CH NHIT CUA MI HAN

C s ly thuyt:
C tinh lin kt han phu thuc vao:

Tc nung, va c bit la tc ngui cua kim loai mi han, va n la cua vung anh hng nhit

Ch nhit c th hin gia tri nng lng ng Q (kJ/mm, heat input) Trong nhiu trng hp, vi gia tri Q cho trc:

Sau khi han co suy giam c tinh cua lin kt han (xut hin cac ph gion: martensite, bainite di) Giai phap: giam tc ngui thng qua bin phap nung nong s b phn lin kt quanh mi han (hoc toan b vt han).

Do o, cn theo doi va iu chinh (nu cn) nhit cua k loai c ban va kim loai mi han trc, trong va sau khi han

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CHU TRINH NHIT HAN

Chu trinh nhit: mc bin i cua nhit im nao o, vi du i nm tai vung anh h nhit cua mi han, the thi gian Tc ngui:
R = dT/dt
R1 > R2 > R3

Hinh 1: Chu trinh nhit han cua vung anh hng nhit khi han nong chay

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NUNG NONG S B VA LAM NGUI MI H

Ch nhit cho mi han nn nh th nao? Thng co cac bc sau:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Tinh toan gia tri nng lng ng Quyt inh co hay khng nung nong s b o va iu chinh nhit gia cac ng han Quyt inh co hay khng nhit luyn mi han. Nu co, cac thc nhit luyn mi han. Lu y:

Nung nong s b nhm giam tc ngui. Giam qua mc tuy ngn c cac pha cng va gion xut hin, nh co th lam tng kich thc hat kim loai tai vung anh hng nhit, v gy lang phi nng lng, thi gian, lai lam giam c tinh ( dai va p) cua vung anh hng nhit (do tng kich thc hat).
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NNG LNG NG

Cng thc tinh nng lng ng [kJ/mm]:

Cac quy pham My (ASME, AWS D1.1, v.v.), vi du QW-409.1 cua ASME Section IX dung cng thc: U I 60

Nng lng ng in ap han Dong in han Tc han

Q = [J/mm] U = [V] I = [A]

v = [mm/min

v
Nng lng ng in ap han Dong in han Tc han Hiu sut nhit

Tiu chun chu u EN 1011-1:1998:

Q = [kJ/mm U = [V] I = [A]

U I Qk 103 v
k = 1: SAW, 121 k = 0.6: GTAW, 141, PAW, 15 k = 0.8: hu ht cac qua trinh h quang khac
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v = [mm/s] k = [-]

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TRI S CUA NNG LNG NG

Nn chon theo khuyn cao cua nha san xut tm / kim loai c ban hoc nha san xut vt liu han

Vi du 1: catal san phm cua hang thep CREUSOT-LOIRE INDUSTRIE, FAFER khuyn cao Q i vi san phm thep khng gi duplex Uranus 45N+ nh sau: 1.0 n 2.5 kJ/mm; loai thep cu th nay khng cn nung no s b, nhit gia cac ng han ti a chi nn la 150 o Vi du 2: catal vt liu han cua hang Avesta khuyn cao dung Q ti a 2.0 kJ/mm cho loai que han thep khng gi AVESTA 316L/SKR-HX. Cac tinh toan nn da vao nhng s liu nh vy. Vi thep, Q co th co gia tri t 0.5 n 4.3 kJ/mm khi han h quang, tuy ng dung va kich thc vt han (iu kin ngu
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XAC INH NNG LNG NG

Cng dong in han:

o bng ampe kim (AC & DC); oc trn ampe k cua may han.

Dong han khng ng yn theo thi gian (chi s dao ng lin tuc). D han h quang tay (may han co c tinh dc) con la ham s cua chiu h quang na, tc la phu thuc vao tay ngh th han Vi vy, gia tri dong han o c se la gia tri trung binh

Khi han ch xung hoc ch dich chuyn ngn mach (GMAW): l gia tri trung binh (dong c ban, dong xung)

in ap han (in ap h quang):

o bng vn k; vi tri o cang gn h quang (vung han) cang tt (tran sut ap khi o t xa)

Vn k trn may han bao gi cung cho gia tri cao hn thc t do d (in tr) cua cap han Ly gia tri trung binh.
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XAC INH NNG LNG NG Tc han (mm/min):

La tc di chuyn theo hng han cua h quang (cua vu han) Nu co dao ng ngang khi han, tc dao ng ngang khng c tinh, chi tinh tc dich chuyn v phia trc Khi han leo hoc han tut, tc han la tc chuyn ng ln hoc xung cua h quang o bng ng h bm dy Nn o trong khoang thi gian 30 giy lin tuc co c tc trung binh chinh xac Nu mi han san xut ngn thi o trn mu co u thi gian xac inh tc mt cach chinh xac Tc han phu thuc vao tay ngh th han (han tay, han ban t ng) hoc vao may (han may)
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KIM SOAT NNG LNG NG

Quan h gia nng lng ng va c mi han:

Q tng lam tng c (kich thc) mi han Cng thc gn ung (Miller, 1998) cho mi han goc
la canh mi han goc [mm] Q la nng lng ng [kJ/mm]

25 .4

25 .4 Q 500

Y nghia: nu co quy inh c ti thiu cua mi han goc, co th xac inh kim soat c gia tri nng lng ng tng ng. Vi du, thit k quy inh chiu day mi han goc ti thiu z = 4 mm, canh mi han se la a = 1.414*4 = 5.66 mm. Nng lng ng tng ng t thiu phai la: Q = 0.98 kJ/mm. Tc ngui R [oC/s] cua mi han ty l nghich vi nhit nung nong s b Tp va nng lng ng Q Tc ngui quyt inh s chuyn bin pha trong vung anh hng nhit

Quan h ga nng lng ng va tc ngui cua mi han

1 R Tp Q

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KIM SOAT NNG LNG NG

Quy inh cua quy pham:

Nng lng ng c kim soat bng 3 cach:
1. 2. 3. Quy trinh han a ph chun WPS (trc tip) C ti thiu cua mi han goc (gian tip) Cu th i vi thep ti-ram (QT-steels)

1.

(a) Quy pham khng oi hoi kim soat trc tip gia tri cua Q i v cac loai qua trinh han SMAW, SAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW,

(b) Ngoai tr khi vn ban hp ng quy inh kim tra dai va (CVN), nu trong san xut, gia tri Q ln hn gia tri a ph chun th phai tin hanh ph chun lai WPS (nu khi sau khi han khng tin hanh thng hoa lam min hat), (Table 4.6, item 9 a).

(c) Lu y: phin ban 1998 con quy inh ln hn 10% mi phai ph chun lai, nhng by gi thi khng c phep ln hn.

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KIM SOAT NNG LNG NG C k, canh z, va chiu day mi han goc:

z, k z 2 Mi han gc
Chiu day thc t Chiu day hiu dng

1
li z, k z, k

z, k

lm Chiu day thc t, Chiu day hiu dng

z k k z

a
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a
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KIM SOAT NNG LNG NG Quy inh cua quy pham:

1. Table 5.8, muc 5.14 (c ti thiu cua mi han goc):

Nu khng oi hoi khng ch hydro khi han: quy inh c ti thi nay nhm bao am co u Q tranh nt ngui vung anh hng nhit hoc mi han.

Nu co khng ch hydro khi han: nguy c nt se giam khi quy gia tri Q ti thiu (cho cac chi tit mong hn trong lin kt).

Trong ca 2 trng hp nay, c ti thiu cua mi han goc c a dung nu no ln hn c cn thit theo thit k.

Min tr nung nong s b khi chiu day tm ti a 20 mm (Tabl 3.2): nu c mi han goc cn ln hn c ti thiu o thi mi l han cua mi han goc nhiu lp phai co Q bng vi gia tri Q tn ng vi c ti thiu o cua mi han goc.
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KIM SOAT NNG LNG NG Quy inh cua quy pham:

1. Table 5.8, muc 5.14 (c ti thiu cua mi han goc):
T [mm] a T6 6 < T 12 12 < T 20 k [mm] b 3c 5 6

20 < T
a.

b.
c.

Khi khng kim soat hydro, khng nung nong s b: T la chiu day t day hn trong lin kt. Phai han mt lt. Khi co kim soat hydro: bng quy trinh chng nt hoc bng vt liu it hydro, T la chiu day nho hn trong lin kt. Khng c han mt Chu y c mi han khng c ln hn chiu day cua tm mong hn trong lin kt Nu lin kt chiu tai trong thay i, k = 5 mm.
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NHIT NUNG NONG S B Khai nim theo ISO 13916 : 1996

Tp: la nhit cua vt han tai vung han, ngay trc khi han. Thng la gia tri ti thiu va thng bng nhit ti thiu gia cac ng han.

Ti: la nhit cua mi han nhiu lp va kim loai c ban lin k ngay trc khi han ng han tip theo Thng la gia tri ti a.

Tm: nhit ti thiu phai duy tri trong vung han n cng tac han bi gian oan

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NUNG NONG S B HAY LA KHNG? Vi Q nht inh, nu phai nung nong s b:

Nung nong s b di nhit cn thit: vung anh hng nhit d cha cac pha cng, gion, tao nguy c nt ngui. Nung nong s b qua mc cn thit: hat kim loai cua mi h va vung anh hng nhit bi th, giam dai va p

+
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=
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NUNG NONG S B HAY LA KHNG? Vi Q nht inh

Nung nong s b qua mc cn thit: hat kim loai cua mi h va vung anh hng nhit bi th, giam dai va p

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NUNG NONG S B HAY LA KHNG? Vi Q nht inh

Nung nong s b di nhit cn thit: vung anh hng nhit d cha cac pha cng, gion, tao nguy c nt ngui.

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NUNG NONG S B N GIA TRI NAO?

Vi du 1: khi quy pham thi cng bn ap lc va n ng theo ASME

Thep cacbon:

Tp 10 oC (lu y: nn chon bng nhit ngoai tri, nhng kh thp hn gia tri o). Khi ng lng cacbon > 0.30% va chiu day > 25 mm, chon Tp 80 oC Yu cu cua cac quy pham: B31.1: bt buc B31.3: Khuyn cao (vi bn > 490 MPa, thay vi theo lng cacbon) Section I: khuyn cao Section III: khuyn cao. Appendix D: ti thiu 120 oC Section VIII: khuyn cao.
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NUNG NONG S B N GIA TRI NAO?

Vi du 1: khi quy pham thi cng bn ap lc va n ng theo ASME

Ngoai ra con co trng hp nung nong s b c min PW (xem UCS-56 cua Section VIII).

Ring Section IX v han con co quy inh lin quan n v ap dung quy trinh han (WPS):

Khng c phep giam nhit nung nong s b a c ph chun trong WPS mt gia tri vt qua 55 oC, hoc Khi co yu cu kim tra dai va p, khng c phep tng n gia cac ng han mt gia tri vt qua 55 oC

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NUNG NONG S B N GIA TRI NAO?

Vi du 1: khi quy pham thi cng la AWS D1.1, Bang 3.2:

Kim loai c ban: thep ASTM A 516 Grade 70 Chon nhit nung nong s b theo chiu day phn kim loai c ban:

Trn 3.0 n 20.0 mm: ti thiu 0oC (tuy nhin nn chon nhit ngoai tri, tranh sang sm co tu sng) Trn 20.0 n 38.0 mm: chon t 10oC (tuy nhin nn chon nhit ngoai tri, tranh sang sm co tu sng) Trn 38.0 n 65 mm, chon t 65 oC Trn 65 mm, chon t 110 oC Nhit nung nong s b ti thiu nay (cung la nhit gia ca ng han) khng xem xet loai lin kt, cng vng cua lin k han...
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NUNG NONG S B HAY LA KHNG?

Vi du 2: khi quy pham thi cng khng quy inh hoc khi th cn mc an toan cao hn do lin kt co cng vng cao, chiu day ln, co th s dung 1 trong 2 phng phap Annex I (Normative) Guideline on Alternative Methods for Determining Preheat: 1. Phng phap kim soat cng vung anh hng nhit (dung cho cac mi han goc):

Khng nt nu cng HV cua vung anh hng nhit nm d gia tri ti han. Vic kim soat cng nay thng qua kim soat ngui theo ng lng cacbon CE cua thep.

2. Phng phap kim soat ham lng hydro khuch tan

Khng nt nu vi cng vng va thanh phn thep cho trc lng hydro trung binh trong lin kt sau khi no ngui ti 50 oC khng vt qua gia tri ti han .

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NUNG NONG S B HAY LA KHNG?

Xem quy inh cua quy pham hoc khuyn cao cua ti chun v han:

Vi du 2: Nu quy pham thi cng khng co chi dn cu th, c th s dung tiu chun chu u EN 1011-2:2001 Phng phap A: Xac inh nhit nung nong s b khi ha h quang thep co cu truc cha ferit (thep cacbon khng h kim, thep hat min, thep hp kim thp), theo iu C.2.5, bn cach tra cu nhit nung nong s b trn cac biu N lng ng Tng chiu day truyn nhit cua lin kt ha (tng chiu day nay c inh nghia tai Hinh C.1), co xet ng lng cacbon CE (vi CE t 0.30 n 0.70%).
CE C Mn Cr Mo V Ni Cu [%] 6 5 15
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O NHIT

Cac thit bi nung

Phu thuc vao kha nng cua n vi (mo nung, nung bng ph t nung dung in tr, hoc nugn trong lo)

Nhit nung:

Ln hn hoc bng nhit nung nong s b a chon (a tin ln hn nhit ti thiu o khoang 40 oC la va (tr thep t ram, vi du A514, A517 thi con phai kim soat ca nhit nun nong s b ti a na). Nhit o phai oc thit lp tai khoang cach ti thiu bng chiu day cua tm day nht trong lin kt, nhng khng nho h 75 mm v moi hng k t ch han Phai kim tra nhit gia cac ng han nhm xac minh r vn duy tri c nhit nung nong s b ti thiu o ngay trc khi gy h quang cua mi lt han.

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O NHIT

Hng dn o nhit nung nong s b Tp, nhit gia cac ng han Ti va nhit duy tri nung nong s b Tm:

o trn b mt kim loai theo hng v phia ngi th han Vi chiu day cua tm t 50 mm: o tai khoang cach A = 4 vi A 50 mm, tinh t mep ranh han

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O NHIT

Hng dn o nhit nung nong s b Tp, nhit gia cac ng han Ti va nhit duy tri nung nong s b Tm:

Vi chiu day cua tm t > 50 mm: phai thit lp Tp trong kim loai c ban tai khoang cach A 75 mm hoc khoang cach the thoa thun vi khach hang, theo bt ky hng nao tinh t me vat cua lin kt. Phai o Tp tai b mt ngc vi b mt c nung (nu thc hin c), Nu khng thi phai o Tp tai b mt nung nhng sau khi a g bo ngun nung mt thi gian u cn bng nhit theo ch day cua tm c nung (2 phut/25 mm chiu day) . Khi lp mo nung c inh va vic o Tp tai phia bn kia khng cn c, phai o tai b mt phia c nung ngay sat mep v cua lin kt o Ti tai b mt kim loai mi han hoc tai kim loai c ban lin
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O NHIT

Hng dn o nhit nung nong s b Tp, nhit gia cac ng han Ti va nhit duy tri nung nong s b Tm:

Thi im o Ti: o trong vung mi han ngay trc khi h qua i ti Nu co quy inh Tm: no phai c theo doi trong thi gian gia oan han. Dung cu o:

TS: Phn nhit, sn nhit (thng c trang bi cho th han) CT: nhit k tip xuc; TE: cp nhit; TB: thit bi o khng tip xu dung in hoc quang hoc (thng do nhn vin QC o)

Nu co yu cu bao cao, phai nu cac thng s: nhit (Tp, Tm) a o c; moi sai lch so vi tiu chun nay, nu co.

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O NHIT

Hng dn o nhit nung nong s b Tp, nhit gia cac ng han Ti va nhit duy tri nung nong s b Tm:
Thi du cach ghi nhit o c trong bao cao
1.

Temperature EN ISO 13916 Tp 155 CT Giai nghia: nhit nung nong s b o c theo tiu chun n trn la 155 oC, chi o 1 ln, co dung nhit k tip xuc

2.

Temperature EN ISO 13916 Ti 130/160 TE Giai nghia: nhit gia cac ng han o c 3 ln theo ti chun noi trn la 130; 153; 160 oC, dung cp nhit.

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NHIT GIA CAC NG HAN

Ti ti thiu Tp ti thiu quy inh.

TS = f(Ti) va YS = f(Ti): ca bn va gii han chay u phu thuc vao Ti Tng Ti dn n giam kich thc hat va lam tng dai va (chi ung n khoang 260 oC) Trn gia tri nay, dai va p cua lin kt han giam. AWS khuyn cao gia tri ti a cua Ti = 290C khi co yu cu dai va p.

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KIM SOAT NHIT GIA CAC NG HA

Ti ti a c quy inh vi nhng yu cu i vi:

dai va p nh noi trn bn ti thiu cua lin kt han (Ti qua cao lam bn giam)

Mt s loai thep (thep ti-ram A514 chng han) ( tranh lam suy giam cu truc ram do Ti qua cao):
ASTM A 709 Grade HPS70W va ASTM A 852, (Tp; Ti) max = 200C vi t 40 mm va (Tp; Ti) max = 230C cho t > 40 mm.

Mc du noi chung AWS D1.1 khng co quy inh v Ti max, trong san xut, bao gi cung phai lu y kim soat nhit na Nhng yu t cn xem xet khi kim soat Ti:

(Ti) min: c quy inh chng nt, c bit khi thep nhay cam (CE (Ti) max: c quy inh bao am u c tinh cn thit. Thi gian gia cac ng han, nhit nung nong s b, iu kin khng khi xung quanh, c im truyn nhit, nng lng ng.
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KIM SOAT NHIT GIA CAC NG HA

Ti c o va kim soat nh sau:

Dung 2 loai phn nhit: 1 chic dung o Tp va Ti min; chic c lai dung o Ti max la nhit cao hn (vt phn chay ra coi nh at ti nhit gn ung cn o)

Th han nung lin kt, kim tra nhit kim loai c ban tai v tri quy inh theo quy pham (vi du, khoang cach A) bng cac dung phn nhit th nht ( xac inh Tp va Ti min).

Th han thc hin ng han u tin khi vt phn nhit o bt u chay ra

Ngay trc khi tin hanh mi ng han tip theo, cac nhi ti thiu va ti a noi trn phai c kim tra tai cac vi tri cn thit.
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KIM SOAT NHIT GIA CAC NG HA

Ti c o va kim soat nh sau:

1. Vt cua phn nhit th nht phai chay ra (du hiu cua nhi kim loai nong chay ln hn nhit nung chay cua vt phn) 2. Vt cua phn nhit th 2 (dung kim soat Ti max) khng c nung chay (du hiu cua nhit kim loai tai ch cn vn cha at ti Ti max.

Nu vt phn nhit th nht khng chay: phai gia nhit thm cho n khi no chay ra.

Nu vt phn nhit th 2 bi chay ra: phai lin kt ngui chm lai cho n khi no khng con bi chay (nhng vt phn th nht vn phai ang chay). Luc o co th han ng tip theo.
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KIM SOAT NHIT GIA CAC NG HA o Ti tai ch nao?

1. Tai khoang cach ln hn hoc bng chiu day cua phn day nht cua lin kt nhng khng nho hn 75 mm v moi phia tinh t im ang han. iu nay chi ung vi Ti min. 2. Vi Ti max, mc du D1.1 khng quy inh cu th, nn o tai vi tri 25 mm tinh t mep vat cua lin kt (vi Ti max thc s co th cao hn quy inh).

o Ti tai ch nao

1. Khoang cach A = 4 x t (nhng a 50 mm) , nu t 50 mm

2. Ngay tai b mt loai mi han ho tai kim loai c ba lin k, nu t > 50mm.

SOUTHERN PETROLEUM CONSTRUCTION J.S COMPANY (ALPHA-ECC)

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NHIT LUYN MI HAN

Khi nao nhit luyn mi han: khi quy pham thi cng hoc / va tiu chun ky thut cua khach hang oi hoi. Muc ich nhit luyn mi han:
1. Tng kha nng cua lin kt han chng lai pha huy gion 2. Giam ng sut d

3. Giam cng
4. Cai thin bn.

Cac loai nhit luyn ph bin i vi mi han:

1. Post Heating: nung va gi nhit sau khi han
2. Stress Relief: ram kh ng sut d

SOUTHERN PETROLEUM CONSTRUCTION J.S COMPANY (ALPHA-ECC)

Add: Dong Xuyen Industrial Zone, Rach Dua Ward, Vung Tau City, Viet Nam

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NHIT LUYN MI HAN Post Heating:

TPH Ti

Nhit sau khi han ng han cui cung Nhit gi nhit

Thi gian gi nhit

Muc ich: gi kim loai tai nhit TPH > Ti trong mt khoang thi gian gi nhit nht inh, nhm tao iu kin cho hydro khuch tan ht ra khoi mi han, tranh nguy c nt ngui.

Tuy theo quy inh cua quy pham, nhng thng la 230 n 315 oC trong thi gian 1 gi cho mi 25 mm chiu day. Chi ap dung cho kim loai c ban d bi nt ngui.
Add: Dong Xuyen Industrial Zone, Rach Dua Ward, Vung Tau City, Viet Nam

SOUTHERN PETROLEUM CONSTRUCTION J.S COMPANY (ALPHA-ECC)

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NHIT LUYN MI HAN Ram kh ng sut d:

Muc ich: ram pha cng (martensite, bainite) hinh thanh trong qua trinh han, nhm:
Giam cng, tng dai cho mi han Ngn nga nt moi Tng kha nng chng n mon ng sut Duy tri n inh kich thc

Giam ng sut d ngn nga bin dang / nt khi vt han chiu tai

SOUTHERN PETROLEUM CONSTRUCTION J.S COMPANY (ALPHA-ECC)

Add: Dong Xuyen Industrial Zone, Rach Dua Ward, Vung Tau City, Viet Nam

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NHIT LUYN MI HAN

Ram kh ng sut d:

Thc cht cua qua trinh: nung u vt han (hoc lin kt han, nu nhit luyn cuc b) ln nhit u cao nhng di nhit ti han di (khoang 725 oC vi thep cacbon), gi nhit o trong thi gian xac i sau o lam ngui.

Tc nung va tc ngui: ti a 220 oC/gi hoc 335 oC/gi, thng trn 315 oC cho ti nhit ram (nhm tranh ng sut nhit)

Thep cacbon: 600 675 oC, thi gian 1 gi/25 mm chiu day.

Lu y: cac quy pham co quy inh khac nhau v PWHT. Quy trinh han W cung co th co quy inh PWHT. Cn theo ca 2.

Co li hn v kinh t nu nhit luyn nhit cao hn trong thi gian ngn hn, thay vi nhit luyn nhit thp hn trong thi gian dai h

SOUTHERN PETROLEUM CONSTRUCTION J.S COMPANY (ALPHA-ECC)

Add: Dong Xuyen Industrial Zone, Rach Dua Ward, Vung Tau City, Viet Nam

Website: www.alpha-ec