Update 1C

Feedback System Circuit Several resistors were obtained and implemented into our Arduino feedback circuit. When in series with the Arduinos 5V power source, their resistances would result in varied voltage drops across the LED component under its maximum voltage rating of 2.5V. Our ability to obtain distinct voltage values with each component was determined by setting up our Arduino in an open circuit format, and allowing the live wire to come into contact with the copper tape acting as the feedback sensor component. The resulting voltage read by the analog input port was then displayed onto the monitor to a connected computer, utilizing the program included below. This program additionally implemented a smoothing function, to instead display a running average rather than raw values, and it was these stabilized voltage readings that were recorded for each implemented resistor component, tabulated below. /* Voltage Readings with Smoothing Reads repeatedly from an analog input, calculating a running average and printing it to the computer. Keeps ten readings in an array and continually averages them. */ const int numReadings = 10; int readings[numReadings]; int index = 0; int total = 0; int average = 0; int inputPin = A0; String pinOne; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); for (int thisReading = 0; thisReading < numReadings; thisReading++) readings[thisReading] = 0; } void loop() { total= total - readings[index]; readings[index] = analogRead(inputPin); total= total + readings[index]; index = index + 1; if (index >= numReadings){ index = 0; } average = total / numReadings; float voltage = average * (5.0/1023.0);

Serial.println(voltage); delay(1); } Resistor Component Rated Resistance () 300 390 510 620 750 820 910 1.1k 1.2k 1.3k 1.5k 1.6k Measured Voltage Reading (V) 1.98 1.94 1.9 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.8 1.8

A concern is that with the feedback system design, with the open circuit forming a closed loop when the live wire comes in contact with one of the copper nodes impregnated within the silicone vasculature, is that we may not be able to attain distinct voltages corresponding to each distinct region (e.g. internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, superior vena cava). We are considering a redesign where the voltage drop across the LED is under the 2.5V rating, but via the implemented series/parallel resistor combination produces a distinct voltage drop at the common analog input pin (e.g. 0.5V, 1.25V, 1.8V) unique to that region of the vasculature. Vasculature Mold Casting The revised design for the venous junction molding unit was inputed into the 3D printer late Monday night, finished printing without issues between midnight Wednesday to early Thursday morning, and was retrieved Friday morning after thoroughly soaking in the NaOH bath to dissolve the support material. The pieces required a longer soak time than the 4 hour standard protocol due to its large size. The main alterations to the design were the thickening of the vessel walls from 1.5mm to 2.5mm, and the overall thicker structure of the top and bottom mold components to prevent their breaking during future castings like the first one. Furthermore, we plan to superglue the flat backings to sturdy wood boards to make them overall more resilient to breaking, as this will allow even force distribution when pulling them apart.

In the meanwhile, we decided to utilize the salvaged components of the previous molding unit to test different releasants and casting methods in order to determine which implemented method would result not only in easier removal from the mold, but would imbue the piece with our desired consistency. We tried the following methods using the same 1:10 silicone:cornstarch mixtures which yielded the following observed results listed below: Covering mold top/bottom and core with plastic saran food wrap: resulted in easy removal, but vasculature interior was not smooth or evenly distributed Wrapping mold core and covering cavity surface with parafilm: Resulted in smooth consistent finish of outer surface, but parafilm stuck to inside and made core removal difficult Coating mold top/bottom cavity and inner core with WD-40: was performed under fume-hood due to inhalation hazard presented by WD-40. The top and bottom molds were difficult to separate as they had become strongly stuck to one another, but afterwards we were able to smoothly pull off the silicone from the mold core which resulted in the inner vessel surface texture we desired From these results, we decided to implement a hybrid method of different releasants, where we will coat the inner casting core with WD-40 and then utilize parafilm to coat the cavity of the top/bottom molds. Integrating Sensors for Feedback System into Venous Casting After determining a successful method for casting the vasculature from the molding unit, we attempted to create a component with the inside of the blood vessel containing small rings of the copper tape. Unfortunately, after looping the copper tape around the inner core and then setting that piece into the mold cavity prefilled with the silicon-cornstarch mixture, these copper strips failed to adhere and remain within the vessel wall during the removal of the inner core piece. We then tried to create a lip segment of the copper hanging out of the mold to keep it at a fixed position during the core removal, but the copper ring was so thin/fragile that it tore or became too deformed in the process.

We have decided that, rather than attempt to place the copper sensor prior to casting, we will cast the component first, then after it fully setting up, roll the copper into a thick strip which will be slipped in through the convenient holes produced by the raised points within the top/bottom mold cavity that are designed to precisely suspend the inner core exactly 2.5mm to produce the consistent vessel thickness. These copper strips will then be soldered in place, and then sealed watertight with additional silicone:cornstarch mixture. Next week, we plan on casting this integrated component and then hooking it up to a basic flow system utilizing an available peristaltic pump and flexible tubing available in Dr. Rodgers lab as we await the arrival of the pump unit for our final product. Components of Musculoskeletal Physiology From a scale CAD model of an adult male skeleton, we isolated the bones which serve as physical landmarks during jugular CVC insertion/are points of attachment and support for the muscles of interest (e.g. sternocheidomastoid, underlying scalenes, etc.). Those included within this model are the manubrium sterni, 1st and 2nd costae, and clavicle, which were subsequently conjoined into a single piece to be 3D printed by connecting their geometries via the SolidWorks lofted boss/base feature. This component was sent in for printing during the weekend, and had finished late Monday night prior to inputting our new venous junction molds.

After 3D printing, we held up the component to the exoskeleton template prepared the other week, and realized that it may be too small compared to the exoskeleton, as the fiberglass/epoxy would be layered atop of the template making the final exoskeleton bulkier than we initially expected. Our quick fix to this issue of compressing/tightening up the existing one in order to account for the added bulk those layers would provide. Currently, we are awaiting the delivery of the fiberglass sheets and epoxy as we had to resend the order ourselves. Unfortunately, our chosen supplier (TAP Plastics) was not on the departments list of approved vendors, so our initial order from that company did not get sent through.

Additionally, our ballistics gel casting has also been set back as Clear Ballistics is also not currently an approved vendor. However, we determined that we should first use the small sample of 10% ballistics gel we currently possess to try some different gel melting and casting methods before scaling up to creating whole portions of the muscle mass such as the sternocleidomastoid. In the meanwhile, we are each also applying to receive free samples of the 10% gel with free delivery in order to reduce our overall project expenditures. To produce the muscle component, we have elected to instead of 3D printing their molds, to custom form them by hand as the final piece would be reusable as it is at most being punctured by syringe insertions. Hand making this mold out of a material such as aluminum metal sheet would allow us to make subtle modifications to the mold itself as opposed to a 3D printed component. Revised Timeline Muscle/Skeletal Flow System Feedback System Cast exoskeleton from Assembly of basic flow system Test application within the fiberglass and epoxy integrating vasculature with flow system, determine Casting ballistics gel into feedback circuitry reading voltage values for muscle formations CPU program via series of Produce vasculature Boolean statements components integrating the flow system and feedback circuit Materials testing to fine tune Fine tune internal vessel Testing of system feedback silicone mixtures for pressures, and implementation using live circuit guidewire vasculature and skin substitute of solenoid for pressurization of coming in contact with to attain desired material arterial segment (common copper sensory nodes properties carotid) Spillover for component design/testing Start integrating all components as we assemble simulator prototype Meeting with outside experts (e.g. Dr. Bock), demonstrating the different project components Based on Input from Outside Experts/Advising Faculty, make component modifications Completion of Entire System Assimilation and Testing Overall Functionality Conduct User Statistical Analysis by having Simulator tested by Outside Experts Make System Additional Adjustments Based on User Input Additional Data Acquisition/Preparation for Internal Competition Final Data Acquisition/Internal Competition Fine Tune/Polish Simulator Spillover Time/Preparation for Final Presentations End of Senior Design

Week 09

Week 10

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10 Statistical Analysis of Data Plans for System Feedback/Data Acquisition Hypothesis: The analog voltage readings, accounting for systemic variation/fluctuation during usage, will be distinguishable for each sensor region to allow mapping of current guide wire/catheter positioning. Background noise will be minimized by implementing non-conductive blood analog. Experimental Testing: With our fully integrated vasculature/flow system/feedback circuit, we will vary the placement of the live wire within the vessels, and its distance from each of our desired copper sensor nodes. We desire to determine the viable range of voltage values which our simulator feedback can accurately determine to the current placement positioning of the catheter/guidewire (e.g. 95% confidence in analog readings with +/- 0.2V deviation). Sampling Result Analysis: We are considering analyzing the readings utilizing ANOVA for single variable analysis. Upon determining the suitable sampling population size, the ANOVA results can tell us if the current setup produces analog readings which do not fall within each others standard distribution of values, as well as it informing us of the mean value and variance of said value for each copper node.