Animation Techniques used in Media Kinetoscope It is an early motion picture presentation device, created for just one person

to look through a peephole viewer on the top of it and watch the moving pictures. The Kinetoscope had been created by Thomas Edison in 1888 but was developed and improved by one of his workers; William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. Before video had been created, the Kinetoscope introduced the basic method that set the example for all cinematic projection. The device worked by using a strip of film that moved quickly by holes alongside the edge. Flick-Book A flick book/flip book is a small book that has illustrations on every page, these illustrations change slightly on each page so that it creates the illusion of the image moving when the pages are flicked through quickly. The first book was created in September 1868 by John Barnes Linnett and called in the Kineograph which means moving picture. Today, flip books are classed as a toy or novelty for children. Cel Animation It is a form of animation where each frame of the animation is drawn by hand, it used to be the most common type of animation until computer animation was created. Animators begin by drawing sequences of animation on sheets of transparent paper (tracing paper) made to fit the peg bars in their desks one picture or "frame" at a time. A peg bar is a device created specifically for animation which keeps the drawings in place on the animators desk. After all the drawings are finalised, they are then photographed on an animation camera and then sorted out by using either the traditional ink and paint or digital ink and paint. Zoetrope It is a cylinder that contains a series of static images, the cylinder has vertical slits cut in the sides to that when the cylinder is spun the viewer sees the images through these slits which will give the illusion of movement. The earliest known zoetrope was created in China around 180 AD by the inventor Ting Huan. The modern zoetrope was invented in 1833 by William George Horner, he called it the daedalum but it was commonly known as the wheel of the devil. Rotoscoping It is a technique where the animator traces over filmed footage so that the drawn images look realistic. It was first used by Max Fleischer in 1915, the Fleischer studio's most effective use of rotoscoping was in their series

Superman in which Superman and the other animated figures displayed very realistic movement.

Digital Animation Computer animation (CGI animation) is used to generate animated images by using computer graphics. It can use a wide variety of software like Flash for 2D animations and 3D Studio Max for 3D modelling. Early digital computer animation was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1960s by Edward E. Zajac, Frank W. Sinden, Kenneth C. Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll. Stop-Motion Stop-motion animation is a technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own, the object is moved a small amount between single frames photographed by a camera. When played back, the movement appears to be fluid and continuous. Dolls with movable joints or clay figures are often used in stop motion because they are so easy to reposition. The first time the stop motion technique was used was by Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton for Vitagraphs The Humpty Dumpty Circus in 1897. Claymation It is a form of stop-motion so uses the same technique as stopmotion. Claymation is quite popular because clay is easy to shape into different positions meaning it shortens the time it takes to create the animation. There are very famous film that have been made solely using claymation like Wallace and Gromit.