Text figure (4.

2) 1D Discrete Fourier Transform

%Matlab Code
A = 1; K = 10; M = 100;
f1 = zeros(1,M); f2 = zeros(1,M);
f1(1:K) = A; f2(1:2*K) = A;
fft1 = abs(fftshift(fft(f1)))/M;
fft2 = abs(fftshift(fft(f2)))/M;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(f1); title('Filter for M=100, K=10, A=1');
ylabel('f(x)'); axis([0 M 0 1.1*A]);
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(fft1); title('Fourier Transform for Filter
ylabel('|F(u)|'); axis([0 M 0 1.1*[A*K]/M]);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(f2); title('Filter for M=100, K=10, A=1');
ylabel('f(x)'); axis([0 M 0 1.1*A]);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(fft2); title('Fourier Transform for Filter
ylabel('|F(u)|'); axis([0 M 0 1.1*[2*A*K]/M]);

xlabel('x');

in (a)'); xlabel('u');

xlabel('x');

in (c)'); xlabel('u');

Fourier Transform for Filter in (a)

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Filter for M=100, K=10, A=1

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Text figure (4.3) 2D Discrete Fourier Transform

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4.4)
%Matlab Code
close all; clear all;
img = imread('Fig4.03(a).jpg');
imgfft = abs(fftshift(fft2(img)));
figure;
subplot(1,2,1);
imshow(img);
subplot(1,2,2);
imshow(imscale01(log10(imgfft+1)));

Text figure (4.6) 2D Fourier Notch Filtering

%Matlab Code
close all; clear all;
img = imread('Fig4.04(a).jpg');
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
imgfft(size(img,1)/2+1, size(img,2)/2+1) = 0;
imgfilt = abs((ifft2(imgfft)));
figure;
imshow(imscale01(imgfilt));

Text figure (4.7) High Pass / Low Pass 2D Filtering

%Matlab Code
close all; clear all;
img = imread('Fig4.04(a).jpg');
[x,y] = size(img);
lp = zeros(size(img));
cx = x/2; cy = y/2; std = 30;
for i=1:x; for j=1:y;
lp(i,j) = exp(-[(i-cx)^2 + (j-cy)^2]/std^2);
end end
hp = 1-lp;
lpplot = lp(1:8:x, 1:8:y); hpplot = hp(1:8:x, 1:8:y);
imglp = fftshift(fft2(img)); imglp = imglp .* lp;
imghp = imglp; imghp = imghp .* hp;
imglp = abs((ifft2(imglp))); imghp = abs((ifft2(imghp)));
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

mesh(lpplot); axis tight; colormap(gray(1));

imshow(imscale01(imglp));
mesh(hpplot); axis tight; colormap(gray(1));
imshow(imscale01(imghp));

Text figure (4.8) Modified 2D High Pass Filter

%Matlab Code
close all; clear all;
img = imread('Fig4.04(a).jpg');
[x,y] = size(img);
lp = zeros(size(img));
cx = x/2; cy = y/2; std = 30;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
lp(i,j) = exp(-[(i-cx)^2 + (j-cy)^2]/std^2);
end
end
hp = 1-lp; hp = hp + 0.5*max(hp(:));
imghp = fftshift(fft2(img)); imghp = imghp .* hp;
imghp = abs((ifft2(imghp)));
figure; imshow(imscale01(imghp));

Text figure (4.12) 2D Ideal Low-pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img = double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg')); [x,y] = size(img);
lp5
= zeros(size(img)); lp15 = zeros(size(img));
lp30 = zeros(size(img)); lp80 = zeros(size(img));
lp230 = zeros(size(img));
cx = x/2; cy = y/2; std = 30;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) < 5)
lp5(i,j) = 1;
end
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) < 15)
lp15(i,j) = 1;
end
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) < 30)
lp30(i,j) = 1;
end
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) < 80)
lp80(i,j) = 1;
end
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) < 230)
lp230(i,j) = 1;
end
end
end
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
lp5
= abs(ifft2(imgfft .* lp5)); lp15 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* lp15));
lp30 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* lp30)); lp80 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* lp80));
lp230 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* lp230));
figure;
subplot(3,2,1); imshow(imscale01(img)); subplot(3,2,2); imshow(imscale01(lp5));
subplot(3,2,3); imshow(imscale01(lp15)); subplot(3,2,4); imshow(imscale01(lp30));
subplot(3,2,5); imshow(imscale01(lp80)); subplot(3,2,6); imshow(imscale01(lp230));

Text figure (4.13) Ideal Low-Pass Filter Response

%Matlab Code
close all; clear all;
img = zeros(500,500);
x = 500; y = 500;
cx = 250; cy = 250;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) < 5)
img(i,j) = 1;
end
end
end
imgfft = (fftshift(ifft2(img)));
a = ones(1,500);
a(1:2:500) = -1;
plota = real(imgfft(250,:)).*a;
img2
= zeros(size(img));
img2(128,128) = 1; img2(128, 500-128) = 1; img2(250, 250) = 1; img2(500-128, 128) = 1;
img2(500-128, 500-128) = 1; img3 = conv2(img2, imgfft,'same');
idx = 1:size(img,2)+1:length(img(:));
plotb = real(img3(idx));
figure;
subplot(3,2,1);
subplot(3,2,2);
subplot(3,2,3);
subplot(3,2,4);
subplot(3,2,5);
subplot(3,2,6);

imshow(imscale01(img));
plot((plota)); axis tight;
imshow(imscale01(0.5*log10(abs(imgfft)+1)));
imshow(imscale01(img2));
plot((plotb)); axis tight;
imshow(imscale01(0.5*log10(abs(img3)+1)));
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Text figure (4.15) Butterworth Low-pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

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close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
H5
= zeros(500,500); H15 = H5; H30 = H5; H80 = H5;
H230 = H5; x = 500; y = 500; cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
H5(i,j)
= 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/5]^(4));
H15(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/15]^(4));
H30(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/30]^(4));
H80(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/80]^(4));
H230(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/230]^(4));
end
end
img5
= abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H5)); img15 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H15));
img30 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H30)); img80 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H80));
img230 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H230));
figure;
subplot(3,2,1); imshow(imscale01(img)); subplot(3,2,2); imshow(imscale01(img5));
subplot(3,2,3); imshow(imscale01(img15)); subplot(3,2,4); imshow(imscale01(img30));
subplot(3,2,5); imshow(imscale01(img80)); subplot(3,2,6); imshow(imscale01(img230));

Text figure (4.16) Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Response

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
H1
= zeros(500,500); H2 = H1; H5 = H1; H20 = H1;
H230 = H5; x = 500; y = 500; cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
H1(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/5]^(2));
H2(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/5]^(4));
H5(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/5]^(10));
H20(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [D(i,j)/5]^(40));
end
end
h1 = abs(fftshift(ifft2(H1))); h2 = abs(fftshift(ifft2(H2)));
h5 = abs(fftshift(ifft2(H5))); h20 = abs(fftshift(ifft2(H20)));
figure;
subplot(2,4,1);
subplot(2,4,2);
subplot(2,4,3);
subplot(2,4,4);
subplot(2,4,5);
subplot(2,4,6);
subplot(2,4,7);
subplot(2,4,8);

imshow(imscale01(20*log10(1+h1)));
imshow(imscale01(20*log10(1+h2)));
imshow(imscale01(20*log10(1+h5)));
imshow(imscale01(20*log10(1+h20)));
plot(h1(250,:)); axis tight;
plot(h2(250,:)); axis tight;
plot(h5(250,:)); axis tight;
plot(h20(250,:)); axis tight;

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Text figure (4.18) Gaussian Low-Pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

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close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
H5
= zeros(500,500); H15 = H5; H30 = H5; H80 = H5; H230
x = 500; y = 500; cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
end
end
H5
= exp(-.5*[D/5].^2); H15 = exp(-.5*[D/15].^2);
H30 = exp(-.5*[D/30].^2); H80 = exp(-.5*[D/80].^2);
H230 = exp(-.5*[D/230].^2);
h5
= abs(ifft2(H5.*imgfft)); h15
h30 = abs(ifft2(H30.*imgfft)); h80
h230 = abs(ifft2(H230.*imgfft));

= H5;

= abs(ifft2(H15.*imgfft));
= abs(ifft2(H80.*imgfft));

figure;
subplot(3,2,1); imshow(imscale01(img)); subplot(3,2,2); imshow(imscale01(h5));
subplot(3,2,3); imshow(imscale01(h15)); subplot(3,2,4); imshow(imscale01(h30));
subplot(3,2,5); imshow(imscale01(h80)); subplot(3,2,6); imshow(imscale01(h230));

Text figure (4.20) Gaussian Low-Pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.20(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
[x,y] = size(img); cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j) = sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
end
end
H100 = exp(-.5*[D/100].^2); H80 = exp(-.5*[D/80].^2);
h100 = abs(ifft2(H100.*imgfft)); h80 = abs(ifft2(H80.*imgfft));
figure;
subplot(2,3,1);
subplot(2,3,2);
subplot(2,3,3);
subplot(2,3,4);
subplot(2,3,5);
subplot(2,3,6);

imshow(imscale01(img(380:460,380:460)));
imshow(imscale01(h100(380:460,380:460)));
imshow(imscale01(h80(380:460,380:460)));
imshow(imscale01(img));
imshow(imscale01(h100));
imshow(imscale01(h80));

Text figure (4.21) Gaussian Low-Pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.21(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
[x,y] = size(img); cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j) = sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
end
end
H30 = exp(-.5*[D/30].^2); H10 = exp(-.5*[D/10].^2);
h30 = abs(ifft2(H30.*imgfft)); h10 = abs(ifft2(H10.*imgfft));
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(imscale01(img));
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(imscale01(h30));
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(imscale01(h10));

Text figure (4.24) Ideal High-pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img = double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg')); [x,y] = size(img);
hp15 = zeros(size(img)); hp30 = zeros(size(img));
hp80 = zeros(size(img));
cx = x/2; cy = y/2; std = 30;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) > 15)
hp15(i,j) = 1;
end
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) > 30)
hp30(i,j) = 1;
end
if(sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2) > 80)
hp80(i,j) = 1;
end
end
end
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
hp15 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* hp15));
hp30 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* hp30));
hp80 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* hp80));
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(imscale01(hp15));
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(imscale01(hp30));
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(imscale01(hp80));

Text figure (4.25) Butterworth High-Pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
H15 = zeros(500,500); H30 = H15; H80 = H15;
x = 500; y = 500; cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
H15(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [15/D(i,j)]^(4));
H30(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [30/D(i,j)]^(4));
H80(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [80/D(i,j)]^(4));
end
end
img15 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H15));
img30 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H30));
img80 = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* H80));
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(imscale01(img15));
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(imscale01(img30));
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(imscale01(img80));

Text figure (4.26) Gaussian High-Pass Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.11(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
H15 = zeros(500,500); H30 = H15; H80 = H15;
x = 500; y = 500; cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
end
end
H15 = 1-exp(-.5*[D/15].^2);
H30 = 1-exp(-.5*[D/30].^2);
H80 = 1-exp(-.5*[D/80].^2);
h15 = abs(ifft2(H15.*imgfft));
h30 = abs(ifft2(H30.*imgfft));
h80 = abs(ifft2(H80.*imgfft));
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(imscale01(h15));
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(imscale01(h30));
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(imscale01(h80));

Text figure (4.28) Laplacian Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.28(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
[x,y] = size(img); cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= -((i-cx)^2 + (j-cy)^2);
end
end
lapimg = ifft2(D.*imgfft);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

imshow(imscale01(img));
imshow(imscale01(abs(lapimg)));
imshow(imscale01((real(lapimg))));
imshow(imscale01(real(img - abs(lapimg))));

Text figure (4.29) High-boost Filtering

%Matlab Code Note: I used a Gaussian HP Filter since I dont trust my Laplacian
close all; clear all;
img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.29(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
[x,y] = size(img); cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
k = zeros(x,y);
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
k(i,j) = (-1)^(i+j);
end
end
H
= 1-exp(-.5*[D/50].^2);
himg = real(ifft2(H.*imgfft)).*k;
img1
= img + himg;
img17
= 1.7*img + himg;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

imshow(imscale01(img));
imshow(imscale01(himg));
imshow(imscale01(img1));
imshow(imscale01(img17));

Text figure (4.30) Multiple-operation Filtering

%Matlab Code
close all; clear all;
img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.30(a).jpg'));
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img));
BHPF
= zeros(size(imgfft));
x = size(BHPF,1); y = size(BHPF,2); cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
Do = floor(0.05*x);
for i=1:x;
for j=1:y;
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
if(D(i,j) == 0) D(i,j)=0.01; end
BHPF(i,j) = 1 / (1 + [Do/D(i,j)]^(4));
end
end
imgBHPF = abs(ifft2(imgfft .* (BHPF)));
imgHFE
= abs(ifft2(imgfft .* (0.5 + 2*BHPF)));
imgHFEeq = floor(255*imscale01(imgHFE));
[hist1, bins1] = hist(double(imgHFEeq(:)),0:255);
hist1 = hist1./length(imgHFEeq(:));
CDF1 = cumsum(hist1);
img1eq = zeros(size(imgHFEeq));
for i=0:255
img1eq(find(imgHFEeq==i)) = CDF1(i+1);
end
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

imshow(imscale01(img));
imshow(imgBHPF+.4);
imshow(imscale01(imgHFE));
imshow(imscale01(img1eq));

Text figure (4.33) Homomorphic Filtering

%Matlab Code

close all; clear all;

img
= im2double(imread('Fig4.29(a).jpg'));
img2 = log(img+1);
imgfft = fftshift(fft2(img2));
H = zeros(size(img));
[x,y]=size(H); cx = x/2; cy = y/2;
Gl = .5; Gh = 2; Gdiff = Gh - Gl; c=1; Do = 10;
k = zeros(x,y);
for i=1:x
for j=1:y
D(i,j)
= sqrt([i-cx]^2 + [j-cy]^2);
H(i,j) = Gdiff*[1 - exp(-c*(D(i,j)/Do)^2)] + Gl;
k(i,j) = (-1)^(i+j);
end
end
imgen = real(exp(ifft2(H.*imgfft))-1).*k;
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(imscale01(img));
title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(imscale01(imgen));
title('Homomorphic Image: c=1, D_o=10, G_l=.5, G_h=2');

Original Image

Homomorphic Image: c=1, Do=10, Gl=.5, Gh=2

Acknowledge: I would like to thank my former student Brad Ratliff for providing these
images.