 13.

12.1.4.
nx ,
, . , n,
X < x nx/n.
1. , X < x,
F * ( x ) = nx n

(12.3)

,
.
F* (x)
F (x)
. , F (x) < x,
F* (x) .
( ) , n
:
lim P [| F (x ) - F * (x )| < e] = 1,

e > 0.

(12.4)

, F* (x) F (x), (12.3):

1) F* (x) [0, 1];
2) F* (x) ;
3) xm xM , , F* (x) = 0 xm F* (x) = 1 x xM.

220 12.
F* (x)
F (x) .
3. :
2 4 6
xi
10 15 25
ni
. : n = 10 + 15 + 25 = 50.
2, F* (x) = 0 2. X < 4 (
x1 = 2) 10 , , F* (x) = 10/50 = 0,2 2 < x < 4.
X < 6 ( x1 = 2 x2 = 4) 10 + 15 = 25 ,
, 4 < x < 6 F* (x) = 25/50 = 0,5. = 6
, F* (x) = 1 x > 6. :
0, x 2,
02
, , 2 < x 4,
F * (x ) =
, , 4 < x 6,
05
1, x > 6.
. 12.1.

. 12.1.
3

12.1.5.
(xi, ni) .

12.1.

221

(xi, Wi) . , (xi, ni), . ,

(xi, Wi), . . 12.2 , 2.

. 12.2.
2

(xmin,
xmax)
h nj, .
, h nj/h ( ),
.
: ,
, . . 12.3 . 12.3.

n = 100
n = 100.

. , , , (xmin + (j 1) h, xmin + jh), h,
. . Wj/h. -

222 12.
( ).

12.2.

x1, x2, ..., xn

X1, X2, ..., Xn.

, .

12.2.1.
q*,
q :
M (q*) = q.

(12.5)

, (12.5) . ,
n. (12.4), n
.
. .
x = (x 1 + x 2 + ... + x N ) / N

x = (x 1 + x 2 + ... + x n ) / n .
x1, x2, ..., xk , ,
n1, n2, ..., nk,
1 k
(12.6)
x = ni x i .
n i =1
, (12.6) ; X.

12.2.

223

, .

D =

1
N

(x

- x )2 ,

i =1

1 n
1 k
D = (x i - x )2 = ni (x i - x )2 .
n i =1
n i =1

(12.7)

, ; ,
(12.7)
D =

1 k
ni x i2 - (x )2 .
n i =1

(12.8)

:
s = D ,

s = D .

(12.9)

4.
xi
ni

1 2 3 5
15 20 10 5

: ,
.
. (12.6) x :
x =

15 1 + 20 2 + 10 3 + 5 5 110
=
= 22
, .
15 + 20 + 20 + 5
50

(12.8) (12.9) :
, 2 = 62
, - 484
, = 136
, ,
D = (15 1 + 20 4 + 10 9 + 5 25 ) / 50 - 22
s = D = 136
, 1166
, .

12.2.2.
,
. s

224 12.
s-x xi C, xi
, ( ,
, ):
1 k
(12.10)
M s = ni (x i - C )s .
n i =1
= 0 s; , s = 1
M1 =

1 k
ni x i = x .
n i =1

s (12.10) = x :
ms =

1 k
ni ( x i - x B ) s .
n i =1

(12.11)

,
m2 =

1 k
ni (x i - x )2 = D ,
n i =1

(12.12)

, .

12.2.3.
. .

:
(12.13)
as = m3 s 3 .
:
(12.14)
ek = m4 s 4 - 3.
(12.13) (12.14) , (12.11),
(12.9).

12.2.

225

: as
( as > 0
as < 0); ek ( ek > 0
, ek < 0 ).
6. :

1 2 3 4 5 6 10

5 10 15 35 16 15 4
. x s (12.6)(12.9):
x =
D =

5 1 + 10 2 + 15 3 + 35 4 + 16 5 + 15 6 + 4 10
= 42
,;
5 + 10 + 15 + 35 + 16 + 15 + 4

5 1 + 10 4 + 15 9 + 35 16 + 16 25 + 15 36 + 4 100
- 4,2 2 = 3,16.
100
s = 3,16 = 1,787.

, (12.11), :
, )3 + 10 (-2, 2)3 + 15 (-1, 2)3 + 35 (-02
, )3 + 16 08
, 3 +
m3 = (5 (-32
3
3
+ 15 18
, + 4 5 ,8 ) 100 = 579, 6 100 = 5, 796 ;
m4 = (5 (-32
, )4 + 10 (-2,2)4 + 15 (-12
, )4 + 35 (-02
, )4 + 16 08
, 4 +
4
4
+ 15 18
, + 4 5,8 ) 100 = 5480,32 100 = 548032
,
.
(12.13) (12.14) :
3
as = 5,796 1787
,
= 1016
,
;

ek = 54,8032 1,787 4 - 3 = 2 , 374.

12.2.4.
, , ,
, . . .
.
, . . .
2. q p (q* d, q* + d),

226 12.
,
:
P (q* d < q < q* + d) = p,

(12.15)

q* q (, ), d > 0 .
, .
,
. a = 1 .
:
1. , q.
2. Y ,
q: Y = Y (q).
3. Y Y1 Y2 ,
P (Y1 < Y (q) < Y2) = p.
4. Y1 Y2 d > 0 q*. (12.15) .
7. p1 = 0,95
p2 = 0,99 N (0, 1) . (11.48).
. p/2 = 0,475; F () = 0,475
. .1 = 1,96, . . a = 0,05
X (1,96; 1,96).
F () = 0,495 = 2,58, . . a = 0,01
(2,58; 2,58).

12.3.
,
. .

, , ,

12.3.

227

()
.
3. , ,
. .

12.3.1.
4. () 0.
5. () 1, 0.
, ,
= 5, , a 5.
: 0: = 5; 1: 5.
( ) (
).
:
1. :
.
2. ()
.

12.3.2.
6. ( )
, .
.
1. 0 1.
2. a
. a 0,01 0,05.
3. , 0, () .

0. .

228 12.
4. D , = 1 a:
P (T D) = 1 a.

(12.16)

D 0, .
D : (, t], [t, t], [t, ),
t .
,
. 0: (t, ), (, t) (t, ) (, t).
5. () ( t)
(12.16): ,
0 ,
; (12.16) , , 0
.
,
0 :
0 ,
a;
0
1.
b, 1 b . ,
.
, .
, 0 ( )
D, (12.15), , (12.14).

12.3.3.
0, -

12.3.

229

.
:
1. c2, .
2. .
3. .
4. .
(. . 4
). , (11.49), (11.51) (11.53).
c2 .
8. (ni ni )
s = 8:
ni
ni

6 13 38 74 106 85 30 14
3 14 42 82 99 76 37 13

0,05 0 .
.
s

c 2 = (ni - ni )2 ni ,

(12.17)

i =1

, ,
s

c 2 = (ni2 ni ) - n,

(12.18)

i =1

n = ni = ni . n = 366. , :
c 2 = 36 3 + 169 14 + 1444 42 + 5476 82 + 11236 99 + 7225 76 +
+ 900 37 + 196 13 - 366 = 37319
, - 366 = 7,19.
k = s 3 = 8 3 = 5 (
,

230 12.

). c2 ( 3) a = 0,05
5 c 2 = 111
, . c 2 < c 2 ,
0 , . .
. ,

.
9. 1, 2, ..., n 0: m = m0 1: m m0. a .
.

T = (x - m0 ) n s ,

(12.19)

s .
n 1 . n
t1- a, n -1 = t p ,
P(| T (n - 1)| < t p ) = p = 1 - a.
| T (n - 1)| > t p .
0 a,
| (x - m0 ) n s | < t p m0 (x - t p s

n,

x + tp s

n ).

(12.20)

, m0
(12.20) , 0 .

12.1. ,
:
1-
x i 01
, 0,4 06
,
ni 3 2 5
2-
x i 01
, 0,3 0,4
ni 10 4 6

231

12.2. .
12.3.
xi
ni

4 7 10 15
10 15 20 5

.
s,
x n .
12.4. s = 2, x = 5,4, n = 10, p = 0,95.
12.5. s = 3, x = 20,12, n = 25, p = 0,99.
12.6.
xi
ni

106
, 108
, 110
, 112
, 114
, 116
, 118
,
5
10 17 30 20 12
6

12.7.
s = 2,1 n = 49
x = 4,5. a = 0,05
0: = 3 (
)
1: 3.
12.8. n = 16, , x = 12,4
s = 1,2.
0,05 0: = 11,8 1: 11,8.
12.9. 100
m/n = 0,15. a = 0,05 0: = 0,17 1: 0,17.

 IV

 13

,
, , , , , . ,
: ,

, .

13.1.
,
( , .). ,
.
: ; ,
(); ,
. , , , , . .

, , .
. .
1944 . ,

13.1.

235

.
.
XX . .

13.1.1.
- , ,
, , . .
1. () , .
, , (1- 2- , ).
2. () .
3. ();
. ,
. ,
,
.
, . . .
: ,
, .
.
, . , , , . .
. .
(, ).

236 13.
.
( ).
. .
(
); , ( , ). ,
; .
, , .
.
.

( ).
, ( ).

13.1.2.
,
, ; .
.
1. . ,
. ( ), 1- 10 . ., 2- 10 . .; , 2- 10 . ., 1-

13.1.

237

10 . . 1 1- :
2-

10
-10

.
1-
-10
10
, 2 = 1.

, :
2-

(10, - 10) (-10, 10)

.
1-
(-10, 10) (10, - 10)
2. .
V.
: V,
0,5V. 1-
V, 2- 0,5V, 1- 100 % , 2- 25 %, .
V, 15 % ; 0,5V, 50 %
. :
2-

1-

V
05
,V

V
(15, 15 )

(25, 100)

0,5 V
(100, 25 )
.
(50, 50)

3. . ,
. ,
, ;
D (p) .
( )

238 13.
p i D ( p i ), p i < p j ,

( p i , p j ) = p i D ( p i ) 2, p i = p j , (i j;

p j D ( p j ), p i > p j .

i,

j = 1, 2).

13.1.3.
-, , , n m ,
h11 h12 L h1m

h21 h22 L h2 m
(13.1)
.
H =
L L L L

n1 hn 2 L hnm
,

. 1- , 2- . 1 , 2 , ( 1),
. . 1 :
(13.2)
max min hij .
i
j

2 ( ),
. . :
(13.3)
min max h ji .
j
i

1-
( ):
hij max min hij ;
i
j

2- ,
( ):

13.1.

239

hij min max h ji .

j i

,

(13.4)
max min hij min max hij .
i
j
j

, . .
max min hij = min max hij
i
j
j

= h* ,

ij

(13.5)

hij* , hij , hij* , .

1. 1 , 2 , 1
3 1 5
.
H =
-1 0 6
, . . .
. 1 ,
2- 2 , 1. (13.2), 1 ,
, 1. 2
1 1
:
-3 -1 -5

.
1 0 -6
2, (13.3), ,
, . . 1. ,
h12 = 1.
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
.

240 13.
1 2, , , p q:
p = ( p1 , p 2 , ..., p n ), q = (q1 , q2 , ..., qm );
n

= 1,

i =1

= 1.

(13.6)

j =1

1,
, p ,
, . .
(13.7)
M = p H qT ,
. . p * ,
M1 = M ( p*) = max min p H q T .
p

(13.8)

, 2
p H q q * ,
(13.9)
M 2 = M (q*) = min max p H q .
p

(13.8) (13.9) . , (13.8) (13.9) 1 2

,
M1 = M 2 = M a .
, p * 1
, q 2
, .
2. ,
3
-2
.
H =
3
4

. ,
, 1 = 2, 2 = 3 (13.5) . , .
, , p = ( p1 , p 2 ) q = (q1 , q2 ),
p1 + p 2 = 1,

q1 + q2 = 1.

13.1.

241

(13.7),
M = q1 (-2 p1 + 3p 2 ) + q2 (3p1 - 4 p 2 ).
, (13.8), 1- , ,
, , p1 p2
q1 (-2 p1 + 3p 2 ) + q2 (3p1 - 4 p 2 ) - M a = 0.
, Ma =
= (q1 + q2) Ma,
q1 (-2 p1 + 3p 2 - M a ) + q2 (3p1 - 4 p 2 - M a ) = 0.
q1 q2, ,
-2 p1 + 3p 2 = 3p1 - 4 p 2 .

p1 p2 : p1 = 7 12 , p 2 = 5 12 .
:
q1 = 7 12 , q2 = 5 12 . :
M a = 1 12. ,
. :
,
.

13.1.4.
. , .
. , - .
( ) ( ). 13.1.2
. , .

242 13.
.

. * Y* 1 2 ,
, . .
h1 (X , Y *) h1 (X *, Y *),
h2 (X *, Y ) h2 (X *, Y *)

(13.10)

Y.
3.
(4, 1) (0, 0)

.
(0, 0) (1, 4)
. , 1 (2) 1- (2-) , 2 (1).
,

;
,
.
,
, . (, )
S
h1
h2 (. 13.1).
1 2,
, , 1- 2-
. ,
S ,
, ,
.
. 13.1.
P - -

13.1.

243

,
.
1 2 N; , ,
,
.
N*, , ;
max (h1 - T1 )(h2 - T2 ),

(13.11)

, .
, .
4.
(8, 2) (0, 0)

.
(4, 4) (2, 8)
.
. h1Oh2 S, , , : O (0, 0),
(2, 8), (8, 2) (. 13.2). - :
.
(4, 4) ,
. N (
1 2 ) .
N* (5, 5)
(h1 5) (h2 5) (h1, h2),
N, . 13.2.
4
.

244 13.

13.1.5.
, , . .
, ,
,
, (), . .
. ,
, , , , .
, , ( ), .
. , , ; ,
, ,
. , ( ),
. ,
. .
,
. .
5. 1,
10 . .
2
. 2
1 : ) 2 5 ; ) 1 3
, 2 2 -
, - ,
. 2
, , . .
; 1 -

13.1.

245

:
10
8 . .

:
1

(3, - 2) (5, 5 )

.
(10, 0) (8, 0)

,
, (. 13.3).

. 13.3.
5

( ), :
2 1 ; 2 1
. ,
,
.
, 1 , 2. , 2
:
0 , , 2 .
, .
1

246 13.
2 ,
5 - , 3 .
, 2 .
, -
. , -, , . ,
2
1 , ,
; 2 .

13.2.
13.2.1.
,
, (), . .
, , .
:
1. . . ,
, ,
, .
2. ( ).
3. (
) () .

13.2.

247

. 13.4. 6

4. .
5. ( ) .
.
6. () . , ,
. 0,5
S1 S2 : 250 000 170 000 140 000 30 000 . ( ) 25 000.
.
. , 13 . . 13.4.
, p1 p2:
Prf = S = S1 p1 + S 2 p 2 .

(13.12)

13 , , 40 000, 55 000 25 000.

Prf, .
(

248 13.
). . 1 2
,
. .
7. :
10 000 (, , ).
: 0,55 0,45, p1 p2 (0,8 : 0,2)
(0,3 : 0,7).
. 13.5.

. 13.5. 7

13.2.

Prf = S1 p1 + S 2 p 2 - 10 000.

249

(13.13)

Prf . ,
,
: , , ( 156 000);
,
(,
15 000). ,
(13.12), 92 550.

13.2.2.
. .
, , .
,
. . ,
, ,
,
- ,
.
1.
s .
s S , .
S , s .
.
, ,
(, ) . ,

250 13.
,
, . ,
.
8. 6
.
.
, + (40000 + 170000)2 05
, = 4,41 1010 ,
D1 = (250000 - 40000)2 05
, + (55 000 + 30000)2 05
, = 07225
,
1010 .
D2 = (140000 - 55 000)2 05
, s1 = 210 000; s2 = 85 000. ,
, .
9.
. . 25 . . .
55 . . . , .
5, 6, 7
8 , , 0,1; 0,4; 0,3; 0,2. ,
.
. 30 . . .;
25 . . . (. 13.1)
( . . .)
. ,
. S ( )
4

M (S ) = S = p k S k ,

D (S ) = M (S 2 ) - S 2 , s = D,

(13.14)

k =1

Sk , pk
.

13.3.

251

13.1

5
6
7
8

p = 0,1 p = 0,4 p = 0,3 p = 0,2

s S,
%

150

150

150

150

150

125

180

180

180

174,5

272,3

16,5

9,5

100

155

210

210

177

1331

36,5

20,6

75

130

185

240

163

2541

50,4

30,9

, , 8 , 6 . 6 330 . . ., 8
200 . . .; ,
130 . . . , 6 :
174,5 . . . ( 9,5 %).
7 S ,
.

13.3.
, . 1952 .
.

13.3.1.

, ,
. , , .
,
.

252 13.
,
, , .
.
, . . . .
, .

13.3.2.
, ,
. , , rp ( ) sp :
(13.15)
u = u (r p , s p ).
, ,
(13.15)
(13.16)
u (r p , s p ) = I ,
. sp rp (. 13.6).
, ,
, , , .
n ,

. 13.6.
n

13.3.

253

r p = x i ri ,

(13.17)

i =1

xi , i-
, ri i- ,
n .
s (rp) . ; ,
:
n
D (r p ) = Cov x i ri ,
i =1

x
j =1

n n
r = x i x j Cov(ri , r j ).
i =1 j =1

j j

(13.18)

Cov (ri, rj)

i j,
Cov(ri , r j ) = m ij D (ri ) D (r j ) = m ij s i s j ,

(13.19)

i, j = 1, 2, ..., n,
mij i- j- , D s , () . ,
-1 m ij 1.

s(r p ) = D (r p ).

(13.20)

10.
, 30 % 70 %
, , , 25 10 %, 10 5 %.
. (13.17) :
rp = 0,3 25 % + 0,7 10 % = 14,5 %.
, mij = 0 i j,

s (rp)= 009
, 100 + 0,49 25 = 46
, %.

254 13.

13.3.3.
, ,
. : . .
11. , 10 . xi, ri
si .
i

10

xi, %

10

10

10

10

10

10

20

10

ri , %

15

15

18

12

25

20

10

28

35

50

si, %

10

12

10

15

20

25

.
rp = 0,1 15 + 0,1 15 + 0,1 18 + 0,1 12 + 0,1 25 + 0,1 20 + 0,2 10 +
+ 0,1 28 + 0,05 35 + 0,05 50 = 19,55 %.
,
D (rp) = 0,01 64 + 0,01 64 + 0,01 100 + 0,01 49 + 0,01 144 + 0,01
100 + 0,04 25 + 0,01 225 + 0,0025 400 + 0,0025 625 = 11,02.
s(r p ) = D (r p ) = 3, 32 %. ,

6, 9 10
s (rp).
,
, , .

13.3.

255

13.3.4.
. 13.6 ,
, n .
, ,
,
. :
, : ) ; ) . , ,
, . .
. .

(. 13.7). ,
* I2.

. 13.7.

, * (13.16), , ,
(13.15),
.
, -

256 13.
(
. 13.8). , ( R).
, .

. 13.8.

6 2 10
.
13.1. H =
-2 0 12
-4 6
.
13.2. H =
6 -4
13.3. ,
, :

0,2

0,6

0,2

0,4

0,2

0,4

0,3

0,3

0,4

, .

40

50

60

50

100

20

40

70

1.
.
2. ( ).
3. 2 :
70 . .
13.4.
. ,

257

.
. 2 .

10- . ,
0,7 0,3 . 4 . ., 1 .
. 2 3,5 . .
:
() 0,9
(0,2) . .;
0,1 . .;
0,2 . . 10 ;
() 0,8
(0,1) . .;

0,1 . .
8 .
.
13.5.
. ,

( - , ), (, ).

: 60 . .,
45 . . , 14 200 . . 4400 . . .
, , 6100 14 760 . .

258 13.
: , 120 . .
1 . . 90 . . .
13.6. ri
si ,
10 , xi .
i

10

xi, %

12

10

10

10

20

10

ri , %

15

15

18

12

25

20

10

28

30

40

si, %

10

12

10

15

18

25

1.
.
2. , 3 3 ?
.

 14

, . .
.
, , , .
1. , ,
( ) ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
2. ,
, .
()
L (x ) = c1 x 1 + c 2 x 2 + ... + c j x j + ... + c n x n max(min)

(14.1)

260 14.
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1 j x j + ... + a1n x n = b1 ,

a12 x 1 + a22 x 2 + ... + a2 j x j + ... + a2 n x n = b2 ,

.......................................................

ai1 x 1 + ai 2 x 2 + ... + aij x j + ... + ain x n = bi ,

........................................................

am1 x 1 + am 2 x 2 + ... + amj x j + ... + amn x n = bm ,

x j 0,

i = 1, m,

(14.2)

j = 1, n,

xj ; aij, bi, cj .
: n m ; xj, (), . .
. , :
xj 0.
,
, .
(14.2) .

n

L (x ) = c j x l max(min)

(14.3)

j =1

ji

x j = bi ,

(14.4)

j =1

x j 0, i = 1, m,

j = 1, n .

:
;
;
.

14.1.

261

, xj
, .
, . .

14.1.
. , ,
,
.

(),
() , ()
.
grad L
X1OX2, C .
,
L
L
grad L = C =
e1 +
e2 ,
x 1
x 2
e1 e1 0X1 0X2. C L (x ).

14.1.1.
:
1. .
2. C .
3. L0 L (x ),
C .
4. C
, C ,
.

262 14.
5. (. .
) ,
. .
,
, .
, .
, .
6. ( ) .

14.1.2.
.
2 : .
: , 1
.

0,8

0,5

400

0,4

0,8

365

,
100 .
, , 350 . 1
16 . ., 14 . .
,
, .

14.1.

263

.
: x1 , ,
x2 , .
.

L (x ) = 16x 1 + 14x 2 max

, x 1 + 05
, x 2 400 ( ),
08
0,4x 1 + 08
, x 2 365 ( ),
x 1 - x 2 100 ( ),
x 2 350 ( ),

x 1 0,

(14.5)
(14.6)
(14.7)
(14.8)

x 2 0.

() ;
. 14.1 , (14.5)(14.8); , .

. 14.1

0ABDEF . C (16, 14).

L0 ( )
16x 1 + 14x 2 = const.
C . L0 D, ,

264 14.
, x 1 + 05
, x 2 = 400,
08

, x 2 = 365.
0,4x 1 + 08
, D (312,5; 300), , . .
x = (312,5; 300),

L (x )max = 16 312,5 + 14 300 = 9200 . .
, 9200 . . 312,5 300 .

14.1.3.
.
,
. ,
. , , ,
. .
, ,
, .
,
.
(14.5)
(. 14.2).
(14.5) (14.6) (14.7)
(14.5) . M
(14.6) (14.7):
, x 2 = 365,
0,4x 1 + 08

x 1 - x 2 = 100,
M (370,83; 270,83).
M (14.5), :

14.1.

265

08
, x 1 + 05
, x 2 = 08
, 37083
, + 05
, 270,3 = 432,079 ,

L (x ) = 16 37083
, + 14 27083
, = 9724,9 . .

. 14.2

. 14.3

(. 14.3).
(14.6)
(14.5) (14.8) N (14.6)
. N :
, x 1 + 05
, x 2 = 400,
08

x 2 = 350,
N (281,25; 350).

0,4x1 + 0,8x2 = 0,4 281,25 + 0,8 350 = 392,5 ,

L (x ) = 16 28125
, + 14 350 = 9400 . .
(14.7) (14.8). (. 14.4),
(14.7)
D (312,5; 300), . .
(14.7) 312,5 300 = 12,5 .
(14.7)
0X1 P (500; 0), . . (14.8) 500 .

266 14.
,
12,5 500 .
, (. 14.5),
(14.8) 0X2 R (0; 456,25)
(14.6) D (312,5; 300).

. 14.4

. 14.5

,
300 456,25 .

, . .
, . .
: c1x1 + c2x2 = const.
. 14.6 , 1
2 D .
2 = 14, 1 (14.5).

K = - c1 c 2 = - c1 14.
(14.5)
. 14.6

14.2.

267

K(1) = 8/5.
, K = K(1), (1) max = 22,4.
(1) (14.6),

c (1) 14 = 1 2 ,

c (1) min = 7.

, , 1 7
22,4 . ., 6387,5 11 200 . .
(1) = 16 , ,
1 10
32 . ., 8000 14 600 . .

14.2.
( ) , , ,
. - , , .
. ,
.

14.2.1.
.
1. .
,
.
2. . . 1- , Dj ( ), .
.

268 14.
ci

c1

c2

m + 1

L (x )

x1

x2

xm

xm + 1

xn

bi

c1

x1

h1, m + 1

h1n

f1

c2

x2

h2, m + 1

h2n

f2

xm

hm, m + 1

hmn

fm

Dj

Dm + 1

Dn

L (x 1)

Dj
m

D j = c i hij - c j ,

j = 1, n ,

i =1

D j = ci fi
i =1

.
:
Di 0, ;
Dj 0, xj , , L (x ) , . . ;
,
,
;
,
() , .
Dk < 0
Dk < 0, k- .
, (bi) k- .
, ,
.

14.2.

269

3. 2- :
, ;
;
. .
, . .
:
1. L (x )
, Dj j = 1, n.
2. .
1- (m + 1)-
h1, m + 1. i- (m + 2)- , hi, m+2 ,

hi, m = 2 = (h1, m+1 hi , m+2 - hi , m+1 hi , m+2 ) h1, m+1 ,
hi, m + 2, hi, m + 1, h1, m + 1 .

14.2.2.
.
(, , ) .
( . .).

1

1-

2-

3 . , 4 . .

270 14.
, ?
. .
:
x1 ,
x2 .
:
L (x ) = 3x 1 + 4x 2 max

x 1 + 2x 2 4 ,

x 1 + x 2 3,
2x + x 8 ,
2
1
x 1 0,

x 2 0.

,
x3, x4 x5 ( )
x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 4 ,

x 1 + x 2 + x 4 = 3,
2x + x + x = 8 ,
2
5
1
xj 0

j = 15
, .

1- :
i

L (x )

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

bi

x3

x4

x5

Dj

271

14.2.

x 1 = (0, 0, 4, 3, 8),

L (x ) = 0.

Dj , ,
.

x2, x3,
min (4/2, 3/1, 8/1) = min (2, 3, 8) = 2.
2. 2, 3. 2- :
3

L (x )

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

bi

x2

1/2

1/2

x4

1/2

1/2

x5

3/2

1/2

Dj

x 2 = (0, 2, 0, 1, 6),

L (x 2 ) = 8.

.
. 1/2. 3- :
3

L (x )

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

bi

x2

x1

x5

Dj

10

Di 0, ,
:
x = (2, 1, 0, 0, 3),

L (x )max = 10.

. ,
, 10 . .

272 14.

14.3.


,
() .
.
,
,
.
, .

14.3.1.
C
.

L (x ) = c1 x 1 + c 2 x 2 + ... + c n x n max

(14.9)

a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n b1 | y 1 ,

a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 + ... + a2 n x n b2 | y 2 ,

............................................,
a x + a x + ... + a x b | y ,
m 2
mn n
m
m
m 1
x j 0,

(14.10)

j = 1, n , i = 1, m.

:
yi;
,
;
. .
.

14.3.

273

. . .
:

S (y ) = b1 y 1 + b2 y 2 + ... + bm y m min

(14.11)

:
a11 y 1 + a21 y 2 + ... + am1 y m c1 ,

a12 y 1 + a22 y 2 + ... + am 2 y m c 2 ,

.......................................
a1n y 1 + a2 n y 2 + ... + amn y m c n ,
y i 0,

i = 1, m,

(14.12)

j = 1, n .

.

L (x ) = c1 x 1 + c 2 x 2 + ... + c n x n max

a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n x n = b1 , | y 1

a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 + ... + a2 n x n = b2 , | y 2

..............................................
a x + a x + ... + a x = b , | y
mn n
m
m
m2 2
m1 1
x j 0,

i = 1, m,

j = 1, n.

.
, :
. ,
, ;

274 14.
yi , . . , .
(14.11), (14.12), ,
yi , i = 1, m.
, , ,
, .

.
.
, .
14.1.
, ,
x y
L (x )max = S (y )min .
- L (x )max
( S (y )min -), .
14.2. x y
,

(x ) j aij (y )i - c j = 0,
i =1

(14.14)

n
(y ) a (x ) - b = 0.
j
i
ij
i
j =1

, - , , ,
- -

14.3.

275

, .
(14.14) .

14.3.2.


.


L (x ) = x 1 - x 2 max
S (y ) = 2y 1 + 2y 2 + 5 y 3 min


-2x 1 + x 2 2 | y 1 ,
-2y 1 + y 2 + y 3 1| x 1 ,

x 1 - 2x 2 2 | y 2 ,
y 1 - 2y 2 + y 3 -1| x 2 ,
x + x 5 | y ,
2
3
1
y 0, i = 1, 3.
i

x 1 0, x 2 0.
,
x (41
, ), L (x )max = 3.
14.1
L (x )max = S (y )min = 3,
x1, x2 > 0, 14.2 :
-2y 1 + y 2 + y 3 = 1,

y 1 - 2y 2 + y 3 = -1.
x :
-2 4 + 1 2,

4 - 2 1 2,
4 + 1 5,

- 7 < 2,

y 1 = 0,

2 = 2,

y 2 > 0,

5 = 5,

y 3 > 0.

y 2 + y 3 = 1,

-2y 2 + 33 = -1.

276 14.
y = (0, 2/3, 1/3), S (y )min = 3.
y = (0, 2/3, 1/3),
S (y)min = 3, .
14.1 L (x )max = S (y )min = 3. y2 > 0
y3 > 0, 14.2 :
x 1 - 2x 2 = 2,

x 1 + x 2 = 5.
x = (4,1) L (x )max = 3.
, :
.
. :
S (y ) = 2y 1 + 2y 2 + 5 y 3 max

-2y 1 + y 2 + y 3 - y 4 = 1,

y 1 - 2y 2 + y 3 - y 5 = 1,
y i 0,

i = 15
, .
14.1

Bi

y1

y2

y3

y4

y5

cj

y5

y3

y5

Di

12

y3

2/3

1/3

1/3

y2

1/3

1/3

2/3

Di

14.3.

277

, y = (0, 2 3, 1 3), S (y )min = 3.

14.1 :
L (x )max = S (y )min = 3.
:

1; 2

3; 4; 5

4; 5

1; 2; 3

j
Di , xj
x1 y4, x1 = | D4 | = | 4 | = 4,
x2 y5, x2 = | D5 | = | 1 | = 1.
, :
x = (41
, ), L (x )max = 3.
,

Y = CA -1 ,
- ; A1 ,
.
.
L (x ) = x 1 - x 2 max
( )
-2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 2,

x 1 - 2x 2 + x 4 = 2,
x + x + x = 5,
2
5
1
x j 0,

j = 1,5.

278 14.
14.2
i

L (x)

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

bi

x3

x4

x5

Dj

x3

x1

x5

Dj

x3

x1

1/3

2/3

x2

1/3

1/3

Dj

2/3

1/3

, x = (41
, ), L (x )max = 3.
:
1 3 2 3
1 1
0
-2

-1
C = (1, 1, 0)1*3, A = 1 -2 0 , A = 0 - 1 3 1 3 ,
1
1 1 0
1
1

3*3
1 3 2 3
0

Y = CA -1 = (1, - 1, 0) 0 - 1 3 1 3 = (0, 2 3, 1 3).

1
1
1

, :
y = (0, 2 3, 1 3), S (y )min = 3.

14.3.

279

L (x ) = 3x 1 + x 2 + 3x 3 + x 4 min,

S (y ) = 9y 1 + 6y 2 max,

2x1 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 9 | y1,

2y1 + y2 3 | x1,

x1 + x2 6x3 x4 = 6 | y2,

2y1 + y2 1 | x2,

xj 0, j = 14
, .

3y1 6y2 3 | x3,

2y1 y2 1 | x4.

y1 y2
.
, :
y (1 2 , 2), S (y )max = 33 2 .
14.1 L (x )min = S (y )max = 33 2 .
y :
3 = 3,
2 1 2 + 2 3,
-2 1 2 + 2 1, 1 = 1,

3 1 2 - 6 2 3, -21 2 < 3, x 3 = 0,
-2 1 2 - 2 1, - 3 > 1 x 4 = 0.
x3 = x4 = 0,
2x 1 - 2x 2 = 9,

x 1 + x 2 = 6.
, :
x = (21 4 , 3 4 , 0, 0), L (x )min = 33 2 .

.
:
x = (21 4 , 3 4 , 0, 0), L (x )min = 33 2 .

280 14.
Y = CA -1 ,

1 4 1 2
2 -2
,
, A -1 =
= (3, 1), A =
-1 4 1 2
1 1
1 4 1 2
= (1 2 2).
Y = (3, 1)
-1 4 1 2
, y = (1 2 , 2), S (y )max = 33 2 .

. .

L (x ) = x 1 - 6x 2 - x 3 max,
x 1 + 3x 2 + 3x 3 = 3 | y 1 ,

2x 1 + 3x 3 4 | y 2 ,
x j 0,

j = 1, 3.

S (y ) = 3y 1 + 4y 2 min,
y 1 + 2y 2 1 | x 1 ,

3y 1 -6 | x 2 ,
3y + 3y -1 | x ,
2
3
1
y1 , y2 0.

:
x = (1, 0, 2 3), L (x )max = 1 3.
14.1
L (x )max = S (y )min = 1 3.
14.2, x1 > 0, x3 > 0, 1- 3- :
y 1 + 2y 2 = 1,

3y 1 + 3y 2 = -1,
y1 = 5/3, y2 = 4/3, . . y = (5/3, 4/3).

14.3.3.

,
:

14.3.

281

L (x ) = c j x j max
j =1

ij

x j bi | y, x j 0,

i = 1, m,

j = 1, n.

j =1

S (y ) = bi y i min
i =1

ij

yi cj ,

i =1

y i 0,

i = 1, m.

14.3.
yi

, . .
yi =
Li DLi ,

Li
.
bi

(14.15)

bi Dbi , DLi y i Dbi .

, i-
, yi i- .
yi , i- ,
. yi = 0, i- ,
. , ,
, , . yi ,
i- -

282 14.
, . .
yi i- . , i- (D bi = 1) yi, yi
, i- , . yi
i- , i- .
yi
. (
) , yi ,
xj
bi = min
d ij

xj
bi = max
d ij

xj ; dij
(dij) = A1 , A = (aij)m n (. . m n).
,
m

D j = aij y i - c j .
i =1

Dj < 0 (. . ), . Dj > 0
.

14.3.4.

.
,
4 : , , , 18, 16, 8 6 .
1 . ,
, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1 1,
1, 0, 1. 1 . 3 .
., 4 . ., 2 . . :

14.3.

283

1) , ;
2) ;
3) A 6 , 3 , 2 , 2 . ;
4)
(), 1 .
, , 1, 2, 2, 0, 15 . .
.
1. x = (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ,

L (x ) = 3x 1 + 4x 2 + 2x 3 max

x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 18,

2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 16,
x + x 8,
2
1
x 2 + x 3 6,
x j 0,

j = 13
,.

,
:
i

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

x6

x7

bi

x4

x3

1/2

1/2

x1

1/2

1/2

x2

1/2

1/2

Dj

1/2

3/2

33

: x = (5, 3, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0), L (x )max = 33

. .
,

284 14.
y = (0, 1/2, 2, 3/2, 0, 0, 0), S (y )min = 33 . .
2. , y3 = 2. ,
y2 = 1/2. (y1 = 0).

. x1, x2, x3, x4.
1

2
A = (aij ) =
1

2 1 1

1 1 0
.
1 0 0

1 1 0

A -1

0 1 2 0 -1 2

0 -1 2 1 1 2
.
=
0 1 2 -1 1 2

-1
0 -1
1

:
x j
Db1 = min
d1 j

x j
Db1 = max
d1 j

= 3 = 6,
12

= | 4 | = 8.
-1 2

(b1 - b1 ; b1 + b1 ) = (18 - 6 ; 18 + 8) = (12 ; 26).
:
3 4
= 3,
Db2 = min ;
1 12

Db2 = max

3
= 6;
-1 2

14.3.

3
4
= 6,
;
Db3 = min
1
2
1
2

5
Db4 = min = 5,
1

Db3 = max

3
;
Db4 = max
-1

285

3
= 3,
-1
4
-1

= 4 .

(16 3; 16 + 6) = (13; 22),

(8 6; 8 + 3) = (2; 11),

(6 5; 6 + 3) = (1; 9).
3. +6, 3,
+2, +2 24, 13, 10, 8 , . , ,

Li = (y )i bi ,

L1 max = (y )1 b1 = 0 6 = 0,
L2 max = (y )2 b2 = 1 2 (-3) = - 3 2 ,
L3 max = (y )3 b3 = 2 2 = 4,
L4 max = (y )4 b4 = 3 2 2 = 3.
:
Lmax = L1 max + L2 max + L3 max + L4 max = 0 - 3 2 + 4 + 3 = 11 2 . .
,
, . .
.
4.
4

D 4 = ai 4 (y )i - c 4 = 1 0 + 2 1 2 + 2 2 + 0 3 2 - 15 = -10 < 0.
i =1

286 14.
,
.

14.4.

. ,
, , .
, , , , ,
, . . .

14.4.1.

: m A1, A2, ..., Am
, , a1, a2, ..., am.
n B1, B2, ..., Bn , , b1, b2, ..., bn. 1 . () Ai Bj ij.
, , .


.
3. , . .
m

a
i =1

= bj ,

(14.16)

j =1

.
4. (14.16) ,
.

14.4.

287

xij , Ai
Bj. .
, .

m

L (X ) =
i =1

ij

x ij min

(14.17)

j =1

ij

j =1

= ai ,

ij

= bj ,

(14.18)

i =1

x ij 0,

i = 1, m,

j = 1, n.

(14.16).

X = (x ij )m n ,
. ,
.
, , ,
:
;
;
.
.


. , , , . , , .
. .

288 14.
().
,
, ij.

. ,
,
.
,
, m + n 1. ,
. .
.
1.
A1, A2, A3 90,
400, 110 . B1, B2, B3
140, 300, 160 .
, . 1 (. .)
2 5 2

4 1 5 .
3 6 8

.
. , :
3

= 90 + 400 + 110 = 600 ,

= 140 + 300 + 16 = 600 ,

i =1
3

b
j =1

a
i =1

= bj ,
j =1

, . . .

14.4.
bj
i

140

300

160

289

90
90

400
300
3

100
6

110
50

60

5, m + n 1 = 3 + 3 1 = 5, . .
. , :
X 1

0
0
90

= 0 300 100 .
50
0 60

L (X1) = 90 2 + 300 1 + 100 5 + 50 3 + 60 8 = 1610 . .
.

: , m + n ui vj, ui + vj = cij ui + vj cij 0
.
ui vj .
vj ui. ui vj ui + vj = cij, . , , u1 = 0, . , ui, vj = cij ui, vj, ui = cij vj.
Dij = ui + vj cij, . Dij 0,

290 14.
. Dij 0, , .
,
ui vj. :
bi
ai

140

300

160

90

ui

0
90
4

2
300

100

3
3

400
6

110

1
50

vj

60
2

u1 = 0,
. ,
(1, 1),
u1 + v1 = 2. u1 = 0 , v1 = 2, . , .
(3, 1): u3 + v1 = 3, v1 = 2, u3 = 1.
(3, 3): u3 + v3 = 8, u3 = 1, v3 = 7.
(2, 3): u2 + v3 = 5, v3 = 7, u2 = 2.
(2, 2): u2 + v2 = 1, u2 = 2, v2 = 3.
.
:
D12 = u1 + v2 c12 = 0 + 3 5 = 2 < 0,
D13 = u1 + v3 c13 = 0 + 7 2 = 5 > 0,
D21 = u2 + v1 c21 = 2 + 2 4 = 4 < 0,
D32 = u3 + v2 c32 = 1 + 3 6 = 2 < 0.

14.4.

291

. .
(Dij > 0) ,
.
, . , .
c Dij > 0 (, ),
, , ;
, .
(+), () (+).
() , , (+),
(). . , . . , .
.
(1, 3), . (+) () .

() , 60.
, , , .
:

0 60
30

X 2 = 0 300 100 .
110
0
0

292 14.
.

.
bj
i

140

300

160

2
1

0
60
4

400

3
300

100

3
3

90
30

ui

110

2
110
2

vj

:
D12 = -7, D 21 = 1 > 0, D 32 = -7,

D 33 = -5.

D21 = 1:

, . :
D11 = -1,

D12 = -7,

D 32 = -6,

D 33 = -4.

, , .
X

0 90
0

= 30 300 70 .
110
0 0

14.4.
bj
ai

140

300

160

2
1

293

ui

90

0
90
4

3
30

300

70

3
3

400

110

2
110

vj

:
L (X )min = 90 2 + 30 4 + 300 1 + 70 5 + 110 3 = 1280 . .

1610 1280 = 330 . .


, m + n 1. . ,
.
.
2.
4 ,
. 3 , 1 6000 , 2 3000
3 4000 . 4000 , 5000 , 1000 , 3000 . :

294 14.
6 4 9 8

5 3 2 8.
2 3 6 8

, ?
.
, . 5, m + n 1 = 6, , .
- . ,
,
, .
, u3
(1, 3),
.
bj
ai

4000

5000

1000

3000

6
1

0
3000

3000

1
2000

1000

2
3

6000
3000

ui

4000

1
4000

vj

0
3

14.4.

D11 = -3,

D13 = -6 ,

D 21 = -3,

D 24 = -1,

D 33 = -4 ,

295

D 34 = -1.

, :
3000
0
3000
0

X = 0
2000 1000
0 .
4000
0
0
0

: L (X) = 52 000 . .

14.4.2.
, . .
m

i =1

b .
j

(14.19)

j =1

, , :
)
m

a >b ,
i

i =1

(14.20)

j =1

. . ,
. (n + 1) ,
:
m

i =1

j =1

bn+1 = ai - b j .

(14.21)

(14.17) :
n+1
x ij = ai ,
j =1
m
x =b ,
ij
j

i =1
x ij 0,
)

i = 1, m,

j = 1, n + 1;

296 14.
m

i =1

<

b ,

(14.22)

j =1

. . , . (m + 1) ,
:
n

am+1 = b j j =1

a .
i

i =1

(14.17)

n
x ij = ai ,
j =1
m+1
x =b ,
ij
j

i =1
x ij 0,

i = 1, m + 1,

j = 1, n.

,
, ,
, . .
3.

240, 40, 110 90, 190, 40
130 .

7 13 9 8

14 8 7 10 .
3 15 20 6

297

14.4.

.
3

= 390 .

i =1

= 450 ,

j =1

a
i =1

< b j ,
j =1

a4 = 450 390 = 60 .
4 20 . .
.
bj
ai

90

190

40

130

7
1

13

0
110

14

5
40

15

20

110

2
90

20
20

10

40
0

240
130

ui

20

20

20

60

7
60

vj

13

12

m + n 1 = 7, 6, (2, 2) .
:
D11 = 2, D13 = 3, D21 = 14, D24 = 7, D32 = 4, D33 = 10, D41 = 8,
D43 = 1, D44 = 5.
(1, 3) , :

c .

298 14.
bj
ai

90

190

40

130

7
1

240

13
90

40

14
2

40

110

10
5

15

20

90

6
20

60
vj

40

20
4

8
110

3
3

ui

20

20

20

60
5

7
13

:
D11 = 2, D21 = 14, D23 = 3, D24 = 7, D32 = 4, D33 = 13, D41 = 7,
D43 = 4, D44 = 5.
,
X

0 90 40 110

= 0 40 0
0,
90 0 0 20

L (X) = 3120 . .

,
. ij .
1. . ij .
, , . , ij
.

14.4.

299

2. . m , n ij. ,
, .
3.
.
4.
,
.
5. . ,
- . , .
4.
, (
).
100, 250 180 . 100, 120, 70, 110 130 .
, , .

3 5 11 10 5

3 2.
5 10 15
4 8 6 12 10

.

(14.16)(14.18), .
,
, (1).

300 14.
, 14.4.1.
bj
ai

100

120

70

110

130

3
1

11

10

100

0
40

60
5

10

15

250

2
60

120

70

4
3

ui

12

10

180

5
110

vj

13

70

:
D12 = 3, D13 = 2, D14 = 3, D24 = 6, D25 = 5, D31 = 4, D32 = 5, D33 = 12.
D14 = 3 > 0, ;
:

.
bj
ai

100

120

70

110

130

3
1

11

0
60
5

10

15

250

2
60

120
4

100
40

10

ui

70
8

12

10

180

2
50

vj

13

10

130
8

301

:
D12 = 3, D13 = 2, D15 = 3, D24 = 9, D25 = 8, D31 = 1, D32 = 2, D33 = 9.
, ;
0 0 60
0
40

X = 60 120 70 0
0.
0
0 0 50 130

,
1 4 40 60 , 1, 2 3 60, 120 70 , 4 5 50 130 .
5170 .

.
14.1. L (x ) = 3x 1 - 6x 2 max (min)
x 1 - x 2 0,

-2x + x 2 6,
4x 7,
1

x 1, 2 0.
14.2. L (x ) = 2x 1 + 3x 2 max (min)
x 1 + 4x 2 8,

x 1 4,
2x 5,
2
x 1, 2 0.
14.3. L (x ) = 4x 1 + 6x 2 max (min)
3x 1 + x 2 9,

x 1 + 2x 2 8,
x + 6x 12,
2
1
x 1, 2 0.

302 14.
14.4. L (x ) = 4x 2 max (min)
3x 1 + 5 x 2 18,

2x 1 - x 2 0,
5 x - 3x 15,
2
1
x 1, 2 0.
14.5. L (x ) = 2x 1 + 3x 2 max (min)
5 x 1 + 3x 2 15,

5 x 1 + 4x 2 20,
x 5,
2
x 1, 2 0.
14.6. L (x ) = 7 x 1 - x 2 max (min)
3x 1 + 5 x 2 18,
4x + x 0,
1
2

3
2
x
x
1
2 -12,

-7 x 1 + x 2 2,
x 1, 2 0.
14.7. L (x ) = 2x 1 + 3x 2 max (min)
x 1 + 2x 2 6,
x 1,
1

x 1 - x 2 4,
x 1 + 3x 2 -3,
x 1, 2 0.
14.8. , 1
2, 1
200 . 1 . 1 2 . .,
2 4 . . 1 . , .
,
.

,
./

303

1 .
1

120

0,2

0,2

160

0,4

0,2

.
14.9. , . . .

1- 21 ., 2- 4 ., 3-
6 . 4- 10 . 300 . ., 200 . .
,
.
14.10. .

.
100 . ., 160 . .
.
, : 300 .,
200 .

0,2

0,1

100

0,2

0,5

180

0,1

0,2

100

304 14.
-.
14.11. L (x ) = 2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 - x 4 max
x 1 - x 2 + x 3 = 1,
2x 1 + x 2 + x 4 = 3,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.12. L (x ) = x 1 + 2x 2 + 2x 3 + x 4 + 6x 5 min
2x 2 + x 4 + 2x 5 = 4 ,

x 1 + x 2 + 4x 5 = 5,
x + x = 3,
5
3
x j 0,

j = 1, 5.

14.13. L (x ) = 3 + 2x 2 + x 3 max
2x 2 - x 3 + x 5 = 2 ,

2x 2 + 3x 3 + x 4 = 6 ,
x - 2x + x = 2 ,
2
3
1
x j 0,

j = 1, 5 .

14.14. L (x ) = 6 - 2x 1 + x 2 - 33 + 2x 4 + 10x 5 min

x 1 + x 2 + 4x 4 = 4,

x 2 + 2x 4 + x 5 = 3,
2x + x + 3x = 8,
3
4
2
x j 0,

j = 1, 5.

14.15. L (x ) = 3x 1 + x 2 + 2x 3 min
2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 40,

x 1 + 2x 2 + 2x 3 = 10,
x j 0,

j = 1,3.

14.16. L (x ) = x 1 + 2x 2 + 2x 3 min
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 4,

x 1 - x 2 + x 3 2,
x j 0,

j = 1,3.

14.17. L (x ) = 3x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 max

305

2x 1 + x 2 + 4x 3 + 3x 4 3,

3x 1 - x 2 + 2x 3 + 5 x 4 1,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.18. L (x ) = x 1 - 5 x 2 - x 3 max
x 1 + 3x 2 + 3x 3 = 3,

2x 1 + 3x 3 4,
x j 0,

j = 13
, .

14.19. L (x ) = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 min
3x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 8,

x 1 + 6x 2 + 9x 3 + 13x 4 4 ,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.20. L (x ) = 3x 1 + 5 x 2 + 4x 3 max
3x 1 + 4x 2 + 2x 3 9,

2x 1 + 5 x 2 + x 3 8 ,
x + 2x + 4x 7 ,
2
3
1
x j 0,

j = 13
, .

14.21. , .
.
.
, .

,
-

20

37

30

, . .

11

306 14.
14.22.
: . . ,
1- , 5 .
., 2- 8 . ., 3- 6 . .
,
.

1

0,5

0,7

0,6

370

0,1

0,3

0,2

90

, .-
,

14.23. ,
10 1
3, 200 2 120 4.
.
1
1

, .

1000

600

150

1 6 . ., 2 2 . ., 3 2,5 . . 4
4 . .
, ; ,
, .
14.24. A1, A2, A3
B1, B2, B3.
640 A1 800 A2,
A3 860 .

307

; .

. .

1,0

4,3

2,6

640

5,0

1,5

3,0

800

3,0

3,9

4,3

860

18

15

15

1 , . .

14.25.
. .
-, 1000 , , 1000 1 .

1-

30

20

10

25

2-

45

20

10

30

120

180

210

10

, . .

15

15

20

:
1) ,
;
2) , 2 : 1 : 3, , ;

308 14.
3) ,
, 1 8, 5 15 . . ;
4) , 1- .
,
, .
14.26. L (x ) = 2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 min
x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 4,

x 1 - x 2 + x 3 2,
x j 0,

j = 13
, .

14.27. L (x ) = 2x 1 + x 2 - 3x 3 + x 4 max
x 1 + 2x 2 - x 4 4 ,

x 1 - x 2 + x 3 + 3x 4 1,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.28. L (x ) = 3x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 max
2x 1 + x 2 + 4x 3 + 3x 4 3,

3x 1 - x 3 + 2x 3 + 5 x 4 1,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.29. L (x ) = 2x 1 + 3x 3 + 2x 4 min
x 1 - x 2 + 2x 3 + 3x 4 9,

x 1 + 2x 3 - x 3 - 2x 4 8 ,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.30. L (x ) = x 1 - x 2 + x 3 max
x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 2 ,

x 1 - 2x 2 + x 3 = 1,
x j 0,

j = 13
, .

309

14.31. L (x ) = 2x 1 - x 2 + 3x 3 + x 4 max
2x 1 + x 2 - 3x 3 = 10,

x 1 + x 3 + x 4 = 4,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.32. L (x ) = -x 1 + x 2 + 6x 3 - x 4 min
2x 1 - x 2 + 2x 3 + x 4 = 2,

-2x 1 + x 2 + 3x 3 + 5 x 4 = 6,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.33. L (x ) = -3x 2 + x 3 - x 4 max

3x 1 + 5 x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 32,

-x 1 + 3x 2 + x 3 - x 4 = 8,
x j 0,

j = 14
, .

14.34. L (x ) = x 2 - 3x 3 + 2x 5 min
x 1 + 3x 2 - x 3 + 2x 5 = 7,

-2x 1 + 4x 3 + x 4 = 12,
-4x + 3x + 8x + x = 10,
2
3
5
6

x j 0,

, .
j = 15

14.35. L (x ) = -2x 1 + x 2 min

2x 1 + x 2 8,
x - 3x 6,
1
2

3
2
x
+
x
2 3,
1
-x 1 + 3x 2 -5,
x j 0,

j = 12
, .

14.36. ,
. , 180, 210 236 .
.

310 14.
,

10

14

12

,
. .

, .
:
1) ;
2) ;
3)
2- 3- 80 160 1- 40 .
;
4) 4- , 2, 4 6 ,
18 . .;
5) , 1, 2 3 140, 250 240 .
, .
14.37.
bj

14.38.
50

40

60

70

60

70

90

ai

bj

100

40

90

120

180

12

60

15

10

110

16

20

15

ai

311

14.39.

14.40.

bj

120

80

60

100

70

70

20

ai

bj

240

40

110

90

15

190

13

15

40

20

130

10

ai

14.41.
, .
, , 5, 10, 20, 15 . 10, 15 25
. .
(. .).

10

20

15

10

15

25

14.42. 3
(, ),
. : 4000 .,
2400 ., 1000 .
3 ,
.

312 14.

.

1,2

1,3

1,1

1,4

1,2

1,5

1,1

1,0

1,3

, , 2- 3-
3000 ., 1
2000 .
,
,
.

 15

, , .
: , , , , . .
; .
.
, , , .
, :
. :

;
;
, , ;
;
.
,
: , , , () ,
, , , .

314 15.
() , , (). . , -
(, , , ),
,
, , , , , ( ).
: , , , ,
.

15.1.


. , , .
,
. , . 1 ., ,
, :
,
. , . . , , .

,
.
, , ,
.

15.1.

315

.
.

15.1.1. ,


: , , , , , . .

( , )
, , . , ,
. ,
.
, , , . .
, , , , .
, .
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
. .
.
. , .
, , ().

316 15.
, .
, ,
0,55 %.
.
,
. ,
(
) , .

(, . .)

. , i
. Pi,
n Pni.
,

; P + Pi = P (1 + i); P (1 + i) + Pi = P (1 + 2i) . . P (1 + ni).
, Pi,
:
S = P (1 + ni)

(15.1)

(15.1) , . (1 + ni) (15.1) . ,

.
: I:
S = + I,

(15.2)

I = Pni.

(15.3)

(. 15.1). i
. S
.

15.1.

317

. 15.1

1.
, ,
, ,
200 000 . ., 0,5 ,
12 % :
I = 200 000 0,5 0,12 = 12 000 .,

S = 200 000 + 12 000 = 212 000 .

:
) ( . .), ; )
, .
,
, .
n = t/K,
(15.4)
n , ; (
); t () .
,

.
,
360 (12 30 ). ,
, .
,

318 15.
: 365 366.
. ;
, ,
30 . .
, , ,
(. 9).
,
,
:
1. ( 365/365,
). .
2. (
365/360, ). , .
3.
( 360/360, ).
,

, .

.
2.
5 28 ( ).
( 9) 28 271- , 5 64- .
271 . 64 . = 207 .
3.
5 28 .
:
1) 5 5 30 ;
2) 5 28 ;

15.1.

319

3) . 1 2.
:
6 . 30 . + 23 . = 203 .

,
.
:
m

S = P (1 + n1 i1 + n2 i2 + ... + nm im ) = P 1 + nt it ,
t =1

(15.5)

P (); it
t = 1, m; nt t it.
4.
, ,
8 % , 0,5 % , . :
1 + nt it = 1 + 0,25 0,08 + 0,25 0,075 + 0,25 0,07 + 0,25 0,065 =
= 1 + 0,25 (0,08 + 0,075 + 0,07 + 0,065) = 1,0725.

,
,
.
N.


N = nt
m

S = P (1 + n1 i1 ) (1 + n2 i2 ) L (1 + nm im ) = P (1 + nt it ) ,

(15.6)

t =1

n1, n2, , nm , i1, i2, , im , .

320 15.
5.
100 000 . . 10 % . , . , 1- ?
. (15.6) :
S = 100 000 (1 + 0,1 31/365) (1 + 0,1 28/365) (1 + 0,1 31/365) =
= 102 486 . .

1 ,
S = 100 000 (1 + 0,1 31/365 + 0,1 28/365 + 0,1 31/365) =
= 102 465 . .
, .

15.1.2.
,
, S, , P;
S. P, , , , S. D = S P , .
.

.
B :
() ().

. S ,

S. . , .
.
, , ,
, . -

15.1.

321

: () .

, .
S = P (1 + ni),

P = S/(1 + ni)

(15.7)

1/(1 + ni) (15.7) . ,

.
D S
D = S P.

(15.8)

, (
, ),
,
( ) ,
, . . ()
.

, d.

322 15.

d = (S P)/Sn.

(15.9)

, , ,
D = Snd,

(15.10)

P = S D = S Snd = S (1 nd).

(15.11)

(1 nd) . n . , , , 360 .

, . . S . (15.11) :
S = P/(1 nd).

(15.12)

,
. .

: S = P (1 + ni)

:
P = S/(1 + ni)

:
P = S (1 nd)

: S = P/(1 nd)

, ,
, :
; ,
, , .

15.1.

323

, ,
, :
P2 = P1 (1 + n1i) (1 n2d),
P1 ; P2 ,
; n1 , ; n2
.
6.
60 200 000 . , i = 15 % , 10
d = 12 %. , :
P2 = 200 000 (1 + 0,15 60/365) (1 0,12 10/360) = 204 247 .
, , 365 , 360.

,
S, , .
i (15.1)
:
n = (S P)/Pi,

(15.13)

d (15.11)
n = (S P)/Sd.

(15.14)

(15.13) (15.14) , , , .
t = nK,
' .

(15.15)

324 15.

,

. (15.1), (15.11), (15.15) i d:
i = (S P)/Pn = K (S P)/Pt,

(15.16)

d = (S P)/Sn = K (S P)/St.

(15.17)

,
: , .
7.
, 200 000 . 60 210 000 .
i d. = 360 .
.
i = K (S P)/Pt = 360 (210 000 200 000)/(200 000 60) = 0,3,
d = K (S P)/St = 360 (210 000 200 000)/(210 000 60) = 0,286.

( ) .
, .
,
. S , dn , n.
, i d
. S ,
P = S (1 dn) :
i = (S P)/Pn = [S S (1 dn)]/S (1 dn) n = dn/(1 dn) n,

(15.18)

D = (S P)/Sn = [S S (1 dn)]/Sn = dn/n.

(15.19)

8.
, ,
100 , 20 %

15.2.

325

.
d i. 365 .
.
d = dn/n = 0,2 365/100 = 0,73,
i = dn/(1 dn) n = 0,2 365/((1 0,2) 100) = 0,91.

15.2.
- ,
, . ,
, .

15.2.1.

, P (1 + i),
2 P (1 + i) (1 + i) = P (1 + i)2, n P (1 + i)n. ,
S = P (1 + i)n,

(15.20)

S ; i ;
n ; (1 + i)n .
, . . ,
(, , . .).

, , (1 + i).

( , , (1 + ni) (1 + i)n) . .

326 15.
9.
100 000 . . 30 % .
0,5 , 1 2 .
.
S1 = 100 000 (1 + 0,5 0,3) = 115 000 . .
S2 = 100 000 (1 + 1 0,3) = 130 000 . .
S3 = 100 000 (1 + 2 0,3) = 160 000 . .
S1 = 100 000 (1 + 0,3)1/2 = 114 017 . .
S 2 = 100 000 (1 + 0,3)1 = 130 000 . .
S 3 = 100 000 (1 + 0,3)2 = 169 000 . .
.

0,5

115 000 . .

130 000 . .

160 000 . .

114 017 . .

130 000 . .

169 000 . .

, :
1) , ;
2) 1
;
3) , . .
, .


, ,

S = P (1 + i1 )n1 (1 + i2 )n2 L (1 + ik)k,
i1, i2, , ik , n1, n2, ..., nk .

15.2.

327

10.
,
15 % , 6 % ,
8 % , 10 % .
4 .
.
(1 + 0,21)2 (1 + 0,23) (1 + 0,25) = 2,25.


, N
. N, :
) (1 + ni) = N,
n = (N 1)/i;

(15.21)

) (1 + i)n = N,
n = ln N ln( 1 + i ).

(15.22)

N = 2 (15.21) (15.22)
:
)
n = 1/i;

(15.23)

)
n = ln 2/ln (1 + i).
(15.24)
( 10 %)
(15.24) ,
, ln 2 0,7, ln (1 + i) i.
n 0,7/i.

(15.25)

11.
,
, 3 %.
. .
.
)

328 15.
n = 1/i = 1/0,03 = 33,33 ;
) , ,
n = ln 2/ln (1 + i) = 0,6931 ln (1 + 0,03) = 23,45 ;
) , :
n 0,7/i 0,7/0,03 23,33 .
, ,

.

:
1)
S = P (1 + i)n;
2) ,
, ,
S = P (1 + i)a (1 + bi),

(15.26)

n = + b, a , b ;
3) ,

, . .
S = P (1 + i)a.
(15.27)

15.2.2.


j,
m. j/m. j .

S = P (1 + j/m)N,

(15.28)

N , N = mn.
,

15.2.

329

, :
1)
S = (1 + j/m)N/t,

(15.29)

N/t , t ;
2)
S = P (l + j/m)a (l + bj/m),

(15.30)

, . . a = [N/t]
N t, b (b = N/t a).
12.
, 28 , 20 . .
60 % ; . :
;
;
.
.
.
28/3 , . . 9 1 .:
1) S = 20 (1 + 0,6/4)28/3 = 73,713 . .;
2) S = 20 (1 + 0,6/4)9 (1 + 0,6/4 1/3) = 73,875 . .;
3) S = 20 (l + 0,6/4)9 = 70,358 . .
, , . . . , ,
, ,
.

, , m-
j/m.

330 15.
m ,
j/m,
:
(1 + i)n = (1 + j/m)mn,

(15.31)

i , a j . ,

i = (1 + j/m)m 1,

(15.32)

j = m [(1 + i)1/m 1].

(15.33)

13.
, 0,12.
.
.
(15.32) :
i = (1 + j/m)m 1 = (1 + 0,12/12)12 1 = 1,192 1 = 0,127.
i = (1 + j/m)m 1 = (1 + 0,12/4)4 1 = 1,1255 1 = 0,1255.
14.
, , 12 % .
.
(15.33) :
j = m [(1 + i)1/m 1] = 4 [(1 + 0,12)1/4 1] = 0,115.
()
, .
. , .
:
S = P (1 + i)n,
:

15.2.

331

P = S/(1 + i)n = Svn,

(15.34)

vn = 1/(1 + i)n = (1 + i)n

(15.35)

, , .
,
P = S/(1 + j/m)mn = Svmn,

(15.36)

vmn = 1/(1 + j/m)mn = (1 + j/m)mn

(15.37)

.
, S,
S.
,
.
. .

P = S (1 d)n,

(15.38)

dc .

D = S P = S S (1 d)n = S [1 (1 d)n].

(15.39)

,
, .

, m , f. ,
1/m ,
f/m.
= S (1 f/m)N,
N = mn .

(15.40)

332 15.
, a m
.

, ( ) , .
,
:
(1 f/m)mn = (1 d)n,
,
d = 1 (1 f/m)m.

(15.41)

, .

.

(15.38) (15.40). :
S = P/(1 d)n

(15.42)

S = P/(1 f/m) .

(15.43)

15.
, , 200 000 . ., 2 . , 10 %.
.
(15.42) :
S = 200 000/(1 0,1)2 = 246 913,58 . .
16.
,
, 4 .
.
(15.43) m = 4 N = 4 2 :
S = 200 000/(1 0,1/4)8 = 244 902,42 . .

15.2.

333

15.2.3.

, ,

S = P (1 + j/m)mn,
j , m .
m,
. m
S = lim P (1 + j m)mn = P lim [(1 + j m)m ]n .
m

(15.44)

(. 4.2.4), :
lim (1 + j m)m = lim [(1 + j m)m j ] j = e j ,

m
x

e = lim 1 + .
x
x

(15.44), ,

j
S = Pejn.

(15.45)

, d:
S = Pedn.

(15.46)

m .

P = Sedn.

(15.47)

, .

, :

334 15.
(1 + i)n = edn.

(15.48)

,
d = ln (1 + i),

(15.49)

(15.50)

i = e 1.
17.

15 %, .
.
(15.49) :
d = ln (1 + i) = ln (1 + 0,15) = 0,1398,
. . 13,98 %.

15.2.4.
() (S) , , ,
. , .

.
1. i (15.20)
S = P (1 + i)n
, ( )
n = log (S/P)/log (1 + i),

(15.51)

, , .
2. m
(15.28)
S = P (1 + j/m)mn

15.2.

335

:
n = log (S/P)/(m log (1 + j/m)).

(15.52)

3. d
(15.38)
P = S(1 - d . )n
:
n = log (P/S)/log (1 d.).

(15.53)

4. m
(15.40)
P = S (1 j/m)mn
:
n = log (P/S)/(m log (1 j/m)).

(15.54)

5. ,
(15.46)
S = Pedn,
:
n = ln (S/P)/d.

(15.55)

, , .
1. i
i = (S/P)1/n 1.

(15.56)

2.
j = m [(S/P)1/mn 1].

(15.57)

3.
d. = 1 (P/S)1/n.

(15.58)

4.
j = m [1 (P/S)1/mn].

(15.59)

336 15.
5.
d = n1 ln (S/P).

(15.60)

15.3.
(., .: . ., . . . ., 1999. . 11).
, J. , JP:
J=1/J.

(15.61)

,
.

15.3.1.
n S,
JP,

C = S/JP.

(15.62)

( ) h.
(1 + h).
,
h
= P (1 + ni) / JP,

(15.63)

JP = (1 + ht ),

(15.64)

t =1

h
JP = (1 + h)n.

(15.65)

, , ( = )
i = (JP 1)/n.

(15.66)

15.3.

337

.
-. -, r,

- :
(1 + nr)/JP = 1 + ni,

(15.67)

r = [(1 + ni) JP 1]/n.

(15.68)

15.3.2.
(. .
)
C = P (1 + i)n/JP,
(15.69)
(15.64) (15.65) . i = h, = .
.
1. , , . ,
, - (r). , h,
:
(1 + r) / (1 + h) = 1 + i,

(15.70)

r = i + h + ih.

(15.71)

i .
:
, h + ih.
2. . .
:
S = PJ (1 + i)n

(15.72)

338 15.
18.
, 20 % . , 10 %? ?
.
- (15.71):
r = i + h + ih = 0,1 + 0,2 + 0,1 0,2 = 0,32, 32 %.
h + ih = 0,2 + 0,1 0,2 = 0,22, 22 %.
19.
500 000 . 2 . 20 % .
15 % .
, .
.

J (1 + i)n = (1 + h)n (1 + i)n = (1 + 0,15)2 (1 + 0,2)2 = 1,9.
(15.72):
S = PJ (1 + i)n = 500 000 1,9 = 950 000 .

.
, i ( ) - r.

i = [(1 + nr)/JP 1]/n,
(15.73)
, JP = (1 + h)n, :
i = {[(1 + nr)/(1 + h)n] 1} / n.

(15.74)

:
i = [(1 + r)/(1 + h)] 1 = (r h)/(1 + h).

(15.75)

15.4.

339

20.
12 %
1 . 10 % .
.
.
(15.74):
i = {[(1 + nr)/(1 + h)n] 1} / n,
i = {[(1 + 0,12)/(1 + 0,1)] 1} = 0,018, 1,8 %.
(15.75):
i = (r h)/(1 + h),
i = (0,12 0,1)/(1 + 0,1) = 0,0182, 1,82 %.

15.4.
, ,
. , ,
(, , , , . .), ,
,
.
1. .
, .
. .
2.

.

, ()

340 15.
, .

. ,
- . , .

15.4.1.
3. ,
, ,
.
: ; ; ;
,
, ; ; ; .

.

-, .

, m .
.
( )
. - ,
, .
.
, , . .
. , .

15.4.

341

,
, , .
.
-
, . , .
. ,
, .
, ,
.
.

.

15.4.2.

R , i.
R (1 + i)n 1, R
(n 1) . R (1 + i)n 2 . . .
,

S = R + R (1 + i) + R (1 + i)2 + ... + R (1 + i)n 1,
R, (1 + i), n.
(1 + i)n - 1
(1 + i)n - 1
(15.76)
S=R
=R
= RS n ; i ,
(1 + i) - 1
i

Sn; i =

(1 + i)n - 1
i

(15.77)

342 15.
.
i.
21.
3 AO
10 . .,
10 %.
.
.
(15.76), (15.77), :
S = 10

(1 + 01
, )3 - 1
= 331
, . .
,
01

m
, ,
. ,
j/m, j .

R (1 + j/m)m (n 1), R (1 + j/m)m (n 2), ..., R.
, ,
, R, (1 + j/m)m, n. .
S=R

(1 + j m)mn - 1
.
(1 + j m)m - 1

(15.78)

p-, m = 1
,
,
.
R , R/p. , :
R
(1 + i)n -1 p ,
p

R
(1 + i)n - 2 p ,
p

R
R
(1 + i)n - 3 p , ...,
,
p
p

15.4.

343

R/p, (1 + i)1/p, np. :

S=

(1 + i)n - 1
R (1 + i)(1 p ) np - 1
R
=
= Rs n( ;pi) ,
1 p
1 p
p (1 + i) - 1
p [(1 + i) - 1]

(15.79)

s n( ;pi) =

(1 + i)n - 1

(15.80)

p [(1 + i)1 p - 1]

- m = 1.
p-, = m

. , , . . = m.
,

S=R

(1 + i)n - 1
.
i

,
, . , :
S=

(1 + j m)mn - 1
R (1 + j m)mn - 1
=R
.
m
j m
j

(15.81)

-, p 1, m 1
-
, .
R/p, 1/ ,

R
R
(1 + j m)m ( n -1 p ) = (1 + j m)mn - m p .
p
p

R
(1 + j m)m ( n - 2
p

p)

R
(1 + j m)mn - 2 ( m
p

p)

344 15.
. . R/p, (1 + j/m)m/p,
np. :
S=

(1 + j m)mn - 1
R (1 + j m)( m p ) np
.
=
R
p p (1 + j m)m p - 1
p [1 + j m)m p - 1

(15.82)

15.4.3.

R, i, , n.
R/(1 + i) = Rv,
v =

1
.
1+ i

Rv2
. . , : Rv, Rv2, Rv3, ..., Rvn,
A = Rv

1 - (1 + i)- n
vn -1
=R
= Rn ; i ,
v -1
i

(15.83)

n ; i =

1 - (1 + i)- n
i

(15.84)

.
:
i. .
p-, 1, m 1
p m:
A=R

1 - (1 + j m)- mn
p [(1 + j m)m

-1

(15.85)

15.4.

345

15.4.4.

,
a S n, = 1, m = 1.
, S:
1 - (1 + i)- n
(1 + i)n - 1
(15.86)
A (1 + i)n = R
(1 + i)n = R
= S.
i
i
, S :
Svn = A.

(15.87)

()

an; i (1 + i)n = sn; i,

(15.88)

sn; i vn = an; i.

(15.89)

S
: R, n, i, p, m. , m ,
.
R, n, i. , .
R
, , S , :
R = S/sn;

(15.90)

R = A/an; i.

(15.91)

.
S
(1 + i)n - 1
1 - (1 + i)- n
, A=R
S=R
i
i
n, , , :

346 15.
A
S

ln i + 1
- ln 1 - i
R
R
n=

n=
.
ln(1 + i)
ln(1 + i)
R > Ai.

i, ( , ) :
S=R

1 - (1 + i)- n
(1 + i)n - 1
A = R
,
i
i

:
s n; i =

S (1 + i)n - 1
A 1 - (1 + i)- n
n ; i =
.
=
R
i
R
i

(15.92)

i.
. : , .
.
(i)
(i) .
(15.92) i . ,
:
i = i +

S - S
(i - i ),
S - S

(15.93)

S S ( ) i i . ,
.
, (15.93),
, , ( ).

15.5.

347

22.

10 2 . .
100 000 . . .
, ?
.
(15.92),
sn; i = [(1 + i)n 1]/i = S/R = 2 000 000/100 000 = 20.
sn; i
. i = 0,14
S10;

0,14

= [(1 + i)n 1]/i = [(1 + 0,14)10 1]/0,14 = 19,34.

i = 0,15
S10;

0,15

= [(1 + i)n 1]/i = [(1 + 0,15)10 1]/0,15 = 20,304.

0,14 < i < 0,15, 19,34 < 20 < 20,304.
(15.93)
:
i = 0,14 + (20 19,34) (0,15 0,14)/(20,304 19,34) = 0,1469.

:
[(1 + i)n 1]/i = [(1 + 0,1469)10 1]/0,1469 = 20.
, i = 14,69 %.

15.5.
15.5.1.
()
, . 4
:
1. ,
, -

348 15.

.
2. , , ,
.
3. ,
, .
4. , -
. .
.
. : .
( ,
).
, . ,
( 2 4).
:
v ,
r ,
Sv ,
Sr ,
0 ,
K1 ,
n ,
i ( ),
j .
:
.
: , ,
. ,
,

15.5.

Sv = PvK0 (1 + ni)/K1.

349

(15.94)

,
.

m=

K0
1 + ni
1 + ni
(1 + ni) =
,
=
(K 1 K 0 )
K1
k

(15.95)

k = K1/K0 .
(15.95) , m i K1 ( k).
k.
, ,
S - Pv
i = v
.
Pv n
Sv, :
i =

K 0 K 1 (1 + ni) - 1 1 1 + ni 1
=
- .
n
k n
n

(15.96)

(15.96) , k i .
k = 1 , . . i = i.
i < i k > 1 i > i k < 1.
k, k*, . i = 0 :
k* = 1 + ni,

(15.97)

K 1* = K 0 (1 + ni).

(15.98)
*
1

, k K
, (i < 0).

K1,
, .

350 15.
1 + nj = (1 + ni) 0/K1.
,
max 1 = 0 (1 + ni)/(1 + nj)

(15.99)

max k = maxK1/K0 = (1 + ni)/(1 + nj).

(15.100)

,
,
max K1.
:
.
, .
:
Sr =

K
Pr
(1 + nj )K 1 = Pr (1 + nj ) 1 .
K0
K0

(15.101)

.

i =

S r - Pr
.
Pr n

, Sr, :

K1
(1 + nj ) - 1
K
k (1 + nj ) - 1
.
= 0
=
n
n

(15.102)

i k , i = j
k = 1, i > j k > 1, i < j k < 1.
k*, i = 0:
k* = 1/(1 + nj) *1 = K0/(1 + nj).

(15.103)

, k K1
, (i < 0).
k (
), ,

15.5.

351

, ( i = i):
1 (1 + nj)/K0 = 1 + ni,

min k = (1 + ni)/(1 + nj)

min 1 = 0 (1 + ni)/(1 + nj).

(15.104)

,
,
min K1.

:
.
:
Sv = PvK0 (1 + i)n/K1,

(15.105)

i .

m = (1 + i)nK0/K1 = (1 + i)n/k,

(15.106)

k = K1/K0 .
i.
S = P (1 + i)n
:
i = n

Sv
- 1.
Pv

Sv,
Pv (1 + i)n
i =

Pv

K0
K1

-1 =

1+ i
n

- 1.

(15.107)

, k i .

352 15.
, k = 1 i = i, k > 1 i < i, k < 1 i > i.
k,
,
k* = (1 + i)n,

(15.108)

.
, k K1
, (i < 0).
k, oe
j, :
(1 + j)n = (1 + i)n/kmax,

kmax = (1 + i)n/(1 + j)n, max K1 = K0 (1 + i)n/(1 + j)n.

(15.109)

,
,
max K1.
23.
, . 34 . ,
35 . 12 %, 5 %.
, : .
.
: (15.96) , K0 = 34, K1 = 35:
k = K1/K0 = 35/34 = 1,029,
i = [(1 + 0,5 0,12)/(1,029 0,5)] 1/0,5 = 0,06.
, 5 %,
6 %. , .

15.5.

353

24.
, . 34 . ,
35 . 12 %, 5 %.
.
.

k = K1 / K0 = 35/34 = 1,029.
(15.102) :
i = [1,029 (1 + 0,5 0,05) 1]/0,5 = 0,109.
.

15.5.2.

() .
. ,
. 15.2.

. 15.2

D0 t.

R1 R2, R3, .

354 15.
t1 D1.
t1 K1 = D1 R1 . . R3.
.
. , . .
.

.
. .
, .
, .
.
, , ,
.

. , .
,
.
. . , . .
, . 15.2,
:
K1 = D0 (1 + t1i) R1; K2 = K1 (1 + t2i) R2;
2 (1 + t3i) R3 = 0,

(15.110)

t1, t2, t3 , ; i .

15.5.

355

. :
1. ,
.
.
2. , , .
. .
t 1 :
m

S = D - K = P (1 + ti) - R j (1 + t j i),

(15.111)

j =1

S ; D ;
; Rj ;
tj ; m
() ; .
25.
3 000 000 . . 20
1 .
: 20 500 000 . .,
20 200 000 . ., 20 800 000 . .

30 % .

. .
.
.
20 3 000 000 . .
20 :
3 000 000 (1 + 0,3 1/4) = 3 000 000 . . + 225 000 . . =
= 3 225 000 . .

356 15.
500 000 . .,
225 000 . ., 500 000 . . , 20 :
3 225 000 . . 500 000 . . = 2 725 000 . .
20 :
2 725 000 (1 + 0,3 1/4) = 2 725 000 . . + 204 375 . . =
= 2 929 375 . .
200 000 . . < 204 375 . ., 20 , :
2 725 000 (1 + 0,3 1/2) = 2 725 000 . . + 408 750 . . =
= 3 133 750 . .
800 000 . .,
408 750 . ., 800 000 . . , 20 :
3 133 750 . . 200 000 . . 800 000 . . = 2 133 750 . .
20 :
2 133 750 . . (1 + 0,3 1/4) = 2 293 781,25 . .,
.
.
(1 ) :
3 000 000 (1 + 0,3) 500 000 (1 + 0,3 1/4) 200 000 (1 + 0,3 1/2)
800 000 (1 + 0,3 1/4) = 3 900 000 . . 537 500 . .
230 000 . . 860 000 . . = 2 272 500 . .
, , , 2 293 781,25 . ., 2 272 500 . . , .

15.5.3.
, , : , .
. ,
, j -

15.5.

357

j, ,
Cj = Pjtj/100,

(15.112)

tj j- , Pj j- .
, ,

D:
D = K/i,

(15.113)

( , . . 360, 365 366);

i , %.
,
.
26.
20
1 = 1000 . .,
i = 15 % . R1 =
= 2000 . . 10 .
R2 = 1500 . . 3 . 10
.
, . 360/360, .
.
, : 20 10 (1 = 1000 . .;
t1 = 10 + 30 + 10 = 50), 10 3 (t2 = 20 + 30 + 3 = 53;
P2 = P1 + R1 = 1000 . . + 2000 . . = 3000 . .), 3
10 (3 = P2 + R2 = 3000 . . 1500 . . = 1500 . .,
t3 =27 + 4 30 + 10 = 157).
:
C1 = P1 t1/100 = 1000 50/100 = 500;
C2 = P2 t2/100 = 3000 53/100 = 1590;
C3 = P3 t3/100 = 1500 157/100 = 2355.

358 15.

D = K/i = 360/15 = 24.

I = (C1 + C2 + C3)/D = (500 + 1590 + 2355)/24 =
= 185,21 . .
,
3 + I = 1500 . . + 185,21 . . = 1685,21 . .
, ,
, .
.

15.5.4.
: , , , ;
() . .

() () .
, , - , ,
.
, - .
, (, , , ,
)
.

, ,

15.5.

359

. ,
,
( ) . , ( ).
, i d,
S = P (1 + ni) P = S (1 dn), , S = P/(1 nd). :
1 + ni = 1/(1 nd),
:
i = d/(1 nd),

(15.114)

d = i/(1 + ni).

(15.115)

,
.

.

15.5.5.

,
() , .
,
(), .
5. , ,

, .
, , ,
, . ,
(,
), . -

360 15.
, .
, .
(
), ( 7 ) ( 7 ). . .

.
. ,
.
.

.
.

, ,
K % ,
, N :
pK % =

p
100 % .
N

(15.116)

27.
1000 . .
950 . . .
.
(15.116) ,
pK % =

950
100 % = 95 %.
1000

15.5.

361

,
, , , .

.
N , p
, D ,
D = N p.

(15.117)

p = K% N/100 %,

(15.118)

(15.116):

D = N p = N K% N/100 % = N (1 K% /100 %).

(15.119)

( ). :
S = p (1 + it/K) = K% N/100 % (1 + it/K),

(15.120)

S ; K , ; i .
:
D = S p.

(15.121)

D = N (1 K%/100 %),

(15.122)

i = K (100 % K%)/(tK%).

(15.123)

(15.120), :

:
S = p (1 + i. c)t/K, D = S p = p (1 + i. )t/K p,

(15.124)

i. .
(15.118) :
D = [(1 + i. )t/K 1] K% N/100 %.

(15.125)

362 15.
(15.122) (15.125), :
i. = (100 %/K%)K/t 1.

(15.126)

28.
50 50 . . . 95 %. 4 . , 1 .
.
(15.122) :
D = N (1 K%/100 %) = 50 (1 95 %/100 %) = 2,5 . . .
50 :
2,5 50 = 125 . . .

(15.123) :
i = K (100 % K%)/(tK%) = 12 (100 % 95 %)/(4 95 %) = 0,1579,
i = 15,79 %.
c
(15.126) :
i. = (100 %/K%)K/t 1 = (100 %/95)12/4 1 = 0,1664,
i. = 16,64 %.

.
, ,
. N, i :
D = N p + N (1 + i)n N,

(15.127)

N (1 + i)n N , p = NK%/100%.

D = N [(1 + i)n K%/100 %].

(15.128)

15.5.

363

. (15.124) (15. 128);
, n = t/ K%/100 % = p/N,
i. :
p (1 + i. )t/K p = N [(1 + i)n K%/100 %],
(1 + i. )t/K = N [(1 + i)n K%/100 %]/p + 1,
i. = {{[(1 + i)n K%/100 %]/p/N} + 1}1/n 1 =
= (1 + i)/(K%/100 %)1/n 1.

(15.129)

29.
20 150 . .
. 2 . , 8 % ,
98 %.
.
.
(15.128) :
D = N [(1 + i)n K%/100 %] = 150 [(1 + 0,08)2 98 %/100 %] =
= 27,96 . . .
20 :
20 27,96 = 559,2 . . .

(15.129):
i. = [(1 + i)/(K%/100 %)1/n] 1 = [(1 + 0,08)/(98 %/100 %)1/2] 1 =
0,09096, i. = 9,096 %.

7. ,

.
; .

.
.

364 15.
:
.
, , .
( ) , . ,
,
.
() , . .
,
,
. ,
.

-
.
, .

(D)
(D%) ,
p, p:
D = D% + p p.

(15.130)

D% = N n r,

(15.131)

r ; n
; N .

15.5.

365

ic,
:
D% = N r [(1 + ic)n 1]/ic.

(15.132)

(ic):
D = p (1 + ic)n p,
ic = n (D + p ) p - 1.

(15.133)

30.
20
200 . . . 20 % .
5 % . 10 % .
.
.
20 :
D1% = 0,2 200 20 = 800 . . .
(15.132):
D% = D1% [(1 + ic)n 1]/ic = 800 [(1 + 0,1)2 1]/0,1 =
= 1680 . . .
:
= 200 20 = 4000 . . .
:
p = 200 20 + 0,05 200 20 2 = 4400 . . .
:
D = 1680 + 4400 4000 = 2080 . . .

(15.133) :
ic = (D + p ) p - 1 = (2080 + 4000) 4000 - 1 = 02329
,
.
ic = 23,29 %.

366 15.
31.

.
15, 17 18 %.
.
1) 50 %, 30 %, 20 % ;
2) , 40, 30 30 %;
3) , 30, 40 30 %.

S. :
D1 = 0,5S 0,15 + 0,3S 0,17 + 0,2S 0,18 = 0,162S,
D2 = 0,4S 0,15 + 0,3S 0,17 + 0,3S 0,18 = 0,165S,
D3 = 0,3S 0,15 + 0,4S 0,17 + 0,3S 0,18 = 0,167S.
,
.

15.1. 3 12 12 % .
80 . .
.
15.2.
i% = 4,8 % ( ).
K = 365 . 4,5 . .
5 . .
15.3. 600
. . 4 . , 14 % 2,5 . , .
15.4.
. 8 . .
3 ,
10 . . ?

367

15.5. 50 000 . .
20 % . .
15.6. 100 000 . . 2 11
18 % , .
( )
.
15.7. 200 000 . . 3,5 .
15 %,
4 %. .
15.8. , 25 000 . . 45 000 . ., 12 % .
15.9. , 24 000 . . 30 000 . . 100 . = 365 .
15.10. 18 % 250 .
, , , 40 000 . .
15.11. 10 % . , , , 300 000 . .
15.12. 100 000 . .
12 % . , ,
130 000 . .
15.13. ,
60 000 . ., 50 000 . . .
15.14. 5 %.
200 . . ,
12 . :
, , , .
15.15.
20 000 . . 10 %. . 23

368 15.
4 . ,
.
15.16. , ,
.
50 000 . . 6 %, 2 7 %, 8 %
3 10 %. , . .
15.17.
:
8 % ,
7 % , 9 % . ?
15.18. 4 %. , .
30 000 . ., 40 000 . .?
= 365 .
15.19.
500 000 . . 450 000 . .

, 500 000 . . , .
15.20.
90 10 % . 8 %.
, = 365 .
15.21. 6 .
. . 10 %. , .
15.22. 20 000 . . 3 0,08 %. 0,03 % . :
) ;

369

) ;
) -;
) -.
15.23. ,
40 000 . .

15 %. 10 .
15.24. 8 50 000
. ., ,
5 %. ?
15.25. , 10 % , , ,
1- , 10 000 . ., . ?
15.26. 500 . ., ,
0,06. , 10 .
15.27. 0,08 5- , 1 000 000 . .
15.28.
, 20 % .
1 . 2,5 . 5 .
. . 2,5 , .
15.29. ()

15 % . . 100 .
. 20 5 .
;
;

370 15.
. ,
.
15.30. 100 . . . 10 % . . , 1 ?
= 365 .
15.31. ,
10 2 . . ,

20 % , .
15.32. , 500 . . .
1,5 ,
20 % ?
15.33. , 20 % . ,
10 %?
?
15.34.
100 . . ., . , 6 , 12 %.
15.35. , . 20 .
. . ,
26 . . .
15 %, 5 %.
: ?
15.36. 500 . . . 5 6 . : 5 15 . . .;
5 15 100 . . .; 5 50 .
. .
12 % . , .
.

371

15.37. 1995 . 36 . 93,92 % .

.
15.38. 10
100 . . . 40 % .
8 % . 30 % .
.
15.39. ,
. 16, 20, 24 12 %. :
1. 50 %, 15 %, 15 % 20 % .
2. 30 %, 20 %, 20 % 20 % .
3. 20 %, 30 %, 15 % 35 % .

 , , ,
, , - .


, .
: ().
. .
, , , , , .
, .
XVIII . XIX .
,
, ,
(. , . , . .), XX . , . , . .
(. ,
. ). 1968 .
. . , .
. . , . . ,
. . .
, .
,
.

 16

16.1.
, .
: ,
, , , .
:
: = + b + c2 + , = + bx + cx2 +
+ dx3 + e ;
= + b/x + e.

:
= xbe;
= bxe;
= a + bxe.
() .

( )
, , (), . , ,

376 16.
= 0 + a1 + a22 + ,

(16.1)

= 1, = 2,
:
2

= 0 + a1 + a22 + ,

(16.2)

.
,
= 0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + e

(16.3)

= 1, = 2, = 3
2

(16.4)
= 0 + a1 + a22 + a3x3 +
. .
, .
; .

:
na0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 = y,

2
3
a0 x + a1 x + a2 x = xy,

4
2
2
3
a0 x + a1 x + a2 x = x y.

(16.5)

3 3 0,
1, 2, .
1.
.
x

4,8

0,4

3,3

0,8

3,2

0, 1, 2 = 0 + a1x + a2x 2.
.
, .

377

16.1.

x2

x3

x4

xy

x2y

4,8

16

9,6

19,2

0,4

0,4

0,4

3,3

0,8

0,8

0,8

3,2

16

6,4

12,8

4,3

10

34

4,4

31,6

5 a0 + 0a1 + 10a2 = 4,3,

0a0 + 10a1 + 0a2 = -4,4 ,

10a + 0a + 34a = 316
, .
0
1
2

, : 0 = 2,42, 1 = 0,44,
2 = 1,64. ,
y$ = 2,42 0,44x + 1,64x 2.
b > 0 < 0
, . . , ,
, .

. -
.
b < 0 > 0 ,
, , . e. .
-
,
.

378 16.
,
, :
= + b/x + e.

(16.6)

- , ,
, ,
, . , ,
.
(16.6) z = 1/,
= + b z + ,
.
:
y = na + b 1 x ,
(16.7)

2
y x = a 1 x + b 1 x .
b > 0 , .
b < 0 .

( ). . 1857 .
.
, , . ,
, ,
. , ,
.

,
( ).
: . -

16.1.

379

,
, .
, :
y = b,

(16.8)

; ; .
,
b .
,
:
ln = ln a + b ln + ln e.

(16.9)

b (16.9) .

ln y = n ln a + b ln x ,

2
ln y ln x = ln a ln x + b (ln x ) .
b , a ln a.
, (16.9)
.

= b + ,
, .

y = + b c + ,

(16.10)

= [1 1/(1 xb)] + e.

(16.11)

.
, ,
.

380 16.
.
, . .
, , yx = axb. , b
, ,
,
1 %. ()
= f (x) x/y,

(16.12)

f (x) .

,
, b. . ,
= + b :
f (x) = b, = bx/(a + bx).

, ,
= bx y .

, ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
, 1 %. ,
( ),
.
,
.

16.2.

381

S ( x)2 min,
,
ln y, 1/x. ,
.
.
, , ,
. , , , ,
.

16.2.
, , , R:
(16.13)
R = [1 - s 2 s y2 ]
s 2y ; s 2 , y$ x = f ().
s 2y = (y - y )2 n , s 2 = (y - y$ x )2 n ,

R=

[1 - ( (y - y$ )
x

(y - y )

].

(16.14)

0 R 1
,
.
2.
1.
yx 1

y$ x = 2,42 0,44x + 1,64x 2

x, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 . :
y1 = 2,42 0,44 (2) + 1,64 (2)2 = 5,02.
y2, y3, y4, y5.

382 16.
.

$ x

y = y$ x

(y - y$ x ) 2

y-y

(y - y) 2

4,8

5,02

0,22

0,0484

3,94

15,5236

0,4

0,34

0,74

0,5476

0,46

0,2116

3,3

2,42

0,88

0,7744

4,16

17,3056

0,8

1,22

0,42

0,1764

1,66

2,7556

3,2

3,26

0,06

0,0036

2,34

5,4756

4,3

1,5504

41,272

(16.14):
R = 1 - (15504
,
41272
,
) = 0,981.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
Ryx = ryz, z -, , z = 1/x z = ln x.
,
.

. , yx = axb ln y = ln a + b ln x

x y, .

, ln .

16.2.

383

, . . 1/,
Ryx
.
,

x = + b , xy = + , ryx = rxy , Ryx = f () Rxy = f ().

, R2
, .
,
.
R2
F- :
F = [R2/(1 R2)] [(n m 1)/m],

(16.15)

R2 ; n ; .

, (n m 1) .
yx = b m = 1,
F- , :
F = R2 (n 2)/(1 R2).

(16.16)

= + b + 2 + e m = 2
F = R2 (n 3)/(2 (1 R2)).

(16.17)

3.

20 :
yx = 2x0,3; rxy = 0,9;
s 2 = 0,06.
.
.
:

384 16.
S = s 2 n = 006
, 20 = 12
,;
S = S/(1 - r 2xy ) = 1,2/(1 0,81) = 6,316;
S = 6,316 1,2 = 5,116;
F = 0,92 18/(1 0,9)2 = 76,7.
.

F
a = 0,05,
k1 = 1,
k2 = 18

n 1 = 19

6,316

k1 = m = 1

5,116

5,116

76,7

4,41

k2 = n m 1 = 1

1,2

0,0667

F = 76,7 > F = 4,41 .

, , , ,
.

16.1. .
x

7,5

4,0

3,0

5,2

10,0

0, 1, 2 = 0 + a1x + a2 x 2.
16.2. .
x

0,5

7,0

9,0

5,0

1,5

3,5

, b = + b/x.

385

16.3. .
x

17,0

, b = xb.
16.4. 16.1
x, y.
16.5. 16.2
x, y.
16.6. 16.3
x, y.

 17

17.1.


= f (x1, x2, , xk).
y
x1, x2, , xk,
, y, .
y = f (x1, x2, , xk) + e,
e , , .
.
y
x1, x2, , xk ,
x y:
;
;
, x y .
, .

17.2.

387

x1, x2, , xk,

, x1, x2, , xk.

.
. ,
( , . .).
, .

. , , , ,
()
t-, () . .
, x1, x2, , xk ;
, x1, x2, , xk , ,
, . , , ,
.

17.2.



, y, x1, x2, , x ( , ).

388 17.
, ,
, . .
(17.1)
y = a0 + a1x1 + a2x2 + + ax.
c .
(17.1) .
,

x1

x2

x3

xk

x11

x21

x31

xk1

y1

x12

x22

x32

xk2

y2

x13

x23

x33

xk3

y3

x1n

x2n

x3n

xkn

yn

, (17.1) ,
(17.1).
= k, < k.
,
.
k .

y

x1

x2

x3

xk

ryx 1

ryx 2

ryx 3

ryx k

x1

rx 1 y

rx 1 x 2

rx 1 x 3

rx 1 x k

x2

rx 2 y

rx 2 x 1

rx 2 x 3

rx 2 x k

x3

rx 3 y

rx 3 x 1

rx 3 x 2

rx 3 x k

xk

rx k y

rx k x 1

rx k x 2

389

17.2.

, , r31
x3 x1 . rij rji, rx i y ryx i ,
y xi , xi y,
, xi xj.
( ).
y

x1

x2

x3

xk

ryx 1

ryx 2

ryx 3

ryx k

x1

rx 1 x 2

rx 1 x 3

rx 1 x k

x2

rx 2 x 3

rx 2 x k

x3

rx 3 x k

xk

,
y, ,
.
1.

y

x1

x2

x3

0,6

0,5

0,7

x1

0,04

0,03

x2

0,1

x3

, x1, x2, x3 y
( , , 0,6; 0,5;
0,7). x1, x2, x3 ( 0,04, 0,03, 0,1).

(17.1).

390 17.
2.
.
y

x1

x2

x3

x4

0,65

0,6

0,5

0,03

x1

0,5

0,9

0,3

x2

0,3

0,2

x3

0,2

x4

, y x4 , x4
(17.1). x1 x3 ( 0,9),
.
(17.1) x1 x3, . ,
, , , , .

,
t- .

,
.
,
.
.
y x1
, x2 (
),

17.2.

ryx1 ( x 2 ) =

ryx1 - ryx 2 rx1 x 2

1 - ryx2 2 1 - rx21 x 2

391

(17.2)

,
. , . . .
(17.2) (
x2 ) .

ryx1 ( x 2 x 3 ) =

ryx1 ( x 2 ) - ryx 3 ( x 2 ) rx1 x 3 ( x 2 )

1 - ryx2 3 ( x 2 ) 1 - rx21 x 3 ( x 2 )

(17.3)

, k- k 1-
. 0 1.
,
. , ryx1 rx1 x 2 , ryx1 ( x 2 )
.
, ryx 2 = 0, (17.2)
ryx1 ( x 2 ) =

ryx1
1 - rx21 x 2

(17.4)

ryx1 , rx21 x 2 , ryx1 ( x 2 ) .

3.
ryx1 = 0095
,
, rx1 x 2 = 0,994, ryx 2 = 0, ryx1 ( x 2 ) .
.
ryx1 ( x 2 ) = 0095
,

1 - 0,99 = 0,95.

392 17.
0, 1, , . (17.1)
a0 n + a1 Sx 1i + a2 Sx 2 i + ... + a p Sx pi = Sy i ,

2
a0 Sx 1i + a1 Sx 1i + a2 Sx 1i x 2 i + ... + a p Sx 1i x pi = Sx 1i y i ,

..................................................................
a Sx + a Sx x + a Sx x + ... + a Sx 2 = Sx y .
p
1
1i pi
2
pi 2 i
pi
pi i
0 pi
(
), (
) .
y c
x1, x2, , xp R.
0 1, , , . R = 0,
o y x1, x2, , xp . R = 1,
c . , ,
R=

a1 ryx1 s x1 + a2 ryx 2 s x 2 + ... + a p ryx p s x p

sy

(17.5)

i (17.2); ryx i ; s x i
xi; sy y.
R,
R2, () . , x1, x2, , xp .
, R = 0,7,
R2 = 0,49, . . 49 % , ,
51 % .
F- (
).

17.2.

F = R 2 (n - p - 1) [(1 - R 2 )p ],

393

(17.6)

R ; x1, x2, , xp; n .

F F (. 6) v1 = p, v2 = n p 1
a. c F > F
,
.
4.
: R = 0,75, p = 4, n = 16, .
.
F (17.6):
F = 0,5625 (16 4 1)/(4 (1 0,5625)) = 3,53.
F = 3,36 v1 = 4, v2 = 16 4 1 = 11 0,95.
c F- , .

- ,
, .
.

(17.7)
t i = ai s i , i = 1, n,
ai ; si .
ti < t, t- , ,
i (
)
. i- .

394 17.
,
t t.
, t. ,
t,
, . t
, t, t. , tmin < t, ,
tmin, .
,
tmin t. .
, t < t, ,
.

, .

2
F = s 2y s

(17.8)

v1 = n 1 v2 = n p 1,

s 2y = S(y i - y )2 (n - 1) ,

(17.9)

s 2. = S(y i - y$ i )2 (n - p - 1) ,

(17.10)

y$ i , ; yi
, x1, x2, , xp.
F F
. F > F, , x1, x2, , xp
y, .
F > F, , y, .

17.2.

395

e.
,
y$ i yi:
y 1 - y$ 1 = e1 ,

y 2 - y$ 2 = e2 , ...,

y n - y$ n = en .

.
- , . ,
e1, e2, , en eL+1, eL+2, , eL+n ,
L , . , L = 1, . .

e1, e2, , en e2, e3, , en+1 .

n, (n + 1), (n + 2), , (n + L)
, . .
xn x1, x2 ...
, L = 1
x1, x2, , xn 1, xn x2, x3, , xn, x1.
.

d = S (et - t t -1 )2 Set2 .

(17.11)

d .
a = 0,05 10. d1 d2, v n,
d1, d2 ,
, v , n .
:

396 17.
d < d1, ;
d > d2, ;
d1 d d2, .
d1, d2 1, 2,5 5 %
.
,
4 d. , .

,
, (17.1)
.
.
, .
,
, :
t y = (y - y ) s y ;
t x i = (x i - x i ) s x i ,

(17.12)

y xi c () ; y x i y xi; ty
t x i .
0 , . . (17.1)

t y = b1 t x1 + b 2 t x 2 + ... + b p t x p .

(17.13)

. b1, b2, , bp . .

17.2.

397

i bi (i = 1, n)

b1 = ai s x i s y ,

(17.14)

s x i , sy , .
5.
y = 2 + 4x1 + 6x2 + 14x3, s x1 = 4, s x 2 = 2,
s x 3 = 6, sy = 4. .
y.
.

(17.14):
b1 = a1s x1 /sy = 4 4/4 = 4,
b2 = a2s x 2 /sy = 6 2/4 = 3,
b3 = a3s x 3 /sy = 14 6/4 = 21.
, :
ty = 4t x1 + 3t x 2 + 21t x 3 .
4, 3, 21
y. . bi, . , y x3,
x2 x3 .

y$ = b1x1 + b2x2 + + bpxp + bp+1t,
y$,

(17.15)

x i y xi .

6.
,
, , 13 .

398 17.

, :
y , . .;
x1 , .;
x2 , . .;
x2 , . .;
x3 , . .
, .
,

y$ = 70,6 + 1,19x1 0,89x2 + 1,43x3 + 0,18x4 2,77t.

(17.16)

. H0: . H1: .
2
F = S y2 S
,

(17.17)

S = [S (y i - y )] (n - 1), S = [S (y i - y i )] (n - p - 1); yi ; y ; y i y, ;
n ( n = 13); p
( p = 5).
2
y

F
k1 = n 1 k2 = n p 1 . F = 40,64, F (a, k1, k2) = F (0,01;
12; 8) = 5,67 (
a = 0,01,
k1 = 12, k2 = 8). F > F, c, ,
. , 1 % .
.
1 = 1,19 , 1 -

17.2.

399

1,19 . . 2 = 0,89 , 1 . .
0,89 . .
.

y$ = 0,135x1 1,276x2 + 2,134x3 + 0,139x4 0,693t.
, , ( ) (x3), (x2),
, (x1) (x4).

, , .
. H0: R = 0, R 0.

t = [RB n - p - 1]

1 - RB2

(17.18)

k = n p 1
:
t = 14,2; t (a, k) = t (0,01; 8) = 3,36.
t > t, , .
, ,
. , R2 100 % = 96,2 %, ,
, .
, 96,2 % , .

400 17.

17.1.
y

x1

x2

x3

x4

0,71

0,58

0,08

0,62

x1

0,53

0,2

0,81

x2

0,13

0,3

x3

0,25

x4

.
17.2. n = 15, p = 3, R = 0,71. 0,05.
17.3. y = 3,4 + 6,4x1 + 2,8x2 8,6x3.
s x1 = 10, s x 2 = 8, s x 3 = 6, sy = 2. . y.
17.4. , .

y, . .

86,8

11,44

x1, . .

54,9

5,86

x2,

33,5

0,58

: 1. . y.
2. .
3. .

401

17.5. ,
.

1,
. .
, . .

426

611

1,4

611

1520

2,0

870

2590

2,5

1050

3605

3,1

1290

4590

3,2

1348

5840

3,4

1525

7080

3,6

1820

9160

3,9

2342

16850

3,6

 18

,
.
, , , ,
, . .
.
, .

18.1.
18.1.1.

-, , . .
:
()
() ( ).
1. , , , .

18.1.

403

:
;
;
;
.
.

:
;
;
;
;
;
;
.

18.1.2.
, .
2. , , ,
, .
3.
.
, .
; .

404 18.

, .

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

283

287

295

298

308

312

, . .

1520

1590

1650

1710

1780

1890

, .

5400

5440

5430

5470

5475

5500

. , , .

.
.

18.1.3.
. . ,
. -

18.1.

405

,
.
. , , ,
. .
,
, , .
. ,
,
.
, , .; , .
.

y t = y 1 , y 2 , ..., y t , ..., y n , t = 1, n.

(18.1)

:
l t = | y t - y t -1 | s y , t = 1, n,

(18.2)

sy y1, y2, ...,

yt, , yn (. (17.9)).
l2, l3
la; - , yt .
a = 0,05 .

406 18.
18.1
n

10

20

30

50

100

la

2,8

2,3

1,5

1,3

1,2

1,1

1,0

.
, , , .
, - , , .
1.
. .
.
:
y = S y t n = 291
, 10 = 2,91,
s y = [S (y t - y )2 ] (n - 1) = 7,66 9 = 0,92.
t

yt

yt - y

(yt - y) 2

1,6

1,31

1,72

1,9

1,01

1,02

2,1

0,81

0,66

2,4

0,51

0,26

4,5

1,59

2,53

2,8

0,11

0,01

3,1

0,19

0,04

3,3

0,39

0,15

3,6

0,69

0,48

10

3,8

0,89

0,79

29,1

7,66

18.1.

407

t = 2 t = 5:
l 2 = | y 2 - y 1 | s y = (19
, - 16
, ) 0,92 = 0,32.
l2 = 0,32, l = 1,5 ( n = 10) 0,32 < 1,5,
t = 2 .
l 5 = | y 5 - y 4 | s y = (45
, - 2,4) 0,92 = 228
, .
l5 = 2,28, l = 1,5 ( n = 10) 2,28 > 1,5,
t = 5 . t = 5 1- ,
y5 = (2,4 + 4,5)/2 =
= 3,45.

, ,
. ,
.

. , .
, (): , , .
, , .
, ,
.
3. , , , . ,
.
, , ,
:
yt = ut + st + vt + et ;
yt = ut st vt et ;
yt = ut st vt + et ,

408 18.
yt , ut , st
, vt , et .

.
. ,
.
(18.1)
,
:
1. ,
+, y t +1 - y t > 0,
di =
-, y t +1 - y t < 0,

(18.3)

, , .
2. v (n). ,
.
3. lmax (n).
4. , , l (n).
18.2
n

n 26

26 < n < 153

153 < n < 170

l (n)

5. ,
0,95:
, (16n - 29) 90],
v (n) > [1 3 (2n - 1) - 196

l max (n) l (n).

(18.4)

(18.4) .

18.2.

409

2.
. .
. 0,95.
t

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

10

14

16

15

17

16

20

17

15

16

20

14

19

21

.
.
t

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

10

14

16

15

17

16

20

17

15

16

20

14

19

21

di

v (n) = 11,
lmax (n) = 3, l (n) = 5. :
, (16 16 - 29) 90],
11 > [1 3 (2 16 - 1) - 196

3 5,
11 > 7,

3 5.
,
0,95.

18.2.

18.2.1.

, , . , . -

410 18.
, ,
. , , .
,
, . 18.3. : y1, y2, , yt, , yn
; n ; y ,
.
18.3

Dyt = yt - yt -1

T t = yt yt -1 100 %

K t = T t - 100 %

Dyt = yt - y

T t = yt y 100 %

K t = T t - 100 %

Dyt = (yn - y1 ) (n - 1) T = (yn y1 )1 / (n -1 ) 100 %

K = T - 100 %

, .
:
y n+1 = y n + Dy$,

(18.5)

yn n , y n+1 n + 1, Dy
.
(18.5) ,
.
.
( )

, , , .
i

411

18.2.

y n+1 = y n T i ,

(18.6)

y n+1 n + i,
T , .

, , .
, , .
3.
. . .
t

yt

252

253

254,2

255,3

256,5

6- .
.
:
Dy2 = y2 y1 = 253 252 = 1,
Dy3 = y3 y2 = 254,2 253 = 1,2,
Dy4 = y4 y3 = 255,3 254,2 = 1,1,
Dy5 = y5 y4 = 256,5 255,3 = 1,2.
1 1,2,
, .
y 6
Dy:
Dy = (y 5 - y 1 ) (n - 1) = (2565
, - 252) (5 - 1) = 1125
, ,
y$ = y 5 + Dy = 2565
, + 1125
,
= 257,625.
4.

5 . 1- 252 . ., 5- 256,5 . .

412 18.

6- , .
.
, 5 .

6- .
:
1 ( n -1)

T = (y n y 1 )
14

T = (y 5 y 1 )

100 %,
14

100 % = (2565
, 252)

100 % = 100,44 %.

, :
y$ 6 = y 5 T = 2565
, 100,44 = 257,6 . .

18.2.2.
,
, .

.
,
.
,
.

.


. (g). , ,
, . (g) . -

413

18.2.

, .
, . .
, (g) .
(g) , .
, g = 3

(18.7)
y$ t = (y t -1 + y t + y t +1 ) 3.
,
y$ 1 = (5 y 1 + 2y 2 - y 3 ) 6 ,
y$ n = (-y n - 2 + 2y n -1 + 5 y n ) 6 .

(18.8)

.


. , ,
, . 2-
3- 5-
y$ t = 1 35 (-3y t - 2 + 12y t -1 + 17 y t + 12y t +1 - 3y t +2 ).

(18.9)

2- 3-
. 18.4.
18.4

1/35 (3, +12, +17)

1/21 (2, +3, +6, +7)

1/231 (21, +14, +39, +54, +59)

414 18.
5.
10 , ,
:
3-, 5- ;
5- ;
.
t

10

yt

16,3

21,2

18,1

8,7

16,3

17,3

20,9

15,4

19,7

21,7

.
3- (18.7):
y$ 2 = (16,3 + 21,2 + 18,1)/3 = 18,5,
y$ 3 = (21,2 + 18,1 + 8,7)/3 = 16,0
. .
5- (, (18.7)):
y$ 3 = (16,3 + 21,2 + 18,1 + 8,7 + 16,3)/5 = 16,1,
y$ 4 = (21,2 + 18,1 + 8,7 + 16,3 + 17,3)/5 = 16,3
. .
5- ( 18.9)):
y$ 3 = 1/35 (3 16,3 + 12 21,2 + 17 18,1 + 12 8,7 3 16,3) = 16,2,
y$ 4 = 1/35 (3 21,2 + 12 18,1 + 17 8,7 + 12 16,3 3 17,3) = 12,7
. .
.
t

yt

3-

5-

5-

16,3

21,2

18,5

18,1

16,0

16,1

16,2

18.2.

415

yt

3-

5-

5-

8,7

14,4

16,3

12,7

16,3

14,1

16,3

13,5

17,3

18,2

15,7

19,1

20,9

17,9

17,9

18,3

15,4

18,7

19,0

18,1

19,7

18,9

10

21,7

yt 3- 5- ,
5- .
yt 5- , , .


. ,

, ,
,
. (18.1)
St, t = 1, n, :
St = a yt + (1 a) St1,
(18.10)
a , 0 < a < 1, 1 a
.
, t, , , . .
,
:
S t = a S(1 - a )i y t - i + (1 - a )t S 0 .

(18.11)

416 18.
, a = 0,2 yt 0,2. yt1 a (1 a) = 0,2 (1 0,2) =
= 0,2 0,8 = 0,16. yt2 a (1 a)2 = 0,2 0,64 =
= 0,128 . .
0,1 0,3.
S0
y1 , , y1, y2, y3:
S0 = (y1 + y2 + y3)/3.

(18.12)

S0 .
, a.
6.

(. ) . ,
a = 0,1 a = 0,3. ,
.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

233,5

239,9

239,8

261,9

261,8

268,7

260,7

298,6

.
a = 0,1. (18.12) (18.10), :
S0 = (233,5 + 239,9 + 239,8)/3 = 237,7,
S1 = ay1 + (1 a) S0 = 0,1 233,5 + 0,9 237,7 = 237,3,
S2 = ay2 + (1 a) S1 = 0,1 239,9 + 0,9 237,3 = 237,6,
S3 = ay3 + (1 a) S2 = 0,1 239,8 + 0,9 237,6 = 237,8
. .

18.3.

417

a = 0,3. (18.10), :
S1 = ay1 + (1 a) S0 = 0,3 233,5 + 0,7 237,7 = 233,6,
S2 = ay2 + (1 a) S1 = 0,3 239,9 + 0,7 233,6 = 235,5,
S3 = ay3 + (1 a) S2 = 0,3 239,8 + 0,7 235,5 = 236,8
. .
, a = 0,1 , .

18.3.

18.3.1.

.
, .
:
,
;
;
;
.
.
,
.
, . .
,
. S- .
:
y t = a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 + a3 t 3 + ...

418 18.
0 t = 0, a1
, a2 , a3 .
.

yt = a0 + a1t
(. 18.1)
, .

. 18.1.

. 18.2.

yt = a0 + a1t + a2t2
(. 18.2)
, . a2 > 0,
, a2 < 0 .

yt = a0 + a1t + a2t2 + a3t3.

. 18.3.

(. 18.3)

.
. ,

18.3.

419

Sy t = a0 n + a1 St,

2
Sy t t = a0 St + a1 St .
, . . 0 1,
.
, . t 1, 2,
3, :
t = , 5, 3, 1, 1, 3, 5,
t = , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3

a0 = Sy t n ;

a1 = Sy t t St 2 .

(18.13)

(),

a0 = S y t n - S t 2 n {(nSy t t 2 - St 2 Sy t ) [nSt 4 - (St 2 )2 ]};
a1 = Sy t t St 2 ; a2 = (nSy t t 2 - St 2 Sy t ) [nSt 4 - (St 2 )2 ].

(18.14)

(. 18.4) .

. 18.4. yt = abt

yt = a bt.
b > 1, t , b < 1. a
, b
.
, :

420 18.
log yt = log a + t log b.
A = log a, B = log b, log yt = A + tB.

.
A = log a B = log b, a
b.
,
, , .
, .
.
(. 18.5)
yt = k + a bt,

(18.15)

y = k .

. 18.5.
yt = k + abt

k .

yt k1 = a bt,
k1 . :

18.3.

421

log | yt k1| = log | a | + t log | b |.

,
log | a | log | b |, a b. , . , log < 0,
b < 1. .
S- (. 18.6) ( )
(. 18.7).

. 18.6. y t = ka b

yt = kabt,

(18.16)

a, b , b ;
= k .

, log a < 0,
b < 1.

: , ,
,

k. S.

. 18.7.
1 / y t = k + ab t

422 18.
( ) ,
1/yt = k + abt,

(18.17)

yt = k/(1 + beat).
yt = a b , k t . ,
, . .

, .
, , .
,
.
, ,
.
, . ,
, , , , .
,
.
.
,
. ,
, .
.
7.
8 :

18.3.

423

0 1
yt = a0 + a1t;
0, 1, 2
yt = a0 + a1t + a2t2.
.

,
. (t). .
1. .

yt

(t)2

yt t

3423

49

23961

3321

25

16605

3210

9630

3122

3122

3034

3034

2940

8820

2845

25

14225

2739

49

19173

24634

168

8066

(18.13):
, ;
a0 = S y t n = 24 634 8 = 307925

2
a1 = Sy t t S(t ) = - 8066 168 = -48,01.
, t = 0
3079,25,
48,01.
: y$ t = 3079,25 48,01 t.
9- : y$ t = 3079,25 48,01 9 = 2647,16.

424 18.
2. .
t

yt

(t)2

yt t

(t)3

(t)4

yt (t ) 2

3423

49

23 961

343

2401

167 727

3321

25

16 605

125

625

83 025

3210

9630

27

81

28 890

3122

3122

3122

3034

3034

3034

2940

8820

27

81

26 460

2845

25

14 225

125

625

71 125

2739

49

19 173

343

2401

134 211

24 634

168

8066

6216

517 594

(18.14).
a0 = 3077,05; a1 = 48,01; a2 = 0,105.
: y$ t = 3077,05 48,01t + 0,105(t)2.
9- : y$ t = 3077,05 48,01 9 + 0,105 92 = 2653,47.

18.3.2.

t,
. .
, . . .
,

(18.18)
y$ n+L S y K *,
n ; L ; y$ n+L + L; S y2 :
(18.19)
S y2 = S(y t - y$ t )2 (n - k ).
yt ; y$ t ; k ( k = 2, 2- k = 3 . .).

425

18.3.

K*
18.5
0,9.
18.5

L
1

2,6380

2,8748

3,1399

2,3422

2,4786

11

2,1827

13

L
1

3,948

5,755

8,152

2,6310

3,144

4,124

5,408

2,2718

2,3706

11

2,763

3,384

4,189

2,0837

2,1463

2,2155

13

2,536

2,965

3,516

15

2,0153

2,0621

2,1131

15

2,386

2,701

3,100

17

1,9654

2,0015

2,0406

17

2,280

2,521

2,823

19

1,9280

1,9568

1,9877

19

2,201

2,391

2,627

21

1,8975

1,9210

1,9461

21

2,139

2,293

2,481

23

1,8738

1,8932

1,9140

23

2,090

2,217

2,371

25

1,8538

1,8701

1,8876

25

2,049

2,156

2,284

8.
9 (1994
2002 .)
y$ t = 454 17,8t
S y2 =
= 8,9 ( .)2. , 1998 ., 0,9. .
.
:
y$ 10 = 454 17,8 10 = 276 .
.
n = 9, L = 1, . 18.5 K* =
= 2,3422:

426 18.
S y = S y2 = 8,9 = 2,98,
y$ n+L S y K * = 276 2,98 2,3422 = 276 6,98.
276 .
269,02 .
282,98 .

18.3.3.

.
.
. ,

yt = ut + et,
yt y$ t :
et = yt y$ t .
y$ t , .
, , ,
.


. , , et
.
.
, ,

18.3.

427

. ,
.

,
.

(18.20)
d = S (et - et -1 )2 Set2 .
d 2, , d1 d2,
. ,
:
d < d1, ;
d > d2, ;
d1 d d2, .
, d > 2, et d1 d2 4 d.
0,95 . 18.6.
18.6

K = 1

K = 2

K = 3

d1

d2

d1

d2

d1

d2

15

1,08

1,36

0,95

1,54

0,82

1,75

17

1,13

1,38

1,02

1,54

0,9

1,71

19

1,18

1,4

1,08

1,53

0,97

1,68

21

1,22

1,42

1,13

1,54

1,03

1,67

23

1,26

1,44

1,17

1,54

1,08

1,66

25

1,29

1,45

1,21

1,55

1,12

1,66

, ,

428 18.
A = S et3 (n (Set2 n)3 ),
= Set4 (n (Set2 n)2 ) - 3,

(18.21)

s A = 6 (n - 2) (n + 1) (n + 3),
s = 24n (n - 2) (n - 3) (n + 1)2 (n + 3) (n + 5 ),
, , s , s
.

< 1,5s; + 6/(n + 1)< 1,5 s ,

(18.22)

.
:
2s; + 6/(n + 1) 2s ,

(18.23)

18.3.4.
.
1. , .

D t = y$ t - y t ,

(18.24)

y$ t , yt .

dt = 100 (y$ t yt)/yt.

(18.25)

| Dt | = (S | y$ t - y t ) n; | dt | = (100S | (y$ t - y t ) y t | ) n .

(18.26)

429

18.3.

, , ,
.
9.
.
t

y1

267

267

258

262

253

257

263

1-

275

253

250

269

253

248

250

2-

260

275

253

278

263

251

269

.
.
(18.24)
(18.26) .

1-

2-

, %

, %

1- 2- 1- 2-

267

275

260

2,996

2,545

267

253

275

14

5,243

3,162

258

250

253

3,101

2,0

262

269

278

16

2,672

5,948

253

253

263

10

3,953

257

248

251

3,502

2,419

263

250

269

13

4,943

2,4

8,43

8,29

3,208

3,204

2- , .

430 18.

18.1. (. .) .
t

yt

yt

yt

yt

70

71

23

10

73

66

79

82

11

75

65

76

84

12

82

t = 5 t = 7.
18.2. (. .)
.
t

yt

yt

yt

yt

yt

258

256

253

13

259

17

258

256

258

10

255

14

255

18

260

257

257

11

260

15

252

19

263

259

254

12

262

16

256

20

261

C 0,95
.
18.3. (. .) .
t

yt

yt

yt

yt

21,4

32

35,1

10

33,6

23,2

29,5

38,8

11

36,2

27,1

30,2

30,2

12

39

-, ( ) .

431

18.4. (. .).

1- .
2002 .

2- .
2002 .

3- .
2002 .

4- .
2002 .

1- .
2003 .

2- .
2003 .

yt

21,19

22,24

23,27

24,32

25,35

26,38

3- 2003 .
.
18.5. .

1- .
2002 .

2- .
2002 .

3- .
2002 .

4- .
2002 .

1- .
2003 .

2- .
2003 .

3- .
2003 .

Yt

7,3

7,9

8,9

9,6

10,8

11,6

13,0

C
4- 2002 .
18.6. , . 0,95 :
;
.
t

yt

yt

yt

yt

466

473

11

474

16

467

464

478

12

488

17

473

465

467

13

483

18

475

466

480

14

476

19

481

475

10

458

15

471

20

478

18.7.
. 0,95.

432 18.
t

yt

yt

yt

yt

28,54

28,61

11

28,71

16

29,0

28,58

28,65

12

28,72

17

28,95

28,52

28,63

13

28,70

18

28,97

28,57

28,68

14

28,74

19

29,04

28,62

10

28,66

15

28,76

20

29,05

18.8. (/) 10
. 3- 5-
5- .
t

10

yt

16,3

21,2

18,1

8,7

16,3

17,3

20,9

15,4

19,7

21,7

18.9. (%) .
, a = 0,1 a = 0,3. ,
.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

yt

8,95

9,5

10,01

10,93

10,08

18.10. ,
(.) .
t

10

11

12

13

14

15

y1

34

36

39

44

52

55

59

65

67

73

82

86

92

93

98

yt = a0 + a1t
16- ;

yt = a0 + a1t + a2t2
16- ;

433

yt = a bt
16- .
18.11.
yt = a0 + a1 t.
n = 24. d = 1,4.
:
;
;

.
18.12. . 1 . .
1

01.03

02.03

03.03

04.03

05.03

06.03

07.03

yt

268

267

258

262

254

257

263

. 2 , 1- 2- .
2
t

yt

275

260

253

275

250

253

269

278

253

263

248

251

250

269

1- 2- , .


1
1.1. (6, 3, 0, 9). 1.2. (699, 129, 609, 495). 1.3. | a| = 29, | b | = 34,
3
4
j(a, b ) = 90 . 1.4. 40. 1.5. a1 = 1, a2 = - , a3 = , a4 = 5.
4
3
2 3
8 -5

1.6. C = 14 -2 5 0 .
-5 11 -6 1

1.7. ) : AF,
BA, BD, DC, CE, CG, GC.
1.8. c e, 5 2.
1.9. ) 8; ) 27, ) 186.
1.10. M23 = 21, M14 = 1, M34 = 28; A32 = 80, A43 = 13, A24 = 21.
1.11. rA = 2, rB = 3, rC = 3.
1.12. ) ; ) .
1.13. D = 10 , , .
1.14. (2, 1). 1.15. (1, 2, 3). 1.16. (3, 0, 2). 1.17. .
1.18. (1, 1, 1). 1.19. (1, 1, 2, 0). 1.20. .
1.21. (144, 214, 4, 4), 4 .
1
1

1.22. -x 3 + x 4 - , x 3 - 2x 4 + 2x, x 3 , x 4 , 3 4
2
2

. 1.23. . 1.24. (7, 15). 1.25. (2, 1, 1).

4
1 3
1 3
1

1.26. (0, 1, 2). 1.27. , , 1 . 1.28. , , 1, 0 , , - , 0, 1 .

7
7 7
7 7
7

1.29. (2, 1, 0, 0), (4, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1). 1.30. (8, 6, 1, 0), (7, 5, 0, 1).
5
7

1.31. 1, 0, - ,
, (0, 1, 5, 7).
2
2

4a
b
1.32. a1 = , l1 = 1; a2 = , l2 = 2; a 0 b 0
a

-b
.

435

-2a
0
6c

1.33. a1 = a , l1 = 1; a2 = b , l2 = 3; a3 = -7 c , l3 = 3; a 0, b 0,
a
b
5c

0 .
2
2.1. S = 684 , 20 %; = 1171,2 , 4 %;
= 3720 . ., 6,3 %.
2.2. P = (4879200, 7623000, 4085984, 3214176, 3375904);
DP = (143, 118, 117,5, 115, 117,4). 2.3. y = (135, 34, 35, 40).
2.4. (70, 120, 30). 2.5. Dx = (24,5, 15,7, 28,7).
3
3.1. (3, 3). 3.2. [4, 4]. 3.3. (, 5) (5, ). 3.4. (2, 4). 3.5. [5, 5].
3.6. (, 2] [2, ). 3.7. (0, 1). 3.8. (, ). 3.9. .
1
3.10. [1, 8] (2, 3). 3.11. [5, ). 3.12. . 3.13. . 3.14. .
3
1
1
3.15. 0. 3.16. 2. 3.17. . 3.18. 0. 3.19. . 3.20. ) 23 ; ) 14 .
3
2
3.21. 37 %. 3.22. .
4
2 2

4.1. (, ). 4.2. (, ). 4.3. -, , . 4.4. [3, 3]. 4.5. [3, ).

3
3

4.6. (3, 6) (6, ). 4.7. (, 1] [3, ). 4.8. [1, 2) (2, 3]. 4.9. (, ).
4.10. (, ). 4.11. (, 0) (0, ). 4.12. (, 1) (1, 2) (2, ).
p
4.13. (3, ). 4.14. (0, 3). 4.15. [0,1, 10]; p; p/2; 0. 4.16. + 2pn, n Z.
2
3
4.17. 6. 4.18. 0. 4.19. 1. 4.20. . 4.21. 0. 4.22. 2. 4.23. . 4.24. 1. 4.25. 3.
4
3
1
1
4
9/2
4.26. . 4.27. 1. 4.28. . 4.29. . 4.30. . 4.31. . 4.32. = 2,
5
3
2
p
. 4.33. = 0, . 4.34. x = + 0 + pn, n Z,
2
p
p
. 4.35. x = + 0 + pn, n Z, x = - 0 + pn
2
2
.

436
p
+ pn, n Z, . 4.37. = 1, = 2;
2
. 4.38. = 2, . 4.39. ) 4, ;
) 2, .

4.36. x =

5
1
1
.
+
x2 2 x
1
4
3 1
9
8
- 4 + 5.
- 2 + 3 + 4x 3 . 5.5.
4
4
x
x
x
x x

5.1. 3x2 + 6x 2. 5.2. 35x6 + 18x2 4. 5.3. 5.4.

1
3

3 x2

5
5
2
1
. 5.7. x -1 6 - 24x 5 + +
.
x sin 2 x
6
cos 2 x
1
1
1
5.8. (log 2 e - 3 log 3 e). 5.9. 3e x +
.
x
cos 2 x
1- x2
5.6. 15 x 4 + 2 cos x +

5.10. ln 5 5x + ln 6 6 x ln5 5x. 5.11. 2x tg x +

5

x2
2
. 5.12. ln x + 1 x 7 .
2
cos x
7

2 9 x
5.13. - x 3 - x 3 + arccos x .
3
2
1- x2
1
4x

5.14. 2x log3 x + x log3 e ex tg x +

.
. 5.15. - 2
2
(x - 1)2
cos x

5.16.

cos x + x ln x sin x
1
x
.
. 5.17.
+ tg x +
2
2
cos x
x cos x
2 x (1 + x )2

5.18. tg x
5.20. -

ex + e-x + 2
1- x2
x
5.19.
+
.
.
(1 + x 2 )2 cos 2 x (1 + x 2 )
(1 + e - x )2

5
2 + sin x
. 5.21.
. 5.22. 1, 2, 0, 1. 5.23. 4 cos 4x.
32
(1 + 2 sin x )2

5.24. 2 (1 x) sin (x2 2x + 1). 5.25. sin 2x. 5.26.

5.27.

5.31.

2 - cos x
2 2x - sin x

3 sin 2 x
4x x + 1
2
1
. 5.29.
. 5.28.
.
. 5.30.
2
4
2
x ln x
cos x
4+x
2 (x x + x )
2x
3- x4

2 arctg
. 5.32. -

1- x2

1
x . 5.33. cos x esin x. 5.34. 2 ctg x ln (sin x).

437

cos x

5.35. xx (ln x + 1). 5.36. x cos x

- sin x ln x . 5.37. y = 2x 1.
x

5.40. 135. 5.41. 0,04. 5.42. a) 10,05; ) 1,02; ) 6,93; ) 2,08;

2
2 sin x
) 2,013. 5.43.
. 5.44. 2 cos 2x. 5.45. (4x 2 - 2) e - x 2 .
3
cos x
2
5.46. 2 cos x x sin x. 5.47. . 5.48. e - x (3 - x ).
(x - 1)2
(-1)n -1 (n - 1)!
.
xn
(-1)n -1 (n - 3)!
p

5.52. 2 n sin x 2x + n . 5.53. lnn 3 3x. 5.54.

.
2
x n-2

p
p

5.55. x cos x x + n + n sin x + n .

2
2

x
3
2
5.56. e [x + 3nx + 3n (n - 1) x + n (n - 1)(n - 2)].
5.49. 2e x (cos x - sin x ). 5.50. x2. 5.51.

6
6.1. 1. 6.2. 2. 6.3. 0. 6.4. 3/5. 6.5. 0. 6.6. . 6.7. 0. 6.8. 1/3. 6.9. 1 3.
x3
x2 x3
6.10. . 6.11. 1. 6.12. x + o (x 3 ). 6.13. 1 - x +
+ o (x 3 ).
2
6
3
6.14. 2. 6.15. 1/2. 6.16. 1. 6.17. 1/3. 6.18. (, 2); (1, ); x = 2 . 6.19. (, -1 3) (1 3, ); (-1 3, 1 3); = 1 3 .
1 1

6.20. -, - , ;
2 2

1
1 1
- , ; = .
2
2 2
6.21. = 1 , = 3 . 6.22. = 0 . 6.23. = 1 , = 1 .
V
3

6.33. 3 2V 3 2V 3 . 6.34. , 0 .
4
2

6.35. ) = 28, = 24; ) = 22, = 6.

6.36. ) ( 0 = 20/3 | ED (P0)| = 0,25;
) 50 %, -

438
71 %. 6.37. |ED| = ES = 0,8;
2,5%.
7
x3 x4 x2
x5 4 3 2 3 4 3
2
+ x + x + ln| x | - 3 + C.
+
+
= x + C. 7.2.
3
2
2
5
3
4
x
2x
3x
7.3. 3 arctg x + 2 arcsin x + C. 7.4.
+
+ 4 e x + C.
ln 2 ln 3
2
7.5. x 5 2 + x 2 - x + C. 7.6. cos x + 3 sin x + C.
5
2
3
3
7.7. x 7 2 + x 7 3 - 2 x + x 2 3 + C.
7
7
2
x3
3
7.8.
+ x + ln x - 2x -1 2 - x - 3 2 + C. 7.9. ctg x x + C.
3
2
1
7.10. 2 tg x + sin x + C. 7.11. - + 2 arctg x + C. 7.12. tg x x + C.
x
4
x
x2
1
7.13. x3 + arctg x + C. 7.14.
+ arctg x + C. 7.15. - cos 5 x + C.
4
2
5
1
7.16. sin (3x + 5 ) + C. 7.17. - cos x + C.
3
(2x + 1)10 x
1
1
7.18.
+ C. 7.19. ln (3x + 2) + C.
3
4
11 110
1
1
1
7.20. -
+ C. 7.21. (2x + 5 )3 2 + C.
3
3 (2 + x )3
7.1.

7.22. x - 2 x + ln ( x + 1)2 + C. 7.23. - ln (cos x ) + C.

1
1
1
7.24. - ln (1 + 2 cos x ) + C. 7.25. tg 2x + C. 7.26. sin 3 x + C.
2
3
2
1
7.27. e 2 x + 2e x + x + e - x + C. 7.28. -e cos x + C. 7.29. 2e x + C.
2
1
1
7.30.
ln 2x + 2x 2 + 1 + C. 7.31. arctg5 x + C.
5
2
2
7.32. (2 + cos 5 x )3 2 + C.
15
x2 +1
x
1
x -1
7.33. ln (x 2 - 2x + 5 ) + arctg
arctg x - + C.
+ C. 7.34.
2
2
2
2

439

x2
x2
ln x + C.
2
4
1
2
1
2
7.36. x 3 + x 2 ln x - x 3 - x 2 + C. 7.37. 2 x ln x - 4 x + C.
2
9
4
3

7.35.

7.38. -e - x (x + 1) + C. 7.39.

e5x
(5 x - 1) + C.
25

1
5 x - 1 + C. 7.41. x tg x + ln (cos x) + C.
5
x - ln (1 + x ) + C. 7.43. x [1 + (ln x - 1)2 ] + C.

7.40. x arctg 5 x - 1 7.42. 2 x arctg

7.44. x ln(x 2 + 1) - 2x + 2 arctg x + C. 7.45. 2 ( x - 1) e x + C. 7.46. 6.

7.47. p/4. 7.48. 28/3. 7.49. 17/6. 7.50. 64/21. 7.51. 5p. 7.52. e 2.
p
7.53.
- ln 2. 7.54. 2 ln 2 1. 7.55. 1/3. 7.56. 1/2. 7.57. 1 2/e.
3
7.58. 32/3. 7.59. 4/3. 7.60. 1. 7.61. 1/6. 7.62. ln 3. 7.63. ln 2. 7.64. 4.
7.65. 2 + p3/6. 7.66. 4p/3. 7.67. p (e2 1)/2. 7.68. 21,6p. 7.69. p/6.
7.70. 0,8p. 7.71. 2p/35. 7.72. . 7.73. 1. 7.74. . 7.75. 1. 7.76. 1. 7.77. 1. 7.78. p/2. 7.79. Ml (y al/2).
7.80. 792 . .
8
8.1. O O (0, 0).
8.2. x 0, y 0; x 0, y 0 , O.
8.3. : 2 + 2 2. 8.4.
x 0. 8.5. O. 8.6.
: 2 + 2 > 2. 8.7. y > x
.
8.8. y < x C
. 8.9. y = .
x
8.10. y = x + C.
8.11. y = C2 + x2. 8.12. y =
8.13. y = (1 + C) x2.
8.14. z x = 3x 2 + 6xy, z y = 3x 2 - 3y 2 .

x
.
C

440
8.15. z x = -

y2
,
(x - y )2

z y =

x2
.
(x - y )2

8.16. z x = z y = cos (x + y ).
8.17. z x = 2xy 3 - 3x 2 y 2 , z y = 3x 2 y 2 - 2x 3 y.
y
x
8.18. z x = - 2
, z y = 2
.
2
x +y
x + y2
8.19. z x = ye xy , z y = xe xy .
2y
1
8.20. z x =
, z y =
.
x + y2
x + y2
8.21. z x =

1
2 (x + xy )

z y =

1
2 (y + xy )

8.22. z x = ye xy (1 + xy ), z y = xe xy (1 + xy ).
y
x
8.23. z x =
, z y =
. 8.24. u x =
2
2
2
x +y
x + y2
u y =

, u z =

x +y +z
x + y2 + z2
8.27. (2, 2, 4). 8.28. (2, 6, 3).
2

8.29. z xx =

x
x + y2 + z2
2

. 8.25. (2, 4). 8.26. (6, 6).

2
4x
8x 2

z
=
, z xy = ,
.
yy
1 + 2y
(1 + 2y )2
(1 + 2y )3

8.30. z xx = 0, z xy = e y , z yy = xe y . 8.31. z xx =
(x 2 y + e xy ) e xy

ye xy (xy - 2) - 1
(x + e xy )2

x 3 e xy
. 8.32. z xx = 2y (2y - 1)x 2 y - 2 ,
(x + e xy )2
(x + e xy )2
2xy 3
z yy = 4x 2 y ln 2 x, z xy = 2x 2 y -1 (1 + 2y ln x ). 8.33. z xx = ,
(1 + x 2 y 2 )2

z xy =

z xy =

1- x2y2
(1 + x y )
2

, z yy =

, z yy = -

2x 3 y
.
(1 + x 2 y 2 )2

8.34. z xx = e x (sin y + 2 cos y + x cos y ), z xy = e x (cos y - sin y - x sin y ),

z yy = -e x (sin y + x cos y ).
8.35. zmin = 7 (1, 2).
8.36. zmin = 1/27 (1/3, 1/3).

441

8.37. zmax = 1 (1, 1). 8.38. . 8.39. zmin = 0 O (0, 0). 8.40. .
8.41. zmin = 2/e (2, 0). 8.42. Pmax=176 . = 8, = 4.
8.43. u = 0,425x + 1,175.
9
9.1. y = Cx. 9.2. x2 + y2 = C2. 9.3. y = Ce1/x. 9.4. y = Cex. 9.5. y =

C+x
.
1 - Cx

9.6. x2 + y2 = ln (Cx2). 9.7. 1 + y2 = C (1 + x2). 9.8. y2 + x2 2x = C.

4x
9.9. y = C (x + 1) ex. 9.10. y = e x -2 . 9.11. y =
.
3x - 4
e

9.12. y 2 = 2 ln (1 + e x ). 9.13. y = ln x. 9.14. 2y2 = x2 2.

2

2x + 1
9.15. 2 - 1 = ln
. 9.16. y = (x + C) ex. 9.17. y = Cex x 1.
y
9

2
C
9.18. y = 3 + . 9.19. y = (x 2 + C ) e - x . 9.20. y = Cx + x2.
x
2
1
9.21. y = Ce - x + (cos x + sin x ). 9.22. y 2 = (1 + Ce x )-1 .
2
1
1

9.23. y =
. 9.24. y = Ce 2 x + x +
x ln Cx
2

-1 2

-1

+ Cx 2 .
. 9.25. y = -
5
1 3x

9.26. y = C1 e 2 x + C 2 e 3 x . 9.27. y = C1 e x + C 2 e 2 x . 9.28. y = e 2 x (C1 x + C 2 ).

9.29. y = e 4 x (C1 cos 3x + C 2 sin 3x ). 9.30. y = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x ).
9.31. y = C1 + C 2 e -4 x . 9.32. y = C1 e - x + C 2 e -2 x .
9.33. y = e - x (C1 cos 2x + C 2 sin 2x ). 9.34. y = C1 e x + C 2 e - x .
1
9.35. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x. 9.36. y = e - x (C1 x + C 2 ) + e x .
4
9.37. y = C1 e x + C 2 e -2 x + 2. 9.38. y = C1 cos 3x + C 2 sin 3x + 3x.
9.39. y = C1 e 2 x + C 2 e 3 x + x - 5 6. 9.40. y = C1 e x + C 2 e -2 x +

1 2x
e .
2

9.41. y = C1 e 2 x + C 2 e 3 x - xe 2 x . 9.42. y = e 3 x - e 2 x . 9.43. y = 2e x - e 2 x .

9.44. y = e 6 x - 2e x - 2. 9.45. y = e 3 x - 3e x + x + 2.
9.46. y = e 6 x - e x - 2. 9.47. y = 2e 2 x - e 3 x + e x .

442
9.48. y =

2 3x
2
e (x - 1) + x + . 9.49. y = 2e - x + 4e -2 x + e x .
3
3

10
10.1. 36. 10.2. 588. 10.3. a) 1/45; ) 0,01. 10.4. 0,5. 10.5. 24/91.
10.6. 0,47. 10.7. 0,025. 10.8. 0,2. 10.9. 0,28. 10.10. 0,4. 10.11. 0,896.
10.12. 0,47. 10.13. 0,69. 10.14. 0,078. 10.15. a) 0,4239; ) 0,5; ) 0,5.
10.16. 95. 10.17. a) 44,5 . .; ) 40,5 . .
11
11.2. 0,0375. 11.3. 5010. 11.4. 3,9. 11.5. 0,9. 11.6. 0,25. 11.7. a) 0; ) 0,5;
) 0,5; ) 0. 11.10. 1/a. 11.11. 25/18. 11.12. 0, 4. 11.13. 3x 0 2 ; 3x 02 ; x 0 3.
2
1
11.14. 28; 4 7. 11.15. 12,6 %. 11.16. f (x ) =
e - ( x - 3 ) 32 . 11.17. 0,2.
4 2p
12
12.1. 0,41; 0,23. 12.2. 0,29. 12.3. 9,84. 12.4. (4,16; 6,64). 12.5. (18,57;
21,67). 12.6. 0,006; 0,00004. 12.7. U = 5; u = 1,96.
.
12.8. = 2, t0,05;
.

15

= 2,13.

12.9. U = 0,53; u = 1,96.

.
14
14.1. x = (1,75; 0), L (x)max = 5,25; x = (1,75; 1,75), L (x)min = 5,25.
14.2. ; x = (0; 2,5), L (x)min = 7,5.
14.3. ; x = (2; 3), L (x)min = 26.
14.4. x = (1,38; 2,77), L (x)max = 11,08; ,
x= (3; 0), L (x)min = 0.
14.5. x = (0; 5), L (x)max = 15; x = (0; 5), L (x)min = 15.
14.6. x = (0; 0), L (x)max = 0; x = (0; 0), L (x)min = 0.
14.7. ; x = (4,67; 6,67), L (x)min = 11,33.
14.11. x = (0; 3; 4; 0), L (x)max = 7.
14.12. x = (0; 1; 2; 0; 1), L (x)min = 12.

443

14.13. x = (6,4; 2,4; 0,4; 0, 0), L (x)max = 8,2.

14.14. x = (1; 3; 2; 0; 0), L (x)min = 1.
14.15. .
14.16. x = (4; 0; 0), L (x)min = 4.
14.17. x = (0; 3; 0; 0), L (x)max = 3.
14.18. x = (1; 0; 0; 0,67), L (x)max = 0,33.
14.19. x = (2,5; 0,25; 0; 0), L (x)min = 2,75.
14.20. x = (0; 0; 4,5), L (x)max = 18.
14.26. x = (0; 1; 3), y = (1; 0), L (x)min = S (y)max = 4.
14.27. x = (2; 1; 0; 0), y = (1; 1), L(x)max = S (y)min = 5.
14.28. x = (0,8; 1,4; 0; 0), y = (1,2; 0,2), L (x)max = S (y)min = 3,8.
14.29. x = (0; 10,5; 0; 6,5), y = (1; 0,5), L (x)min = S (y)max = 13.
14.30. x = (1,5; 0,25; 0), y = (0,25; 0,75), L (x)max = S (y)min = 1,25.
14.31. x = (4; 2; 0; 0), y = (1; 4), L (x)max = S (y)min = 6.
14.32. x = (0; 2; 0; 4), y = (1; 0), L (x)min = S(y)max = 2.
14.33. x = (6; 0; 14; 0), y = (0,25; 0,75), L (x)max = S(y)min = 14.
14.34. x = (0; 4; 5; 0; 0; 11), y = (0,2; 0,8; 0), L(x)min = S (y)max = 11.
14.35. .
0 40 20 0

14.37. x = 0 0 40 30 < (x )min = 490.

50 0 0 40

0
30
30
120

14.38. x = 0 0 60
0 < (x )min = 1900.
100 10 0
0

14.39. x

100 0 0

0 70 0
=
< (x )min = 830.
20 10 40

0 0 20

444

14.40. x

0 0 90

90 40 0
=
< (x )min = 3120.
40 0 0

110 0 20

15
15.22. ) 25194, 24 . .; ) 23056,3 . .; ) 0,1124;
) 27530,43 . .
15.23. 812 266 . .
15.24. 5236,1 . .
15.25. 37 907,87 . .
15.26. 3680 . .
15.27. 170 456,48 . .
15.28. 7,650 . .; 2,650 . .
15.29. 101,808 . .; 101,833 . .; 101,875 . .
1 , 3 .
15.30. 103,358 . . .
15.31. 323,011 . . .; 284,091 . . .
15.32. 698,8 . . .; 680,19 . . .
15.33. 32 %; 22 %.
15.34. 811,52 . . .
15.35. .

 1
f (x ) =

1
2p

x2
2

0,0

0,3989

3989

3989

3988

3986

3984

3982

3980

3977

3973

0,1

3970

3965

3961

3956

3951

3945

3939

3932

3925

3918

0,2

3910

3902

3894

3885

3876

3867

3857

3847

3836

3825

0,3

3814

3802

3790

3778

3765

3752

3739

3726

3712

3697

0,4

3683

3668

3653

3637

3621

3605

3589

3572

3555

3538

0,5

3521

3503

3485

3467

3448

3429

3410

3391

3372

3352

0,6

3332

3312

3292

3271

3251

3230

3209

3187

3166

3144

0,7

3123

3101

3079

3056

3034

3011

2989

2966

2943

2920

0,8

2897

2874

2850

2827

2803

2780

2756

2732

2709

2685

0,9

2661

2637

2613

2589

2565

2541

2516

2492

2468

2444

1,0

2420

2396

2371

2347

2323

2299

2275

2251

2227

2203

1,1

2179

2155

2131

2107

2083

2059

2036

2012

1989

1965

1,2

1942

1919

1895

1872

1849

1826

1804

1781

1758

1736

1,3

1714

1691

1669

1647

1626

1604

1582

1561

1539

1518

1,4

1497

1476

1456

1435

1415

1394

1374

1354

1334

1315

1,5

1295

1276

1257

1238

1219

1200

1182

1163

1145

1127

1,6

1109

1093

1074

1057

1040

1023

1006

0989

0973

0957

1,7

0940

0925

0909

0893

0878

0863

0848

0833

0818

0804

1,8

0790

0775

0761

0748

0734

0721

0707

0694

0681

0669

1,9

0656

0644

0632

0620

0608

0596

0584

0573

0562

0551

447

2,0

0540

0529

0519

0508

0498

0488

0478

0468

0459

0449

2,1

0440

0431

0422

0413

0404

0396

0387

0379

0371

0363

2,2

0355

0347

0339

0332

0325

0317

0310

0303

0297

0290

2,3

0283

0277

0270

0264

0258

0252

0246

0241

0235

0229

2,4

0224

0219

0213

0208

0203

0198

0194

0189

0184

0180

2,5

0175

0171

0167

0163

0158

0154

0151

0147

0143

0139

2,6

0136

0132

0129

0126

0122

0119

0116

0113

0110

0107

2,7

0104

0101

0099

0096

0093

0091

0088

,0086

0084

0081

2,8

0079

0077

0075

0073

0071

0069

0067

0065

0063

0061

2,9

0060

0058

0056

0055

0053

0051

0050

0048

0047

0046

3,0

0044

0043

0042

0040

0039

0038

0037

0036

0035

0034

3,1

0033

0032

0031

0030

0029

0028

0027

0026

0025

0025

3,2

0024

0023

0022

0022

0021

0020

0020

0019

0018

0018

3,3

0017

0017

0016

0016

0015

0015

0014

0014

0013

0013

3,4

0012

0012

0012

0011

0011

0010

0010

0010

0009

0009

3,5

0009

0008

0008

0008

0008

0007

0007

0007

0007

0006

3,6

0006

0006

0006

0005

0005

0005

0005

0005

0005

0004

3,7

0004

0004

0004

0004

0004

0004

0003

0003

0003

0003

3,8

0003

0003

0003

0003

0003

0002

0002

0002

0002

0002

3,9

0002

0002

0002

0002

0002

0002

0002

0002

0001

0001

448

2
(x ) =

1
2p

x2
2

dz

()

()

()

()

0,00

0,0000

0,32

0,1255

0,64

0,2389

0,96

1,3315

0,01

0,0040

0,33

0,1293

0,65

0,2422

0,97

0,3340

0,02

0,0080

0,34

0,1331

0,66

0,2454

0,98

0,3365

0,03

0,0120

0,35

0,1368

0,67

0,2486

0,99

0,3389

0,04

0,0160

0,36

0,1406

0,68

0,2516

1,00

0,3413

0,05

0,0199

0,37

0,1443

0,69

0,2549

1,01

0,3438

0,06

0,0239

0,38

0,1480

0,70

0,2580

1,02

0,3461

0,07

0,0279

0,39

0,1517

0,71

0,2611

1,03

0,3485

0,08

0,0319

0,40

0,1554

0,72

0,2642

1,04

0,3508

0,09

0,0359

0,41

0,1591

0,73

0,2673

1,05

0,3531

0,10

0,0398

0,42

0,1628

0,74

0,2703

1,06

6,3554

0,11

0,0438

0,43

0,1664

0,75

0,2734

1,07

0,3577

0,12

0,0478

0,44

0,1700

0,76

0,2764

1,08

0,3599

0,13

0,0517

0,45

0,1736

0,77

0,2794

1,09

0,3621

0,14

0,0557

0,46

0,1772

0,78

0,2823

1,10

0,3643

0,15

0,0596

0,47

0,1-808

0,79

0,2852

1,11

0,3665

0,16

0,0636

0,48

0,1844

0,80

0,2881

1,12

0,3686

0,17

0,0675

0,49

0,1879

0,81

0,2910.

1,13

0,3708

0,18

0,0714

0,50

0,1915

0,82

0,2939

1,14

0,3729

0,19

0,0753

0,51

0,1950

0,83

0,2967

1,15

0,3749

0,20

0,0793

0,52

0,1985

0,84

0,2995

1,16

0,3770

0,21

0,0832

0,53

0,2019

0,85

0,3023

1,17

0,3790

449

()

()

()

()

0,22

0,0871

0,54.

0,2054

0,86

0,3051

1,18

0,3810

0,23

0,0910

0,55

0,2088

0,87

0,3078

1,19

0,3830

0,24

0,0948

0,56

0,2123

0,88

0,3106

1,20

0,3849

0,25

0,0987

0,57

0,2157

0,89

0,3133

1,21

0,3869

0,26

0,1026

0,58

0,2190

0,90

0,3159

1,22

0,3883

0,27

0,1064

0,59

0,2224

0,91

0,3186

1,23

0,3907

0,28

0,1103

0,60

0,2257

0,92

0,3212

1,24

0,3925

0,29

0,1141

0,61

0,2291

0,93

0,3228

1,25

0,3944

0,30

0,1179

0,62

0,2324

0,94

0,3264

1,26

0,3962

0,31

0,1217

0,63

0,2357

0,95

0,3289

1,27

0,3980

1,28

0,3997

1,61

0,4463

1,94

0,4738

2,54

0,4945

1,29

0,4015

1,62

0,4474

1,95

0,4744

2,56

0,4948

1,30

0,4032

1,63

0,4484

1,96

0,4750

2,58

0,4951

1,31

0,4049

1,64

0,4495

1,97

0,4756

2,60

0,4953

1,32

0,4066

1,65

0,4505

1,98

0,4761

2,62

0,4956

1,33

0,4082

1,66

0,4515

1,99

0,4767

2,64

0,4959

1,34

0,4099

1,67

0,4525

2,00

0,4772

2,66

0,4961

1,35

0,4115

1,68

0,4535

2,02

0,4783

2,68

0,4963

1,36

0,4131

1,69

0,4545

2,04

0,4793

2,70

0,4965

1,37

0,4147

1,70

0,4554

2,06

0,4803

2,72

0,4967

1,38

0,4162

1,71

0,4564

2,08

0,4812

2,74

0,4969

1,39

0,4177

1,72

0,4573

2,10

0,4821

2,76

0,4971

1,40

0,4192

1,73

0,4582

2,12

0,4830

2,78

0,4973

1,41

0,4207

1,74

0,4591

2,14

0,4838

2,80

0,4974

1,43

0,4236

1,76

0,4608

2,18

0,4854

2,84

0,4977

1,44

0,4251

1,77

0,4616

2,20

0,4861

2,86

0,4979

1,45

0,4265

1,78

0,4625

2,22

0,4868

2,88

0,4980

450

()

()

()

()

1,46

0,4279

1,79

0,4633

2,24

0,4875

2,90

0,4981

1,47

0,4292

1,80

0,4641

2,26

0,4881

2,92

0,4982

1,48

0,4306

1,81

0,4649

2,28

0,4887

2,94

0,4984

1,49

0,4319

1,82

0,4656

2,30

0,4893

2,96

0,4985

1,50

0,4332

1,83

0,4664

2,32

0,4898

2,98

0,4986

1,51

0,4345

1,84

0,4671

2,34

0,4904

3,00

0,49865

1.52

0,4357

1,85

0,4678

2,36

0,4909

3,20

0,49931

1.53

0,4370

1,86

0,4686

2,38

0,4913

3,40

0,49966

1,54

0,4382

1,87

0,4693

2,40

0,4918

3,60

0,499841

1,55

0,4394

1,88

0,4699

2,42

0,4922

3,80

0,499928

1,56

0,4406

1,89

0,4706

2,44

0,4927

4,00

0,499968

1,57

0,4418

1,90

0,4713

2,46

0,4931

4,50

0,499997

1,58

0,4429

1,91

0,4719

2,48

0,4934

5,00

0,499997

1,59

0,4441

1,92

0,4726

2,50

0,4938

1,60

0,4452

1,93

0,4732

2,52

0,4941

3
:
m

am -a
e
m!

a
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,9048

0,8187

0,7408

0,6703

0,6065

0,5488

0,4966

0,4493

0,4066

0,0905

0,1638

0.2222

0,2681

0,3033

0,3293

0,3476

0.3595

0,3696

0,0045

0,0164

0,0333

0,0536

0,0758

0,0988

0,1217

0,1438

0,1647

0,0002

0,0011

0,0033

0,0072

0,0126

0,0198

0,0284

0,0383

0,0494

0,0002

0,0007

0,0016

0,0030

0,0050

0,0077

0,0111

0,0001

0,0002

0,0004

0,0007

0,0012

0,0020

0,0001

0,0002

0,0003

451

m
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,3679

0,1353

0,0498

0,0183

0,0067

0,0025

0,0009

0,0003

0,0001

0,3679

0,2707

0,1494

0,0733

0,0337

0,0149

0,0064

0,0027

0,0011

0,1839

0,2707

0,2240

0,1465

0,0842

0,0446

0,0223

0,0107

0,0050

0,0613

0,1804

0,2240

0,1954

0,1404

0,0892

0,0521

0.0286

0,0150

0,0153

0,0902

0,1680

0,1954

0,1755

0,1339

0,0912

0.0572

0.0337

0,0081

0,0361

0,1008

0,1563

0,1755

0,1606

0,1277

0,0916

0,0607

0,0005

0.0120

0,0504

0,1042

0,1462

0,1606

0,1490

0,1221

0,0911

0,0001

0,0034

0,0216

0,0595

0,1044

0,1377

0,1490

0,1396

0,1318

0,0009

0,0081

0,0298

0,0655

0,1033

0,1304

0,1396

0,1318

0,0002

0,0027

0,0132

0,0363

0,0688

0,1014

0,1241

0,0318

10

0,0008

0,0053

0,0181

0,0413

0,0710

0,0993

0,1180

11

0,0002

0,0019

0,0082

0,0025

0.0452

0,0722

0,0970

12

0,0001

0,0006

0,0034

0,0113

0,0264

0,0481

0,0728

13

0,0002

0,0013

0,0052

0,0142

0,0296

0,0504

14

0,0001

0,0005

0,0022

0,0071

0,0169

0,0324

15

0,0002

0,0009

0,0033

0,0090

0,0194

16

0,0003

0,0014

0,0045

0,0109

17

0,0001

0,0006

0,0021

0,0058

18

0,0002

0,0009

0,0029

19

0,0001

0,0004

0,0014

20

0,0002

0,0006

21

0,0001

0,0003

22

0,0001

452

4
c2
a

0,01

0,025

0,05

0,95

0,975

0,99

6,6

5,0

3,8

0,0039

0,00098

0,00016

9,2

7,4

6,0

0,103

0,051

0,020

11,3

9,4

7,8

0,352

0,216

0,115

13,3

11,1

9,5

0,711

0,484

0,297

15,1

12,8

11,1

1,15

0,831

0,554

16,8

14,4

12,6

1,64

1,24

0,872

18,5

16,0

14,1

2,17

1,69

1,24

20,1

17,5

15,5

2,73

2,18

1,65

21,7

19,0

16,9

3,33

2,70

2,09

10

23,2

20,5

18,3

3,94

3,25

2,56

11

24,7

21,9

19,7

4,57

3,82

3.05

12

26,2

23,3

21,0

5,23

4,40

3.57

13

27,7

24,7

22,4

5,89

5,01

4,11

14

29,1

26,1

23,7

6,57

5,63

4,66

15

30,6

27,5

25,0

7,26

6,26

5,23

16

32,0

28,8

26,3

7,96

6,91

5,81

17

33,4

30,2

27,6

8,67

7,56

6,41

18

34,8

31,5

28,9

9,39

8,23

7,01

19

36,2

32,9

30,1

10,1

8,91

7,63

20

37,6

34,2

31,4

10,9

9,59

8.26

21

38,9

35,5

32,7

11,6

10,3

8,90

22

40,3

36,8

33,9

12,3

11,0

9,54

23

41,6

38,1

35,2

13.1

11,7

10,2

24

43,0

39,4

36,4

13,8

12,4

10,9

25

44,3

40,6

37,7

14,6

13,1

11,5

26

45,6

41,9

38,9

15,4

13,8

12,2

27

47,0

43,2

40,1

16,2

14,6

12,9

28

48,3

44,5

41,3

16,9

15,3

13,6

29

49,6

45,7

42,6

17,7

16,0

14,3

30

50,9

47,0

43,8

18,5

16,8

15,0

453

k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

a ( )
0,1

0,05

0,02

0,01

0,002

0,001

6,31
2,92
2,35
2,13
2,01
1,94
1,89
1,86
1,83
1,81
1,80
1,78
1,77
1,76
1,75
1,75
1,74
1,73
1,73
1,73
1,72
1,72
1,71
1,71
1,71
1,71
1,71
1,70
1,70
1,70
1,68
1,67
1,66
1,64
0,05

12,7
4,30
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,36
2,31
2,26
2,23
2,20
2,18
2,16
2,14
2,13
2,12
2,11
2,10
2,09
2,09
2,08
2,07
2,07
2,06
2,06
2,06
2,05
2,05
2,05
2,04
2,02
2,00
1,98
1,96
0,025

31,82
6,97
4,54
3,75
3,37
3,14
3,00
2,90
2,82
2,76
2,72
2,68
2,65
2,62
2,60
2,58
2.57
2,55
2,54
2,53
2,52
2,51
2,50
2,49
2,49
2,48
2.47
2,46
2.46
2,46
2,42
2,39
2,36
2,33
0,01

63,7
9,92
5,84
4,60
4,03
3,71
3,50
3,36
3,25
3,17
3,11
3,05
3,01
2,98
2,95
2,92
2,90
2,88
2,86
2,85
2,83
2,82
2,81
2,80
2,79
2,78
2,77
2,76
2,76
2,75
2,70
2,66
2,62
2,58
0,005

318,3
22,33
10,22
7,17
5,89
5,21
4,79
4.50
4,30
4,14
4,03
3,93
3,85
3,79
3,73
3,69
3,65
3,61
3,58
3,55
3,53
3,51
3,49
3,47
3,45
3,44
3,42
3,40
3,40
3,39
3,31
3,23
3,17
3,09
0,001

637,0
31,6
12,9
8,61
6,86
5,96
5,40
5,04
4,78
4,59
4,44
4,32
4,22
4,14
4,07
4,01
3,96
3,92
3,88
3,85
3,82
3,79
3,77
3,74
3,72
3,71
3,69
3,66
3,66
3,65
3,55
3,46
3,37
3,37
0,0005

a ( )

454

6

(k1 ;
k1 )
a = 0,01
k1

k2
1

10

11

12

4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5989 5928 5981 6022 6056 6082 6106

98,49 99,01 90,17 99,25 99,33 99,30 99,34 99,36 99,36 99,40 99,41 99,42

34,12 30,81 29,46 28,71 28,24 27,91 27,67 27,49 27,34 27,23 27,13 27,05

21,20 18,00 16,69 15,98 15,52 15,21 14,98 14,80 14,66 14,54 14,45 14,37

16,26 13,27 12,06 11,39 10,97 10,67 10,45 10,27 10,15 10,05 9,96

9,89

13,74 10,92 9,78

9,15

8,75

8,47

8,26

8,10

7,98

7,87

7,79

7,72

12,25 9,55

8,45

7,85

7,46

7,19

7,00

6,84

6,71

6,62

6,54

6,47

11,26 8,65

7,59

7,01

6,63

6,37

6,19

6,03

5,91

5,82

5,74

5,67

10,56 8,02

6,99

6,42

6,06

5,80

5,62

5,47

5,35

5,26

5,18

5,11

10

10,04 7,56

6,55

5,99

5,64

5,39

5,21

5,06

4,95

4,85

4,78

4,71

11

9,86

7,20

6,22

5,67

5,32

5,07

4,88

4,74

4,63

4,54

4,46

4,40

12

9,33

6,93

5,95

5,41

5,06

4,82

4,65

4,50

4,39

4,30

4,22

4,16

13

9,07

6,70

5,74

5,20

4,86

4,62

4,44

4,30

4,19

4,10

4,02

3,96

14

8,86

6,51

5,56

5,03

4,69

4,46

4,28

4,14

4,03

3,94

3,86

3,80

15

8,68

6,36

5,42

4,89

4,56

4,32

4,14

4,00

3,89

3,80

3,73

3,67

16

8,53

6,23

5,29

4,77

4,44

4,20

4,03

3,89

3,78

3,69

3,61

3,55

17

8,40

6,11

5,18

4,67

4,44

4,10

3,93

3,79

3,68

3,59

3,52

3,45

455

a = 0,05
k1

k2
1

10

11

12

161

200

216

225

230

234

237

239

241

242

243

244

18,51 19,00 19,16 19,25 19,30 19,33 19,36 19,37 19,38 19,39 19,40 19,41

10,13 9,55

9,28

9,12

9,01

8,94

8,88

8,84

8,81

8,78

8,76

8,74

7,71

6,94

6,59

6,39

6,26

6,16

6,09

6,04

6,00

5,96

5,93

5,91

6,61

5,79

5,41

5,19

5,05

4,95

4,88

4,82

4,78

4,74

4,70

4,68

5,99

5,14

4,76

4,53

4,39

4,28

4,21

4,15

4,10

4,06

4,03

4,00

5,59

4,74

4,35

4,12

3,97

3,87

3,79

3,73

3,68

3,63

3,60

3,57

5,32

4,46

4,07

3,84

3,69

3,58

3,50

3,44

3,39

3,34

3,31

3,28

5,12

4,26

3,86

3,63

3,48

3,37

3,29

3,23

3,18

3,13

3,10

3,07

10

4,96

4,10

3,71

3,48

3,33

3,22

3,14

3,07

3,02

2,97

2,94

2,91

11

4,84

3,98

3,59

3,36

3,20

3,09

3,01

2,95

2,90

2,86

2,82

2,79

12

4,75

3,88

3,49

3,26

3,11

3,00

2,92

2,85

2,80

2,76

2,72

2,69

13

4,67

3,80

3,41

3,18

3,02

2,92

2,84

2,77

2,72

2,67

2,63

2,60

14

4,60

3,74

3,34

3,11

2,96

2,85

2,77

2,70

2,65

2,60

2,56

2,53

15

4,54

3,68

3,29

3,06

2,90

2,79

2,70

2,64

2,59

2,55

2,51

2,48

16

4,49

3,63

3,24

3,01

2,85

2,74

2,66

2,59

2,54

2,49

2,45

2,42

17

4,45

3,59

3,20

2,96

2,81

2,70

2,62

2,55

2,50

2,45

2,41

2,38

456

7
ex
x

ex

ex

ex

0,1

0,9048

2,1

0,1224

4,1

0,0166

0,2

0,8187

2,2,

0,1108

4,2

0,0150

0,3

0,7408

2,3

0,1002

4,3

0,0135

0,4

0,6703

2,4

0,0907

4,4

0,0123

0,5

0,6065

2,5

0,0821

4,5

0,0111

0,6

0,5488

2,6

0,0743

4,6

0,0100

0,7

0,4966

2,7

0,0672

4,7

0,0091

0,8

0,4493

2,8

0,0608

4,8

0,0082

0,9

0,4066

2,9

0,0550

4,9

0,0074

1,0

0,3679

3,0

0,0498

5,0

0,0067

1,1

0,3329

3,1

0,0450

5,1

0,0061

1,2

0,3012

3,2

0,0476

5,2

0,0055

1,3

0,2725

3,3

0,0369

5,3

0,0050

1,4

0,2466

3,4

0,0334

5,4

0,0045

1,5

0,2231

3,5

0,0302

5,5

0,0041

1,6

0,2019

3,6

0,0273

5,6

0.0037

1,7

0,1827

3,7

0,0247

5,7

0,0033

1,8

0,1653

3,8

0,0224

5,8

0,0030

1,9

0,1496

3,9

0,0202

5,9

0,0027

2,0

0.1353

4.0

0.0183

6,0

0.0025

8
tg = t (g, n)
g

n
0,95

0,99

0,999

2,78

4,60

8,61

2,57

4,03

6,86

2,45

3,71

5,96

2,37

3,50

5,41

2,31

3,36

5,04

10

2,26

3,25

4,78

11

2,23

3,17

4,59

12

2,20

3,11

4,44

13

2,18

3,06

4,32

14

2,16

3,01

4,22

15

2,15

2,98

4,14

16

2,13

2,95

4,07

17

2,12

2,92

4,02

18

2,11

2,90

3,97

19

2,10

2,88

3,92

20

2,093

2,861

3,883

25

2,064

2,797

3,745

30

2,045

2,756

3,659

35

2,032

2,720

3,600

40

2,023

2,708

3,558

45

2,016

2,692

3,527

50

2,009

2,679

3,502

60

2,001

2,662

3,464

70

1,996

2,649

3,439

80

1,991

2,640

3,418

90

1,987

2,633

3,403

100

1,984

2,627

3,392

120

1,980

2,617

3,374

1,960

2,576

3,291

457

458

9
1

274

305

335

275

306

336

246

276

307

337

216

247

277

308

338

186

217

248

278

309

339

157

187

218

249

279

310

340

127

158

188

219

250

280

311

341

98

128

159

189

220

251

281

312

342

68

99

129

160

190

221

252

282

313

343

41

69

100

130

161

191

222

253

283

314

344

11

42

70

101

131

162

192

223

254

284

315

345

12

12

43

71

102

132

163

193

224

255

285

316

346

13

13

44

72

103

133

164

194

225

256

286

317

347

14

14

45

73

104

134

165

195

226

257

28.7

318

348

15

15

46

74

105

135

166

196

227

258

288

319

349

16

16

47

75

106

136

167

197

228

259

289

320

350

17

17

48

76

107

137

168

198

229

260

290

321

351

18

18

49

77

108

138

169

199

230

.261

291

322

352

19

19

50

78

109

139

170

200

231

262

292

323

353

20

20

51

79

110

140

171

201

232

263

293

324

354

21

21

52

80

111

141

172

202

233

264

294

325

355

22

22

53

81

112

142

173

203

234

265

295

326

356

23

23

54

82

113

143

174

204

235

266

296

327

357

24

24

55

83

114

144

175

205

236

267

297

328

358

25

25

56

84

115

145

176

206

237

268

298

329

359

26

26

57

85

116

146

177

207

238

269

299

330

360

27

27

58

86

117

147

178

208

239

270

300

331

361

28

28

59

87

118

148

179

209

240

271

301

332

362

29

29

88

119

149

180

210

241

272

302

333

363

30

30

89

120

150

181

211

242

273

303

334

364

31

31

90

151

212

243

304

365

32

60

91

121

152

182

213

244

33

61

92

122

153

183

214

245

34

62

93

123

154

184

215

35

63

94

124

155

185

36

64

95

125

156

37

65

96

126

38

66

97

39

6,7

40

10

10

11

459

32

61

92

122

153

183

214

245

33

62

93

123

154

184

215

34

63

94

124

155

185

216

35

64

95

125

156

186

36

65

96

126

157

37

66

97

127

158

38

67

98

128

39

68

99

275

306

336

246

276

307

337

247

277

308

338

217

248

278

309

339

187

218

249

279

310

340

188

219

250

280

311

341

159

189

220

251

281

312

342

129

160

190

221

252

282

313

343

40

69

100

130

161

191

222

253

283

314

344

10

10

41

70

101

131

162

192

223

254

284

315

345

11

11

42

71

102

132

163

193

224

255

285

316

346

12

12

43

72

103

133

164

194

225

256

286

317

347

13

13

44

73

104

134

165

195

226

257

287

318

348

14

14

45

74

105

135

166

196

227

258

288

319

349

15

15

46

75

106

136

167

197

228

259

289

320

350

16

16

47

76

107

137

168

198

229

260

290

321

351

17

17

48

77

108

138

169

199

230

261

291

322

352

18

18

49

78

109

139

170

200

231

262

292

323

353

19

19

50

79

110

140

171

201

232

263

293

324

354

20

20

51

80

111

141

172

202

233

264

294

325

355

21

21

52

81

112

142

173

203

234

265

295

326

356

22

22

53

82

113

143

174

204

235

266

296

327

357

23

23

54

83

114

144

175

205

236

267

297

328

358

24

24

55

84

115

145

176

206

237

268

298

329

359

25

25

56

85

116

146

-177

207

238

269

299

330

360

26

26

57

86

117

147

178

208

239

270

300

331

361

27

27

58

87

118

148

179

209

240

271

301

332

362

28

28

59

88

119

149

180

210

241

272

302

333

363

29

29

60

89

120

150

181

211

242

273

303

334

364

30

30

90

121

151

182

212

243

274

304

335

365

31

31

91

152

213

244

305

366

460

10
( 5 %- )
n

V=1

V=2

V=3

V=4

V=5

d1

d2

d1

d2

d1

d2

d1

d2

d1

d2

15

1,08

1,36

0,95

1,54

0,82

1,75

0,69

1,97

0,56

2,21

16

1,10

1,37

0,98

1,54

0,86

1,73

0,74

1,93

0,62

2,15

17

1,13

1,38

1,02

1,54

0,90

1,71

0,78

1,90

0,67

2,10

18

1,16

1,39

1,05

1,53

0,93

1,69

0,82

1,87

0,71

2,06

19

1,18

1,40

1,08

1,53

0,97

1,68

0,86

1,85

0,75

2,02

20

1,20

1,41

1,10

1,54

1,00

1,68

0,90

1,83

0,79

1,99

21

1,22

1,42

1,13

1,54

4,03

1,67

0,93

1,81

0,83

1,96

22

1,24

1,43

1,15

1,54

1,05

1,66

0,96

1,80

0,86

1,94

23

1,26

1,44

1,17

1,54

1,08

1,66

0,99

1,79

0,90

1,92

24

1,27

1,45

1,19

1,55

1,10

1,66

1,01

1,78

0,93

1,90

25

1,29

1,45

1,21

1,55

1,12

1,66

1,04

1,77

0,95

1,89

26

1,30

1,46

1,22

1,55

1,14

1,65

1,06

1,76

0,98

1,89

27

1,32

1,47

1,24

1,56

1,16

1,66

1,08

1,76

1,01

1,86

28

1,33

1,48

1,26

1,56

1,18

1,65

1,10

1,75

1,03

1,85

29

1,34

1,48

1,27

1,56

1,20

1,65

1,12

1,74

1,05

1,84

30

1,35

1,49

1,28

1,57

1,21

1,65

1,14

1,74

1,07

1,83

31

1,36

1,50

1,30

1,57

1,23

1,65

1,16

1,74

1,09

1,83

32

1,37

1,50

1,31

1,57

1,24

1,65

1,18

1,73

1,11

1,82

33

1,38

1,51

1,32

1,58

1,26

1,65

1,19

1,73

1,13

1,81

34

1,39

1,51

1,33

1,58

1,27

1,65

1,21

1,73

1,16

1,81

35

1,40

1,52

1,34

1,58

1,28

1,65

1,22

1,73

1,16

1,80

36

1,41

1,52

1,35

1,59

1,29

1,65

1,24

1,73

1,18

1,80

37

1,42

1,53

1,36

1,59

1,31

1,66

1,25

1,72

1,19

1,80


1. . . . .: , 2008.
2. . . . .: , 1998.
3. . . .: -, 2001.
4. . . .
. .: , 2001.
5. . . : / . ., 1999.
6. . ., . . / . , 1999.
7. . ., . . . .:
, 2002.
8. . . .
4- . .: , 2003.
9. . ., . .
. 4- . .: , 2003.
10. . ., . . . . .: , 2007.
11. . ., . . . .: , 2001.
12. . . : - / . ., 1999.
13. . . . .: , 2000.
14. / . . . . .: , 2002.

67
395, 427
407
264
354
363
30
340
92, 118
224

18

39
284, 287
270, 276, 277
112, 185, 199
- 337

218
218
14
197
197
197
186
403
402
83
217
288,
293

221
157
244

272
245, 247, 248

320, 321
201, 208, 223
103
169

176
169
100, 156
225, 226
364

150, 151
170, 175, 179

234
236, 238
236, 241
241
244
251
383

127
144
135
136
225, 226
337

261
315, 325
268
177
354

204, 381, 393, 399

392
392
342, 343
380
421

408
395, 427

395
16
155

316
200, 208
19
26
20
20
26, 41
58
22
33
29
218
55, 56
420
223, 224

407

315, 316, 319, 325

261
85, 86
273
328

359
27
255
16

222
222
222
225
222

264
94, 95

463

82
315, 319
206
165
221
185, 190
251
339
108

68
79

403
403
403
403
85

315
315

26, 31
18,31

198
210
c2- 211
199
209
212
212

205
205
340
235, 249, 252

412

32
26
26
203

464
380
222
227

228, 229
229
229
229
219, 222

191
35
75
- 154, 157
152
154
206, 219
164, 219

286
286
407

403
320, 330
321, 331

224
123
329

45, 177
259