MP2 DD

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Assignment - Chapter 2
Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, January 21, 2010
Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy [Return to Standard Assignment View]
Given Positions, Find Velocity and Acceleration

Learning Goal: To understand how to graph position, velocity, and acceleration of an object starting with a table of positions vs. time. The table shows the x coordinate of a moving object. The position is tabulated at 1-s intervals. The x coordinate is indicated below each time. You should make the simplification that the acceleration of the object is bounded and contains no spikes. time (s) x (m) 0 0 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 5 24 6 32 7 40 8 46 9 48
Part A Which graph best represents the function , describing the object's position vs. time?
Hint A.1
Meaning of a bounded and nonspiky acceleration Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
1 2 3 4 Correct
Part B Which of the following graphs best represents the function , describing the object's velocity as a function of time?
Hint B.1
Find the velocity toward the end of the motion Hint not displayed
Hint B.2
What are the implications of zero velocity? Hint not displayed
Hint B.3
Specify the characteristics of the velocity function Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
1 2 3 4 Correct
In principle, you could also just compute and plot the average velocity. The expression for the average velocity is .
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The notation
emphasizes that this is not an instantaneous velocity, but rather an average over an interval. After you compute this, you must put a single point on the graph of velocity vs. time.
The most accurate place to plot the average velocity is at the middle of the time interval over which the average was computed. Also, you could work back and find the position from the velocity graph. The position of an object is the integral of its velocity. That is, the area under the graph of velocity vs. time from must equal the position of the object at time . Check that the correct velocity vs. time graph gives you the correct position according to this method. up to time
Part C Which of the following graphs best represents the function , describing the acceleration of this object?
Hint C.1
Find the acceleration toward the end of the motion Hint not displayed
Hint C.2
Calculate the acceleration in the region of constant velocity Hint not displayed
Hint C.3
Find the initial acceleration Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
1 2 3 4 Correct
In one dimension, a linear increase or decrease in the velocity of an object over a given time interval implies constant acceleration over that particular time interval. You can find the magnitude of the acceleration using the formula for average acceleration over a time interval: .
When the acceleration is constant over an extended interval, you can choose any value of
and
within the interval to compute the average.
One-Dimensional Kinematics with Constant Acceleration

Learning Goal: To understand the meaning of the variables that appear in the equations for one-dimensional kinematics with constant acceleration. Motion with a constant, nonzero acceleration is not uncommon in the world around us. Falling (or thrown) objects and cars starting and stopping approximate this type of motion. It is also the type of motion most frequently involved in introductory kinematics problems. The kinematic equations for such motion can be written as , , where the symbols are defined as follows: is the position of the particle; is the initial position of the particle; is the velocity of the particle; is the initial velocity of the particle; is the acceleration of the particle. In anwering the following questions, assume that the acceleration is constant and nonzero: Part A The quantity represented by ANSWER: is a function of time (i.e., is not constant). .
true false Correct
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Part B The quantity represented by ANSWER: is a function of time (i.e., is not constant).
true false Correct
Recall that Part C
represents an initial value, not a variable. It refers to the position of an object at some initial moment.
The quantity represented by ANSWER:
is a function of time (i.e., is not constant).
true false Correct
Part D The quantity represented by ANSWER: is a function of time (i.e., is not constant).
true false Correct
The velocity
always varies with time when the linear acceleration is nonzero.
Part E Which of the given equations is not an explicit function of and is therefore useful when you don't know or don't need the time?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F A particle moves with constant acceleration . The expression ANSWER: represents the particle's velocity at what instant in time?
at time at the "initial" time when a time has passed since the particle's velocity was Correct
More generally, the equations of motion can be written as
and . Here and is the time that has elapsed since the beginning of the particle's motion, that is, are, respectively, the position and velocity at , where is the current time and is the time at which we start measuring the particle's motion. The terms , which is a convenient choice if there is
. As you can now see, the equations given at the beginning of this problem correspond to the case
only one particle of interest. To illustrate the use of these more general equations, consider the motion of two particles, A and B. The position of particle A depends on time as moving at time with velocity , from . At time . That is, particle A starts .
, particle B has twice the acceleration, half the velocity, and the same position that particle A had at time
Part G What is the equation describing the position of particle B? Hint G.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
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ANSWER:
Correct
Part H At what time does the velocity of particle B equal that of particle A? Hint H.1 Velocity of particle A Hint not displayed Hint H.2 Velocity of particle B Hint not displayed ANSWER:
The two particles never have the same velocity. Correct
PSS 2.1 Kinematics with Constant Acceleration

Learning Goal: To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 2.1 for constant acceleration problems. A car is traveling at a constant velocity of magnitude time brakes are applied?
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY 2.1 MODEL:
when the driver notices a garbage can on the road in front of him. At that moment, the distance between the garbage can and the front of the car is
.A
after noticing the garbage can, the driver applies the brakes and slows down at a constant rate before coming to a halt just before the garbage can. What is the magnitude of the car's acceleration after the
Kinematics with constant acceleration
Use the particle model. Make simplifying assumptions. Use different representations of the information in the problem.
VISUALIZE:
Draw a pictorial representation. This helps you assess the information you are given and starts the process of translating the problem into symbols. Use a graphical representation if it is appropriate for the problem. Go back and forth between these two representations as needed.
SOLVE:
The mathematical representation is based on the three kinematic equations , , and .
Use or , as appropriate to the problem, rather than the generic . Replace and with numerical subscripts defined in the pictorial representation. Uniform motion with constant velocity has
ASSESS:
Is your result believable? Does it have proper units? Does it make sense?
Model Start by making simplifying assumptions appropriate for the situation. In this problem, the object of interest, the car, should be modeled as a particle. Visualize
Part A Below is a sketch of the situation described in this problem, along with four different motion diagrams. Which of these diagrams is the correct pictorial representation of the problem?
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ANSWER:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Correct
Part B As an alternative to the pictorial representation shown above, you could consider using a graphical representation instead. Below are four velocity-versus-time graphs. Which graph correctly represents the situation described in this problem?
ANSWER:
A B C D Correct
Now that you have assessed the information given in the problem, you need to translate it into symbols. You know that when the driver hits the brakes at time
after seeing the obstacle, the magnitude of
the car's acceleration changes from zero to a constant (unknown) value. Therefore, you will need to consider the two time intervals (before and after the brakes are pressed) separately, since they have different accelerations. Align the x axis with the direction of motion, and let be the moment when the driver sees the garbage can, be the car's position at that moment, and be the car's velocity at that moment. Let , , and be the time, position, and velocity, respectively, when the driver hits the brakes, and let , , and be the time, position, and velocity, respectively, when the car finally comes to rest. Note that it is most convenient to take the origin of the coordinate axis to be at . At this point, your pictorial representation should look like this:
Now, decide which quantities are known and which need to be found. Solve
Part C Find the magnitude Hint C.1 of the acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied. How to approach the problem
The relevant kinematic equations needed to solve this problem are given in the strategy above. You might find, though, that you will not need them all. In fact, even though you know the delay occurring from when the driver sees the garbage can and when the brakes are applied, you don't know how long it takes the car to come to a rest. Thus, the first equation might not be very useful. What you do know, instead, is the total distance the car travels before stopping. You also know that a portion of that distance is covered at a constant velocity , so using the appropriate equation, you could calculate what distance the car still has to travel before stopping. That information, when used with the appropriate equation, will allow you to find the magnitude of the car's acceleration after the brakes are applied. Hint C.2 Find the distance traveled in the first time interval before the brakes are applied. Find the distance covered by the car in the time interval before the
After the driver first notices the obstacle, the car moves uniformly for a time interval brakes are applied and after the driver sees the obstacle. Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , , , and .
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ANSWER:
= Answer not displayed
Hint C.3
Find the distance traveled in the second time interval Hint not displayed
Hint C.4
Find which equation to use Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , , and ANSWER: = Correct
Assess
Part D In Part C, you found that the magnitude of the car's acceleration after the brakes are applied is .
Based on this expression, what happens to
if increases and all the other variables remain constant?
ANSWER:
decreases because it is inversely proportional to a linear function of that increases as increases because it is inversely proportional to a linear function of that increases as increases because it is a linear function of . decreases because it is inversely proportional to a linear function of that decreases as increases because it is inversely proportional to a linear function of that decreases as Correct
increases. increases. increases. increases.
Your answer does make physical sense! If the driver takes longer to react (i.e., if increases), the acceleration required to stop the car just before the garbage can must be larger in magnitude because now the distance traveled after the brakes are applied is smaller.
What Velocity vs. Time Graphs Can Tell You

A common graphical representation of motion along a straight line is the v vs. t graph, that is, the graph of (instantaneous) velocity as a function of time. In this graph, time is plotted on the horizontal axis and velocity on the vertical axis. Note that by definition, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities. In straight-line motion, however, these vectors have only a single nonzero component in the direction of motion. Thus, in this problem, we will call the velocity and the acceleration, even though they are really the components of the velocity and acceleration vectors in the direction of motion, respectively. Here is a plot of velocity versus time for a particle that travels along a straight line with a varying velocity. Refer to this plot to answer the following questions.
Part A What is the initial velocity of the particle, Hint A.1 Initial velocity Hint not displayed Hint A.2 How to read a v vs. t graph Hint not displayed Express your answer in meters per second. ANSWER: = 0.5 Correct ?
Part B What is the total distance Hint B.1 traveled by the particle?
How to approach the problem
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Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the distance traveled in the first 20.0 seconds Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Find the distance traveled in the second 20.0 seconds Hint not displayed Hint B.4 Find the distance traveled in the last 10.0 seconds Hint not displayed Express your answer in meters. ANSWER: = 75 Correct
Part C What is the average acceleration Hint C.1 of the particle over the first 20.0 seconds?
Definition and graphical interpretation of average acceleration Hint not displayed
Hint C.2
Slope of a line Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters per second per second. ANSWER: = 0.075 Correct
The average acceleration of a particle between two instants of time is the slope of the line connecting the two corresponding points in a v vs. t graph. Part D What is the instantaneous acceleration Hint D.1 of the particle at ?
Graphical interpretation of instantaneous acceleration Hint not displayed
Hint D.2
ANSWER:
1 0.20 -0.20 = 0.022 -0.022 Correct
The instantaneous acceleration of a particle at any point on a v vs. t graph is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point. Since in the last 10 seconds of motion, between motion where velocity increases linearly with time. In the case at hand, can you think of another time interval in which the acceleration of the particle is constant?
and
, the curve is a straight line, the tangent line is the curve itself. Physically, this means that the instantaneous acceleration of the particle is constant over that time interval. This is true for any
Now that you have reviewed how to plot variables as a function of time, you can use the same technique and draw an acceleration vs. time graph, that is, the graph of (instantaneous) acceleration as a function of time. As usual in these types of graphs, time is plotted on the horizontal axis, while the vertical axis is used to indicate acceleration . Part E Which of the graphs shown below is the correct acceleration vs. time plot for the motion described in the previous parts? Hint E.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint E.2 Find the acceleration in the first 20 Hint not displayed Hint E.3 Find the acceleration in the second 20 Hint not displayed Hint E.4 Find the acceleration in the last 10 Hint not displayed
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ANSWER:
Graph A Graph B Graph C Graph D Correct
In conclusion, graphs of velocity as a function of time are a useful representation of straight-line motion. If read correctly, they can provide you with all the information you need to study the motion.
What x vs. t Graphs Can Tell You

To describe the motion of a particle along a straight line, it is often convenient to draw a graph representing the position of the particle at different times. This type of graph is usually referred to as an x vs. t graph. To draw such a graph, choose an axis system in which time is plotted on the horizontal axis and position on the vertical axis. Then, indicate the values of at various times . Mathematically, this corresponds to plotting the variable as a function of . An example of a graph of position as a function of time for a particle traveling along a straight line is shown below. Note that an x vs. t graph like this does not represent the path of the particle in space. Now let's study the graph shown in the figure in more detail. Refer to this graph to answer Parts A, B, and C.
Part A What is the total distance Hint A.1 traveled by the particle?
Total distance Hint not displayed
Hint A.2
How to read an x vs. t graph Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters. ANSWER: = 30 Correct
Part B What is the average velocity Hint B.1 of the particle over the time interval ?
Definition and graphical interpretation of average velocity Hint not displayed
Hint B.2
Express your answer in meters per second.
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ANSWER:
= 0.600 Correct
The average velocity of a particle between two positions is equal to the slope of the line connecting the two corresponding points in an x vs. t graph. Part C What is the instantaneous velocity Hint C.1 of the particle at ?
Graphical interpretation of instantaneous velocity Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters per second. ANSWER: = 0.600 Correct
The instantaneous velocity of a particle at any point on its x vs. t graph is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point. Since in the case at hand the curve is a straight line, the tangent line is the curve itself. Physically, this means that the instantaneous velocity of the particle is constant over the entire time interval of motion. This is true for any motion where distance increases linearly with time. Another common graphical representation of motion along a straight line is the v vs. t graph, that is, the graph of (instantaneous) velocity as a function of time. In this graph, time is plotted on the horizontal
axis and velocity on the vertical axis. Note that by definition, velocity and acceleration are vector quantities. In straight-line motion, however, these vectors have only one nonzero component in the direction of motion. Thus, in this problem, we will call the velocity and the acceleration, even though they are really the components of the velocity and acceleration vectors in the direction of motion. Part D Which of the graphs shown is the correct v vs. t plot for the motion described in the previous parts? Hint D.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Graph A Graph B Graph C Graph D Correct
Whenever a particle moves with constant nonzero velocity, its x vs. t graph is a straight line with a nonzero slope, and its v vs. t curve is a horizontal line. Part E Shown in the figure is the v vs. t curve selected in the previous part. What is the area of the shaded region under the curve?
Hint E.1
How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters.
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ANSWER:
= 30 Correct
Compare this result with what you found in Part A. As you can see, the area of the region under the v vs. t curve equals the total distance traveled by the particle. This is true for any velocity curve and any time interval: The area of the region that extends over a time interval under the v vs. t curve is always equal to the distance traveled in .
Kinematic Vocabulary
One of the difficulties in studying mechanics is that many common words are used with highly specific technical meanings, among them velocity, acceleratio n, position, speed, and displacement. The series of questions in this problem is designed to get you to try to think of these quantities like a physicist. Answer the questions in this problem using words from the following list: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. position direction displacement coordinates velocity acceleration distance magnitude vector scalar components
Part A Velocity differs from speed in that velocity indicates a particle's __________ of motion. Enter the letter from the list given in the problem introduction that best completes the sentence. ANSWER: B Correct
Part B Unlike speed, velocity is a __________ quantity. Enter the letter from the list given in the problem introduction that best completes the sentence. ANSWER: I Correct
Part C A vector has, by definition, both __________ and direction. Enter the letter from the list given in the problem introduction that best completes the sentence. ANSWER: H Correct
Part D Once you have selected a coordinate system, you can express a two-dimensional vector using a pair of quantities known collectively as __________. Enter the letter from the list given in the problem introduction that best completes the sentence. ANSWER: D Correct
Part E Speed differs from velocity in the same way that __________ differs from displacement. Hint E.1 Definition of displacement Hint not displayed Enter the letter from the list given in the problem introduction that best completes the sentence. ANSWER: G Correct
Part F Consider a physical situation in which a particle moves from point A to point B. This process is described from two coordinate systems that are identical except that they have different origins. The __________ of the particle at point A differ(s) as expressed in one coordinate system compared to the other, but the __________ from A to B is/are the same as expressed in both coordinate systems. Type the letters from the list given in the problem introduction that best complete the sentence. Separate the letters with commas. There is more than one correct answer, but you should only enter one pair of comma-separated letters. For example, if the words "vector" and "scalar" fit best in the blanks, enter I,J. ANSWER: A,C Correct
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The coordinates of a point will depend on the coordinate system that is chosen, but there are several other quantities that are independent of the choice of origin for a coordinate system: in particular, distance, displacement, direction, and velocity. In working physics problems, unless you are interested in the position of an object or event relative to a specific origin, you can usually choose the coordinate system origin to be wherever is most convenient or intuitive. Note that the vector indicating a displacement from A to B is usually represented as .
Part G Identify the following physical quantities as scalars or vectors. ANSWER:
View Correct
Analyzing Position versus Time Graphs: Conceptual Question

Two cars travel on the parallel lanes of a two-lane road. The cars motions are represented by the position versus time graph shown in the figure. Answer the questions using the times from the graph indicated by letters.
Part A At which of the times do the two cars pass each other? Hint A.1 Two cars passing Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Part B Are the two cars traveling in the same direction when they pass each other? ANSWER: yes no Correct
Part C At which of the lettered times, if any, does car #1 momentarily stop? Hint C.1 Determining velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Part D At which of the lettered times, if any, does car #2 momentarily stop? Hint D.1 Determining velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Part E
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At which of the lettered times are the cars moving with nearly identical velocity? Hint E.1 Determining Velocity from a Position versus Time Graph Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Average Velocity from a Position vs. Time Graph

Learning Goal: To learn to read a graph of position versus time and to calculate average velocity. In this problem you will determine the average velocity of a moving object from the graph of its position as a function of time . A traveling
object might move at different speeds and in different directions during an interval of time, but if we ask at what constant velocity the object would have to travel to achieve the same displacement over the given time interval, that is what we call the object's average velocity. We will use the notation to indicate average velocity over the time interval from to . For instance, is the average velocity over the time interval from to .
Part A Consulting the graph shown in the figure, find the object's average velocity over the time interval from 0 to 1 second. Hint A.1 Definition of average velocity Hint not displayed Answer to the nearest integer. ANSWER: =0
Correct
Part B Find the average velocity over the time interval from 1 to 3 seconds. Hint B.1 Find the change in position Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Definition of average velocity Hint not displayed Express your answer in meters per second to the nearest integer. ANSWER: = 20 Correct
A note about instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity at a certain moment in time is represented by the slope of the graph at that moment. For straight-line graphs, the (instantaneous) velocity remains constant over the interval, so the instantaneous velocity at any time during an interval is the same as the average velocity over that interval. For instance, in this case, the instantaneous velocity at any time from 1 to 3 seconds is the same as the average velocity of .
Part C Now find Hint C.1 . A note on the displacement Hint not displayed Give your answer to three significant figures. ANSWER: = 13.3 Correct
Note that
is not equal to the simple arithmetic average of
and
, i.e.,
, because they are averages for time intervals of different lengths.
Part D Find the average velocity over the time interval from 3 to 6 seconds. Hint D.1 Determine the displacement Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Determine the time interval Hint not displayed
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Express your answer to three significant figures. ANSWER: = -13.3 Correct
Part E Finally, find the average velocity over the whole time interval shown in the graph. Hint E.1 Determine the displacement Hint not displayed Express your answer to three significant figures. ANSWER: =0
Correct
Note that though the average velocity is zero for this time interval, the instantaneous velocity (i.e., the slope of the graph) has several different values (positive, negative, zero) during this time interval. Note as well that since average velocity over a time interval is defined as the change in position (displacement) in the given interval divided by the time, the object can travel a great distance (here 80 meters) and still have zero average velocity, since it ended up exactly where it started. Therefore, zero average velocity does not necessarily mean that the object was standing still the entire time!
Displacement versus Time Graphs Conceptual Question

The motions described in each of the questions take place at an intersection on a two-lane road with a stop sign in each direction. For each motion, select the correct position versus time graph. For all of the motions, the stop sign is at the position , and east is the positive x direction.
Part A A driver ignores the stop sign and continues driving east at constant speed. Hint A.1 Determining velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Driving east Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Constant speed Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Part B A driver ignores the stop sign and continues driving west at constant speed. Hint B.1 Determining velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Driving west Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Constant speed Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Part C A driver, traveling west, slows and stops at the stop sign. Hint C.1 Determining velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Driving west
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Hint not displayed Hint C.3 Acceleration Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Part D A driver, after stopping at the stop sign, accelerates to the east. Hint D.1 Determining velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Driving east Hint not displayed Hint D.3 Acceleration Hint not displayed ANSWER: Correct
Stopping on Snow
Light, dry snow is called powder. Skiing on a powder day is different than skiing on a day when the snow is wet and heavy. When you slow down on dry snow the maximum (negative) acceleration caused by the snow acting on your skis is about two-fifths as much as that of stopping on wet snow. Part A For a given initial velocity, how does the time Hint A.1 it takes to stop on dry snow differ from the time it takes to stop on wet snow?
Hint A.2
Find which equation to use Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Relating the stopping time on dry snow to the time on wet snow Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Correct
This solution illustrates that time is inversely proportional to acceleration. This should make sense; the greater the acceleration, the less time is required to come to a stop from any given initial speed. Part B For a given initial velocity, how does the stopping distance Hint B.1 Find which equation to use Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Relating the stopping distance on dry snow to the distance on wet snow Hint not displayed ANSWER: on dry snow differ from the stopping distance on wet snow?
Correct
This solution illustrates that stopping distance is inversely proportional to acceleration. This should make sense; the greater the acceleration, the less time and distance is required to come to a stop from any given initial speed.
The Graph of a Sports Car's Velocity

The graph in the figure shows the velocity of a sports car as a function of time . Use the graph to answer the following questions.
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Part A Find the maximum velocity Hint A.1 of the car during the ten-second interval depicted in the graph.
Express your answer in meters per second to the nearest integer. ANSWER: = 55 Correct
Part B During which time interval is the acceleration positive? Hint B.1 Finding acceleration from the graph Hint not displayed Indicate the best answer. ANSWER: to to to to to Correct
Part C Find the maximum acceleration Hint C.1 of the car.
Hint C.2
Find the final velocity on the interval with greatest acceleration Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters per second per second to the nearest integer. ANSWER: = 30 Correct
Part D Find the minimum magnitude of the acceleration Hint D.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Express your answer in meters per second per second to the nearest integer. ANSWER: =0 of the car.
Correct
Part E Find the distance Hint E.1 traveled by the car between How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint E.2 Find the distance traveled in the first second Hint not displayed Hint E.3 Find the distance traveled in the second second Hint not displayed Express your answer in meters to the nearest integer. ANSWER: = 55 Correct and .
Tossing Balls off a Cliff

Learning Goal: To clarify the distinction between speed and velocity, and to review qualitatively one-dimensional kinematics.
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A woman stands at the edge of a cliff, holding one ball in each hand. At time
, she throws one ball straight up with speed
and the other straight down, also with speed
For the following questions neglect air resistance. Pay particular attention to whether the answer involves "absolute" quantities that have only magnitude (e.g., speed) or quantities that can have either sign (e.g., velocity). Take upward to be the positive direction. Part A If the ball that is thrown downward has an acceleration of magnitude and , the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity? ANSWER: at the instant of its release (i.e., when there is no longer any force on the ball due to the woman's hand), what is the relationship between
Correct
Part B Which ball has the greater acceleration at the instant of release? ANSWER: the ball thrown upward the ball thrown downward Neither; the accelerations of both balls are the same. Correct
Part C Which ball has the greater speed at the instant of release? Hint C.1 Consider the initial speeds Hint not displayed ANSWER:
the ball thrown upward the ball thrown downward Neither; the speeds are the same. Correct
Part D Which ball has the greater average speed during the 1-s interval after release (assuming neither hits the ground during that time)? Hint D.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed ANSWER:
the ball thrown upward the ball thrown downward Neither; the average speeds of both balls are the same. Correct
Part E Which ball hits the ground with greater speed? ANSWER: the ball thrown upward the ball thrown downward Neither; the balls hit the ground with the same speed. Correct
Velocity from Graphs of Position versus Time

An object moves along the x axis during four separate trials. Graphs of position versus time for each trial are shown in the figure.
Part A
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During which trial or trials is the object's velocity not constant? Hint A.1 Finding velocity from a position versus time graph Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Equation for slope Hint not displayed Check all that apply. ANSWER: Trial A Trial B Trial C Trial D Correct
The graph of the motion during Trial B has a changing slope and therefore is not constant. The other trials all have graphs with constant slope and thus correspond to motion with constant velocity. Part B During which trial or trials does the object have the greatest average velocity? Hint B.1 Definition of average velocity Hint not displayed Check all that apply. ANSWER: Trial A Trial B Trial C Trial D Correct
You recognized that although the magnitudes of the average velocity in Trial B and Trial D are equal, their directions are opposite. This makes the average velocity in Trial D less than the average velocity in Trial B. The object does not move during Trial C, so it has an average velocity of zero. During Trial A the object has a positive average velocity but its magnitude is less than that in Trial B.
Catching the Dot

This applet shows a dot moving with constant acceleration. Part A Change the values of the initial position, initial velocity, and the acceleration of the car so that its center follows the same path as the dot. What is the equation Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Find Hint not displayed Hint A.5 The appropriate equation Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of . Enter all of the numbers in the equation without their units, as it is understood that you are using meters, meters per second, and meters per second squared for distances, speeds, and accelerations, respectively. ANSWER: = Correct that describes the motion of the dot?
Part B The simulation runs until , even though the dot is far off of the screen by then. What is the position of the dot at time ?
Express your answer in meters to at least two significant figures. ANSWER: = 172 Correct
Conceptual Problem 2.6
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Part A An object is dropped from rest into a pit, and accelerates due to gravity at roughly 10 m/s2. It hits the ground in 5 seconds. A rock is then dropped from rest into a second pit, and hits the ground in 10 seconds. How much deeper is the second pit, compared to the first pit? ANSWER: three times deeper five times deeper two times deeper four times deeper Correct

Part A A skier begins skiing straight down a hill having a constant slope, starting from rest. If friction is negligible, as the skier goes down the hill, his/her ANSWER: acceleration is zero. acceleration increases with time. acceleration is constant, with a value of roughly 10 m/s/s. acceleration is constant, with a value less than 10 m/s/s. Correct

Part A A person in a car is driving down a straight road. The instaneous acceleration is decreasing with time, but is directed in the direction of the car's motion. The speed of the car is ANSWER: increasing with time. decreasing with time. constant. Correct

Part A The plot below shows the position of an object as a function of time. The letters H-L represent particular moments of time. At which moment of time is the speed of the object the highest?
ANSWER: J
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L H K I Correct

Part A The plot below shows the position of an object as a function of time. The letters H-L represent particular moments of time. At which moment in time is the speed of the object equal to zero?
ANSWER: L K J H I Correct

Part A Two identical stones are dropped from a tall building, one after the other. Assume air resistance is negligible. While both stones are falling, what will happen to the vertical distance between them? ANSWER: It will increase. It will first increase and then remain constant. It will decrease. It will remain the same. Correct

Part A Two identical objects A and B fall from rest from different heights to the ground. If object B takes twice as long as A to reach the ground, what is the ratio of the heights from which A and B fell? Neglect air resistance. ANSWER: 1:2 1:8
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1:4 1:
Correct

Part A A ball is thrown vertically upward and then comes back down. During the ball's flight up and down, its velocity and acceleration vectors are . . . ANSWER: always in opposite directions. first in opposite directions and then in the same direction. always in the same direction. first in the same direction and then in opposite directions. Correct

Part A A trolley starts from rest and runs down a sloping track section onto a second level section as shown. Friction is negligible.
Which velocity-time graph below best represents the trolley's motion on both sections? Justify your answer.
ANSWER:
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Correct

Part A The motions of a car and a truck along a straight road are represented by the velocity-time graphs below. The two vehicles are initially alongside each other at time t = 0.
At time T, what is true of the distances travelled by the vehicles since time t = 0? ANSWER: The car will have travelled further than the truck. They will have travelled the same distance. The truck will not have moved. The truck will have travelled further than the car. Correct
A Flea in Flight
In this problem, you will apply kinematic equations to a jumping flea. Take the magnitude of free-fall acceleration to be 9.80 Part A A flea jumps straight up to a maximum height of 0.410 Hint A.1 . What is its initial velocity as it leaves the ground? . Ignore air resistance.
Finding the knowns and unknowns Hint not displayed
Hint A.2
Determine which kinematic equation to use Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Some algebra help Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters per second to three significant figures. ANSWER: = 2.83 Correct
Part B How long is the flea in the air from the time it jumps to the time it hits the ground? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the time from the ground to the flea's maximum height Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Find the time from the flea's maximum height to the ground Hint not displayed Express your answer in seconds to three significant figures. ANSWER: time in air = 0.579 Correct
Notice that the time for the flea to rise to its maximum height is equal to the time it takes for it to fall from that height back to the ground. This is a general feature of projectile motion (any motion with ) when air resistance is neglected and the landing point is at the same height as the launch point. There is also a way to find the total time in the air in one step: just use
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and realize that you are looking for the value of for which
Overcoming a Head Start

Cars A and B are racing each other along the same straight road in the following manner: Car A has a head start and is a distance travels at a constant speed Part A How long after Car B started the race will Car B catch up with Car A? Hint A.1 Consider the kinematics relation Hint not displayed Hint A.2 What is the relation between the positions of the two cars? Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Consider Car B's position as a function of time Hint not displayed Express the time in terms of given quantities. ANSWER: = Correct beyond the starting line at , which is greater than . The starting line is at . . Car A . Car B starts at the starting line but has a better engine than Car A, and thus Car B travels at a constant speed
Part B How far from Car B's starting line will the cars be when Car B passes Car A? Hint B.1 Which expression should you use? Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of known quantities. (You may use ANSWER: = Correct as well.)
Problem 2.5
A bicyclist has the position-versus-time graph shown .
Part A What is the bicyclist's velocity at = 10 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 2.5 Correct
Part B What is the bicyclist's velocity at = 25 ?
ANSWER:
=0
Correct
Part C What is the bicyclist's velocity at = 35 ? Express your answer using two significant figures.
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ANSWER:
= -10 Correct
Please note that in Problem 2.10, that there are two errors that are commonly made by people solving it: (1) calculating the total area under the graph (instead of the area for the time asked for), and (2) neglecting to include the initial position when finding the final position. (note: making BOTH of these errors will "cancel out" in this particular problem, which is not good in terms of getting accurate feedback about whether you solved the problem correctly.)
Problem 2.10
The figure shows the velocity graph of a particle moving along the x-axis. Its initial position is position, (b) velocity, and (c) acceleration? at . At , what are the particle's (a)
Part A
ANSWER:
6.00 m Correct
Part B
ANSWER:
4.00 Correct
Part C
ANSWER:
2.00 Correct
Problem 2.14
A Porsche challenges a Honda to a 400-m race. Because the Porsche's acceleration of instant. Part A Who wins? ANSWER: Porsche Honda Correct is larger than the Honda's , the Honda gets a 50-m head start. Both cars start accelerating at the same
Problem 2.28
The figure shows the acceleration graph for a particle that starts from rest at = 0 .
Part A Determine the object's velocity at times 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 .
Express your answer using two significant figures. Enter your answers numerically separated by commas.
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ANSWER:
= 0,5.0,20,30,30 Correct
Problem 2.29
A block is suspended from a spring, pulled down, and released. The block's position-versus-time graph is shown in the figure .
Part A At what times is the velocity zero from 0 to 4 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures. Enter your answers in ascending order separated by commas. ANSWER: = 0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0 Correct
Part B At what times is the velocity most positive from 0 to 4 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures. Enter your answers in ascending order separated by commas. ANSWER: = 0.50,2.5 Correct
Part C At what times is the velocity most negative from 0 to 4 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures. Enter your answers in ascending order separated by commas. ANSWER: = 1.5,3.5 Correct
Problem 2.52
A hotel elevator ascends Part A How far does the elevator move while accelerating to full speed from rest? ANSWER: 12.5 m Correct with maximum speed of . Its acceleration and deceleration both have a magnitude of .
Part B How long does it take to make the complete trip from bottom to top? ANSWER: 45.0 s Correct
Conceptual Question 2.12

A ball is thrown straight up into the air. At each of the following instants, is the magnitude of the ball's acceleration greater than Part A Just after leaving your hand. ANSWER: equal to 0 greater than less than Correct , equal to , less than , or 0?
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Part B At the very top (maximum height). ANSWER: greater than less than 0 equal to Correct
Part C Just before hitting the ground. ANSWER: 0 greater than less than equal to Correct
Part D Explain. ANSWER: My Answer:
Problem 2.9
The figure shows the velocity graph of a train that starts from the origin at .
Part A Find the acceleration of the train at = 3.0 . Express your answer using one significant figure. ANSWER: = 0.5 Correct
Part B Draw position graph for the train. ANSWER:
View Correct
Problem 2.24
The figure shows the motion diagram, made at two frames of film per second, of a ball rolling along a track. The track has a section. -long sticky
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Part A Make a position-versus-time graph for the ball. ANSWER:
View Correct
Part B What is the change in the ball's position from Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 4.0 Correct to
Part C What is the change in the ball's position from Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 4.0 Correct to
Part D What is the ball's velocity before reaching the sticky section? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 4.0 Correct
Part E What is the ball's velocity after passing the sticky section? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 2.0 Correct
Part F Determine the ball's acceleration on the sticky section of the track. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = -2.0 Correct
Problem 2.30
the figure shows the acceleration graph for a particle that starts from rest at .
Part A Draw the particle's velocity graph over the interval . Include an appropriate numerical scale on both axes.
ANSWER:
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View Correct
Part B Describe, in words, how the velocity graph would differ if the particle had an initial velocity of 2.0 .
ANSWER:
My Answer:
Reading Quiz 2.1

Part A The slope at a point on a position-versus-time graph of an object is ANSWER: the objects speed at that point. the objects average velocity at that point. the objects instantaneous velocity at that point. the objects acceleration at that point. the distance traveled by the object to that point. Correct
Reading Quiz 2.2

Part A The area under a velocity-versus-time graph of an object is ANSWER: the objects speed at that point. the objects acceleration at that point. the distance traveled by the object. the displacement of the object. not discussed in Chapter 2. Correct
Reading Quiz 2.3

Part A At the turning point of an object, ANSWER: only the instantaneous velocity is zero. only the acceleration is zero. both the instantaneous velocity and the acceleration are zero. neither the instantaneous velocity nor the acceleration is zero. Correct
Reading Quiz 2.4

Part A A 1-lb block and a 100-lb block are placed side by side at the top of a frictionless hill. Each is given a very light tap to begin their race to the bottom of the hill. In the absence of air resistance, what can you conclude about the outcome of the race? ANSWER: The 1-lb block wins the race. The 100-lb block wins the race. The two blocks end in a tie. Theres not enough information to determine which block wins the race. Correct
Problem 2.4
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Julie drives 100 mi to Grandmother's house. On the way to Grandmother's, Julie drives half the distance at 40.0 and half the time at 78.0 Part A What is Julie's average speed on the way to Grandmother's house? ANSWER: 52.9 mph Correct .
and half the distance at 78.0
. On her return trip, she drives half the time at 40.0
Part B What is her average speed on the return trip? ANSWER: 59.0 mph Correct
Problem 2.20
A car traveling at 20.0 Part A How far up the hill will it coast before starting to roll back down? ANSWER: 62.7 m Correct runs out of gas while traveling up a 19.0 slope.
Problem 2.21
A particle moving along the x-axis has its position described by the function acceleration? Part A 4.00 5.00 2.00 , where is in s. At = 3.00, what are the particle's (a) position, (b) velocity, and (c)
ANSWER:
95.0 m Correct
Part B
ANSWER:
103 Correct
Part C
ANSWER:
72.0 Correct
Problem 2.23
The figure shows the acceleration-versus-time graph of a particle moving along the x-axis. Its initial velocity is = 5.00 at . What is the particle's velocity at 2.00 ?
Part A
ANSWER:
11.0 Correct
Problem 2.70
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As a science project, you drop a watermelon off the top of the Empire State Building, 320 m above the sidewalk. It so happens that Superman flies by at the instant you release the watermelon. Superman is headed straight down with a speed of 33.0 . Part A How fast is the watermelon going when it passes Superman? ANSWER: 66.0 Correct
Problem 2.81
A sprinter can accelerate with constant acceleration for 2.00 Part A What is his speed as he crosses the finish line? ANSWER: 11.1 m/s Correct before reaching top speed. He can run the 100-meter dash in 10 s.
True/False Problem 2.2

Part A If an object stops moving at a point, then its acceleration must be zero at that point. ANSWER:
True False Correct
True/False Problem 2.3

Part A It is physically impossible for an object to have a negative acceleration and yet be speeding up. ANSWER:
True False Correct
Quantitative Problem 2.6

Part A Acceleration is sometimes expressed in multiples of , where 's are experienced, on average, by the driver? = 9.8 is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity. In a car crash, the car's velocity may go from 28 to 0 in 0.15 . How many
ANSWER: 23 g 25 g 13 g 19 g Correct

Part A A car accelerates from 2 m/s to 28 m/s at a rate of 3.0 m/s2. How far does it travel while accelerating? ANSWER: 130 m
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221 m 390 m 78 m Correct

Part A A ball is thrown straight upward with a velocity of 28 m/s. How much time passes before the ball strikes the ground? ANSWER: 5.7 s 1.8 s 2.9 s 0.9 s Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 96.9%. You received 49.42 out of a possible total of 51 points.
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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Given Positions, Find Velocity and Acceleration

Meaning of a bounded and nonspiky acceleration Hint not displayed

What are the implications of zero velocity? Hint not displayed

Specify the characteristics of the velocity function Hint not displayed

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Find the initial acceleration Hint not displayed

within the interval to compute the average.

One-Dimensional Kinematics with Constant Acceleration

true false Correct

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

true false Correct

Recall that Part C

The quantity represented by ANSWER:

is a function of time (i.e., is not constant).

true false Correct

true false Correct

always varies with time when the linear acceleration is nonzero.

More generally, the equations of motion can be written as

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

The two particles never have the same velocity. Correct

PSS 2.1 Kinematics with Constant Acceleration

Kinematics with constant acceleration

The mathematical representation is based on the three kinematic equations , , and .

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

(a) (b) (c) (d) Correct

after seeing the obstacle, the magnitude of

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

= Answer not displayed

Find which equation to use Hint not displayed

Based on this expression, what happens to

if increases and all the other variables remain constant?

increases. increases. increases. increases.

What Velocity vs. Time Graphs Can Tell You

How to approach the problem

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Definition and graphical interpretation of average acceleration Hint not displayed

Slope of a line Hint not displayed

Graphical interpretation of instantaneous acceleration Hint not displayed

Slope of a line Hint not displayed

1 0.20 -0.20 = 0.022 -0.022 Correct

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Graph A Graph B Graph C Graph D Correct

What x vs. t Graphs Can Tell You

Total distance Hint not displayed

How to read an x vs. t graph Hint not displayed

Express your answer in meters. ANSWER: = 30 Correct

Definition and graphical interpretation of average velocity Hint not displayed

Slope of a line Hint not displayed

Express your answer in meters per second.

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Graphical interpretation of instantaneous velocity Hint not displayed

Express your answer in meters per second. ANSWER: = 0.600 Correct

Graph A Graph B Graph C Graph D Correct

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Express your answer in meters.

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Part G Identify the following physical quantities as scalars or vectors. ANSWER:

Analyzing Position versus Time Graphs: Conceptual Question

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

Average Velocity from a Position vs. Time Graph

is not equal to the simple arithmetic average of