Spread Of Diseases Due To Unsterilized Instruments:

Written by:Ahmed Kamal Jamshed,Hira Tariq ,Zahra Iliyas

Introduction:
World is full of microorganism from non infecting E.coli to Lethal infected HIV. Microorganisms is present everywhere due to smallest size ,fast metabolism and high adaptability .Microorganisms includes virus ,bacteria ,fungus, algae, protozoan and other small organism.Micorganism has ability to cause disease in organism of other kingdoms :that is , plant kingdom and animal kingdom. Tuberculosis is common type of infectious disease in Pakistan which is easily acquired by any means of transmission viz. air, blood borne and food borne. Most of diseases are spread in world due to microorganism that types of diseases are known as infectious diseases and these disease are also known as communicable diseases which are also spread thorough a communication.These microorganism are present on instruments that are commonly used by public in the world like twizzar ,injectibles and other instruments which are being use in world for sake of easiness. These types of microorganisms are killed by different process which are different for different species of Microorganisms .The process is known as sterility .Sterility means complete removal of microorganism from goods including viruses which pose a risk during administration.(1)(2)(3)(4). The level of sterility is measured by sterility assurance level (SAL).The sterility assurance level is that ,there is exp -06 is pharmaceutical level there must be no microorganism on final product and that is pharmacopeia standard that must be followed by different pharmaceutical companies of world .(5)Way of sterility _prototype is use of disinfectant which are easily handled and gives 99%efficacy against microorganisms of various divisions. Isolated micro organism from different instrument are vary but most commonly are staphylococcus epidermis,staphylococcous aurous ,Escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa ,these organisms cause catheters,artificial joints and heart valves and it is also involve in urinary tract infection .(6)