CHAPTER 2 CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Animal Cell
 Plant cell

Density of Organelles in specific cells

Types of cells Function Organelles found

abundantly in the
specific cells
Sperm cells Require energy to propel Mitochondria
towards fallopian tube for
fertilisation
Muscles cells Contract and relax to enable Mitochondria
movement
Cells in the Require energy for active cell Mitochondria
meristems division
Mesophyll Absorb sunlight during Chloroplast
palisade cells photosynthesis
Cells in salivary Synthesise and secrete RER
glands enzyme Golgi apparatus
Intestinal Secretes digestive enzymes SER
epithelium
Liver cells Detoxification of drugs and SER
poisons
Goblet cells in Secretes mucus Golgi apparatus
the intestinal
and respiratory
tract
2.2 CELL ORGANISATION
Living processes in unicellular organisms
-Unicellular organisms can feed,respire,excrete,move,respond to
stimuli,reproduce and
grow.
Eg: Amoeba sp.-living in freshwater / soil water environment

Respiratio Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ occurs through the Plasma

n membrane by diffusion
Responses -Sunlight/acidic solution cause Amoeba to retreat
to stimuli -Favourable stimuli -food causes it to move towards the
stimuli
Growth Increasing cytoplasm & lining of plasma membrane
Feeding By Phagocytosis

Amoeba sp. Approaches the food

Two pseudopodia extend out and

enclose the food particles

Food particles then packed in a food vacuole

Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
(contain lysozyme enzyme)

Food is digested by lysozyme

Nutrients then absorbed into the cytoplasm
 When Amoeba moves away undigested
food is left behind

Excretion -Waste products (CO₂ and NH₃) eliminated through the

plasma membrane by
diffusion.
Osmoregulation
-When contractile vacuole filled with water to a maximum
size
=>contract to expel water
Locomotio By Cytoplasmic projection
n -Also known as ameboid movement
-Extend its pseudopodia
 Anchoring the tips on the ground
Flow of cytoplasm into the projected pseudopodia
Reproducti
on

Amoeba divides  nucleus divides  cytoplasm divides 

2 new cells
after it grown
formed
to certain size
Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms
-human life begin as a single cell known as zygote
-zygote undergo repeated division forming embryo
-embryo cells grow, change shape and differentiate to carry out specific
functions.
=>cells can perform their tasks more efficiently.

Cell organisation in multicellular organisms

Cell  Tissue  Organ  System  Organism

Cell organisation in animals

System
Integument
ary
Lymphatic
Digestive
 Circulatory
Respiratory
Reproducti
ve
Endocrine
Nervous
Muscular
Excretory
Skeletal
Example:
C Tissue Organ System O
Epithelial Epithelial Skin Integumenta Human
RBC Connective ry
WBC Nerve
Nerve Muscle

Cell organisation in plants

-2 types of tissue
a) Permanent tissue :
i) Epidermal tissue
ii) Ground tissue : Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

iii) Vascular tissue : Phloem

Xylem

Epidermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue

Phloem
-mostly coated with Parenchyma tissue -consists mainly of sieve
cuticle -thin walls tubes
-functions -large vacuole -sieve tubes form long
a)prevent water continuous tube-like
loss -functions structure
through a)storing starch & sugar
evaporation b)provide support & -functions
b)prevent infection shape a)Transport nutrients to
c)prevent to plants all
mechanical parts of plants
injury

Collenchyma tissue Xylem

-uneven thick wall -cell wall thickened with
lignin
-functions -consists mainly of
a)support herbaceous xylem
plants, vessels joint together
young stems & petiols end to
end (rootsleaves)

-functions
a)Transport water from
Sclerenchyma tissue roots
-uniformly thickened wall to other parts of plants
by b)Provide support &
Lignin / dead cell mechanical strength

-functions
a)support & give
mechanical
strength to mature
parts of
plants
b)Meristematic tissue
-consists of small cells with -thin walls -no vacuoles

-large nuclei -dense cytoplasm

-young & dividing actively
-not undergone differentiation
-located at tip of root & buds of shoots
Example:
Organ System
Flower, Fruit, Leaf , Stem Shoot
Root Root

Regulating the internal environment

Internal environment of multicellular organisms
-consists of a)Interstitial fluid – fill the spaces between cells
=>constantly bathes the cells
=> nutrients & waste products are exchanged
between
interstitial fluid & blood plasma (in the blood
capillaries)

b)Blood plasma

The necessity for maintaining an optimal internal environment

-Physical & chemical factors within the internal environment must be
maintained regardless
of the condition outside the cell so that the cell can function optimally
and effectively
-Homeostasis = maintenance of a relatively constant internal
environment for the
optimal functions of cells.
- Negative Feedaback Mechanism = Mechanism than governs
homeostasis

Blood Blood
Pancreas
sugar sugar
secretes
level rises level falls
insulin

Normal
Sugar
Level

Blood Blood
sugar Pancreas sugar
level falls secretes level rises
glucagon

Blood sugar level is maintained by the negative feedback

mechanism
 Skin Signals send .More sweat
Body to the brain produced
receptor
temperatur (hypothalam .Blood vessel
detect the
e rises us) dilate
changes
.Minimise muscle

Normal
Body
Temperatur

.Less sweat
Body produced
temperatur Skin Signals send .Blood vessel
e falls receptor to the brain constrict
detect the (hypothalam .Muscle contract-
changes us)
Normal Body Temperature is maintained by the negative feedback
mechanism

Detected Breathing & CO₂

Content of exhaled
by Pulse rate
CO₂ O₂
increased nervous increased
system

Normal
Content of
CO₂

Content of Detected Breathing & Less CO₂

exhaled
CO₂ by Pulse rate
decreased nervous decreased
system
Normal content of CO₂ is maintained by the negative feedback
mechanism