1388

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:
:

:

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:
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:
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:




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.



.

.
.
1973

.

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375$
315$
3/040$
346$
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304$
153$
215$
316$
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590$
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6250$
575$
5/940$
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594$
260$
419$
618$
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14/860$
1/490$
3/715$
20/065$
1/486$
537$
1/005$
1/483$
24/576$
28/600
859$

15/100$
1/655$
225$
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1/875$
21/055$
2/054$
4/723$
27/832$
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.
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.

2001 .

.
.




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4000 .
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.
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.

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392
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1980 2005

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63
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281
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272

260

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268

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1

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222

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112

104

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250

202

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329

312

272

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273

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1

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)(Rls/kWh

321

163

151

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129

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228

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432

388

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360

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356

10 :3 % 25

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222

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315

266

247

)(Rls/kWh

638

464

438

378

350

)(Rls/kWh

380



:
40. 3. ) (ave 37,2. 12. ) 175,59 ( ) 137,88 (.
: ) 690 ( ) 5071 ( ) 3401 (.
: ) 29,28 ( ) 58,56 ( ) 30,74 (.
2030 40 :
-1 ) ( t 20:
) ( ) 228/26 ( ) (
) 392,57 (.
-2 ) ( t 30:
) ( ) 244/92 ( ) (
) 392,57 (.
-3 ) ( t 40:
) ( ) 268/51 ( ) (
) 392/57 (.
5 :
CPI 190/2 ) 18 ( .224/44
a 0,5 12793 13500 . 1.03844902
1.105925858 1.177787239 1.254318063
1.335821744 .
4 .

 -

80516/30/100 87/7/29

) ( 30/19-295139 87/10/21
11/3035/255 87/8/22
) ( 1387
.
:1
)(

)(

690

5071

3401

29/28

58/56

30/74

40 8124 E=1Kwh
) ( .
] ( )) [( E 860 - (
690- 29/28= 660/72
( 1 860) (0/4 8905 )= 0/2646
660/72 0/2646= 174/8




-1-6

. )
(
.
. ) (1 ) (2
.
) :(1 }] http://www.oit.doe.gov

Carbon/Energy
)(Mtc/Q

NOX
)( 1b/MWh

SO2
)(1b/MWh

PM
)(1b/MWh

Radioactivity
)(kBq/kWh

15

3/3

0/66

0/4

9/3

) : (2
][http://www.oit.doe.gov

)(

)(

40-25
45-25

>85
>85

NOX
)( 1b/MWh
4-1
28-2/2

-1-1-6

.
.
) ( NOx ) ( CO
( VOC)1 .
NOx .
CO2
. ) (SOx
.

1-Volatile Organic Compounds

 SO2 . SOx

. SOx .
.
) .(3 .
): (3 ][ETSU Web site,2000

CO2
g/kwh
610
800

NOx
g/kwh
1/1
1/6

SO2
g/kwh

1/4

NOx
NOx NOx .
NOx
.

NOx .
.
NOx 60ppm
80ppm .
CO VOC
CO VOC . CO PPM
50 . NOx
CO .
)( CO2
.
CO2
. 34 MMBTU 48 MMBTU ) ( 66
MMBTU .
5 .
.
.

.

 NOx CO 80 90 .
.

) :(3
][www.epa.gov/chp

kW
HHV
(ppm) NOx
4 (lb/MWh) NOx
5(ppmv)CO
(lb/MWh)CO
(lb/MWh)CO2

1
0001
%22
421
2/43
20
0/71
1/887

2
0005
%27
252
1/16
20
0/56
1/510

3
00010
%29
25
1/08
20
0/53
1/411

4
00025
%34
25
0/92
20
0/45
1/193

5
00040
%37
253
0/31
20
0/85
1/106

)(lb/MWh

515

412

385

326

302

42 ppm -1 . DLN
.
-2 solar NOx 15 ppm 5 .
.
9ppm -3 ) GE6B (ALSTOMGT10 )
( .
-4 ) ppm 15 ( ) ( NOx CO
. Catalytica Energy Systems.
-5 CO 90 CO .
CO CO 5 ppm .

-2-1-6

.
NOx ppmv 50 15 ) ( .
.
) (NOx ) (CO )VOC ( .
) (SOx ) (PM .
SO2 . SOx
. SOx
. ) (PM .

 NOx NO NO2
. NOx PPMV .
gm/hp-hr . NOx
NOx .
NOx .
NOx .
NOx .
) CO ( .
.
NOx CO .
.
.
) .(4 .
) : (4
][ETSU Web site,2000

CO2
g/kwh
580

NOx
g/kwh
15-25

CO
g/kwh
1-2

SO2
g/kwh

-2-6
NOx .
.
-1-2-6
NOx .
NOx .
NOx . NOx
NOx 60 . NOx
) 25 PPM 15 ( .
NOx 42 PPM 75 .
.
.
.
CO .
1
-2-2-6 ( DLN) 1
1

-Lean Premixed Combustion

 NOx
NOx .

NOx . DLN
. DLN
. NOx ppm9 .
DLN .
15 NOx ppm 42 .
NOx ppm42 DLN .

-3-2-6 )(SCR
NOx .
NOx . SCR
SCR . SCR
400 800 .
SCR DLN NOx 2 ppm 5.
SCR .
.
.
-4-2-6
CO .
SCR CO NOx CO
. CO CO CO2.
. VOC
. CO CO 90 85 90
.
-5-2-6
.
.
-6-2-6

-Dry Low NOx

- Selective Catalytic Reduction

 SCONOx SCR NOx ppm 2/5 CO %100

SCONOx . CO NOx
SCR .
SCONOx .
)
( NOx 1 2
6 12 .
-3-6

. .
2

/60742 16525 78/4/1 3 1901/56061

86/4/24 . ) ( 5
.
) : ( 5 ) (2

) 7 10(
55

) 10 7(
45

60

50

65

60

70

60

75

65

.

.
. ) (6 .
) : (6 [ETSU Web site,2000] CHP

)(
)(dB

125
120
125

250
120
126

500
116
120

1000
112
112

2000
110
100

4000
105
92

8000
95
82

 ) ( Silencer
. 80 .

. ) (by-pass
.
. CHP
. .
:
.
.
.
.
.

 :
87/7/30
.
-1
)
(.
-2
).
(.
-3

-4
-5
-6

) (
).
(.
7
5 2 .
15
5 2 .

10
.



-1

.
1-1 )
( .
2-1 2
) ( .
-2
.
1-2 ) ( -
)( .
.
250 .
.
2-2 ) ( .




.
) ( 2800

.
41 82 .
3500 . 1000
) ( Full Load
.
,
.

www.gepower.com

Generalelectric

www.power-hitachi.com

Hitachi

www.kawasakigasturbines.com/

kawasaki

www.rolls-royce.com

Rollsroyce

www.powergeneration.siemens.com

Siemens

Mysolar.cat.com

Solar

www.cat.com

Caterpillar

www.Cumminspower.com

Cummins

www.dhtd.co.jp

Daihatsu

www.deutzpoersystems.com

Deutz

www.gepower.com

Generalelectric

www.guascor.com

Guascor

www.perkins.com

Perkins

www.peterbrotherhood.co.uk

Peterbrotherhood

www.manbw.com

MAN

www.mhi.co.jp

Mitsubishi

www.wartsila.com

Wartsila

www.bowmanpower.co.uk

Bowmen

www.capstoneturbine.com

Capstone

energy.ingersollrand.com

Ingersoll rand



-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

680/25274 87/4/31

" " 5
31/3
6
.
"" 25

"" ) ( 4 1386

"" ) (25
87/7/30
32251/20/100 84/5/25

32623/30/100 86 /5/14

)E=e / (1 - t

) (=1 e = %40 ) 30 20 (t 40
%57,1142 % 50 % 66,67 .
ave=0.372 HVg=8905 kCal/m3 .:
)) )( 860/(aveHVg ( =

171,5296.

: L = %3
})) ={ (860/ HVg)(100/ (ave(1-L))-(100/ E

0.098633 0.074489 ) 0.122777 ( 20

30 40 .

) ( ) (=

30 20 40 68.05684 51.39766 ) 84.71602 (

.
) 34,71 ( :
+ /(1-L))+ (=

244,92 228,26 ) 268,51 ( 30 20 40 .

) /(1-L))+ + ((=

) 392,57 ( .
:
CPI)a CPI/ (=
)1-a (1.02)b )( / )( (

a 0,25 0,75 .
) CPI a=0.5 (b=5 190,2 18
12793 13500 1.105925858 1.03844902
1.254318063 1.177787239 1.335821744 .

:
.1386 -1
. 1387 -2
(www.cbi.ir) -3
.1385 -4
5- Dieter Dueblin and Angelika Steinhauser, "Utilization of biogas for the generation of electric
power and heat" WILEY-VHC 2008
6- D. W. Wu, R.Z. Wang, "Combined cooling, heating and power: A review " , Elsevier Ltd 2006
7- Electricity
and
Energy
Reliability
(http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/conf05_chp_roadmap_wkshp.html)
8- Environmental Protection Agency, " Technology Characterization: Reciprocating Engines "
2008 (http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/catalog.html)
9- Environmental Protection Agency, " Technology Characterization: Gas Turbines" 2008
10- http://energy.ca.gov/distgen/equipment/chp/cost.html