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,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk;

1. gpupl;b~; `T]; Mg; fhkd;]{f;F NjHT nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpaH ahH? m. yhHl; rpd;fh M. v];.vd;. jh$H ,. lgps;a+.rp. ghdH[p <. jhjhgha; eTNuh[p 2. NtY}H Gul;rpapd; NghJ nrd;id ftHduhf ,Ue;jtH m. kd;Nwh M. Nk[H n[duy; gPl;lH ,. tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; <. nfd;db 3. 1857 fyfj;jpd; NghJ gPfhupd; Gul;rpf;F jiyik Vw;wtH m. jhe;jpah NjhNg M. ehdh rhfpg; ,. fd;tH rpq; <. gfJ}H ~h 4. fpyhgj; ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L m. 1918 M. 1920 ,. 1922 <. 1924 5. Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL ele;j NghJ ,e;jpa itrpuhahf ,Ue;jtH m. ,Htpd; gpuG M. uPbq; gpuG ,. ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG <. tpy;ypq;ld; gpuG 6. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ Kjypy; ntsp te;jJ? m. jp nkl;uh]; nkapy; M. jp ,e;jpad; Nrh~pay; ghHkH ,. jp ngq;fhy; nfrl; <. jp ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah 7. Rauh[;a fl;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH? m. ty;ygha; gNly; M. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,. rp.MH. jh]; <. eNue;jpu Njg; 8. mUzh m~g; myp vNjhL njhlHGilatH? m. gHNjhyp rj;ahfpufk; M. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; ,. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; <. fpyhgj; ,af;fk; 9. gHNjhyp rj;jpahfpufk; eilngw;w gHNjhyp vq;Fs;sJ? m. Xuprh M. F[uhj; ,. Nkw;F tq;fk; <. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; 10. ,e;jpahtpw;F fly; top fz;l NghHj;Jf;fPrpa khYkpahd th];Nfhlfhkh ve;j Mz;L Nfhopf;NfhL JiwKfj;ijf; fz;lhH? m. 1948 M. 1398 ,. 1498 <. 1500 tpil: 1. < 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. M 6. , 7. , 8. M 9. M 10. , 11. Nldpa fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FO epWtg;gl;l ehL? m. ,q;fpyhe;J M. nejHyhe;J ,. nld;khHf; <. gpuhd;]; 12. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahH gw;wpa ve;jj; jfty; rupahdJ? m. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; ngz; jiytH M. N`hk; &y; ,af;fj;ij 1916y; njhlq;fpdhH ,. rpwe;j fy;tpahsH> rpwe;j Njrpathjp <. ,it midj;Jk; rup 13. kfhj;kh fhe;jpia ,e;jpahtpd; je;ij vd Kjypy; $wpatH ahH? m. [t`Hyhy; NeU M. rHjhH ty;ygha; gNly; ,. Rgh~; re;jpu Ngh]; <. ghy fq;fhju jpyfH 14. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; itrpuha; ahH? m. kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG M. fhdpq; gpuG ,. thud; N`];bq;f;]; <. ly;fTrp gpuG 15. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid ftHdH n[duy;fs; gjtpapypUe;jdH? m. 3 M. 2 ,. 4 <. 1

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www.Padasalai.Net 16. GNdapYs;s vuthlh rpiwapy; 1930y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lJ vjw;fhf? m. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij gug;gpajw;fhf M. jz;b ahj;jpiu nrd;W cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; elj;jpajw;fhf ,. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpajw;fhf <. ,it vJTk; ,y;iy 17. KjyhtJ tq;f gpuptpid vg;NghJ ele;jJ? m. 1805 M. 1905 ,. 1811 <. 1911 18. rpg;gha;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; fpsHr;rpapy; <Lgl;l ,lk;? m. kPul; M. Nguf;g+H ,. fhd;g+H <. ngH`hk;g+H 19. ghurPf tisFlhtpy; MHk]; (Ormus) JiwKfj;ij cUthf;fpatH m. my;nka;lh M. my;GfHF ,. th];Nfhlfhkh <. thd;bnkd; 20. mk;ghapdh gLnfhiy ele;j Mz;L m. 1620 M. 1621 ,. 1622 <. 1623 tpil: 11. , 12. < 13. , 14. M 15. < 16. M 17. M 18. m 19. M 20. < 21. kq;fs;ghz;Nl J}f;fpyplg;gl;l ,lk; m. kPul; M. fhd;g+H ,. mNahj;jp <. Nguf;g+H 22. ,uz;lhk; gfJ}H vq;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhH? m. kNyrpah M. uq;$d; ,. me;jkhd; <. ,e;NjhNd~pah 23. tpf;Nlhupah Nguurpapd; kfhrh];d mwpf;if gbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; m. jpy;yp M. myfhghj; ,. tq;fhsk; <. Nghghy; 24. khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L m. 1861 M. 1863 ,. 1864 <. 1865 25. rp.gp. fpy;gHl; vd;gtH m. xU rl;l cWg;gpdH M. xU itrpuha; ,. ,e;jpa nrayhsH <. ePjpgjp 26. fhq;fpurpy; kpjthjpfSk; jPtputhjpfSk; ,ize;j Mz;L m. 1912 M. 1914 ,. 1916 <. 1918 27. te;jthrp tPud; vd;W miof;fg;gLgtH m. fTd;l; b-yhyp M. uhgHl; fpist; ,. rH maH $l; <. G];yp 28. irkd; FO tUifia vjpHj;J Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp capupoe;jtH m. yhyh y[gjp uha; M. jhjhgha; et;Nuh[p ,. #upahnrd; <. vtUkpy;iy 29. nrd;idapy; fhq;fpu]; khehL eilngw;w Mz;L m. 1887 M. 1895 ,. 1898 <. Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk; 30. Nty;]; ,sturH ,e;jpah te;jJ m. 1921 Vg;uy; M. 1921 etk;gH ,. 1922 khHr; <. 1922 mf;NlhgH tpil: 21. < 22. M 23. M 24. m 25. m 26. , 27. , 28. m 29. < 30. M 31. 1612y; Mq;fpNyaH vq;F jq;fsJ Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia epWtpdH? m. Nfhth M. #uj; ,. Nfhopf;NfhL <. nrd;id 32. ,e;jpahtpy; jghy; jiyfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ ahH? m. kpd;Nlh M. ly;`Trp ,. fhdpq; <. upg;gd; 33. md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahH vNjhL njhlHGilatH? m. gpuk;k rkh[k; M. Mupa rkh[k; ,. uhkfpU~;z ,af;fk; <. jpahrgpfy; ,af;fk;

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www.Padasalai.Net 34. Ra kupahij ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpaJ ahH? m. rp.MH. nul;b M. <.nt.uh. ngupahH ,. Nf. fhkuh[; <. nry;tuh[; KjypahH 35. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Njrpaf; ftp vd miof;fg;gLgtH ahH? m. n`d;wp tptpad; bnurpNah M. utPe;jpuehj; jh$H ,. gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lH[p <. Rg;gpukzpa ghujp 36. ngq;fhy; gpuptpid vg;NghJ ele;jJ? m. 1899 M. 1900 ,. 1901 <. 1905 37. njd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F vg;NghJ fhe;jpabfs;; te;jhH? m. 1902 M. 1904 ,. 1909 <. 1915 38. [hypad;thyhghf; gLnfhiy vg;NghJ ele;jJ? m. 1917 M. 1918 ,. 1919 <. 1920 39. uh~;lu ; pa Rtak;Nrtf; rq; vdg;gLk; MH.v];.v];. ,af;fk; vg;NghJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? m. 1932 M. 1933 ,. 1925 <. 1936 40. ,e;jpahtpy; gjtpapypUf;Fk; NghJ gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l xNu it];uha; ahH? m. `Hbq;Nf M. ehHj;G&f; ,. kNah <. kpd;Nlh tpil: 31. M 32. M 33. < 34. M 35. m 36. < 37. < 38. , 39. , 40. , 41. ,e;jpahtpy; ngd;rpiy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH? m. JUf;fpaH M. lr;Rf;fhuH ,. Mq;fpNyaH <. NghHr;Rf;fPrpaH 42. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhf ,Ue;jtH ahH? m. rHr;rpy; M. ml;yp ,. gpHfd;n`l; <. uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;l; 43. ghfp];jhd; vd;Dk; K];ypk;fSf;fhd jdp ehL Nfhupf;ifia K];ypk; yPf; vg;NghJ NfhupaJ? m. 1939 M. 1940 ,. 1942 <. 1944 44. te;Nj khjuk; ,af;fk; vq;Nf eilngw;wJ? m. Ijuhghj; M. jpUthq;$H ,. nrd;id <. ngq;f@& 45. kfhj;kh fhe;jp jiytuhf gq;Nfw;w xNu fhq;fpu]; khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ? m. ngy;fhk; M. fah ,. `upGuh <. jpupGuh 46. rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; NghJ kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; Gul;rpf;F jiyikNaw;wtH m. `H~j; kfhy;Ngfk; M. ehdhrhfpg; ,. uhzp yl;Rkpgha; <. fd;tH rpq; 47. ly;nfsrp gpuGtpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ m. Jizg;gil jpl;lk; M. thupR ,og;G nfhs;if ,. epue;ju epy tUtha; jpl;lk; <. Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk; 48. nghUj;Jf: I. gfJ}H ~h 1. Ng~;th II. jhe;jpah NjhNg 2. uhZtj;jsgjp III. ehdhrhfpg; 3. [hd;rp IV. yl;Rkpgha; 4. nly;yp NguurH m. I-4 II-2 III-1 IV-3 M. I-4 II-1 III-2 IV-3 ,. I-2 II-1 III-4 IV-3 <. I-1 II-2 III-3 IV-4 49. 1857 Gul;rpapy; gq;Nfw;fhjtHfs; 1. rPf;fpaHfs; 2. kuhj;jpaHfs; 3. Mg;fhdpaH 4. $Hf;fhf;fs;

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www.Padasalai.Net m. ,. 50. gpuk;k m. midtUk; 1> 3 kw;Wk; 4 rkh[k; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1927 M. 1928 M. 1> 2 kw;Wk; 3 <. 1> 2 kw;Wk; 4 ,. 1929 <. 1930

tpil: 41. < 42. M 43. M 44. m 45. m 46. , 47. M 48. m 49. , 50. , 51. jpNahrhgpf;fy; nrhi]l;b Kjypy; cUthd ehL m. ,e;jpah M. maHyhe;J ,. mnkupf;fh <. ,q;fpyhe;J 52. ,uh];j; Nfhg;jhH vd;gJ m. rPHjpUj;j ,af;fk; M. gj;jpupf;if ,. r%f rPHjpUj;jthjpapd; ngaH <. efuk; 53. ,e;jpa MAj rl;lk; nfhz;L te;jtH m. fhdpq; gpuG M ypl;ld; gpuG ,. fHrd; gpuG <. upg;gd; gpuG 54. `z;lH fy;tp FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L m. 1880 M. 1881 ,. 1882 <. 1883 55. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhd;w fhuzkhd `{a+k; xU m. Mq;fpNya gj;jpupifahsH M. Mq;fpy Xa;T ngw;w mYtyH ,. rPHjpUj;jthjp <. Mq;fpy itrpuha; 56. fPo;f;fz;l vJ lr;Rf;fhuHfspd; thzpgj; jyk;? 1. goNtw;fhL 2. k#ypg;gl;bdk; 3. rpd;Ruh m. midj;Jk; rupahdit M. 1 kw;Wk; 2 rupahdit ,. 1 kw;Wk; 3 rupahdit <. 2 kw;Wk; 3 rupahdit 57. Mf;uh> mfkjhghj; kw;Wk; GNuhr; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Mq;fpNya tzpfj;jyk; mikf;f mDkjp ngw;wtH? m. rH tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; M. rH jhk]; Nuh ,. rH gpuhd;]p]; Nl <. tpy;ypak; `hkpy;ld; 58. 1674k; Mz;L ghz;br;Nrupia mikj;jtH m. ba+g;Ns M. ^kh]; ,. gpuhd;rp]; fNuhd; <. gpuhd;rp]; khHbd; 59. fPo;f;fz;l vJ fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ? 1. Vdhk; 2. kh`p 3. ghyhr;#H m. 1 kw;Wk; 3 M. 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,. 1 kw;Wk; 2 <. midj;Jk; 60. 1767y; nrq;fj;jpy; i`jH mypia Njhw;fbj;j Mq;fpNyaH? m. rH maH $l; M. thl;rd; ,. ];kpj; <. Nk[H kd;Nwh tpil: 51. , 52. M 53. M 54. M 55. M 56. m 57. M 58. < 59. m 60. , 61. 1867 fyfj;jpd;NghJ nly;ypapy; jiyik Vw;wtH? m. fd;tH rpq; M. Ngfk; `[;uj; kfhy; ,. gf;j; `hd; <. gfJ}H ~h [hgH 62. ehdhrhfpg; fPo;f;fz;l xUtupd; jj;Jg;gps;is? m. Ng~;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; M. m]pKy;yh ,. ehuhazuht; <. `H~pj; fhd; 63. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; filrp jiyik MSeH? m. ngd;bq; gpuG M. fhdpq; gpuG ,. ly;nfsrp gpuG <. N`];bq; gpuG

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www.Padasalai.Net 64. ,e;jpahtpd; xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk; nghJ fy;tpj; Jiwia cUthf;fpatH? m. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG M. upg;gd; gpuG ,. ly;nfsrp gpuG <. nkf;fhNy gpuG 65. n[duy; ];thHL gq;Nfw;w NghH? m. ,uz;lhk; ik#H NghH M. %d;whk; ik#H NghH ,. ehd;fhk; ik#H NghH <. Kjy; kuhj;jpa NghH 66. ,e;jpahtpd; mYty; nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; khw;wg;gl;l Mz;L? m. 1829 M. 1833 ,. 1835 <. 1839 67. kPul; gFjpapy; fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;l Gul;rpf;fhuHfs; mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L fPo;f;fz;l ve;j ,lj;ij jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L te;jdH? m. jpy;yp M. fhd;g+H ,. gPfhH <. uha;g;g+H 68. fhq;fpu]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; itrpuha; m. ypl;ld; gpuG M. fHrd; gpuG ,. upg;gd; gpuG <. l/g;upd; gpuG 69. Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; gq;Nfw;w gpujpepjpfs; m. 72 M. 74 ,. 76 <. 78 tpil: 61. < 62. m 63. M 64. , 65. , 66. , 67. m 68. < 69. <

,e;jpa murpayikg;G
1. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ I.eh.tpd; epue;ju cWg;gpdH my;y? m. [g;ghd; M. rPdh ,. u~;ah <. gpupl;ld; 2. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ I.eh.tpd; mikg;G my;y? m. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; M. bu];b~pg; fTd;rpy; ,. vfdhkpf; mz;l; Nrhrpay; fTd;rpy; <. `T]; Mg; fhkd;]; 3. ve;j murpayikg;Gg; gpuptpd; fPo; Njrpa mtru fhy rl;lj;ij FbauRj; jiytH gpwg;gpf;fyhk;? m. 352tJ gpupT M. 356tJ gpupT ,. 360tJ gpupT <. 361tJ gpupT 4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu tho;tjw;fhd cupik vd;gJ m. murpay; cupik M. nghUshjhu cupik ,. mbg;gil cupik <. kj cupik 5. gpd; tUtdtw;wpy; vJ khepy muRfshy; kl;LNk tpjpf;fg;glf;$baJ? m. Nfspf;if tup M. nrhj;J tup ,. tUkhd tup <. fhHg;gNul; tup 6. Nyhf;rghtpd; rghehafupd; rk;gsj;ij epHzapg;gJ ahH? m. [dhjpgjp M. rk;gs fkp~d; ,. Nfgpdl; <. ghHypnkz;l; 7. murpay;thjpay;yhj ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; [dhjpgjp ahH? m. lhf;lH [hfPH cNrd; M. lhf;lH V.gp.N[. mg;Jy; fyhk; ,. lhf;lH uhjhfpU~;zd; <. lhf;lH uhN[e;jpugpurhj; 8. uh[;a rgh cWg;gpdH gjtpf; fhyk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs;? m. 3 M. 4 ,. 5 <. 6 9. gpd;tUk; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; uh[;a rghtpy; gpujpepjpfs; ,Ug;gJ ,jw;F kl;Lk; jhd; m. me;jkhd; epNfhghH jPTfs; M. lhkd; ilA ,. GJr;Nrup <. ,it vJTkpy;iy 10. uh[;argh vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ? m. 6 M. 5 ,. 2 <. fiyf;fKbahJ tpil: 1. m 2. < 3. m 4. , 5. m 6. < 7. , 8. < 9. , 10. <

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www.Padasalai.Net 1. murpayikg;G epHza rigapd; jw;fhypfj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH ahH? m) lhf;lH ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; M) lhf;lH mk;Ngj;fH ,) lhf;lH rr;rpjhde;j rpd;fh <) gz;bj [t`Hyhy; NeU 2. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tiue;J Kbe;jJ. m) 26 brk;gH> 1949,y; M)26 [dtup> 1950,y; ,) 26 etk;gH> 1949,y; <) 30etk;gH> 1949,y; 3. ,e;jpa Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH fPo;f;fhZk; Kiwapy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH m) khepyq;fsitahy; M) khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsitahy; ,) khepyq;fsit> kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyr;rl;l kd;wk; Mfpaitahy; <) khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kw;Wk; kf;fsitapy; cs;s NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lcWg;gpdHfshy; 4) FbauRj; jiytH jdJ gjtp tpyfiy fPo;f; Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F mDg;gyhk; m) Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH M) kf;fsit rghehafH ,) gpujkH <) cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp 5. mikr;ruit $l;lhf m) FbauRj; jiytUf;Fg; nghWg;ghdJ. M) gpujk mikr;rUf;F nghWg;ghdJ. ,) kf;fsitf;Fg; nghWg;ghdJ <) khepyq;fsitf;Fg; nghWg;ghdJ 6. mbg;gil cupikfs; m) khepy MSeuhy; epWj;jp itf;fg;glyhk; M) FbauRj; jiytuhy; epWj;jp itf;fg;glyhk; ,) rl;l mikr;ruhy; epWj;jp itf;fg;glyhk; <) gpujkmikr;ruhy; epWj;jp itf;fg;glyhk; 7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpatHfs; mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;w fUj;ij m) mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;L murpayikg;gpy; ,Ue;J ngw;wdH. M) Nrhtpaj; u~;amikg;gpypUe;J ngw;wdH ,) Iup]; murpayikg;gpypUe;J ngw;wdH <) fdlh murpayikg;gpypUe;J ngw;wdH 8. muR nfhs;ifapid newpg;gLj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ve;jg; gFjpapy; NrHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? m) murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IV M) murpayikg;gpd; gFjp V ,) murpayikg;gpd; gFjp VI <) murpayikg;gpd; gFjp III 9. ,e;jpa jpl;lf; FOtpd; jiytH m) jpl;l mikr;rH M) Jizg; gpujk mikr;rH ,) gpujk mikr;rH <) epjp mikr;rH 10. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; nghJg; gl;baypy; vj;jid tiffs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd? m) 96 tiffs; M) 66 tiffs; ,) 47 tiffs; <) 99 tiffs; 11. xUtUf;F ,e;jpa FbAupik ngWtjw;fhd jFjpahdJ m) ,e;jpahtpy; trpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; M) ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; ,) ghfp];jhdpy; ,Ue;J mfjpahf te;jtH <) ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; cilatH 12. fPo;f;fhz;gitfspy; vJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ? m) $l;lhl;rp murhq;fk; M) ghuhSkd;w murhq;fk; ,) [dhjpgjp Kiw murhq;fk; <) jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j ePjpj;Jiw 13. caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Xa;T ngWk; taJ m) 62 Mz;Lfs; M) 65 Mz;Lfs; ,) 60 Mz;Lfs; <) 64 Mz;Lfs;

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www.Padasalai.Net 14. cr;rePjpkd;w MNyhrid toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUg;gJ m) tpjp 243 gb M) tpjp 43 gb ,) tpjp 142 gb <) tpjp 143 gb 15. ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; m) murpayikg;ghy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ M) ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ ,) FbauRj; jiytupd; Mizahy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ <) ,itfspy; VJkpy;iy 16. ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; m) kf;fsit> khepyq;fsitiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ M) FbauR jiytH> kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsitiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,) kf;fsit> FbauRj; jiytH kw;Wk; mikr;ruitiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. <) kf;fsit> khepyq;fsit> mikr;ruit kw;Wk; FbauRj; jiytiuf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 17. ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPHkhdk; kf;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Fiwe;j gl;rk; m) 50 cWg;gpdHfspd; MjuT Njit M) 70 cWg;gpdHfspd; MjuT Njit ,) 60 cWg;gpdHfspd; MjuT Njit <) 80 cWg;gpdHfspd; MjuT Njit 18. kf;fsitapd; jiytH m) mitapy; thf;Ffs; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ thf;fspf;f cupikngw;wpUf;fpwhH. M) kw;w cWg;gpdHfisg; Nghy vy;yh rkaq;fspYk; thf;fspf;f cupik ngw;wpUf;fpwhH. ,) thf;fspf;f cupik ,y;iy <) ,uz;L thf;Ffs; rhjhuz rkaj;jpy; xU thf;Fk;> rkkhf thf;Ffs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kw;nwhU thf;Fk;. 19. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ mbg;gil cupikfspd; ghJfhtyd;? m) rl;lkd;wk; M) epHthfj;Jiw ,) murpay; fl;rpfs; <) ePjpj;Jiw 20. ,e;jpa FbkfDf;F murpayikg;G gupfhuk; fhZk; cupik ve;j tpjpapd; fPo;toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? m) 19 M) 17 ,) 32 <) 30 21. rkj;Jt thf;Fupik mspg;gjd; %yk; Vw;gLtJ m) rl;l rkj;Jtk; M) r%f rkj;Jtk; ,) nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk; <) murpay; rkj;Jtk; 22. ePjp kWguprPyid vd;gJ m) ePjpj;Jiwia epHthfj;Jiw fz;fhzpg;gJ M) rl;lq;fis ePjpj;Jiw kWguprPyid nra;tJ ,) ePjpj;Jiwf; FO ePjpkd;wq;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gJ <) epHthfj;Jiwia ePjpj;Jiw fz;fhzpg;gJ 23. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ve;jg; gFjpapd; fPo; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytrf; fl;lhaf; fy;tp toq;f top tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ? m) muR topfhl;L newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs; M) mbg;gil cupikfs; ,) mbg;gil flikfs; <) Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tFg;gpdUf;F rpwg;G gpuptpd; fPo; 24. ve;j murpayikg;G jpUj;jjpd; %yk; mbg;gil flikfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld? m) 40tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; M) %y murpay; mikg;G ,) 39tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; <) 42tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk;

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www.Padasalai.Net 25. 44tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;> nrhj;JupikahdJ m) mbg;gil cupikapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;L rl;l cupikahf kl;Lk; Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ M) mbg;gil cupikahfTk;> rl;l cupikahfTk; Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,) vt;tpj khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jhky; Kd;gpUe;jijg; NghyNt cs;sJ. <) ,tw;wpy; VJTkpy;iy 26. ve;j khepyj;jpd; caHePjpkd;wk; yl;rjPtpd; kPJ rl;l vy;iyia cilaJ? m) GJby;yp M) fHehlfh ,) Nfush <) Kk;ig 27. ve;j tpjp [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPUf;F jdp me;j];J toq;FfpwJ? m) 356 M) 360 ,) 372 <) 370 28. ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nkyitapd; jiytH m) thf;Fupik ngWtJ ,y;iy M) rkepiy Kuz;gLk; NghJ kl;Lk; thf;fspg;gjpy; cupik ngWfpwhH ,) vy;yh tptfhuq;fspYk; thf;Fupik ngWfpwhH <) rl;lj; jpUj;jjpy; kl;Lk; thf;Fupik ngWfpwhH 29. rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; rigfs; kj;jpapYk;> jkpo; ehl;bYk; m) kj;jpapy; XH mit> jkpo;ehl;by; ,U mit M) kj;jpapy; XH mit> jkpo;ehl;by; XH mit ,) kj;jpapy; ,U mit> jkpo;ehl;by; ,U mit <) kj;jpapy; ,U mit> jkpo;ehl;by; XH mit 30. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytH NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtJ m) ,e;jpa kf;fshy; Neupilj; NjHjy; %yk; M) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; khepyr;rl;lg; Nguitfspd; NjHnjLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs; mlq;fpa NjHthsH FOthy; ,) ghuhSkd;w ,U mit cWg;gpdHfshy; kl;Lk; <) ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wq;fspd; ,U mit cWg;gpdHfshy; tpilfs;: 1) , 2) , 3) M 4) m 5) , 6) M 7) m 8) m 9) , 10) , 11) < 12) , 13) m 14) < 15) m 16) M 17) m 18) m 19) < 20) , 21) < 22) M 23) m 24) < 25) m 26) , 27) < 28) M 29) < 30) M 1. khepyq;fspd; nkhopiag; gw;wpf; $Wk; tpjpfs;: m) tpjpfs; 354 Kjy; 374 M) tpjpfs; 342 Kjy; 362 ,) tpjpfs; 345 Kjy; 347 <) ,it vJTkpy;iy 2. rHf;fhupah fkp\d; ve;j cwTfisg; guprPypf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? m) gpujk mikr;rUf;Fk;> [dhjpgjpf;Fk; M) mikr;ruitf;Fk;> ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,) rl;lrigf;Fk;> mikr;ruitf;Fk; <) kj;jpa murpw;Fk;> khepy murpw;Fk;. 3. EfHNthH ePjpkd;wq;fspy; m) tha;nkhop tpthjk; kl;LNk cz;L M) vOj;J %ykhd tpthjk; kl;LNk cz;L ,) vOj;J %ykhd tpthjj;jpw;F tha;nkhop Jiz tpthjk; cz;L. <) ,it midj;Jk; 4. jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J vj;jid cWg;gpdHfs; kf;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwhHfs; m) 36 cWg;gpdHfs; M) 37 cWg;gpdHfs; ,) 38 cWg;gpdHfs; <) 39 cWg;gpdHfs;

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www.Padasalai.Net 5. ahH murpayikg;ghy; mspf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfis jpUj;jk; nra;tJ? m) FbauRj; jiytH M) cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,) ghuhSkd;wk; <) ,it VJkpy;iy 6. khtl;l Ml;rpahsUila Kf;fpag; gzp m) tUtha;g; gzp M) rl;lk; xOq;iff; fhg;gJ ,) tsHr;rpg; gzpfs; <) ,it midj;Jk; 7. cs;shl;rp murhq;f mikg;Gfs; nray;gLtJ m) 1980-ypUe;J M) kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J ,) 1890-ypUe;J <) 1687-ypUe;J 8. khepy mjpfhug; gl;baypy; cs;s ve;j xU nghUisg; gw;wpAk; ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lkpaw;wyhk;? m) cr;rePjpkd;wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; je;jhy; M) ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; je;jhy; ,) Njreyd; fUjp ghuhSkd;wk; khepy mjpfhug; gl;baypYs;s nghUs; gw;wprl;lk; ,aw;wyhk; vd;W uh[;a rghtpy; cs;s %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;FcWg;gpdHfs; jPHkhdk; epiwNtw;wpdhy; <) ,it VJkpy;iy 9. vk;.[p.MH. ve;j tUlj;jpy; jp.K.f.tpypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;lhH? m) 1967-y; M) 1969-y; ,) 1972-y; <) 1977-y; 10. tpgr;rhuj;ij Fw;wkhf;fpa rl;lkhdJ m) ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; M) jilr;rl;lk; ,) xOf;fkw;w elkhLjy; mlf;FKiwr;rl;lk; <) thupRr;rl;lk; 11. gl;bay; rhjpapdupd; gpur;rpidfs; fPo;f;fz;ltw;why; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ m) Mya EioT M) jPz;lhik xopg;Gr;rl;lk; ,) murhq;fj;jpd; ,l xJf;fl P ;Lf; nfhs;if <) fy;tp 12. ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L m) etk;gH 26> 1949 M) [dtup 26> 1950 ,) Mf];L 14> 1947 <) ,it VJkpy;iy 13. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ mbg;gil cupik ,y;iy? m) nrhj;Jupik M) kj Rje;jpu cupik ,) Ngr;R Rje;jpu cupik <) rkj;Jt cupik 14. topfhl;Lk; newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; m) rl;lj;jhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhJ M) xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbahJ ,) xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbAk; <) rl;lj;jhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJ 15. ,e;jpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ngupa FO vJ? m) nghJf;fzf;Ff; FO M) kjpg;gPl;Lf; FO ,) nghJj;Jiwf; FOf;fs; <) kDf;FO 16. uh[;a rigf;F vj;jid cWg;gpdHfs; [dhjpgjp epakdk; nra;fpwhH? m) 2 cWg;gpdHfs; M) 9 cWg;gpdHfs; ,)12 cWg;gpdHfs; <) 20 cWg;gpdHfs; 17. nghlh rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L m) 2004 M) 2000 ,) 2001 <) 2002 18. ve;jg; gpuptpd; fPo; epjp neUf;fb gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? m) tpjp 356 M) tpjp 360 ,) tpjp 352 <) tpjp 350

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www.Padasalai.Net 19. fPNo Fwpg;gpl;Ls;stw;wpd; ve;jg; gl;baypd; Nky; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; rl;lkpaw;wyhk;? m) khepyg;gl;bay; M) kj;jpag;gl;bay; ,) nghJg;gl;bay; <) ,it midj;Jk; 20. [k;K-fh\;kPupd; rpwg;G me;j];ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J tYg;ngw;wJ. m) [k;K-fh~;kPupd; FbapUg;G kNrhjh 1982-y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpwF M) yhy;gfJ}H rh];jpup ,we;j gpwF ,) Rtud; rpq;fpd; uh[pdkhtpw;Fg; gpwF <) ghfp];jhdpypUe;J jPtputhjpfspd; CLUtYf;Fg; gpwF. 21. murhq;fj;jpy; gq;F ngw Kaw;rpf;fhky; murpd; KbTfis khw;w Kaw;rpf;Fk; mikg;G m) jd;dhHtj;njhz;L mikg;Gfs; M) mOj;jf; FOf;fs; ,) murhq;fk; rhuh mikg;Gfs; <) murpay; fl;rpfs; 22. jkpo;ehl;by; m.,.m.jp.K.f. Kjd; Kjypy; Ml;rpf;F te;j Mz;L m) 1972 M) 1977 ,) 1982 <) 1984 23. ,uz;L kjj;jpid rhHe;j Mz;> ngz; ,UtUk; fPo;f;fz;l rl;lg;gb jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. m) ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; M) rpwg;G jpUkzr;rl;lk; ,) fpwp];jt jpUkzr;rl;lk; <) Kfkjpa jpUkzr;rl;lk; 24. $l;lhl;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rk; m) xNu rl;lkd;wk; M) mjpfhug; gq;fPL ,) ePjp kW Ma;T <) mjpfhug; gpuptpid 25. ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F mbg;gil cupikfs; toq;fpajd; Kf;fpaNehf;fk; m) [dehaf murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j M) jdpegH Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;f ,) ePjpj;Jiwapd; jdpj;jd;ikia ghJfhf;f <) nghJTilik rKjhak; cz;lhf;f 26. [dhjpgjp gjtpf;fhd NjHjiy elj;JgtH m) kf;fsit rgheafH M) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nghJr;nrayH ,) ,e;jpaj; jiyik ePjpgjp <) ,e;jpaj; NjHjy; Mizak; 27. khepyq;fSf;F uh[;a rigapy; vjd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ? m) rkkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; M) kf;fs; njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,) kf;fs; njhif kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epiy <) jw;Nghija nghUshjhu epiyiag; nghUj;J 28. Kjy; murpay; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; ele;j Mz;L m) 1950 M) 1951 ,)1952 <)1953 29. jw;Nghija kf;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if m) 545 cWg;gpdHfs; M) 555 cWg;gpdHfs; ,) 565 cWg;gpdHfs; <) 575 cWg;gpdHfs; 30. kdpj cupikfs; jpdk; mDrupf;fg;gLtJ m) Vg;uy; 10k; Njjp M) #d; 10k; Njjp ,) nrg;lk;gH 10k; Njjp <) brk;gH 10k; Njjp 31. ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp> ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; ve;jg; gpuptpd; fPo;epjpf;FOit epakpf;fpwhH? m) gpupT 320 M) gpupT 280 ,) gpupT 356 <) gpupT 325 32. khepyj; njhopy; ePHg;ghak; ahiu cs;slf;fp cs;sJ? m) cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp M) cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjp <) khtl;l nr~d;]; ePjpgjp 33. gl;bay; II gl;bay; II cld; nghUj;jp> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;L rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL. gl;bay; I gl;bay; II m) FbauRj; jiytupd; epHthf mjpfhuk; A.Article 56 M) FbauRj; jiytupd; gjtpf;fhyk; B.Article 55 ,) FbauRj; jiytupd; NjHjy; C.Article 61 <) FbauRj; jiytH gjtp ePf;fk; D.Article 53 FwpaPLfs;: m) A-4> B-1> C- 2> D-3 M) A-4> B-2> C- 1> D-2 ,) A-4> B-1> C- 2> D-3 <) A-4> B-1> C- 3> D-2 34. gpd;tUtdtw;iw tupirf; fpukkhff; nfhz;L tuTk;. A) CBI> ESMA> SSC> CAT B) ESMA> CBI> CAT> SSC C) CAT> SSC> ESMA> CBI D) CBI> CAT> SSC> ESMA 35. jkpofj;jpd; nkhj;j uh[;argh cWg;gpdHfs; m) 12 M) 14 ,) 16 <)18 tpilfs;: 1),> 2)<> 3),> 4)<> 5),> 6)<> 7)M> 8),> 9),> 10),> 11)M> 12)m> 13)m> 14)m> 15)M> 16),> 17)<> 18)M> 19),> 20)m> 21)M> 22)M> 23)M> 24)M> 25)M> 26)<> 27)M> 28)M> 29)m> 30)<> 31)M> 32),> 33)m> 34)m> 35)< 1. gl;bay; I gl;bay; II cld; nghUj;jp> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;L rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL. gl;bay; I gl;bay; II m) kj;jpag; gl;bay; 1 Fw;wtpay; rl;lk; kw;Wk; topKiw M) khepyg; gl;bay; 2 ghJfhg;G ,) nghJg; gl;bay; 3 nghJ xOf;fk; kw;Wk; fhty; FwpaPLfs; ABC ABC m) 1 2 3 M) 2 1 3 ,) 2 3 1 <) 3 2 1 2. Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if 10+2+3 Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ m) gpupl;b~; ,e;jpah M) fhq;fpu]; ,) jp.K.f <) m.,.m.jp.K.f 3. jkpo;ehl;by; Fyf;fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ahH? m) ,uh[h[p M) ,uhkrhkp ,) fhkuh[H <) n[ayypjh 4. jkpo;ehl;by; ghuhSkd;wj; jdp njhFjpfs; vt;tsT cs;sd? m) 4 njhFjpfs; M) 5 njhFjpfs; ,) 6 njhFjpfs; <) ,it vJTkpy;iy 5. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vit rupahfg; nghUj;jtpy;iy? m) rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; -Art:16 M) mikg;G cupik Art :19 ,) tho;f;if kw;Wk; Rje;jpu cupik Art:22 <) Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd cupik Art:24 6. vj;jid Kiw ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; KfTiu jpUj;jg;gl;lJ? m) xUKiw M) ,UKiw

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) %d;W Kiw <) jpUj;jg;gltpy;iy 7. rl;lkd;w fTd;rpypd; cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;if vjw;F fPo; Fiwaf;$lhJ? m) 50 M) 25 ,) 40 <) 30 8. gl;bay; I gl;bay; II cld; nghUj;jp> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;L rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL> gl;bay; I gl;bay; II m) Fbikg;gzp etPdkakhf;fy; nty;ny];yp M) Fbikg;gzpahsH NjHe;njLj;jy; 2 `l;fprd; ,) Fbirg; gzpahsH gapw;rp 3 fhud;thyp]; <) Fbirg;gzp tifg;gLj;jy; 4 nkf;fhNy FwpaPLfs; A B C D m) 2 3 4 1 M) 3 4 1 2 ,) 4 3 2 1 <) 1 2 3 4 9. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; neUf;fb epiy Kiw ngwg;gl;lJ . m) ,e;jpa murhq;fr;rl;lk; 1935-ypUe;J M) UPSC ypUe;J ,) USA ypUe;J <) n[Hkd; nta;kH murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpypUe;J 10. ,e;jpaf; $l;lhl;rp vd;gJ xU m) xUq;fpize;j $l;lhl;rp M) cz;ikahd $l;lhl;rp ,) gutyhf;fg;gl;l $l;lhl;rp <) Nkw;fz;l vJTkpy;iy 11. Ml;NrHg;Gg; gzpapy; filrp gzp vJ? m) NjHT M) epakdk; ,) rhd;wspj;jy; <) gzpapykHj;jy; 12. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; muR topfhl;b newpKiw Nfhl;ghl;il NrHj;jjd; Nehf;fk; m) kf;fshl;rp murhq;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; M) ey muir mikj;jy; ,) eype;Njhupd; tho;f;if juj;ij caHj;Jjy; <) typikahd khepy murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy; 13. gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;Gfs; epjpf;fhf mjpfk; ehbapUg;gJ. m) cs;@H tup M) nrhj;J tup ,) murhq;f tup <) rpwg;G tup 14. ve;j Mz;L Kjd; Kjyhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPHkhdk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ? m) 1960 M)1963 ,) 1964 <) 1967 15. 18 taJ g+Hj;jpahd midtUf;Fk; murpay; rhrdj;jpd; ve;jg; gpupT thf;Fupik mspf;fpwJ? m) tpjp 144 M) tpjp 326 ,) tpjp 356 <) tpjp 376 16. mbg;gil cupikfis jpUj;jk; nra;tJ rk;ge;jkhd Nfs;tp cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; te;j tof;F m) rq;fup gpurhj; ,e;jpa a+dpad; M) r[;[hrpq; uh[];jhd; khepyk; ,) Nfhyf;ehj; gQ;rhg; khepyk; <) ,it midj;Jk; 17. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Njitg;gLk;; khepyq;fSf;F khd;a cjtp jUtJ m) [dhjpgjp M) ghuhSkd;wk; ,) Nyhf;rgh mitj; jiytH <) ,jpy; vtUkpy;iy 18. uh[;a rghtpd; mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;if m) 225 M) 550 ,) 145 <) 250 19. NjHT nra;ag;gl;l Nkaupd; gjtpf;fhyk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs;? m) xU tUlk; M) ,uz;L tUlq;fs;

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) %d;W tUlq;fs; <) Ie;J tUlq;fs; khepy Kjyikr;rH epakpf;fg;gLtJ m) ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; M) khepy MSeuhy; ,) caH ePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjpahy; <) khepyr; rl;lkd;wj;jhy; nr~d;]; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff; fPo; ,Ug;gJ m) Kjy; tFg;G Fw;wtpay; eLtH M) ,uz;lhk; tFg;G Fw;wtpay; eLtH ,) %d;whk; tFg;G Fw;wtpay; eLtH <) ,it midj;Jk; murpayikg;Gr;rl;lj;jpy; kj;jpa muR mjpfhug; gl;bay; kw;Wk; kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; nghJg; gl;bay; nrhy;yg;gl;bUg;gJ. m) ehd;fhtJ ml;ltidapy; M) Ie;jhtJ ml;ltidapy; ,) MwhtJ ml;ltidapy; <) VohtJ ml;ltidapy; ,e;jpa a+dpadpd; mjpfhu nkhop m) ghyp vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jp M) rk];fpUj ,yf;fzj;ijf; nfhz;l ,e;jp ,) Njtehfup vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jp <) ,it vJkpy;iy gpd;tUk; $w;Wfisf; ftdp. m) lhf;lH gp.MH.mk;Ngj;fH ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tiuTf; FOtpd; jiytH M) Ngr;Rupik XH mbg;gil cupikahFk; ,) khepy nraw;FOtpd; ngaustpyhd jiytH MSeH <) jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; thf;fspg;gjw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 21 tUlq;fs; ,tw;Ws; m) (m) kl;Lk; rup M) (m) kw;Wk; (M) rupahdit ,) (m) (M) kw;Wk; (,) rupahdit <) midj;Jk; rupahdit gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ve;j murpayikg;G tpjp ve;j tbtj;jpy; jPz;lhik ,Ue;jhYk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ? m) tpjp 14 M) tpjp 17 ,) tpjp 45 <) tpjp 50 gpd;tUk; $w;Wfisf; ftdp JzpG (A) ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;l ve;j kNrhjhitAk; kWguprPyidf;fhf jpUk;g mDg;gyhk;. fhuzk; (R) gzkNrhjhit kWguprPyidf;fhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F jpUg;gp mDg;g FbauRj; jiytuhy; KbahJ. ,tw;Ws; m) (A) kw;Wk; (R) ,uz;Lk; rup> NkYk; (R) vd;gJ (A)w;F rupahd tpsf;fk; M) (A) kw;Wk; (R) ,uz;Lk; rup> Mdhy;> (R) vd;gJ (A)w;F rupahd tpsf;fky;y. ,) (A) rup> Mdhy;> (R) jtW <) (A) jtW> Mdhy;> (R) rup gpd;tUtdw;Ws; ve;jr;#o;epiyapy; FbauRj; jiytH gjtp fhypahf cs;sJ vd;W $w KbahJ? m) mtH gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;Ak; NghJ M) mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; KbTWk; NghJ ,) mtH ntspehl;L Rw;Wg;gazj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

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,e;jpa murpayikg;G - jfty;fs;

* ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; murpayikg;G rigf; $l;lk; jprk;gH- 9> 1946-k; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. * jiytuhf rr;rpjhde;j rpd;`h nray;gl;lhH. mtH kiwTf;Fg; gpd;dH lhf;lH ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; jiytuhfr; nray;gl;lhH. * lhf;lH gp.MH. mk;Ngj;fH mtHfs; tiuTf; FOtpd; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wpUe;jhH. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehs; etk;gH 26> 1949. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ rdtup 26> 1950. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;G kpf tpupthf vOjg;gl;l MtzkhFk;. * gpupl;ld;> maHyhe;J> fdlh kw;Wk; M];jpNuypah Nghd;w ehLfspd; murpayikg;GfNs ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F %yhjhukhf ,Ue;jd. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tiuag;gl;lNghJ ,Ue;j ruj;Jfs; kw;Wk; gl;bay;fspd; vz;zpf;if: 395 ruj;Jfs;> 8 gl;bay;fs;. * jw;NghJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;s ruj;Jfs; kw;Wk; gl;bay;fspd; vz;zpf;if 444 ruj;Jfs;> 12 gl;bay;fs;. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;G nefpOk; ,ay;Gk;> nefpoh ,ay;Gk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;G $l;lhl;rp KiwAk; xw;iwahl;rp KiwAk; xd;whff; nfhz;Ls;s XH murpayikg;ghf tpsq;FfpwJ. * kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khepy murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; jdpj;jdpNa tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. * mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa gl;bay;> khepy gl;bay;> nghJg; gl;bay; vd;w %d;W gl;bay;fspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. * neUf;fb fhyr; rkaq;fspy; mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa muNr> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; xw;iwahl;rpf; $Wfs; cs;sd. * ,e;jpah xU kjr;rhHgw;w murhf tpsq;FfpwJ. muR kjj; jiyaPl;bypUe;J tpLgl;lJ. ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;ijAk; rhuhjJ. Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpukhd nja;t ek;gpf;if> topghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjpapy; mbg;gil cupikfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. (mq;fq;fs; 12 Kjy; 35 tiu). * mbg;gil cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; vy;yh Fbkf;fSf;Fk; rkj;Jtj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. * mbg;gil cupikfs; jdpkdpj eyDf;Fk;> nghJ eyDf;Fk; ,ilNa rk

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www.Padasalai.Net epiyia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ehd;fhk; gFjpapy; muRf; nfhs;ifapid newpgLj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd (mq;fq;fs; 36 Kjy; 51 tiu). ekJ ehl;by; nghJ ey muR mikg;gjw;Fk; ,itfNs topfhl;b tUfpd;wd. ekJ murpayikg;G> Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwia toq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wKk;> caHePjpkd;wq;fSk; rl;lq;fis ePjpg; Gduha;T nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sd. xU rl;lk; murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;lJ my;yJ Gwk;ghdJ vd;W jPHg;G toq;fj;jf;f mjpfhuj;jpw;Nf ePjpg; Gduha;T vd;W ngaH. murpayikg;gpd; fhtydhf ePjpj;Jiw tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd; cupikfisAk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk; ePjpj;Jiw ,jd; %yk; ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G taJ te;NjhH midtUf;Fk; thf;Fupik toq;f cWjpaspf;fpwJ. gjpndl;L taJ epuk;gpa xt;nthU FbkfDk;> rhjp> kjk;> epwk;> ghypdg; ghFghL ,d;wp NjHjypy; thf;fspf;f cupik ngw;Ws;sdH.

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,e;jpa murpayikg;GKiw ngwg;gl;l ehLfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;

* ,q;fpyhe;J: 1. rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw 2. rl;lj;jpd; gzp 3. xw;iwf; FbAupik 4. ghuhSkd;w Kiw murhq;fk; 5. Nfgpdl; Kiw murhq;fk; 6. nt];l; kpdp];lH Kiw murhq;fk; 7. rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G 8. Nky; rigia tpl fPo; rigf;F mjpf mjpfhuk; 9. ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghd mikr;rHfs; * mnkupf;fh: 1. Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw 2. ePjpg;Gduha;T 3. mbg;gil cupikfs; 4. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; caHePjpkd;wk; 5. ePjpgjpfis ePf;Fk; Kiw * FbauR Kiw murhq;fk; murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu Jiz [dhjpgjpapd; nghWg;Gfs; murpayikg;igj; jpUj;Jk; Kiwfs; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mikg;Gk; ,af;fKk; maHyhe;J murpd; topnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; [dhjpgjp Kiw NjHT (NjHjy;) [dhjpgjpahy;> uh[;arigf;F epakpf;fg;gLk; epakd cWg;gpdHfs; gykhd kj;jpa murhq;fk; vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; fPo; tUtJ * n[Hkdp: neUf;fbepiyapd; NghJ mbg;gil cupikfs; ePf;fg;gLtJ * M];jpNuypah: nghJgl;bay; Kiw * u~;ah: mbg;gilf; flikfs; * fdlh: khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ,ytr tHj;jf Kiw * njd; Mg;gpupf;fh: ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikAld; rl;lj; jpUj;j Kiw murpay; mikg;G rl;lj; jpUj;jq;fs; * Kjy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; 1951-k; Mz;by; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;G $l;lhl;rp Kiw vd;w jj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. * murpayikg;G rl;lk; vd;gJ murpayikg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk;. * rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; rhjhuz rl;lq;fs; MFk;. * murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; rhjhuzr; rl;lj;jpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lJ. ,e;jpa

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www.Padasalai.Net murpayikg;G KfTiu ,e;jpa [dehafj;jpw;F mbg;gilahd gz;Gfis tpsf;Fk; gFjpahf KfTiu (Preamble) mikfpwJ. mnkupf;f ehl;bd; murpayikg;igg; KfTiu vDk; nfhs;ifia ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ty;YeHfs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;F Kfg;Giu toq;fpa ngUik [t`Hyhy; NeUitr; rhUk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; jpwTf;Nfhy;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,jak; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLtJ KfTiujhd;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G KfTiu ,Jtiu xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1976-k; Mz;by; nfhz;L tug;gl;l 42-tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb KfTiuapy; rkjHk (Socialist)> kjr;rhHgw;w (Secular)> xUikg;ghL (Integrity) vDk; %d;W nrhw;fs; NrHf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa muRk; mjd; vy;iyfSk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; gFjp-1> ,e;jpa muRk; mjd; vy;iyfSk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s khepyq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 28 MFk;. kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjpahd a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;jk; 6 MFk;. xU Njrpa jiyefH gFjp (jpy;yp)Ak; cs;sd. Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fk; ghuhSkd;w cupikfis tptupg;gJ rl;lg;gpupT- 2 Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;FtJ> gioa khepyq;fisr; RUf;FtJ> vy;iyfis khw;WtJ ,tw;iw tptupg;gJ rl;lg;gpupT- 3 Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;fj; Njitahd rl;l topKiwfisg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ rl;lg;gpupT- 4 ,e;jpahtpy; nkhopthup khepykhf> Kjd;Kjyhf mikf;fg;gl;l khepyk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrkhFk;. ,J 1953-k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mbg;gil cupikfs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> njhlf;fj;jpy; VO mbg;gil cupikfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1978-y; 44-tJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb nrhj;JupikahdJ mbg;gil cupikapypUe;J ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ljhy;> jw;NghJ MW mbg;gil cupikfs; cs;sd. 1. rkj;Jt cupik (murpayikg;G gpupT 14-18): 2. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupik (murpayikg;Gg; gpupT 19-22) 3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd cupik (murpayikg;Gg; gpupT 23-24): 4. rkar; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupik (murpayikg;Gg; gpupT 25-28): 5. gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp cupikfs; (murpayikg;Gg; gpupT 29-30): 6. murpayikg;G jPHT topfSf;fhd cupik (murpayikg;Gg; gpupT - 32): Ie;J tifahd ePjpg; Nguhizfs;: 1. Ml;nfhzH ePjpg;Nguhiz (Writ of Habeas Corpus) : jtwhf xUtH fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;lhy;> mtUf;F ePjp toq;Fk; ePjpkd;wk; fhtypy; itj;j mjpfhupf;Nfh my;yJ murhq;fj;jpw;Nfh Miz toq;fp> fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;l tiu ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;Ltur; nra;tjhFk;. fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;lJ rupnad epahag;gLj;j Ntz;baJ fhty; Jiwapd; flik> ,y;iyNay; mtiu tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 2. fl;lis ePjpg;Nguhiz (Writ of Mandamus): xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy cldbahf

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www.Padasalai.Net nra;af;Nfhup ePjpkd;wk; Miz gpwg;gpg;gjhFk;. ,t;thiz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJk; Fwpg;gpl;l mYtyH mr;nraiy cldbahfr; nra;a Ntz;batuhfpwhH. jil ePjpg;Nguhiz (Writ of Prohibition): ePjpkd;wk; XH mjpfhupf;F Miz gpwg;gpj;J mtuJ vy;iyf;Fl;glhj xU nraiyr; nra;ahjpUf;FkhW Miz gpwg;gpg;gjhFk;. cupik tpdh ePjpg; Nguhiz (Writ of Quo warranto): ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU egupd; epahakhd Nfhupf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;> murhq;fj;jpd; mYtyH xUtiu mtH ve;j mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l gjtpia tfpf;fpwhH vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jf; NfhUk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;juthFk;. jilkhw;W ePjpg;Nguhiz (Writ of Certiorary): ePjpkd;wk; jdJ fPo;gl;l xU mjpfhupf;Nfh my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Nfh Miz gpwg;gpj;J> Fwpg;gpl;l ePjpkd;w nray;KiwfisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; jdf;Nfh my;yJ cupa mjpfhupf;Nfh khw;wr; nra;J epahakhd guprPyidf;F mDg;gr; nra;tjhFk;. lhf;lH mk;Ngj;fH mbg;gil cupikia kdpjdpd; ,UjaKk;> caHrf;jpAk; MFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mbg;gil cupikia neUf;fb fhy mwptpg;gpd; %yk; FbauRj; jiytH jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itf;f KbAk;. mbg;gilf; flikfs; vd;w gFjp 1976-k; Mz;by;jhd; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ. 42-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; %yk; gFjp M (mq;fk; 51 M)ypy; mbg;gilf; flikfs; NrHf;fg;gl;ld. u~;ahtpd; murpayikg;gpypUe;J khepyq;fs; mit (Rajya Sabha) ngwg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk;> ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytiuAk;> khepyq;fs; mit> kf;fs; mit vdg;gLk; ,uz;L mitfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khepyq;fs; mit 250-f;F kpfhj cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; gd;dpUtiu (12) ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%f Nrit ,tw;wpy; rpwe;j mwpTk; my;yJ mDgtKk; nfhz;ltHfisf; FbauRj; jiytH cWg;gpdHfshf epakpg;ghH. kPjKs;s 238 cWg;gpdHfs; ntt;NtW khepyq;fspypUe;Jk;> kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjpfspypUe;Jk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. cWg;gpdHfs; me;je;j khepyq;fspd; kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthHfs;. khepyq;fs; mitf;fhd NjHjy; kiwKfkhdJ. khepyq;fs; rhHghf cWg;gpdHfs; khepyq;fspd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;w Nguit cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthHfs;. %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdHfs; ,uz;lhz;LfSf;F xU Kiw tpyf fhypahd ,lq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; NjHjy; eilngWk;. ,jd; cWg;gpdHfs; MW Mz;L fhyk; gjtp tfpg;ghHfs;. ,e;jpaj; Jizf;FbauRj; jiytH jd;Dila gjtpapd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fs; mitapd; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;ghH. xU Jizj;jiytH> khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthH. Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; Jizj; jiytH khepyq;fs; mitf;Fj; jiyik jhq;FthH. kf;fs; mit (Lok Sabha): kf;fs; mit 565-f;F kpfhj cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;lJ. 525 cWg;gpdHfs; khepyq;fspypUe;Jk;> 18 cWg;gpdHfs; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;Jk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthHfs;. Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F FbauRj; jiytH ,Utiu epakd cWg;gpdHfshf epakpg;ghH.

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www.Padasalai.Net * kf;fs; mitapd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;L fhyk; MFk;. * neUf;fb epiyik (Emergency) gpufldg;gLj;Jk; fhyq;fspy; kf;fs; mitapd; fhyj;ij XH Mz;Lf;F Nkw;glhkYk; neUf;fb epiyia KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;j gpwF MW khjj;jpw;F Nkw;glhkYk; rl;lj;jpdhy; ePl;bf;fyhk;. * jw;NghJ kf;fsitapy; 545 cWg;gpdHfs; cs;sdH. * kf;fs; mitapd; jiytH (Speaker) ehlhSkd;w Kjy; $l;lj;jpy; mit cWg;gpdHfshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthH. * kf;fs; mit xU Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Deputy Speaker) NjHe;njLf;Fk;. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; gzpfs; (Functions of Parliament): * rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;> epHthf Nkw;ghHit> tuT - nryT mwpf;if epiwNtw;Wjy;> nghJ kf;fspd; Fiwfisg; Nghf;Fjy;> Kd;Ndw;wj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> gd;dhl;L cwTfisg; guhkupj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfis Mw;wp tUfpwJ. * rl;lkpaw;w> kNrhjh ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfspd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. * epjp kNrhjhitg; nghWj;jtiu kf;fs; mitapd; xg;GjNy KbthdJ. * epjp kNrhjhf;fs; khepy mitapdhy; 14 ehl;fs; kl;LNk jhkjg;gLj;jyhk;. * rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fNshL ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tUk; mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj; njhlHfs; (Sessions of Parliament) : * murpayikg;gpd;gb ehlhSkd;wk; xU Mz;by; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L Kiw $l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. * ,uz;L $l;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; MW khjq;fSf;F kpfhky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; FbauRj; jiytH ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj;ijf; $l;l MizapLthH. * ehlhSkd;wk; Mz;bw;F %d;W Kiw $l;lg;gLfpwJ. $l;lj; njhlHfs; gpd;tUkhW: * 1. tuT - nryT mwpf;if $l;lj; njhlH - nghJthf Mz;LNjhWk; gpg;utup khjj;jpy; $Lk;. * 2. gUtf;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlH - nghJthf [_iy khjj;jpy; $Lk;. * 3. FspHfhyf; $l;lj;njhlH - nghJthf etk;gH khjj;jpy; eilngWk;. FbauRj; jiytu; * ,e;jpa ehl;bd; Kjy; Fbkfd; FbauRj; jiytH MthH. * ,tH ,e;jpa murpd; jiytUk; MthH. ngaustpyhd jiytH (Nominal Chief)> rl;lg;gbahd jiytH (Legal Chief)> ehl;bd; jiytH> eilKiwj; jiytH> Kg;gilfspd; jiytH vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaHfSk; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytUf;F cz;L. * ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytupd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; * ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH NjHTf; FOkk; (Electoral College) %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhH. * kf;fsitapy; cs;s NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfSk;> khepyr; rl;lkd;wq;fspy; cs;s NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfSk; FbauRj; jiytiuj; NjHe;J vLg;ghHfs;. xw;iw khw;W thf;F vdg;gLk; ufrpaj; NjHT Kiwapy; FbauRj; jiytH NjHT nra;ag;gLfpwhH. * FbauRj; jiytH NjHT VNjDk; gpur;rid Vw;gl;lhy; mJ cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; jPHj;J itf;fg;gLk; * xUtH FbauRj; jiytH gjtpf;F vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nghl;baplyhk;. * FbauRj; jiytH jdJ uh[pdhkhit Jizf; FbauRj; jiytuplk; jhd; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

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www.Padasalai.Net * FbauRj; jiytiu Fw;w tprhuiz Kiw %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. * FbauRj; jiytH kPjhd Fw;w tprhuizf;fhd Kd;dwptpg;G fhy mtfhrk; 14 ehl;fshFk;. * FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpePf;fk; nra;af; NfhUk; Fw;wr;rhl;L> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspy; VNjDk; xd;wpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L Fw;w tprhuiz epiwNtw %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdHfspd; xg;Gjy; Njitg;gLk;. FbauRj; jiytupd; mjpfhuq;fs; 1. epHthf mjpfhuq;fs;: * kj;jpa murpd; epHthf mjpfhuk; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytuplk; cs;sJ. * kj;jpa murpd; midj;J epHthf mjpfhuq;fSf;F FbauRj;jiytupd; ngaupNyNa nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. * gpujkiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jtUk; mtNu> gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb kw;w mikr;rHfisf; FbauRj; jiytH epakpf;fpwhH. * ,e;jpaj; jiyik tof;fwpQH> ,e;jpa jiyik fzf;fha;tH> jiyikj; NjHjy; MizaH> ,e;jpahtpd; J}JtHfs;> khepy MSeHfs;> cr;rePjpkd;w kw;Wk; caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> kj;jpa NjHthizaj;jpd; jiytH> Kg;gilfspd; jiyikj; jsgjpfs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd gjtpfspy; cupa egHfis FbauRj; jiytH epakpf;fpwhH. 2. rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fs;: * ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Lk; cupik ngw;wtH FbauRj; jiytH MthH. * ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfisNah my;yJ VNjDk; xU mitiaNah xj;jpg;NghlNth my;yJ $l;lq;fis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuNth mjpfhuk; ngw;wtH FbauRj; jiytH. * khepyq;fsit 12 cWg;gpdHfis epakdk; nra;aTk;> kf;fsitapy; 2 Mq;fpNyh,e;jpa ,dj;jpdiu epakdk; nra;aTk; mjpfhuk; mtUf;F cz;L. * ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F cz;L. * ,tuJ mq;fPfhuk; ,y;yhJ ve;j kNrhjhTk; rl;lkhfhJ. * ghuhSkd;wk; $lhjNghJ mtrur; rl;lj;ijg; gpwg;gpf;f FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuKs;sJ. 3. epjp njhlHghd mjpfhuq;fs; * epjp> kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; FbauRj; jiytupd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp jhf;fy; nra;a ,ayhJ. * ,e;jpa murpd; vjpHghuhj nryT (Contingency Fund) epjpf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtH FbauRj; jiytH. * ,e;jpahtpd; epjp Mizafj;ij (Finance Commission) mikf;Fk; nghWg;G ,tUf;F cz;L. 4. ePjp njhlHghd mjpfhuq;fs; : * Fw;wthspfs; vtiuAk; kd;dpf;fNth jz;lidia epWj;jp itf;fNth> Fiwf;fNth FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L> kuz jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wtH FbauRj; jiytH. * murpayikg;G rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa re;Njfk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F Vw;gl;lhy; mtH cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij mZfp tpsf;fk; ngw ,aYk;.

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www.Padasalai.Net 5. neUf;fb epiy njhlHghd mjpfhuq;fs;: * NghH my;yJ may;ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G my;yJ MAjk; jhq;fpNahupd; Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia mwptpf;fyhk;. * khepyq;fspy; murpayikg;G ,aq;FKiw nrayw;Wg; NghFk; NghJ khepy neUf;fb epiyia mwptpf;fyhk;. * epjp epiy kpfTk; NkhrkhFk; NghJ FbauRj; jiytH epjp neUf;fb epiyia mwptpf;fyhk;. Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH * Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH Ie;jhz;L fhyk; gjtp tfpg;ghH. * uh[;arghtpd; jiytH NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;jpaj; Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH jkJ gjtpapd; thapyhfNt uh[;arghtpd; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhH. * FbauRj; jiytH ,wf;f Neupl;lhNyh> gjtp fhypahFk; NghNjh> ePf;fg;gl;lhNyh> mg;gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghNjh mg;gjtpia Vw;gtH Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH MthH. * ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mit cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l thf;fhsH FOkk; (Electoral College) %ykhf> tpfpjhr;rhu gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapy; xw;iw thf;FKiw %ykhf> Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthH. ,jpy; ,ufrpa thf;fspg;G Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. * Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH gjtpf;fhf vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nghl;b ,lyhk;. Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH Ie;jhz;L fhyk; gjtp tfpg;ghH. Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH kPJ Fw;w tprhuiz xd;iw khepyq;fs; mitapy; jhf;fy; nra;J kf;fsitapYk; mJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; mtH gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glyhk;. * Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH jdJ uh[pdhkh fbjj;ijf; FbauRj; jiytuplk; jhd; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. * khepyq;fsitapy; Xl;nlLg;gpd; NghJ rkepiy Vw;gLk; NghJ kl;Lk;> xl;Lg; NghLk; cupik ngw;wtH Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH. gpujkH * gpujkH murhq;fj;jpd; nray;ghl;Lj; jiytH> epHthfj; Jiwapd; jiytUkhthH. * FbauRj; jiytH kf;fs; mitapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd cWg;gpdH nfhz;l fl;rpapd; jiytiu mioj;J gpujkuhf epakpj;J mikr;ruitia mikf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;thH. mikr;ruit * mikr;rHfs;> kf;fs; mitf;F jdpj;jdpahfTk;> $l;lkhfTk; nghWg;GilatHfs;. * mikr;rHfs; %d;W tifahf gpupf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. mit> 1. fhgpndl; mikr;rHfs; 2. khepy mikr;rHfs; 3. Jiz mikr;rHfs; * fhgpndl; vd;gJ rpwpa FOthapDk; mJ murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kpf;f cWg;ghFk;. * khepy mikr;rHfspy; rpyH> rpy Jiwfspy; jdpj;Jg; nghWg;G tfpf;fpwhHfs;. * khepy mikr;rHfSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; cs;stHfs; Jiz mikr;rHfs; vdg; gLtH. khepyr; rl;l Nkyit * khepyr; rl;lkd;wk; Xuit my;yJ <uitiaf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. mit rl;lg; Nguit my;yJ tpjhd; rgh vd;Wk; rl;lNkyit my;yJ tpjhd; gup~j; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. * xU khepyj;jpd; rl;lkd;w Nkyitia cUthf;f my;yJ ePf;f murpayikg;gpd; mq;fk; 169-d; fPo; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; xU jPHkhdj;ijr; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyr; rl;lg;Nguit epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. khepyr; rl;lg; Nguit

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www.Padasalai.Net * rl;lg; Nguit XH cz;ikahd kf;fs; mitahFk;. * rl;lg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdHfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F> khepyk; kf;fs; njhifiar; rhHe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ. * rl;lg; Nguitapd; gjtp fhyk; Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;. Mdhy; mJ Kd;$l;bNa fiyf;fg;glyhk;. ehl;by; neUf;fb epiy epyTk; gl;rj;jpy; mjd; MAl;fhyk;> ehlhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jpdhy; ePl;bf;fg;glyhk;. * taJ te;NjhH thf;Fupikapd; mbg;gilapy;> rl;lkd;wj; njhFjpfspypUe;J kf;fshy; Neupilahfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdHfis mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. * Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpaH r%fj;jpdH rl;lg; Nguitapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngwj;jtwpdhy; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpaH rl;lg;Nguitapy; cWg;gpduhf epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;whH. * rl;lg;Nguitapd; mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;if 500-f;F kpifapd;wpAk; Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdH vz;zpf;if 60-f;Ff; Fiwtpd;wpAk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. * ,jpy; rpf;fpk; khepyr; rl;lg;Nguit xU tpjptpyf;fhFk;. mq;F 30 cWg;gpdHfis kl;LNk ngw;Ws;sJ. * rl;lg; Nguitapd; XH cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f Fiwe;jJ 25 tajile;jtuhapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. * rl;lg; Nguitapd; mDkjpapd;wp mjd; $l;lq;fspy; mWgJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gq;Nfw;fhj XH cWg;gpdupd; gjtpiag; Nguit gwpf;fyhk;. rghehafH * rl;lg; Nguit jdJ cWg;gpdHfSs; ,Utiu KiwNa rghehafuhfTk;> Jizr; rghehafuhfTk; NjHe;njLf;fpd;wJ. * khepyr; rl;lg;Nguitr; rghehafupd; flikfs;> mjpfhuq;fs;> rYiffs; ahTk; kf;fsitr; rghehafH ngw;Ws;sitfSf;Fg; ngUthupahf xj;Js;sd. MSeH * MSeuhf epakdk; nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;dH khepy Kjyikr;rH fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLfpd;whH. * khepy MSeupd; gjtpf;fhyk; nghJthf Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;. Mdhy; mtH FbauRj; jiytH kdepiwitg; ngw;Ws;s fhyk; tiu gjtp tfpf;fpd;whH. * MSeUf;Fupa jFjpfs;> gjtpf;fhyk;> jdpr; rYiffs; kw;Wk; gytw;iw murpayikg;G tptupf;fpd;wJ. * khepy murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhl;rp mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; MSeuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. * Kjyikr;riu MSeH gjtpapy; mkHj;Jfpd;whH. Kjyikr;rupd; mwpTiuapd;gb Vida mikr;rHfs; mtuhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wdH. * khepy muRg; gzpahsH NjHthizaj; jiytH kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfs;> khtl;l ePjpgjpfs;> jiyik tof;FiuQH MfpNahiuAk; MSeNu epakdk; nra;fpd;whH. * MSeupd; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gld; khepy caHePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfs; epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wdH. * rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdHfSs; Mwpy; xU gq;fpdiuAk; rl;lg; Nguitapy; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;ijr; rhHe;j xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L cWg;gpdHfisAk; MSeH epakpf;fpwhH. * khepyj;jpy; cs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; JizNte;jHfisAk; mtH epakdk; nra;fpd;whH. * rl;lkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; xU rl;lk; ngw;Ws;s mNj rf;jpia MSeuhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; mtrur; rl;lKk; ngw;Ws;sJ. * xU egupd; jz;lidiaf; Fiwf;fTk; my;yJ mij epiwNtw;Wtij epWj;jp itf;fTk; my;yJ Fw;w kd;dpg;Gfs; toq;fTk; MSeUf;F mjpfhuk;

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www.Padasalai.Net toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;> kuz jz;lidia kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij mtH ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. Kjyikr;rH * mikr;ruitapd; jiytH Kjyikr;ruhthH. * khepyj;jpd; ngaustpyhd xU jiytuhf MSeH cs;shH. cz;ik nrayhf;f mjpfhuq;fs; ahTk; Kjyikr;rupd; jiyikapyhd XH mikr;rH FOtpdhy; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. * murpayikg;gpd; 164-k; mq;fj;jpd; fPo; Kjyikr;riuAk; Kjyikr;rupd; gupe;Jiu kPJ midj;J mikr;rHfisAk; MSeH epakdk; nra;fpd;whH. * Kjyikr;rupd; jiyaha gzp jdJ mikr;ruitia mikg;gjhFk;. * Kjyikr;rupd; ek;gpf;ifia XH mikr;rH ,og;ghuhapd;> mtH gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;. * mikr;rfj;jpypUe;J MSeUf;Fr; nry;Yk; xt;nthU jftYk; Kjyikr;rupd; thapyhfNt nry;y Ntz;Lk;. * Kjyikr;rH fl;rpj; nfhwlhf;fisAk; epakdk; nra;fpd;whH. mikr;rHFO * rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduy;yhj xUtUk; mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; mtH MWkhj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cr;rePjpkd;wk; * ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;Wk; ,Ugj;ije;J ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. * jiyik ePjpgjpAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfSk; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLthHfs;. * cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfs; mWgj;ije;J taJ epiwTngWk; tiu gjtp tfpg;ghHfs;. * cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G (Jurisdiction of supreme court) mbg;gil cupikfs; nrayhf;FtJ njhlHghd tof;Ffs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KjNyw;G mjpfhu tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;lJ. cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;j cupikfs; njhlHghf gzpg;Giufs; Mizfs; my;yJ ePjpg;Nguhizfs; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cs;shl;rp my;yJ gQ;rhaj;Juh[;ak; * gQ;rhaj;J ,uh[;ak; 1959-k; Mz;L mf;NlhgH jpq;fs; 2-k; ehsd;W gz;bj [t`Hyhy; NeUtpdhy; Kjd; Kjyhf uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; Me;jpug; gpuNjr khepyq;fspy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. * murpayikg;gpd; 73-tJ kw;Wk; 74-tJ jpUj;jq;fs; 1992-k; Mz;L jprk;gH jpq;fspy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. * 1993-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 73-tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;fo P ; 11-tJ ,izg;Gg; gl;bay; 29 tif mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpd;kPJ KOikahd mjpfhuj;ijg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; ngw;Ws;sd. * 12-tJ ,izg;Gg; gl;bay; 18 tif mjpfhuq;fis efHg;Gw cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. * xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; xU fpuhk rigf;Fk; kw;Wk; fpuhkk; ,ilg;gl;l kw;Wk; khtl;l epiyfspy; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; mikag;ngwTk; 73-tJ jpUj;jk; tif nra;fpd;wJ. mtru epiyfs; * ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s neUf;fb epiyfs; - %d;W 1. Njrpa neUf;fb epiy 2. khepyj;jpy; [dhjpgjp Ml;rp 3. epjp neUf;fb epiy * Njrpa neUf;fbia (National Emergency) tptupf;Fk; ~uj;J - 352

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www.Padasalai.Net * Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia mwptpg;gtH - [dhjpgjp * Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia mwptpg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; 1. NghH 2. NghH %yk; mghak; 3. ntspehl;ltH Mf;fpukpg;G 4. ntspehl;ltH Mf;fpukpg;gpw;fhd mghak; 5. cs;ehl;Lf; fytuk; * Njrpa neUf;fbapd; fhy msT 6 khjq;fs; kl;Lk;. * 6 khjj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> NkYk; 6 khjj;jpw;F ePl;bf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;wtH [dhjpgjp * [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia Fwpf;Fk; ~uj;J - 356 * Kjd;Kjypy; [dhjpgjp Ml;rp mkyhd tUlk; 1951 * Kjd;Kjypy; [dhjpgjp Ml;rp mky;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk; gQ;rhg; * ,e;jpahtpy; ,Jtiu [dhjpgjp Ml;rp 102 Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. * ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf Kiw [dhjpgjp Ml;rp mky;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk; gQ;rhg; * ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfKiw [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia mky;gLj;jpatH ,e;jpuhfhe;jp * epjp neUf;fb epiyiag; gw;wpf; $Wk; ~uj;J - 360 * epjp neUf;fb epiy gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp ngwNtz;ba fhy msT 6 khjq;fs; * epjp neUf;fb epiyf;F MWkhjj;jpw;F xUKiw ghuhSkd;w mDkjp Njitapy;iy. * epjp neUf;fb epiy ,e;jpahtpy; xUKiw $l gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. * 1. khepy muRg; gzpahsHfspd; (caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; cl;gl) rk;gsk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. * 2. kj;jpa murpd; gzpahsHfspd; (cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; cl;gl) rk;gsk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. * neUf;fb epiyapd;NghJ ghjpf;fg;glhj mbg;gil cupik 21 epjp Mizafk; * epjp Mizafj;ij epHkhzpg;gtH - [dhjpgjp * epjp Mizaj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 5 Mz;Lfs; * epjp Mizafj;jpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdHfs; - 5 NgH * epjp Mizafj;jpd; jiytH - Itupy; xUtH jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gLtH * epjp Mizafk; vd;gJ - ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd;gb mikf;fg;gl;lJ. * Kjy; epjp Mizafk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1951 * Kjy; epjp Mizafj;jpd; jiytH - Nf.rp. epNfha; * gj;jhtJ epjp Mizafj;jpd; jiytH - Nf.rp. ge;j; * gjpNdhuhtJ epjp Mizafj;jpd; jiytH NguhrpupaH - V.vk;. F];Nuh * epjpf;FOtpd; Kf;fpag; gzpfs;: kj;jpa - khepy muRfSf;fpilNa tup Mjhuq;fisg; gpupj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ kj;jpa murpdhy; khepy muRfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; epjp cjtpia ngWtjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis tFg;gJ NjHjy; Mizak; * NjHjy; Mizafk; vd;gJ xU epue;ju mikg;G. * NjHjy; Mizafk; mikf;ff; fhuzkhd murpay; rhrdk; 324 * NjHjy; Mizafk; vd;gJ %d;W egH fkp~d; MFk;. * NjHjy; Mizafj;jpd; %d;W MizaHfSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; rkk;. * NjHjy; Mizak; murpay; rhrdj;jpd;gb ghJfhf;fg;gLk; ~uj;J 324 (5) * NjHjy; MizaHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 6 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ 65 taJ tiu * NjHjy; Mizafj;jpd; MizaHfis epakpg;gtH [dhjpgjp. * [dhjpgjp> cg[dhjpgjp> Nyhf;rgh> uh[;argh NjHjy;fis elj;Jk; nghWg;ig ngw;wJ NjHjy; Mizafk;.

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www.Padasalai.Net * NjHjypd; NghJ thf;FrPl;Lfisg; ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; rPuikf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;tJ NjHjy; Mizafk; * Gjpa fl;rpfisg; gjpT nra;tJ kw;Wk; NjHjy; fl;rpfis mq;fPfupg;gJ - NjHjy; Mizafk;. * KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dH fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; jfuhWfisj; jPHf;Fk; nghWg;igg; ngw;wJ - NjHjy; Mizafk;. * fl;rpapy; gpsT Njhd;wpdhy; jha; fl;rpiaAk; GJf; fl;rpiaAk; jPHkhdpg;gJ NjHjy; Mizafk; MFk;. jpl;lf;FO * jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytH - gpujkH * jpl;lf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfs; - khepy Kjyikr;rHfs; * jpl;lf;FO vd;gJ - xU MNyhridf; FO * jw;Nghija jpl;lf; FOtpd; jiytH - gpujkH kd;Nkhfd; rpq; * jw;Nghija jpl;lf; FOtpd; Jizj;jiytH khz;Nlf; rpq; mYthypah * Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fspd; kPjhd MNyhridiaj; jUk; mikg;G - jpl;lf;FO Njrpa tsHr;rpf;FO * Njrpa tsHr;rpf; FOtpd; jiytH - gpujkH * Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Kbthd mq;ff P huk; juNtz;ba mikg;G - Njrpa tsHr;rpf;FO MFk;. ,izg;Gg; gl;bay;fs; * jw;NghJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;s gl;bay;fspd;; vz;zpf;if 12 MFk;. * murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,Ue;j gl;bay;fspd; vz;zpf;if 8 jhd;. * 1951> 1985> 1992> 1992 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ehd;F gl;bay;fs; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; gpd;dH ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. gl;bay; - 1 ,e;jpa a+dpadpd; mlq;fpAs;s khepyq;fisAk;> kj;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpfisAk; gw;wp tptupg;gJ Kjy; gl;bayhFk;. jw;rkak; 28 khepyq;fSk;> 6 kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gFjpfSk; (a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;) xU Njrpa jiyefH gFjpAk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd. gl;bay; - 2 ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytH> Jizf; FbauRj; jiytH> kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit rghehafHfs;> cr;rePjpkd;w> caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> khepy MSeHfs;> jiyikf; fzf;fha;tH> rl;lkd;wj; jiytH MfpNahuJ rk;gsk; kw;Wk; gpw trjpfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J Ie;J gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. gl;bay; - 3 gjtpg;gpukhzk; kw;Wk; cWjp nkhopfs; gw;wp tpsf;FtJ %d;whtJ gl;bayhFk;. kj;jpa khepy mikr;rHfs;> ehlhSkd;w> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs;> cr;rePjpkd;w> caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> jiyikf; fzf;fha;thsH MfpNahuJ gjtpg;gpukhzk;> ,ufrpaf; fhg;Gf; gpukhzk; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba cWjpnkhopfs; ,g;gl;baypy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gl;bay; - 4 khepyq;fsitapy; cWg;gpdHfs; xJf;fPL njhlHghdJ ehd;fhtJ gl;bay;. khepyq;fSf;Fk; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; khepyq;fsitapy; (uh[;argh) cWg;gpdH fisg; gpupj;jspg;gJ gw;wpa tpsf;fk; jug;gLfpwJ

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www.Padasalai.Net

gl;bay; - 5 jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH (SC) kw;Wk; goq;Fb kf;fs; (ST) thOk; gFjpfspd; fl;Lg;ghLk; epHthfKk; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; vspjhd nk[hupl;b %yk; ,g;gl;bay;fisj; jpUj;j ,aYk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jFe;jJ. gl;bay; - 6 mrhk;> Nkfhyah> kpNrhuk; khepyq;fspy; goq;Fb kf;fs; trpf;Fk; gFjpfspd; epHthfk; gw;wp MwhtJ gl;bay; tptupf;fpwJ. ,g;gl;baYk; vspikahd nk[hupl;b %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jpUj;jg;glyhk;. gl;bay; - 7 kj;jpa - khepy muRfspd; mjpfhuk; nray;ghLfs; gw;wp VohtJ gl;bay; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jpy; %d;W gl;bay;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. (m) kj;jpag; gl;bay; ,J kj;jpa muRf;F cs;s mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wpaJ. kj;jpag; gl;baypy; nkhj;jk; 97 Jiwfs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lJ kj;jpa muR> ghJfhg;G> mZrf;jp> Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;> tpkhd> fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs;> fhg;gPlL ; f; fofq;fs;> kf;fs;njhif> ejpfs;> njhiyNgrp> gz mr;rbg;G ,J Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd 97 Jiwfs; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;sd. (M) khepyg;gl;bay; ,J khepy muRf;F cs;s mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wpaJ. Muk;gj;jpy; khepyg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;j Jiwfs; 66. ,tw;wpy; fy;tpAk;> tpisahl;Lk; nghJg;gl;baYf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;likahy;> jw;NghJ 64 Jiwfs; kl;LNk khepy murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fs; tUfpd;wd. tptrha tUkhdtup> efuhl;rp. rpiwr;rhiyfs;> Rq;ff; fl;lzq;fs;> Nfspf;if tup Nghd;w 64 Jiwfs; khepyg;gl;baypy; cs;sd. ,j;Jiwfspy; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; cupik ngw;wit khepy muRfs;. (,) nghJg;gl;bay; ,J kj;jpa muRf;Fk;> khepy muRfSf;Fk; cs;s nghJthd mjpfhuq;fisg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. nghJg; gl;baypd; njhlf;fj;jpy; 47 Jiwfs; ,Ue;jd. fy;tpAk; tpisahl;Lk; jw;NghJ nghJg; gl;baYf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljhy; jw;NghJ nghJg;gl;baypy; cs;s Jiwfs; nkhj;jk; 49. fhLfs;> kpd;rhuk;> njhopw;rhiyfs;> czTg; nghUl;fs;> jpUkzk;> fy;tp> tpisahl;L cl;gl 49 Jiwfs;kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wit kj;jpa muRk;> khepy muRfSk; MFk;. gl;bay; - 8 murpayikg;ghy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l 22 nkhopfisg; gw;wp tptupg;gJ vl;lhtJ gl;bay; MFk;. mrhk;> ngq;fhsp> F[uhj;jp> ,e;jp> fd;dlk;> fh~;kPup> nfhq;fzp> kiyahsk;> kzpg;Gup> kuhj;jp> Neghsp> xupah> gQ;rhgp> rk];fpUjk;> rpe;jp> jkpo;> njYq;F> cUJ> ikjpyp> NghNlh> rhe;jyp> Nlhf;up vd;gd vl;lhtJ gl;bay; Fwpg;gpLk; nkhopfshFk;. 2003-Mk; Mz;L ikjpyp> NghNlh> rhe;jyp> Nlhf;up Mfpa ehd;F nkhopfs; ,g;gl;baypy; NrHf;fg;gl;ld. gl;bay; - 9 ePjpkd;wq;fspd; kWguprPyidf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rl;lq;fisg; gw;wp tptupg;gJ xd;gjhtJ gl;bayhFk;. murpay; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; -1 ,d; %yk; 1951-k; Mz;L ,g;gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. epyf;Fj;jif> epytup> uapy;Nt> njhopw;rhiyfs; ,J Nghd;wtw;wpd; rl;lq;fSk; MizfSk; ,jpy; cs;sd. 9-tJ gl;baypy; NrHf;fg;gl;l Kjy; rl;lk; [kPdj ; hup xopg;Gr; rl;lkhFk;. jkpo;ehl;by; 69% gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;F ,lxJf;fPL toq;fg;gLk; kNrhjh 1993-y; 85-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L ,g;gl;baypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

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www.Padasalai.Net

gl;bay; - 10 fl;rpj; jhty; jilr; rl;lk; gw;wp tptupg;gJ gj;jhtJ gl;bayhFk;. 1985-k; Mz;L 52-tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd; %ykhf ,g;gl;bay; murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lg;gb ghuhSkd;w> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdH jha;ff ; l;rpia tpl;L tpyfp Gjpa fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhNyh> Gjpa fl;rpia cUthf;fpdhNyh mtuJ cWg;gpdH gjtpia ,of;f NeupLk;. %d;wpy; xU gq;F fl;rpapdH jha;fl;rpia tpl;L tpyfpdhy; mr;rkak; gjtp gwpNghfhJ. mJ fl;rpg;gpsT vdf; fUjg;gLk;. gl;bay; - 11 gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; Cuhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; gw;wp gjpNdhuhtJ gl;bay; tpsf;FfpwJ. 1992-k; Mz;L> 73-tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb> 29 Jiwfspy; gQ;rhaj;J mikg;GfSf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gl;bay; - 12 ,J efHghypfh kw;Wk; efug;gQ;rhaj;JfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Ra mjpfhuk; njhlHghdJ gdpnuz;lhtJ gl;bayhFk;. 1992-y; 74 rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb> ,J murpayikg;gpy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ. efug; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; 18 Jiwfspy; ngw;Ws;s mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wp ,g;gl;baypy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vjpHj;J tof;F NghLtijAk; ,J jil nra;jJ. ,e;jpa nkhopfs; * ,e;jpahtpy; 1652-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; Ngr;R tof;fpy; cs;sd. * xU yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd kf;fs; 33 nkhopfis NgRfpd;wdH. * jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Nghd;w nkhopfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; Kf;fpa nkhopfs; MFk;. * ,e;jp> kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp> gQ;rhgp Nghd;w nkhopfs; tl ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; Kf;fpa nkhopfs; MFk;. * ,e;jpahtpy; nghJthd ,izg;G nkhopahf Mq;fpy nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. * ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghy; mjpfhug;g+Htkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 22 MFk;.

nghUshjhuk;
1) tpw;gid Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhf xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l thbf;ifahsHfsplk; tha;r;nrhy; %ykhf jfty;fis toq;FtJ m) Ms;rhh; tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 2) Ms;rhh; tpw;gid ------ top jfty; njhlHghfapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. m) xU M) ,U ,) %d;W <) ehd;F 3) gbg;G> cw;W Nehf;fy; kw;Wk; mDgtk; ngwg;gLk; jpwikia -------- vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. m) fiy M) mwptpay; ,) rpwg;G njhopy; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 4) Fwpg;gpl;l jj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; cz;ikfspd; mbg;gilapy; miktJ ------ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

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www.Padasalai.Net m) xU fiy M) xU mwptpay; ,) xU rpwg;G njhopy; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 5) ------ %yk; jd;Dila tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahditfs; <l;lg;gLfpd;wd. m) fiy M) mwptpay; ,) rpwg;G njhopy; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 6) tpw;gidj; jpwd; ------ gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 7) ------ tpw;gid jpwd; vd;gJ Gjpa re;ijf;Fj; Njitia cUthf;FtjhFk;. m) gilg;G M) Nghl;bapLk; ,) fTz;lH <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 8) ------- tpw;gid jpwd; vd;gJ jw;NghJs;s tpw;gidia mjpfhpg;gjhFk;. m) gilg;G M) Nghl;bapLk; ,) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y <) fTz;lh; 9) tpw;gid jpwd; Ms;rhh; my;yJ Ms;rhuhjjhfapUf;fyhk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 10) tha;r;nrhy; tpsk;guk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ. m) NeHKf tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 11) mr;rplg;gl;l tpw;gid jpwd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ. m) NeHKf tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) nra;jpg;guty; 12) EfHNthUf;F nghUl;fisg;gw;wpa jfty; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;g cjtp nra;J nfhLg;gJ jhd; NeHKf tpw;gid vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 13) cundiff and still fUj;Jg;gb NeHKf tpw;gidapd; Nehf;fq;fs; -----gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 14) mikg;G mbg;gilapy; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fs; ----- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 15) cw;gj;jpahsHfspd; tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfs; ------ gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 16) cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J nghUl;fs; nfhs;Kjy; nra;ag;gl;L rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsUf;F tpw;gid nra;tJ ------- tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fspd; gzpahFk;. m) Kd;Ndhb M) ,ilj;jufh; Nrit ,) gazk; nra;Ak; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 17) mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fshf czT> cil Nghd;w nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; tpw;gidahsHfs; ----- tpw;gidahsHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. m) rpwg;G M) epiyahd ,) Kd;Ndhb <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 18) Nritapd; mbg;gilapy; tpw;gidg;gzpahsHfs; ----- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 4 ,) 5 <) 6 19) njhopw;rhiyg; nghUl;fshd nghwp> ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpw;gid nra;Ak; tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfs; ----- tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfshFk;. m) Nrit M) njhopw;rhiy ,) Vw;WkjpahsHfspd; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 20) tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfspd; Njhw;wj; jd;ik m) ey;y Njhw;wk; M) $l;LwT ,) cw;W Nehf;fy; <) njhopw;rhiy

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www.Padasalai.Net 21) ------ jpUk;g jpUk;g epfohj jd;ik nfhz;lJ. m) NeHKf tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 22) jdpeghpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; NghJ ------ Af;jp gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. m) tpsk;guk; M) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; ,) NeHKf tpw;gid <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 23) tpw;gidapd; KbT vd;gJ. m) tpw;gid Kbe;J tpl;lJ M) nghUl;fs; thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;lthplk; nghUl;fSf;Fhpa ,irT ngWtjhFk; ,) EfHNthh; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 24) tpsk;guk; vd;w nrhy; ----- nkhopapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. m) ,yj;jPd; M) mnkhpf;fd; ,) fpNuf;f <) ,q;fpyhe;J 25) Advertising vd;w nrhy; ------ nrhy;ypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. m) Advertero M) Advarto ,) Adverta <) None of these 26) Advertero vd;why; ehd; jpUg;GfpNwd; vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;W cz;ikah? m) cz;ik M) jtW 27) tpsk;guk; vd;gJ Ms;rhuh NgusT thzpg jfty; njhlHG MFk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 28) tpsk;guk; ruf;Ffspd; mlf;f tpiyia mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpjhdh? m) rhp M) jtW 29) tpsk;guk; m) cw;gj;jpaw;wJ M) cw;gj;jpAs;sJ ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 30) ngha;ahd jfty;fis tpsk;gug;gLj;JtJ ------ vjpuhd fUj;jhFk;. m) rKjhaj;jpw;F M) xOf;fj;jpw;F ,) nghUshjhuj;jpw;F <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 31) tpsk;guk; cw;gj;jpaw;wJ vd;gJ ----- vjpuhd fUj;jhFk;. m) rKjhaj;jpw;F M) xOf;fj;jpw;F ,) nghUshjhuj;jpw;F <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 32) Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; tpsk;guk; ------ gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 33) xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif nghUSf;Fj; Njitia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;Fk; tpsk;guk; ------ tpsk;gukhFk;. m) Kjd;ik Njit M) NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l Njit ,) epWtd <) $l;LwT 34) Kd;Ndhb tpsk;guk; ------ tpsk;guk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) Kjd;ik Njit M) nghUs; ,) NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l Njit <) Njrpa 35) ------ nefpo;r;rpaw;wJ. m) NeHKf tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 36) NubNah tpsk;guk; mftpsk;guq;fspy; xU gphpthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 37) Neub tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L

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www.Padasalai.Net m) thd;ntsp tpsk;guk; M) Rw;wwpf;if fbjq;fs; ,) fhl;rpafk; <) thndhyp Gw tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L m) tHzkplg;gl;l fhl;rp M) Rw;wwpf;if fbjk; ,) nra;jpjhs; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y ngUf;f tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L m) kpd;rhjd fhl;rpafk; M) tpw;gid fbjq;fs; ,) [d;dy;fhl;rp <) njhiyf;fhl;rp njhiyf;fhl;rp ikak; jpy;ypapy; Kjyhtjhf epWtg;gl;l Mz;L m) 1942 M) 1952 ,) 1962 <) 1972 nra;jpg;guty; tpsk;gujhuhy; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW AMA vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; American Marketing Association ,J rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW ld;yg; ,e;jpah vd;w tpsk;guk; ------ tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. m) nghUs; M) epWtd ,) njhopy; <) gz;iz AAAA vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; American Association of Advertising Ageucies ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW tpw;gid ngUf;f eltbf;iffs; ----- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 khjphp nfhLj;jy; ------- ngUf;fj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. m) EfHNthh; M) tpw;gidg; gzpahsH ,) tpahghu <) Nkw;$wpait my;y nghUs; js;Sgb toq;Fjy; ------- ngUf;fj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. m) EfHNthh; M) tpahghu ,) tpw;gidg; gzpahsH <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpw;gid $l;lk; ------ ngUf;fj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. m) EfHNthh; M) tpw;gidg; gzpahsH ,) tpahghu <) Nkw;$wpait my;y ngUf;f eltbf;iffis ------ vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;. m) re;ijapLif fyit M) nghUs; fyit ,) ngUf;f fyit <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y ----- vd;gJ nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J EfUk; ,lj;jpw;F mikg;G topahf EfHT miltij czHj;JtjhFk;. m) thq;Fjy; M) tpw;gid nra;jy; ,) toq;fy; top <) ruf;F Nrkpg;G nghUl;fs; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; NghJ cw;gj;jpahsiuAk; EfHNthiuAk; ,izf;fk; ghyk;. m) toq;fy; top M) NeHKf tpw;gid ,) tpsk;guk; <) ruf;F Nrkpg;G toq;fy; topfs; ------ gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 ------ toq;fy; topapy; ,ilj;jufHfs; fpilahJ. m) Neub M) kiwKf Neub toq;fy; topapy; xU epWtdk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis EfHNthUf;F Neubahf tpw;gid nra;tjhFk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW Neub toq;fy; top ------ tpw;gid nra;tjw;F cfe;jhfapUf;fpwJ. m) fzpdp M) nfl;Lg;NghFk; nghUl;fs; ,) FspHrhjd ngl;b <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y

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www.Padasalai.Net 56) tPl;bw;F tPL nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;gid nra;tJ Neub toq;fy; topfspy; xU KiwahFk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 57) jghy; %yk; thq;Fjy; vd;gJ ----- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) jghy; Miz Kiw M) nrhe;j fil njhlq;Fjy; ,) nkf;fhdpf;fy; fUtpfs; <) tPl;bw;F tPL tpw;gid 58) EfHNthUf;F rpwpa msTfspy; tpw;gid nra;gtH m) nkhj;j tpahghhp M) rpy;yiw tpahghhp ,) KftHfs; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 59) tpw;gidapd; msT mjpfkhfapUe;jhy; ------- toq;fy; top rpwe;jhFk;. m) Neub M) kiwKf 60) nghUl;fspd; tpiy epiyahdjhfapUe;jhy; ------ toq;fy; top rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. m) Neub M) kiwKf 61) re;ijapLifAk; toq;fYk; xd;Wjhd;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 62) channel vd;w nrhy; ----- nrhy;ypypUe;J cUthdJ. m) cannal M) cannel ,) canel <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y 63) cannal vd;w nrhy; ----- nkhopapypUe;J cUthdJ. m) ,yj;jPd; M) fpNuf;f ,) gpnuQ;R <) Mq;fpyk; 64) PDS vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; Public Distribution System ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 65) nghJ toq;fy; Kiwapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; m) mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fs; tpepNahfpj;jy; M) epahakhd tpiyapy; toq;fy; ,) eyptile;j gphptpdUf;F toq;Fjy; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; 66) g+[;[pa epiy top vd;gJ ------ topia czHj;JfpwJ. m) Neub M) kiwKf 67) ,uz;L epiy top vd;gJ ------ ,ilj;jufHfs; mlq;fpajhFk;. m) xU M) ,uz;L ,) %d;W 68) jq;fSila nrhe;j fzf;fpy; jq;fSila ,lHghl;by; ruf;Ffisf; nfhs;Kjy; nra;J tpw;gid nra;Ak; ,ilj;jufH m) KftHfs; M) tpahghhpfs; ,) GNuhf;fHfs; 69) ruf;Ffis nfhs;Kjy; nra;J rpy;yiw tpahghhpfSf;F tpw;gid nra;Ak; egH m) rpy;yiw tpahghhp M) nkhj;j tpahghhp ,) fkp~d; KftH <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 70) Retailer vd;w nrhy; gpnuQ;R nkhopapypUe;J ------ nrhy;ypypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. m) Retailen M) Retailer ,) Retailier 71) Retailen means to cut again ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 72) njU tPjpfspy; fil mkHj;JgtH xU m) nkhj;j tpahghhp M) rpy;yiw tpahghhp 73) xU $iuapd; fPo; midj;J JiwfSk; mike;jpUg;gJ m) Jiwthhpf;fil M) klq;Ffil ,) nghJ tpepNahf Kiw 74) klq;F filapd; njhlf;fk; m) ,q;fpyhe;J M) mnkhpf;fh ,) ,u~;ah <) Mrpah 75) ghl;lh fk;ngdp ------- f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

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www.Padasalai.Net m) Jiwthhpf; fil M) rq;fpyp fil ,) nkhj;j tpahghhp ------ filfspy; nuhf;f tpw;gid kl;Lk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. m) Jiwthhp M) rq;fpyp ,) jtiz Kiw <) Nkw;$wpait my;y ------ nfhs;Kjy; Kiwapy; xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;JjhdTld; nghUl;fspd; chpikAk; cilikAk; thq;FgtUf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ. m) thlif M) jtiz EfHNthh; $l;LwT ------- tzpfq;fSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. m) rpy;yiw M) nkhj;j tpahghu ,) Nkw;$wpait my;y gy;NtW tifahd EfHNthh; nghUl;fSk; tPl;Lj; Njitf;Fhpa nghUl;fSk; xU $iuapd; fPo; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; ,lk; m) rq;fpyp fil M) Jiwthhpf; fil ,) Nguq;fhb <) Nkw;$wpait my;y xNu tpiyf;fil vd;why; xU nghUs; kl;Lk; tpw;gid nra;af;$ba ,lkhFk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW ,ilepiy egHfs; m) jtpHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; M) Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,) ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpahghu ,ilepiy egHfs; ahh;? m) rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsH M) tpw;gid KftHfs; ,) GNuhf;fHfs; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y xU Neub re;ijapLif top vd;gJ ----- epiy top vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) g+[;[pak; M) xU ,) ,U tpil nra;jp guty; vd;gJ m) tpsk;guk; M) gzk; nrytopf;fg;glhjJ ,) tpw;gid <) tpw;gid gzpahsH $g;gd;fs; mDg;gp tpw;gid mjpfhpj;jy; m) tpsk;guk; M) nra;jp guty; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) NeHKf tpw;gid NeHKf tpw;gid vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ. m) tha;r; nrhy; tpsk;guk; M) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; ,) tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpsk;guk; vd;gJ mr;rpy; ---- MFk;. m) tpw;gidahsH jpwd; M) tpw;gid Nkk;ghL ,) gug;Gjy; <) nra;jp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ cw;gj;jpf;fhd tpsk;gug; gad;? m) jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsHf;fpwJ M) ftdj;jpd; Gjpa ghpkhdq;fis toq;FfpwJ ,) Ntiy tha;g;Gfis cUthf;FfpwJ <) tpw;gidia $l;LfpwJ. nghUl;fhl;rp gw;wp cz;ikapy;yhjJ vJ? m) gy;NtW cw;gj;jpahshpd; fhl;rpafq;fspd; njhFg;G M) ghh;g;gtUf;F Nfspf;ifia ,it jUfpd;wd ,) ,it rpf;fdkhdit <) ,it midj;Jk; mr;R ,jo; tpsk;guk; ve;j nghUSf;F cfe;jJ? m) Ntiy fhypaplq;fs; M) nlz;lHfs; ,) Gjpa nghUl;fs; <) epWtd tpsk;guq;fs; Inside outside vd;Dk; mr;R ,jo; ve;j nghUNshL njhlHGilaJ. m) fhh;fs; M) Milfs;

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) tPl;L myq;fhuk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy thndhyp %yk; tzpf xypgug;G ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L m) 1957 M) 1960 ,) 1967 <) 1936 njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; tzpf xypgug;G ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L ------m) 1957 M) 1976 ,) 1982 <) 1936 thfd tpsk;guk; vd;gJ m) ntspg;Gw rhjdk; M) cs;Gw rhjdk; ,) Neub tpsk;gu rhjdk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy [g;ghdpa vf;];Ngh 1970 vjDld; njhlHGilaJ?
m) tHzka fhl;rpafk; M) fhl;rpafk; ,) nghUl;fhl;rp <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy

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96) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ntspg;Gw tpsk;guk; ,y;iy? m) thd tpsk;guk; M) thfd tpsk;guk; ,) tpsk;gu kdpjd; <) mr;R tpsk;guk; 97) tpsk;guk; vd;gJ m) Neub tpw;gid M) gug;Gjy; ,) re;ijapay; <) Neub njhlHgpy;yh jfty; 98) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpsk;guk; gw;wpa cz;ik vJ? m) midj;J tpsk;guKk; gug;Gjy; MFk; M) midj;J gug;GjYk; tpsk;gukhFk; ,) tpsk;guk; tpahghu Nehf;fpid nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy 99) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhl;rpafj;jpd; jPik vJ? m) nghUis fz;Lgpbg;gjpd; rpukk; M) EfHNthh; NeHikia tsHf;fhJ ,) fw;gid rf;jp FiwT <) ,it midj;Jk; 100) nghUs; fhl;rpafk; jUtJ m) nfhs;Kjy; nra;tjw;F Kd; tpguk; M) Nrhjid nra;jy; ,) nra;Kiw tpsf;fk; <) ,it midj;Jk; 101) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mr;R tpsk;guk; gw;wp cz;ik ,y;yhjJ vJ? m) Fiwe;j msT tPr;R M) Fiwe;j epidtfk; ,) Fiwe;j juk; <) rpf;fdk; 102) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ngz;fSf;fhd mr;R ,johFk;. m) tp];lk; M) miyt; ,) ngkpdh <) ];lhh; l];l; 103) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ntspg;Gw tpsk;gu rhjdk; MFk;. m) jpiug;glk; M) thndhyp ,) tpsk;gu kdpjd; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy 104) ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j Mz;L thndhyp xypgug;G njhlq;fg;gl;lJ m) 1927 M) 1920 ,) 1930 <) 1957 105) tpw;gid fbjq;fs; ve;j tiff;F cjhuzk; m) Neub fbj tpsk;guk; M) mr;R tpsk;guk; ,) ntspg;Gw tpsk;guk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy 106) tz;zj; njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bfs; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L m) 1974 M) 1984 ,) 1980 <) 1970 107) tpsk;guk; vd;gJ tpiy nfhLj;Jr; nra;Ak; m) Nehpil tpw;gid M) re;ijg;gLj;Jjy; 108) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Nfhl;bw;F Nkyhd topKiw vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ? m) tpsk;guk; M) Nehpil tpw;gid ,) ,ytr md;gspg;Gfs; <) ,itaidj;Jk; 109) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpsk;gu efypd; cWg;G vJ? m) ftd kjpg;G M) mwpAk; kjpg;G ,) Nfhg kjpg;G <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy 110) tpsk;guk; ------- #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. m) AIDA M) ASMC ,) ACDC <) ADTR 111) xU tpsk;gu efypd; ghh;ff ; f; $ba kjpg;G ------ vdg;gLk;.

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www.Padasalai.Net m) <Hg;G M) tbtikg;G ,) efy; Ma;T <) epoy; Ma;T tpsk;gu efypd; nkhop ------ Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. m) El;gkhdjhf M) vspjhdjhf ,) fbdkhdjhf <) <Hf;ff; $bajhf gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vit nfhs;Kjiy J}z;Lk; fhuzpahFk;? m) ghJfhg;G Njitfs; M) r%fj; Njitfs; ,) jd;epiwTj; Njitfs; <) ,itaidj;Jk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vit xU tpsk;guk; Njhy;tp mila fhuzkhf mikAk;? m) Nehf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplglhik M) ,yf;F EfHNthh; tiuaWf;fg;glhik ,) fbdkhd re;ijf; fyit <) ,itaidj;Jk; thUq;fs; - vLj;Jr; nry;Yq;fs; vd;gJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjDila nfhs;ifahFk;? m) njhiyf; fhl;rp tpsk;guk; M) rd;dy; fhl;rpafk; ,) fhl;rpafk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy gpur;rhuq;fis jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Mf;fg+Htkhd jpwikia thq;Fjy; Mfpait nra;gtH ------- vdg;gLtH. m) cldbf; filfs; M) glg;gpbg;G epiyak; rhh;e;j KftH ,) ,tw;Ws; VJkpy;iy <) ,itaidj;Jk; fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ ntsp tpsk;gu rhjdky;y? m) Rtnuhl;bfs; M) xspH tpsf;F tpsk;guq;fs; ,) gYhd; tpsk;guq;fs; <) njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ mr;R tpsk;guky;y? m) fQ;rpiffs; M) nra;jpj;jhs;fs; ,) thue;jhpfs; <) rpdpkh tpsk;gu efy; m) Ghpaf; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; M) fbdkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ,) RUf;fkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; <) tphpthdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; tpsk;gu Nfhrk; vd;gJ m) glntspg;ghL M) tphpthd tpsf;fk; ,) tpsf;fg;glk; <) RUf;fkhd thh;j;ijfs; tpsk;guj;jpd; ,Wjpahd Nehf;fk; m) xU nghUs; my;yJ Nritapd; tpw;gid M) epWtdj;jpd; Gfiog; gug;Gjy; ,) epWtd ew;ngaiug; guhkhpj;jy; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy efy; Nrhjid m) tpsk;gur; nryitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ M) EfHNthhpd; eyDf;nfjpuhdJ ,) tpw;gid msit mwpa cjTfpwJ <) tpsk;guj;ijr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;a cjTfpwJ ----- vd;gJ ehL KOtJk; tpw;gidahfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUl;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis EfHNthUf;Fj; njhptpg;gjhFk;. m) Njrpa mstpy; tpsk;guk; M) cs;SH tpsk;guk; ,) kz;ly tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; tpsk;gu KftH m) xU rhh;gw;w tpsk;gur; rpwg;gPLghl;L epWtdk; M) xU epWkk; ,) xU re;ij Ma;thsH <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy tpsk;guk; m) ngha;ahdJ M) rKjhaj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ ,) mj;jpahtrpakhdJ <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy tpsk;guk; m) tpw;gidahshpd; miog;GfSf;fpilapy; tpw;fpwJ M) tpw;gidahsUf;Fg; gjpyhf cs;sJ

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) tpw;gidNahL rk;ge;jg;glhjJ <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy xU gz;lj;jpd; Njitia cUthf;fj; J}z;Lk; Ms;rhh; eltbf;ifNa -----vdg;gLk;. m) tpw;ghz;ik M) EfHNthh; ,) thbf;ifahsH <) tpsk;guk; tpsk;guk; vjDld; njhlHGila xd;W m) tpsk;gujhuH M) tpw;gid ,) mlf;fk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy cw;gj;jp vd;gJ ------ tpsk;guk; m) EfHNthh; M) njhopw;rhiy ,) tpahghu <) ,it midj;Jk; je;jpukhd re;ijapaypd; xU gFjp jhd; vd;gJ vij Fwpf;Fk;. m) rhjd NjHe;njLg;G M) rhjd jpl;lkpLjy; ,) je;jpu rhjdk; <) tpsk;gu rhjdk; ,J xU xyp xsp tpsk;gur;rhjdkhFk;. m) thndhyp M) jpiug;glk; ,) Rntuhl;b <) kpd;tpsf;F tpsk;guk; ------ vd;gJ ghku kf;fshy; mhpag;gLfpwJ. m) jpiug;gl tpsk;guk; M) Neub tpsk;guk; ,) kiwKf tpsk;guk; <) thndhyp tpsk;guk; tpsk;gu Kfikapd; tsHr;rp vd;gJ vjd; gbepiyahFk; m) Kfik M) rhjdk; ,) epiyahd gzp <) thbf;ifahsH tpsk;gu Vn[d;rpAld; vjid xg;gplyhk;? m) re;ijapLif Muha;r;rp M) tpsk;gu efy; ,) epHthf MNyhrid $Wk; epWtdk; <) t#ypf;Fk; fl;lzk; ngUf;fj;jpd; fyit vd;gJ kpfg;nghpa ----- kw;Wk; ----- ,d; ,U $w;Wg;gphptpd; tpw;gidahFk;. m) Ms;rhh;e;j> Ms;rhuh M) thbf;ifahsH> nghJ kf;fs; ,) njhopyhsH> njhopyhsp <) ,it midj;Jk; tpsk;gu tpisTfs; vd;gJ ------ fhuzpahFk;. m) njhopyhsp M) njhopyhsH ,) cj;jputhjk; <) ,it midj;Jk; Vd vd;why; ------ vd;W nghUs; m) towards M) vpwards ,) downward <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy cs;@H tpsk;guk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) Rtnuhl;b M) xypngUf;fp ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpsk;guj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; ------ nra;tjhFk;. m) Neub tpw;gid M) nghUl;fs; my;yJ Nritia tpw;gid ,) tpw;gid <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy xU tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzfHj;jhthf tpsq;FtJ ----m) Neub tpw;gid M) Ms;rhh; tpw;gid ,) tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y ----- egh;fspd; FWf;fPL Fiwtjw;F tpsk;guk; gad;gLfpwJ. m) nkhj;j tpahghhp M) ,ilepiy ,) rpy;yiu tpahghhp <) ,itaidj;Jk; re;ijapay; nghUl;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ------- gad;gLfpwJ. m) tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) Nghl;b <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpahghhpfsplk; ------ jtpHg;gjw;F tpsk;guk; gad;gLfpwJ. m) Nghl;biaj; M) tpw;gidiaj; ,) tpiyiaj; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; nghUl;fs; fpilf;fg;gLk; ,lk; tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ----------- vspjpy; nfhs;Kjy; nra;a KbfpwJ. m) nkhj;j tpahghhp M) rpy;yiu tpahghhp

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) EfHNthh; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y ------ ,yf;if vspjpy; mila Kbtjhy; tpw;gid gzpahsHfs; gzpapdhy; jpUg;jp milfpd;wdh;. m) tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) EfHNthh; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpsk;gur; nryT mjpfhpf;fg;gLtjhy; ------- tpiyAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. m) nghUl;fspd; M) Nrit tpw;gid ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y nghUl;fSf;F ----- nfhLf;fg;gLtjhy; rKjha eyDf;F xU rpy NfLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. m) tpsk;guk; M) Neub tpw;gid ,) fld; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y ------ tpsk;guk; nfhLf;fg;gLtjhy; gj;jphpf;iffSf;F xU Kf;fpa tUkhdk; fpilf;fg;gLfpwJ. m) gj;jphpf;iffspd; M) njhiyf;fhl;rp ,) thndhyp <) ,itaidj;Jk; tpsk;guj;jpd; gzpfs; (functions) ahit? m) thbf;ifahshpd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpj;jy; M) re;ijapd; vy;iyia mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ ,) ew;ngaH cUthf;Fjy; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLtjw;Fhpa Kaw;rpfspy; Kjy; epiy ------ MFk;. m) tpsk;guk; M) Nghl;b ,) ew;ngaH <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpsk;gu rhjdq;fs; -------- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 2 ,) 4 <) 5 cw;gj;jpahsH jkJ thbf;ifahshplk; nghUl;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; $WtJ ----- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) kiwKf tpsk;guk; M) Neub tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid <) Nkw;$wpait my;y kiwKf tpsk;guk; ------- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? m) 9 M) 8 ,) 7 <) 5 ------ vd;gJ NtW xU rhjdk; %ykhfg; nghUl;fs; tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLtjhFk;. m) kiwKf tpsk;guk; M) Neub tpsk;guk; ,) Nghl;b <) Nkw;$wpait my;y kiwKf tpsk;guj;jpy; ------ tpsk;guk; njhd;ikahfTk; KjyplkhdjhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. m) tpsk;guf; fbjq;fs; M) gj;jphpf;if ,) tpiyg; gl;bay; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; gj;jphpf;if tpsk;guk; ------ tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 2 ,) 4 <) 5 vOjg; gbf;fj; njhpe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ------tpsk;guk; Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ. m) ,jo;fs; M) Fwpg;NgLfs; ,) nra;jpj;jhs; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y ------ tpsk;guk; kpfTk; Fiwthd nrytpy; gad;gLfpwJ. m) nra;jpj;jhs; M) thndhyp ,) ,jo;fs; <) Neub tpsk;guk; rpdpkh tpsk;guk; ------ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) jpiug;gl tpsk;guk; M) Neub tpsk;guk; ,) kiwKf tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpsk;guk; nfhLg;gjw;Fj; ------- xU rhjdkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ,jpy; tpsk;guk; nfhLg;gJ kpfTk; gpurpj;jkhf cs;sJ. m) thndhyp M) njhiyf;fhl;rp ,) rpdpkh <) Nkw;$wpait my;y EfHNthhpd; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wilAk; tpsk;guk; -----

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www.Padasalai.Net m) Gwtpsk;guk; M) mftpsk;guk; ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tPjpfspYk; njUf;fspYk; tpsk;guk; nray;gLtijg; ------ vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. m) Gwtpsk;guk; M) mftpsk;guk; ,) gj;jphpf;if tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y mf tpsk;guj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) njhiyf;fhl;rp M) thndhyp ,) gj;jphpf;if <) ,itaidj;Jk; Gwtpsk;guj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) Rtnuhl;b M) tpsk;gug; gyif ,) tpsk;gu kdpjd; <) ,itaidj;Jk; Neub tpsk;guk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) mQ;ry; ml;il M) tpsk;guf; fbjq;fs; ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpiait my;y ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid nkhopfspy; nra;jpj;jhs; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd? m) 90 M) 91 ,) 93 <) 95 nfhy;fj;jhtpy; ngq;fhyp nkhopapy; mjpf mstpy; mr;R nra;J ntsptUk; nra;jpj;jhspd; ngah; m) Njrpa ehspjo;fs; M) Md;e;j; g[hh; ,) khiy ehspjo;fs; <) Nkw;$wpaitfs; my;y rpwg;G ,jo; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) jPghtsp kyH M) rpWtH kyH ,) fij kyH <) Nkw;$wpait my;y njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; vq;F kpf gpugykhdJ? m) U.S.A M) yf;Ndh ,) ghk;Ng <) nrd;id tpsk;gug; gyiffs; kf;fs; $l;lk; kpFe;j ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gLtjhy; kf;fs; mjpfk; ghh;f;fpd;wdH. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW ----- vd;gJ tpsk;guk; nfhLf;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; ngaH EfHNthh;f;Fj; njhptpf;Fk; tifapy; ilhpfs;> fhyz;lHfs;> EfHNthh;f;F ,ytrkhf toq;FtjhFk;. m) rpwg;G tpsk;guk; M) Neub tpsk;guk; ,) kiwKf tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y rpwg;G tpsk;guj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) rhsuf; fhl;rp M) fhyz;lHfs; ,) fhl;rpafk; <) nghUl;fhl;rp ------ vd;gJ xU tpw;gidahsUf;Fk; xU thbf;ifahsUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s ciuahlyhFk;. m) NeHKf tpw;gid M) kiwKf tpw;gid ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y NeHKf tpw;gidapd; Nehf;fq;fs; ------ tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 2 ,) 4 <) 5 NeHKf tpw;gidapd; epiyfs; ------ gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 4 ,) 5 <) 2 AIDAS vd;gJ m) Attention, Interest, Desire, Action, Satisfaction M) Attention, Interaction, Desire, Action, Satisfaction ,) Afforable, Interest, Descend, Attentrion, Slide <) Nkw;$wpait my;y xU epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wp my;yJ Njhy;tpfis epHzapg;gJ -------- gzpahsHfs; m) tpw;gid M) Ms;rhh; ,) ,ilepiy <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; ----- gzpahsH vd;gtH EfHNthiuf; ftHe;J mtHfsJ ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;W tpw;gidahsUila nghUl;fis thq;Fk; gbahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;gtuhFk;.

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www.Padasalai.Net m) ,ilepiy M) tpw;gid ,) NeHKf <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpw;gid gzpahshpd; gzpfs; njhopYf;Fj; njhopy; khWgLfpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfs; xU mwpf;if rkHgpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk;. ,jpy; xU Kiw kl;Lk; mDg;g Ntz;Lk; m) 10 15 M) 15 30 ,) 20 25 <) Nkw;$wpait my;y tpw;gid gzpahshpd; nghWg;Gfs; njhopYf;Fj; njhopy; kw;Wk; thzpgj;jpw;F thzpgk; NtWgLk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfis ----- tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 mikg;G mbg;gilapy; tpw;gidg; gzpahsh;fis ----- tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 ------ gzpahsHfs; filf;Fs; tUk; thbf;ifahsHfSf;Fg; nghUl;fis tpw;fpd;wdH. m) filf;Fs; gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg; M) filf;F ntspapy; gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg; ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y filf;F ntspNa gzpahw;Wk; tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfs; jq;fSila nghUspd; khjphpia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L xt;nthU thbf;ifahshplk; nrd;W nfhs;Kjy; Miziag; ngw;W tu Ntz;Lk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW nghUl;fspd; tpw;gid mbg;gilapy; tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfis ------ tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 ------ gzpahsHfs; nghJthf mbg;gilj; Njitahd nghUl;fis tpw;gjpy; <LgLfpd;wdH. m) epiyahd tpw;gidg; M) rpwg;G tpw;gidg; ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y FspHrhjdg;ngl;b> njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b ,it rpwg;Gg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gidapd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW Nrit mbg;gilapy; tpw;gidg; gzpahsHfis ------ tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 ------ gzpahsHfs; ntspehl;L epWkj;jpd; gpujpepjpahfr; nray;gLfpd;wdH. m) Vw;Wkjpahshpd; tpw;gidg; M) rpwg;G tpw;gidg; ,) epiyahd tpw;gidg; <) ,itaidj;Jk; tpw;gid gzpahshpd; Fzeyd;fis ------ tifahff; gphpf;fyhk;. m) 4 M) 5 ,) 6 <) 3 ---- vd;gJ nghUl;fSf;Fhpa Njitia EfHNthhplk; cUthf;FtjhFk;. m) Kjy; epiy tpsk;guk; M) ,ilepiy tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid <) Nkw;$wpait my;y NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l tpsk;guj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) HMT watch M) Maruticar

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www.Padasalai.Net ,) Liril soap <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; 194) xU cw;gj;jpahsH jd;Dila nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpsk;guk; ----- vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) nghUs; tpsk;guk; M) tpw;gid tpsk;guk; ,) Neub tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 195) nghUs; tpsk;guj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf m) rd;iu]; M) thl;r; ,) Nrhg; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 196) ----- vd;gJ xU epWtdk; cw;gj;jp nra;J tpw;gid nra;Ak; midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. m) epWtd tpsk;guk; M) nghUs; tpsk;guk; ,) Kjy; epiy tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 197) epWtd tpsk;guk; ------ cl;gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 198) ----- vd;gJ xU nghUisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis EfHNthh; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. m) epWtd tpsk;guk; M) tzpf tpsk;guk; ,) nghUs; tpsk;guk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 199) tzpf tpsk;guk; ------ gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 5 ,) 4 <) 2 tpsk;guk; 1) tpsk;guj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; m) nra;jpfisj; njhptpj;jy; M) tpw;gidia mjpfhpj;jy; ,) kdijf; ftHjy; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk; 2) mwptpg;ghf ntspaplg;gLk; midj;J nra;jpfSk; tpsk;guk; jhd; vd;W $wpatH m) N~f;];gpaH M) ngHdhl;~h ,) Mjhk; <) n`d;wp 3) tpsk;gujhuhpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sgtiu miof;fg;gLtJ m) tpw;gid NkyhsH M) tpsk;gu NkyhsH ,) tpsk;gu KftH <) gpujpepjp 4) tpsk;guq;fis jkpopy; ntspapl;l Kjy; Mq;fpy ,jo; m) jpde;je;jp M) jpdkyH ,) nkl;uh[; nf[l; <) ,e;jpad; vf;];gpu]; 5) Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;gpd; jhahf tpsq;FtJ m) Njit M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid <) ngUf;fk; 6) fpwp];J gpwg;gpw;F Kd;G tpsk;guk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;W $wpatH m) n`d;wp rhk;rd; M) nlhp ,) ,uhgHl; <) vbrd; 7) tpsk;guj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatHfs; m) fpNuf;fHfs; M) Nuhkd;]; ,) ,j;jhypaHfs; <) Nkw;$wpatHfs; my;y 8) ifahy; ,af;fg;gLk; mr;R ,ae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Ehw;whz;L m) 15 M) 16 ,) 17 <) 18 9) tpsk;guj;jpw;F cyfpy; Kjd; Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpa nra;jpj;jhspd; ngah; m) nkHFhp]; M) jpde;je;jp ,) ,e;jpad; vf;];gpu]; <) ,e;jpah ^Nl 10) tpsk;guj;jpw;F Kjd; Kjypy; nra;jpj;jhs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Ehw;whz;L m) 15 M) 16 ,) 17 <) 18 11) tpsk;gujhuHfs; vd;gtHfs; m) cw;gj;jpahsHfs; M) rpy;yiu tpw;gidahsHfs; ,) tpw;gidahsHfs; <) Nkw;$wpatHfs; midtUk;

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www.Padasalai.Net 12) tpsk;guk; Ngustpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l E}w;whz;L m) 17 M) 18 ,) 19 <) 20 13) Kjd; Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l nkHFhp]; vd;w nra;jpj;jhs; ntspapl;l ehL m) ,e;jpah M) ,q;fpyhe;J ,) gpuhd;R <) ,j;jhyp 14) tsUk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nehf;fk; m) Nrkpg;ig cUthf;FtJ M) tpw;gidia mjpfhpj;jy; ,) ,yhgj;ij mjpfhpj;jy; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 15) EfHNthiu Vkhw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; ntspapLtJ m) tpsk;guk; M) tpsk;guk; my;y ,) tpw;gid <) cw;gj;jp 16) tpsk;guk; vd;gJ ----- jd;ik nfhz;lJ. m) Ms;rhh; M) Ms;rhuh ,) ,uz;Lk; <) Nkw;$wpaitay;y 17) tpsk;guk; vd;w nrhy; ------ nkhopapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. m) ,yj;jPd; M) mnkhpf;fd; ,) fpNuf;f <) ,q;fpyhe;J 18) Advertising vd;w nrhy; ----- nrhy;ypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. m) Advertero M) Advarto ,) Adverta <) None of these 19) tpsk;guk; m) cw;gj;jpaw;wJ M) cw;gj;jpAs;sJ ,) m kw;Wk; M <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 20) Ntz;LNfhspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsk;guq;fs; gphpf;fg;gLtJ m) ,uz;L M) %d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J 21) tpsk;guk; vd;gJ Ms;rhuh NgusT thzpg jfty; njhlHG MFk;. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 22) tpsk;guk; ruf;Ffspd; mlf;f tpiyia mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpjhdh? m) rhp M) jtW 23) ngha;ahd jfty;fis tpsk;gug;gLj;JtJ ------ vjpuhd fUj;jhFk;. m) rKjhaj;jpw;F M) xOf;fj;jpw;F ,) nghUshjhuj;jpw;F <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 24) tpsk;guk; cw;gj;jpaw;wJ vd;gJ ----- vjpuhd fUj;jhFk;. m) rKjhaj;jpw;F M) xOf;fj;jpw;F ,) nghUshjhuj;jpw;F <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 25) Njitapd; mbg;gilapy;> tpsk;guk; -------- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5 26) xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif nghUSf;Fj; Njitia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;Fk; tpsk;guk; ------- tpsk;gukhFk;. m) Kjd;ik Njit M) NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l Njit ,) epWtd <) $l;LwT 27) Kd;Ndhb tpsk;guk; ------ tpsk;guk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. m) Kjd;ik Njit M) nghUs; ,) NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l Njit <) Njrpa 28) ------ nefpo;r;rpaw;wJ m) NeHKf tpw;gid M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gid ngUf;fk; <) Nkw;$wpait my;y 29) NubNah tpsk;guk; mftpsk;guq;fspy; xU gphpthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW 30) Neub tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L m) thd;ntsp tpsk;guk; M) Rw;wwpf;if fbjq;fs; ,) fhl;rpafk; <) thndhyp 31) Gw tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L

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www.Padasalai.Net m) tHzkplg;gl;l fhl;rp M) Rw;wwpf;if fbjk; ,) nra;jpj;jhs; ngUf;f tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L m) kpd;rhjd fhl;rpafk; M) tpw;gid fbjq;fs; ,) [d;dy; fhl;rp <) njhiyf;fhl;rp njhiyf;fhl;rp ikak; jpy;ypapy; Kjyhtjhf epWtg;gl;l Mz;L m) 1942 M) 1952 ,) 1962 <) 1972 nra;jpguty; tpsk;gujhuuhy; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW AMA vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; American Marketing Association ,J rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW ld;yg; ,e;jpah vd;w tpsk;guk; ------ tpsk;guj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. m) nghUs; M) epWtd ,) njhopy; <) gz;iz ------ vd;gJ tpsk;guk; nfhLf;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; ngah; EfHNthUf;F njhptpf;Fk; tifapy; cs;sJ. m) Neub tpsk;guk; M) kiwKf tpsk;guk; ,) rpwg;G tpsk;guk; <) thndhyp tpsk;guk; nra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;gu nfhs;ifia kj;jpa muR mwptpj;j Mz;L m) 1980 M) 1981 ,) 1991 <) 1982 Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; tpsk;guq;fs; gphpf;fg;gLtJ m) ,uz;L M) %d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J xU epWtdk; jd;Dila nghUs; my;yJ tzpf ngaUf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk; tpsk;guk; m) epWtd tpsk;guk; M) tzpf tpsk;guk; ,) nghUs; tpsk;guk; <) njhopy; tpsk;guk; xU epWtdk; cw;gj;jp nra;J> tpw;gid nra;Ak; midj;Jg; nghUs;fisAk; tpsk;gug;gLj;JtJ m) tzpf tpsk;guk; M) epWtd tpsk;guk; ,) njhopy; tpsk;guk; <) gz;iz tpsk;guk; njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L m) Vg;uy; 24> 1958 M) #d; 16> 1966 ,) rdthp 1> 1976 <) #d; 8> 1988 kiwKf tpsk;gu rhjdk; m) njhiyf;fhl;rp M) ehl;fhl;b ,) Rw;wwpf;iffs; <) mQ;ry; ml;il Neub tpsk;gu rhjdk; m) mQ;ry; ml;il M) njhiyf;fhl;rp ,) thndhyp <) ,jo; Gw tpsk;gu rhjdk; m) mQ;ry; ml;il M) njhiyf;fhl;rp ,) Rtnuhl;b <) thndhyp mr;rbj;j tpw;gidj; jpwd; vd;gJ ----- my;yhky; Ntwpy;iy. m) mq;fhbapay; M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gidg; ngUf;fk; <) nghJ tpsk;guk; gj;jphpif tpsk;guk; ------ tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ? m) 3 M) 2 ,) 5 <) 4 tpsk;gur; nryT Fiwthf Vw;gLj;JtJ m) tpw;gidj; jpwd M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gidg; ngUf;fk; <) NeHKf tpw;gid ------- tpahghuj;jpd; capH ehbahFk;. m) tpw;gidg; ngUf;fk; M) NeHKf tpw;gid ,) tpiy <) tpsk;guk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l cw;gj;jpahsH jkJ nghUs;fis tpw;gid nra;a Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpsk;guk; m) epWtd tpsk;guk; M) Kjdpiy tpsk;guk; ,) nghUs; tpsk;guk; <) tzpf tpsk;guk;

32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37)

38) 39) 40)

41)

42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50)

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www.Padasalai.Net

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

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9094826254 9750216789 9994343334 9842428861 9443833333 9750216789 9894846425 9994063702 9894217248 9944144222 9894495845 9843427724 9659765900 9994079013 9842537005 9443929273 9443182330 9025313661 9025313661 9943153202 9842316661 9486525806 9500478338 9791544734 9500862024 9042482982 9443491894 9750216789 9750216789 9443079942

1. 2. ARIVUKKADAL PATHIPPAKAGAM DD M.O , : 1161135000002562 : , 3262, , , 625011. Contact no:98426 49140, 0452-6463666, 9976935585 IFSC NO KVBL 0001161 / SOUTH MASI STREET, MADURAI

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www.Padasalai.Net 51) tpsk;guj;jpw;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fs; ----- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) 3 M) 5 ,) 2 <) 4 52) nghUl;fs; tpsk;gug;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; mjpf mstpy; tpw;gid eilngWtjw;Fhpa tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ vJ? m) thq;Fk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy; M) tpsk;guk; cw;gj;jp mw;wJ ,) nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfhpf;fpwJ <) Kw;nwhhpik 53) ----- vd;gJ xU nghUisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis EfHNthh; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpsk;gukhFk;. m) tpahghu tpsk;guk; M) gz;iz tpsk;guk; ,) tzpf tpsk;guk; <) njhopy; tpsk;guk; 54) kiwKf tpsk;guk; ----- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. m) 8 M) 3 ,) 2 <) 4 55) tpsk;gu Vn[d;rpfs; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH m) khh;lb ; d; NkaH M) N[k;]; ghz;l; ,) n`d;wp <) N~f;];gpaH 56) tpahghhpfSf;Fk;> cw;gj;jpahsHfSf;Fk; kl;Lkpy;yhky; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; tpsk;guj;jhy; gy topfspy; ------ gad; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. m) re;ijia tphpthf;Fjy; M) juKk; rpwe;j gzpAk; ,) toq;fw; nryTfs; Fiwjy; <) r%f eyidg; ghJfhj;jy; 57) tpsk;gu efy; vd;gJ xd;W Kjy; gy thh;j;ijfs; mlq;fpa thrfk; mlf;fpa mlq;f$ba tp~ak; vd;W $wpatH m) N[k;]; `z;lH M) nfy;gdH ,) Mjhk; <) n`d;wp 58) ------ XH Nkyhz;ik eltbf;ifahFk;. m) mikg;G M) jpl;lkpLjy; ,) KbntLj;jy; 59) ----- vd;gJ vOj;J tbtpyhd tpsk;guq;fs; MFk;. m) Rw;wwpf;iffs; M) mQ;ry; ml;il ,) tpsk;guf; fbjq;fs; <) ehl;fhl;bfs; 60) ----- ehl;by; njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; ePzl ; fhykhfg; GfOld; cs;sJ. m) mnkhpf;fh M) Rtpl;rHyhe;J ,) ,e;jpah <) gpuhd;]; 61) ----- tpsk;guk; kpf Ntfkhfg; Gfo; ngw;W tUfpwJ. m) thndhyp tpsk;guk; M) nlyptp~d; tpsk;guk; ,) rpdpkh tpsk;guk; <) nra;jpj;jhs; tpsk;guk; 62) cs;SH mstpypUe;J rHtNjr mstpy; ----- elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. m) fhl;rpafq;fs; M) rhsuf; fhl;rp ,) nghUl; fhl;rpfs; 63) ----- cw;gj;jp mw;wJ. m) tpw;gidg; ngUf;fk; M) NeHKf tpw;gid ,) Kw;nwhhpik <) tpsk;guk; 64) tpsk;guk; vd;gJ ----m) tpiy M) nghUs; ,) juk; <) Nrit 65) tpsk;guj;jpd; nghUslf;fj;ij ----- Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. m) Clfk; M) gpujp ,) Clf CHjp <) nra;jp 66) ---- vd;gJ thbf;ifahsUf;Fg; nghUisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis njhptpg;gjw;fhf tpsk;gujhuH gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdq;fs; m) tpsk;guk; M) tpw;gidg; ngUf;fk; ,) tpsk;gu rhjdq;fs; <) tpw;gidj; jpwd; 67) xU tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzfHj;jhthf tpsq;FtJ m) tpw;gidg; ngUf;fk; M) tpsk;guk; ,) tpw;gidj; jpwd; <) tpiy 68) tPjpfspYk;> njUf;fspYk; tpsk;guk; nray;gLtijg; ----- vd;fpNwhk;. m) njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guk; M) mf tpsk;guk; ,) rpdpkh tpsk;guk; <) Gw tpsk;guk; 69) INS vd;gJ Indian Newspaper Society ,f;$w;W rhpah?

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www.Padasalai.Net m) rhp M) jtW IRS vd;gJ Indian Readership Survey ,f;$w;W rhpah? m) rhp M) jtW nghUs; thq;fg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; tpsk;guk; ----- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. m) 2 M) 3 ,) 5 <) 6 tpsk;gur; nryT mjpfhpf;fg;gLtjhy; ----- mjpfhpf;fpwJ. m) nghUl;fspd; tpiy M) tpsk;guk; cw;gj;jp mw;wJ ,) thq;Fk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy; <) Kw;nwhhpik Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fSf;F ------ tpsk;guk; gad;gLfpwJ. m) nghUs; tpsk;guk; M) Kjy; epiy tpsk;guk; ,) tzpf tpsk;guk; <) epWtd tpsk;guk; tpsk;guq;fspd; tiffs; -------- gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. m) 9 M) 5 ,) 4 <) 2

70) 71) 72) 73) 74)

tpilfs; : 1. m 9. m 17. M 25. m 33. m 41. m 49. , 57. m 65. m 73. m 81. M 89. M 97. M 105. M 113. < 121. m 129. , 137. m 145. m 153. M 161. M 169. m 177. m 185. m 193. m 8. m 16. M 24. , 32. , 40. M 48. M 56. < 64. M 72. m 2. M 10. m 18. M 26. m 34. m 42. m 50. , 58. m 66. m 74. M 82. m 90. < 98. M 106. m 114. < 122. m 130. m 138. , 146. m 154. m 162. m 170. m 178. M 186. m 194. m 1. < 9. , 17. m 25. m 33. , 41. M 49. < 57. M 65. M 73. M 3. m 11. M 19. M 27. m 35. M 43. M 51. m 59. m 67. M 75. M 83. m 91. < 99. m 107. M 115. M 123. m 131. M 139. M 147. m 155. M 163. < 171. m 179. m 187. m 195. m 2. m 10. , 18. m 26. m 34. m 42 , 50. , 58. M 66. , 74. m 4. M 12. m 20. m 28. m 36. m 44. m 52. m 60. m 68. M 76. M 84. M 92. < 100. m 108. m 116. M 124. m 132. m 140. , 148. m 156. M 164. M 172. M 180. M 188. m 196. m 3. , 11. < 19. , 27. m 35. m 43. m 51. , 59. , 67. M 5. , 13. m 21. , 29. , 37. M 45. M 53. m 61. M 69. M 77. M 85. , 93. m 101. , 109. m 117. < 125. m 133. m 141. M 149. < 157. , 165. , 173. m 181. m 189. , 197. M 4. , 12. , 20. m 28. M 36. M 44. m 52. < 60. m 68. < 6. M 14. M 22. , 30. m 38. m 46. m 54. m 62. m 70. m 78. m 86. m 94. , 102. m 110. m 118. < 126. m 134. m 142. M 150. m 158. M 166. M 174. M 182. M 190. m 198. M 5. m 13. M 21. m 29. m 37. , 45. , 53. , 61. M 69. m 7. m 15. M 23. m 31. , 39. , 47. M 55. M 63. , 71. m 79. , 87. , 95. , 103. M 111. M 119. m 127. < 135. m 143. m 151. M 159. m 167. , 175. , 183. M 191. m 199. , 6. m 14. m 22. m 30. M 38. < 46. M 54. m 62. , 70. m 8. M 16. m 24. m 32. m 40. , 48. M 56. m 64. m 72. M 80. M 88. < 96. m 104. m 112. M 120. m 128. M 136. m 144. , 152. M 160. M 168. m 176. m 184. m 192. m 7. M 15. M 23. m 31. m 39. m 47. M 55. m 63. < 71. M

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www.Padasalai.Net Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; 1) epjp fzf;Ffis Nkyhz;ik nra;tNj --------- vdg;gLk;. Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; 2) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; vd;gJ ------- thh;j;ijfis nfhz;lJ. ,uz;L 3) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; ------ gjptpaypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fzf;F 4) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; ------ mjpfhpf;f my;yJ Fiwf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,yhgj;ij 5) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; Nkyhz;ik nra;gtUf;F Njitahd ----- hPjpahd jPHkhdq;fs; MFk;. nfhs;if 6) ------- fzf;Ffis gbg;gNj Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpayhFk;. Nkyhz;ikf;Fhpa 7) Nyhz;ikf;F Njitahd nra;jpfis toq;Fk; ------ KiwNa Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; vdg;gLk;. fzf;F 8) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; fzf;F gjptpaypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwfs; ------ kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis tpthpf;fTk;. cj;jpfs; 9) xU njhopiy mjpf jpwikAld; elj;jp nry;y cjTk; ve;j xU fzf;fpay; tbtKk; ------- vdg;gLk;. Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; 10) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; ----- gzpahf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. Nrit 11) Nkyhz;ikf;F Njitahd ------ Nghd;w gzpfspy; cjtp GhptNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. m) jpl;lkpLjy; M) newpgLj;Jjy; ,) fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; 12) ,yhgq;fis fzf;fPL nra;tNj ------ fzf;fpaypd; gzpahFk;. m) kWkjpg;gPL M) $l;L kjpg;gPL ,) fzf;fPL <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; 13) cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUs;fspd; ----- gzpfis epHzak; nra;a cjTfpd;wJ. m) mlf;f tpiy M) ,yhg tpiy ,) el;l tpiy <) ,it VJkpy;iy 14) ------ fl;Lg;ghL nra;a Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpay; epHzak; nray;gLfpd;wJ. ruf;F 15) Nkyhz;ikapdH gy;NtW msT epiyfis ------ epHzak; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. m) Fiwe;jsT epiy M) mjpf gl;r epiy ,) kW nfhs;Kjy; epiy <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; 16) vjpH tUk; fhyj;jpw;F xU epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; Nehf;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;LtNj ------ jpl;lkhFk;. epjp 17) Kd; Ma;T vd;gJ ----- MFk;. xU kjpg;gPL 18) epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW nray;ghLfis Fwpj;J mbf;fb ------- Nkyhz;ikapdUf;F njhpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhz;ik fzf;fhsH 19) mwpf;ifapd; tiffs; ahit? m) ,yhg el;l fzf;F M) epjp elkhl;l mwpf;if ,) nuhf;f epjp elkhl;l mwpf;if ruf;F mwpf;if <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;

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www.Padasalai.Net 20) epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU Jiwapd; nray; jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;a -------- kpfTk; mtrpak;. mfj;jzpf;if 21) ------- kpfTk; mtrpak; m) nghUs; tpsf;fk; M) epjp mwpf;if ,) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; <) ,it VJkpy;iy 22) ------- fhuzpfis rpf;fdkhd topapy; gad;gLj;j nray;Kiw fl;Lg;ghLk; KiwfSk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. gy jug;gl;l cw;gj;jp 23) Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpaYf;F ------ kpfTk; mtrpak;. thpjpl;lk; 24) ------- gad;fis gw;wp tpguq;fs; Nkyhz;ikapdUf;F mwpf;ifahf nfhLf;fyhk;. m) mYtyf Nfhg;Gfs; M) mYtyf ,ae;jpuq;fs; ,) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; <) ,it VJkpy;iy 25) xt;nthU epWtdk; jk;Kila thp vt;tsT vd;gjid njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ------cjTfpd;wJ. thp fzf;fpay; 26) mlf;f tpiyahdJ -------- cs;s cwTfis nghUshjhu tsq;fspd; cjtpAld; jpwk;gl gad;gLfpd;wd. mlf;f tpiyf;Fk; ,yhgj;jpw;Fk; 27) ------ %ykhf thp fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yhg el;l fzf;F 28) epjp fzf;fpay; ------ nra;jpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. fle;j fhy 29) ----- fzf;fpay; Nkyhz;ik fzf;fpaYf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mlf;f tpiy 30) mwpf;if vj;jid tifg;gLk;? m) 4 M) 3 ,) 2 <) 1 31) epjp mwpf;iffs; vt;thW gad;gLfpd;wd m) jpl;lkplTk; M) Kd; Ma;Tf;Fk; ,) jpl;lkplTk;> Kd; Ma;Tf;Fk; <) ,it VJkpy;iy 32) epjp mwpf;ifapd; ------ tpsf;fk; MFk;. gFg;gha;T nghUs; 33) nghUs; tpsf;fkhdJ ------ tbtj;jpy; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mwpf;if 34) epjp mwpf;iffis ve;j eilKiwfis ifahs Ntz;Lk;. m) gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; M) nghUs; tpsf;fk; ,) jpl;lkplTk; <) ,it Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; 35) tpfpjq;fis ----- Nghd;w gFg;gha;T fUtp cj;jpfspd; cjtpAld; gFg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. m) xg;gPL nra;jy; M) epjp Xl;lk; ,) nghJ msT Nghf;F Ma;T <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; 36) ve;j mwpf;iffspy; gFg;gha;T nra;tjhFk; m) kW mikg;G nra;ag;gl;L M) jFe;j gbtj;jpy; gphpf;fg;gLjy; ,) xNu FOf;fshfg; gphpj;jy; <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; 37) gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; epjp epiyiaf; fhl;Lk; mwpf;if ------ mwpf;iffshFk;. xg;gPlL ; epjp 38) xg;gPlL ; mwpf;ifia ------ tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk; m) ,uz;L M) %d;W ,) ehd;F <) xd;W 39) xg;gPlL ; mwpf;ifapd; tiffs; ahit?

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www.Padasalai.Net m) ,Ug;G epiyf;Fwpg;G M) tUkhd mwpf;if ,) epjp gFg;gha;T <) Nkw;$wpa ,uz;Lk; ve;j gj;jpapy; njhifahf vOj Ntz;Lk; m) 1 M) 2 ,) 3 <) 4 3 MtJ gj;jpapy; vjid vOj Ntz;Lk; m) mjpfhpg;G M) FiwT ,) mjpfhpg;G my;yJ FiwT <) vJTk; ,y;iy 4 MtJ gj;jpapy; mjw;Fhpa ------- vOj Ntz;Lk;. m) tpOf;fhL M) mjpfhpg;G ,) FiwT <) ,it VJkpy;iy xU epWtdj;jpd; nray; eltbf;iffspy; fpilf;Fk; KbTfis nfhLg;gJ ------mwpf;ifahFk;. tUkhd xU Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;bd; ------ fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yhgj; jd;ikia ------ Fwpg;G Nghd;Nw ,jpYk; ehd;F gj;jpfs; cs;sd. xg;gPlL ; ,Ug;G epiyf; ------- Mz;bd; njhlf;f njhifAk;> ,Wjp njhifAk; cs;sd. Kjy; ,uz;L gj;jpfspd; %d;whtJ gj;jpapy; tpj;jpahr njhifAk; ------ tpOf;fhl;ilAk; vOj Ntz;Lk;. ehd;fhtJ gj;jpapy; xt;nthU nrhj;Jk; nkhj;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; tpOf;fhlhfTk; xt;nthU nghWg;Gk; nkhj;j nghWg;Gfspd; tpOf;fhlhfTk; fhl;Lfpd;w mwpf;ifNa -------- Fwpg;ghFk;. msT ,Ug;G epiyf; vspjhd Kiwapy; ------ gw;wpa cs;sgbNa cz;ikahd tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gNj epjp mwpf;ifapd; nghUs; tpsf;fkhFk;. epjpia gy;NtW tifahd mwpf;ifapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW ----Ma;T nra;tNj gFg;gha;T vdg;gLk;. mwpf;ifapy; jPHkhdpg;gJ ------ MFk;. epjp mwpf;if gFg;gha;thsH fzf;fpay; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ------ fzf;fhshpd; jpl;lq;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhz;ik epjp mwpf;iffisf; nfhz;L gFg;gha;thsH ------ nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kW Ma;T tpfpjq;fis xg;gPL nra;jy;> epjp Xl;lk;> nghJ msT> Nghf;F Ma;T Nghd;w gFg;gha;T fUtp cj;jpfspd; cjtpAld; ------ nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gFg;gha;T ------ kw;Wk; ntsp egh;fs; vspjpy; KbTfs; vLf;Fk; tifapy; mtHfSf;F vspjpy; GhpAk; tz;zKk; nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhz;ikapdH ----- fhyq;fspy; cs;s njhiffs; ,Ug;G epiyf; Fwpg;gpYk;> tUkhd mwpf;ifapYk; xg;gPl;L epjp epiyia mwpa KbfpwJ. ,uz;L KOikahd njhiffspy; fhzg;gl;l khw;wq;fs; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l -----khw;wq;fspy; tpOf;fhLfs; Nghd;witfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLk;. mjpfhpg;G my;yJ FiwT ----- tpsf;fkhdJ mwpf;if tbtj;jpy; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUs; epjp mwpf;iffspd; gFg;gha;T ----- tifg;gLk;.

40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59)

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www.Padasalai.Net Ie;J xNu ------ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ,Ug;G epiyf; Fwpg;GfspYs;s xNu ,dq;fs;> ,dq;fspd; njhFg;Gfs; fzf;fplg;gl;l ,dq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; Nghf;F gw;wpa Ma;Nt xg;gPlL ; ,Ug;G epiy Fwpg;G MFk;. epWtdj;jpd; xU vz;Zf;Fk; kw;nwhU vz;Zf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig vz;rhh; $WtNj ------vdg;gLk;. tpfpjk; xU vz;iz kw;nwhU vz;zpd; ------- $WtNj tpfpjkhFk;. klq;fhf xU vz;iz kw;nwhU vz;zhy; -------- nrhy;yyhk;. tFj;Jk; ------- MfpNahhpd; $w;Wg;gb tpfpjk; vd;gJ ,uz;L ek;gHfSf;fpilNa cs;s cwit vz;rhh; Kiwapy; $WtjhFk;. tpf;]d;> nfy;> ngl;Nghh;L tpfpjk; vd;gJ ,uz;L vz;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlHig --------- mbg;gilapy; $WtjhFk;. fzpj ------ gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; mjd; nghUis tpsf;fkhf $wTk; tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T xU fUtpahfTk; cj;jpahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. epjp mwpf;iffis -------- Fwpg;gpl;l KbTfis vLg;gjw;F ,J cjTfpwJ. tpfpjg; gFg;gha;tpd; ,ay;G tpfpjg; gFg;gha;tpd; ,ay;G ------ epiyfs; cs;sd. ehd;F ------ jFe;jhw;Nghy epjp mwpf;iffspypUe;J rpy tpfpjq;fis NjHe;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nehf;fj;jpw;F NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfspypUe;J nghUj;jkhd ------- fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. tpfpjq;fis ----- Nkw;nryTfs; kw;Wk; tpw;gid kw;Wk; toq;fy; Nkw;nryTfs; epjpj; jpl;lk; MFk;. epHthf ------- nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;jy;. tpfpjq;fSf;F tpfpjq;fspd; nghUs; tpsf;fk; xU -------- tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Kf;fpa fhuzpahf xNunahU ------- ve;j tpjg; nghUisAk; nfhLf;fhJ. tpfpjk; ------ tpfpfspd; njhlHig gbj;jhy; mjd; nghUis ekf;F tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. eil Kiw xU tpfpjk; kw;nwhU tpfpjq;fspd; cjtpAld; ------ mspf;fg;glyhk;. nghUs; tpsf;fk; ------ mNj epWtdj;jpd; fle;j fhy tpfpjq;fSld; xg;gPl;L ghh;g;gjhy; mjd; nray;ghLfis mwpe;J nfhs;s cjtp Ghpfpd;wJ. elg;G tpfpjq;fis vjpHfhy tpfpjq;fis fzf;fPL nra;a ------ epjp mwpf;iffspd; mbg;gil tpfpjq;fspy; fzf;fplyhk;. jpl;lkplg;gl;l xNu -------- <LgLk; epWtdq;fspd; xNu fhyj;J tpfpjq;fis xU epWtdj;jpd;

60)

61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79)

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www.Padasalai.Net tpfpjq;fSld; xg;gPl;L ghh;f;fyhk;. njhopypy; 80) ------ nra;a tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T kpfr; rpwe;j fUtpahf gad;gLfpwJ. epjpfis gFg;gha;T 81) ------ fzf;fpay; tpfpjq;fs; gad;gLfpwJ. Nkyhz;ikapdUf;F 82) epjp mwpf;ifapd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l nra;jpfs; ------- KbTfs; vLf;f tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T cjTfpd;wJ. %yk; Nkyhz;ikapdH 83) jpl;lkpLjy; vd;gJ ------ fUj;jpy; nfhz;L jahhpg;gjhFk;. vjpHfhyj;ij 84) fle;j fhy Mz;Lfspy; cs;s nra;jpfs; %yk; tpfpjg;------nra;jtjd; %yk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,e;j tpfpjq;fspypUe;J nghUs; tpsf;fk; juf;$ba KbTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. gFg;gha;T 85) tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T epjp Kd; Ma;Tf;Fk;> ------- cjtp Ghpfpd;wJ. jpl;lkpLjYf;Fk; 86) xU epWtdj;jpd; epjp gyKk; mjd; gytPdKk; .... njhpe;J nfhs;s gad;gLfpwJ. tpfpjq;fis 87) ------ tpfpjq;fs; cjtpGhptjhy; Nkyhz;ik jpwik kpf;fjhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. xUq;fpizg;Gf;F 88) xU epWtdj;jpd; jpwikiaAk; mjd; gytPdj;ij ------ %yk; njhptpf;f tpfpjq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. xUq;fpizg;G 89) xU epWtdj;ij ey;y Kiwapy; ------ tpfpjq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. fl;Lg;gLj;j 90) ------ cs;s tpfpjq;fNshL xg;gPlL ; g; ghh;j;J VNjDk; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhy; mjid rhpahd Neuj;jpy; rhp nra;a eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. ju msT 91) cw;gj;jp Nkw;nryTfs; ------ MFk;. mlf;ftpiy epjpj; jpl;lk; 92) xU njhopypd; epjp eltbf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fspd; KOf;fijia ------vspikahf $Wfpd;wJ. tpfpjg;gFg;gha;T 93) xU epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW gphpTfspd; ------ xg;gPlL ; ghh;f;f cjTfpd;wJ. nray;ghl;L jpwid 94) tpfpjg;gFg;gha;T ------- ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. ,ufrpaq;fis 95) ------ ve;j tpjkhd nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fhJ. xw;iw tpfpjk; 96) kw;w ------- xg;gPlL ; ghh;j;jhy; jhd; xU KbTf;F tuKbAk;. tpfpjq;fNshL 97) xNu Neuj;jpy; mjpfkhd tpfpjq;fis ------ nra;jhy; Fog;gk; jhd; Vw;gLk;. gFg;gha;T 98) epjpj; jpl;l fhyj;jpw;fhd cw;gj;jpNa Kd; $l;bNa jPHkhdpg;gNj ------ MFk;. cw;gj;jp epjp jpl;lk; 99) epWtdj;jpd; njhopyhsHfspd; vz;zpf;if ------ Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; xg;gPl;L ghh;f;f KbahJ. ,ae;jpu trjpfs; 100) epWtdq;fs; cz;ikapy; ,Ug;gij tpl epjp epiyik ey;y Kiwapy;

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www.Padasalai.Net ,Ug;gjhf ntsp egHfSf;F -------- fhl;Lfpd;wdH. epjp mwpf;iffs; ------ Nkw;nfhs;Stjhy; ntsp egHfs; ,jid Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdk;. tpfpjg;gFg;gha;T tpfpjg; gFg;gha;tpy; xU ------- tiuaiw ,y;iy. epiyahd ------ fle;j fhykhdJ elg;G my;yJ fle;j fhy jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLtjhyl mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NjHe;njLj;j vjpHfhy epfo;r;rpapid ------ KbahJ fzpf;f epjp mwpf;iffs; NghyNt fzf;fpay; gjpTfspy; fle;j fhy jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLtjhy; mjpy; ------ cs;sd. FiwghLfs; ------ tpfpjq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fzf;fpay; FiwghLfs; -------- eilKiw khw;wj;jpdhy; tpfpjq;fs; jtwhd fUj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. epWk fzf;fpaypy; ruf;F ,Ug;G Kiwia ------- Kiwf;F khw;wpdhy; ruf;f xl;l tpfpjKk; kw;w tpfpjq;fSk; khwf;$Lk;. LIFO xNu tpfpjj;jpw;F gy egHfis ------ tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd. nghUs; jdpegH jq;fSf;F Vw;wg;gb ------ khw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. tpfpjq;fis tpfpjq;fs; ------ ,J nray;gLtjpy;iy tpfpjq;fs; mbg;gilapy; ve;j xU KbTk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ. khw;WKiwahf ------- Vw;wthW xNu njhopy; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs; jq;fsJ eilKiwf;F jFe;jthW fzf;fpay; khw;wk; nfhz;L tUtjhy; gpw epWtdq;fSld; tpfpjq;fis xg;gPl;L ghh;f;f ,ayhJ. njhopy; jd;ikf;F ehl;bd; ------- jFe;jhw; Nghd;W tpfpjq;fs; fzf;fplg;gLtjpy;iy. tpiy khw;wj;jpw;F tpiyapy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wq;fs; ------ gadw;wjhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. nghUs; tpsf;fk; tpfpjg; gFg;gha;T ------ kl;LNk vLf;fpd;wd. msT rhh;e;jitfs; KO msT njhiffs; ------- vLg;gjpy;iy. juk; tpfpjq;fs; ------ xU rf;jp tha;e;j fUtpahFk;. epjp mwpf;iff;F tpfpjj;jpw;F Njitahd ------ vz;fSk; ,Ug;G epiy Fwpg;gpy; cs;sd. ,uz;L ,uz;L vz;fSk; -------- vLf;fg;gl;L tpfpjq;fs; fzf;fpl;lhy; mJ ,yhg el;l fzf;F tpfpjkhFk;. ,yhg el;l fzf;fpy; epjpj;jpl;l fhyj;jpy; vjpHghh;f;fg;gLk; tpw;gidfspd; kjpg;gN P l --------- vdg;gLk;. tpw;gid epjpj; jpl;lk;

101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108)

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