Diffusion Problem Solutions

CHAPTER 5 DIFFUSION PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Introduction
5.1 Briefly explain the difference between self-diffusion and interdiffusion. Solution Self-diffusion is ato i! i"#ation in $u#e etals--i.e.% &'en all ato s e(!'an"in" $ositions a#e of t'e etal into anot'e# etal.
sa e t)$e. Inte#diffusion is diffusion of ato s of one
E(!e#$ts f#o t'is &o#* a) +e #e$#odu!ed +) inst#u!to#s fo# dist#i+ution on a not-fo#-$#ofit +asis fo# testin" o# inst#u!tional $u#$oses onl) to students en#olled in !ou#ses fo# &'i!' t'e te(t+oo* 'as +een ado$ted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1 7! "nited States #opyri$ht Act without the permission of the copyri$ht owner is unlawful.
5., Self-diffusion in%ol%es the motion of atoms that are all of the same type& therefore it is not sub'ect to obser%ation by compositional chan$es( as with interdiffusion. Su$$est one way in which self-diffusion may be monitored. Solution Self-diffusion t'ese isoto$i! ato s a) +e a) +e onito#ed +) usin" #adioa!ti-e isoto$es of t'e etal +ein" studied. T'e otion of
onito#ed +) easu#e ent of #adioa!ti-it) le-el.
Diffusion Mechanisms
5.. )a* #ompare interstitial and %acancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. )b* #ite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than %acancy diffusion. Solution /a0 1it' -a!an!) diffusion% ato i! f#o otion is f#o one latti!e site to an ad2a!ent -a!an!). Self-diffusion e!'anis . On t'e ot'e# 'and% ato i! e!'anis . otion is
and t'e diffusion of su+stitutional i $u#ities $#o!eed -ia t'is /+0 Inte#stitial diffusion is no# all) +ein" s alle#% a#e o#e
inte#stitial site to ad2a!ent inte#stitial site fo# t'e inte#stitial diffusion
o#e #a$id t'an -a!an!) diffusion +e!ause3 /10 inte#stitial ato s%
o+ile4 and /,0 t'e $#o+a+ilit) of an e $t) ad2a!ent inte#stitial site is "#eate# t'an fo# a
-a!an!) ad2a!ent to a 'ost /o# su+stitutional i $u#it)0 ato .
Steady-State Diffusion
5.5 Briefly explain the concept of steady state as it applies to diffusion. Solution Stead)-state diffusion is t'e situation &'e#ein t'e #ate of diffusion into a "i-en s)ste is inde$endent of ti e. is 2ust e6ual to t'e
#ate of diffusion out% su!' t'at t'e#e is no net a!!u ulation o# de$letion of diffusin" s$e!ies--i.e.% t'e diffusion flu(
5.5 )a* Briefly explain the concept of a dri%in$ force. )b* +hat is the dri%in$ force for steady-state diffusion, Solution /a0 T'e d#i-in" fo#!e is t'at &'i!' !o $els a #ea!tion to o!!u#. /+0 T'e d#i-in" fo#!e fo# stead)-state diffusion is t'e !on!ent#ation "#adient.
5.7 -he purification of hydro$en $as by diffusion throu$h a palladium sheet was discussed in Section ../. #ompute the number of kilo$rams of hydro$en that pass per hour throu$h a .-mm-thick sheet of palladium ha%in$ an area of 0.00 m 0 at .00#. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1.0 10-8 m01s( that the concentrations at the hi$h- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 0.2 and 0.! k$ of hydro$en per cubic meter of palladium( and that steady-state conditions ha%e been attained. Solution T'is $#o+le !alls fo# t'e ass of ')d#o"en% $e# 'ou#% t'at diffuses t'#ou"' a Pd s'eet. It fi#st +e!o es ass )ields
ne!essa#) to e $lo) +ot' E6uations 5.1a and 5... Co +inin" t'ese e($#essions and sol-in" fo# t'e
= = DAt
C x
0.6 2.4 kg / m3 = (1.0 10 -8 m 2 /s)(0.20 m 2 ) (3600 s/h) 3m 5 10

8 ,.7 19-. *":'
5.; A sheet of steel 1.. mm thick has nitro$en atmospheres on both sides at 1000 # and is permitted to achie%e a steady-state diffusion condition. -he diffusion coefficient for nitro$en in steel at this temperature is ! 10-11 m01s( and the diffusion flux is found to be 1.0 10-7 k$1m0-s. Also( it is known that the concentration of nitro$en in the steel at the hi$h-pressure surface is 2 k$1m /. 3ow far into the sheet from this hi$h-pressure side will the concentration be 0.0 k$1m /, Assume a linear concentration profile. Solution T'is $#o+le is sol-ed +) usin" E6uation 5.. in t'e fo#
CB = xA xB
If &e ta*e #A to +e t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e !on!ent#ation of nit#o"en is 5 *": fo# xB% as
.
% t'en it +e!o es ne!essa#) to sol-e
C B = + J
Assu e xA is <e#o at t'e su#fa!e% in &'i!' !ase
4 kg / m3 2 kg / m3 B = 0 + (6 10 -11 m2 /s) 1.2 107 kg / m2 - s

8 1 19-. 81
5.= A sheet of B## iron 1 mm thick was exposed to a carburi4in$ $as atmosphere on one side and a decarburi4in$ atmosphere on the other side at 70. #. After ha%in$ reached steady state( the iron was 5uickly cooled to room temperature. -he carbon concentrations at the two surfaces of the sheet were determined to be 0.010 and 0.007. wt6. #ompute the diffusion coefficient if the diffusion flux is 1.2 10-8 k$1m0-s. 3int7 "se 85uation 2. to con%ert the concentrations from wei$ht percent to kilo$rams of carbon per cubic meter of iron . Solution Let us fi#st !on-e#t t'e !a#+on !on!ent#ations f#o usin" E6uation 5.>a. ?o# 9.91, &t@ C &ei"'t $e#!ent to *ilo"#a s !a#+on $e# ete# !u+ed
"
C C C C C +
0.012 0.012 99.988 + 3 2.25 g/cm 7.87 g/cm 3

9.>55 *" C: .
10 3
Si ila#l)% fo# 9.99;5 &t@ C
" C
0.0075 0.0075 2.25 g/cm 3

8 9.5>9 *" C: .
9 7.8
No&% usin" a #ea##an"ed fo#
of E6uation 5..
x B = C C A B
103 m = (1.40 10 -8 kg/m 2 - s) 0.944 kg/m 3 0.590 kg/m 3

8 ..>5 19-11
,
:s
5.> +hen -iron is sub'ected to an atmosphere of hydro$en $as( the concentration of hydro$en in the iron( #3 )in wei$ht percent*( is a function of hydro$en pressure( accordin$ to
pH 2 )in 9:a*( and absolute temperature )-*
27.2 kJ / mol CH = 1.34 102 pH 2 exp RT
)..12*
;urthermore( the %alues of <0 and =d for this diffusion system are 1.2 10-7 m01s and 1/(200 >1mol( respecti%ely. #onsider a thin iron membrane 1 mm thick that is at 0.0 #. #ompute the diffusion flux throu$h this membrane if the hydro$en pressure on one side of the membrane is 0.1. 9:a )1.28 atm*( and on the other side 7.. 9:a )72 atm*. Solution Ulti atel) &e &ill e $lo) E6uation 5.. to sol-e t'is $#o+le . Ho&e-e#% it fi#st +e!o es ne!essa#) to dete# ine t'e !on!ent#ation of ')d#o"en at ea!' fa!e usin" E6uation 5.15. At t'e lo& $#essu#e /o# B0 side
27, 200 J/mol H(B) = (1.34 10 -2 ) 0.15 MPa exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(250 + 273 K)
>.>. 19-7 &t@ 1'e#eas% fo# t'e 'i"' $#essu#e /o# A0 side
27, 200 J/mol H(A) = (1.34 10 -2 ) 7.5 MPa exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(250 + 273 K)
;.9, 19-5 &t@ 1e no& !on-e#t !on!ent#ations in &ei"'t $e#!ent to ass of nit#o"en $e# unit -olu e of solid. At fa!e B t'e#e a#e t'e densit) of i#on
>.>. 19-7 " /o# >.>. 19-> *"0 of ')d#o"en in 199 " of ?e% &'i!' is -i#tuall) $u#e i#on. ?#o /;.=; ":! .0% t'e -olu e i#on in 199 " /? 0 is 2ust
B
100 g 7.87 g /cm3
= 12.7 cm 3 = 1.27 10-5 m 3
T'e#efo#e% t'e !on!ent#ation of ')d#o"en at t'e B fa!e in *ilo"#a s of H $e# !u+i!
ete# of allo) A () B is 2ust
'' H(B) =
CH(B) VB
9.93 109 kg = 7.82 10 -4 kg/m 3 5 3 1.27 10 m

.% and
At t'e A fa!e t'e -olu e of i#on in 199 " /?A0 &ill also +e 1.,; 19-5
'' H(A) =
CH(A ) VA
8 kg 7.02 10 = 5.53 10 -3 kg/m 3 5 m3 1.27 10
T'us% t'e !on!ent#ation "#adient is 2ust t'e diffe#en!e +et&een t'ese !on!ent#ations of nit#o"en di-ided +) t'e t'i!*ness of t'e i#on e +#ane4 t'at is
'' '' CH(B) CH(A) = xB xA
4 kg / m 3 5.53 10 3 kg / m 3 7.82 10 = 4.75 kg/m 4 3m 10
At t'is ti e it +e!o es ne!essa#) to !al!ulate t'e -alue of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient at ,59 C usin" E6uation 5.=. T'us%
= 0
13, 400 J/mol 7 m 2 /s) exp = (1.4 10 (8.31 J/mol K)(250 + 273 K)
8 7.51 19->
,
:s
And% finall)% t'e diffusion flu( is !o $uted usin" E6uation 5.. +) ta*in" t'e ne"ati-e $#odu!t of t'is diffusion !oeffi!ient and t'e !on!ent#ation "#adient% as
= (6.41 10 -9 m 2 /s)(4.75 kg/m 4 ) = 3.05 10 -8 kg/m 2 - s
Nonsteady-State Diffusion
5.19 Show that
x2 B exp Dt 4 Dt
is also a solution to 85uation ..2b. -he parameter B is a constant( bein$ independent of both x and t. Solution
It !an +e s'o&n t'at
x2 B exp Dt 4 Dt
is a solution to
2 = 2
si $l) +) ta*in" a$$#o$#iate de#i-ati-es of t'e #x e($#ession. 1'en t'is is !a##ied out%
2 = = 2 1 / 2 2 t 3/ 2
x2 1 2 Dt exp
x2 4 Dt
5.11 <etermine the carburi4in$ time necessary to achie%e a carbon concentration of 0.2. wt6 at a position 0 mm into an iron@carbon alloy that initially contains 0.00 wt6 #. -he surface concentration is to be maintained at 1./0 wt6 #( and the treatment is to be conducted at 1000 #. "se the diffusion data for -;e in -able ..0. Solution In o#de# to sol-e t'is $#o+le it is fi#st ne!essa#) to use E6uation 5.53
= 1 2 0
8 , 19-. . T'us%
&'e#ein% #x 8 9.55% #9 8 9.,9% #s 8 1..9% and x 8 ,
x 0 0.45 0.20 = = 0.2273 = 1 erf 2 Dt Cs C0 1.30 0.20

o#
x erf = 1 0.2273 = 0.7727 2 Dt

B) linea# inte#$olation usin" data f#o Ta+le 5.1 4 9.=5 4 9.>9 e#f/40 9.;;9; 9.;;,; 9.;>;9
0.850 0.7727 0.7707 = 0.900 0.850 0.7970 0.7707

?#o &'i!'
= 0.854 =
x 2 Dt
No&% f#o
Ta+le 5.,% at 1999C /1,;. C0
(2.3
148, 000 J/mol 10 -5 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol- K)(1273 K)

8 1.>. 19-11
,
:s
T'us%
3 m 2 10 11 m 2 /s) (t ) (2) (1.93 10
0.854 =
Sol-in" fo# t )ields t 8 ;.1 195 s 8 1>.; '
5.1, An ;## iron-carbon alloy initially containin$ 0./. wt6 # is exposed to an oxy$en-rich and %irtually carbon-free atmosphere at 1200 A )1107 #*. "nder these circumstances the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface with the oxy$en in the atmosphere& that is( the carbon concentration at the surface position is maintained essentially at 0 wt6 #. )-his process of carbon depletion is termed de!a#+u#i<ation .* At what position will the carbon concentration be 0.1. wt6 after a 10-h treatment, -he %alue of < at 1200 A is !.
10-11 m01s.
Solution T'is $#o+le as*s t'at &e dete# ine t'e $osition at &'i!' t'e !a#+on !on!ent#ation is 9.15 &t@ afte# a 19-' 'eat t#eat ent at 1.,5 C &'en #9 8 9..5 &t@ C. ?#o E6uation 5.5
x 0 0.15 0.35 = = 0.5714 = 1 erf 2 Dt Cs C 0 0 0.35

T'us%
x erf = 0.4286 2 Dt
Usin" data in Ta+le 5.1 and linea# inte#$olation 4 9.59 4 9.55 e#f /40 9.5,=5 9.5,=7 9.5;55
0.40 0.4286 0.4284 = 0.45 0.40 0.4755 0.4284

And% 4 8 9.599, 1'i!' eans t'at
= 0.4002 2 Dt
And% finall)
= 2(0.4002) Dt = (0.8004)
8 1.,7 19-. Bote7 t'is $#o+le
(6.9 1011 m2 /s)( 3.6 10 4 s)

8 1.,7 odule in t'e ?9S8 soft&a#e. O$en t'e DEiffusionF
a) also +e sol-ed usin" t'e DEiffusionF
odule% !li!* on t'e DEiffusion Eesi"nF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 1. Ente# t'e "i-en data in left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s. In t'e &indo& +elo& t'e la+el DE GalueF ente# t'e -alue of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ientH-i<. D7.>e-11F. ,. In t'e &indo& 2ust +elo& t'e la+el DInitial% C 9F ente# t'e initial !on!ent#ationH-i<. D9..5F. .. In t'e &indo& t'e lies +elo& DSu#fa!e% CsF ente# t'e su#fa!e !on!ent#ationH-i<. D9F. 5. T'en in t'e DEiffusion Ti e tF &indo& ente# t'e ti e in se!onds4 in 19 ' t'e#e a#e /79 s: in0/79 in:'0/19 '0 8 .7%999 sHso ente# t'e -alue D..7e5F. 5. Ne(t% at t'e +otto of t'is &indo& !li!* on t'e +utton la+eled DAdd !u#-eF.
7. On t'e #i"'t $o#tion of t'e s!#een &ill a$$ea# a !on!ent#ation $#ofile fo# t'is $a#ti!ula# diffusion situation. A dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so# &ill a$$ea# at t'e u$$e# left-'and !o#ne# of t'e #esultin" !u#-e. Cli!* and d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e !u#-e to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e nu +e# +elo& DCon!ent#ation3F #eads D9.15 &t@F. T'en #ead t'e -alue unde# t'e DEistan!e3F. ?o# t'is $#o+le % t'is -alue /t'e solution to t'e $#o+le 0 is #an"es +et&een 1.,5 and 1..9 .
5.1.
Bitro$en from a $aseous phase is to be diffused into pure iron at 700 #.
Cf the surface
concentration is maintained at 0.1 wt6 B( what will be the concentration 1 mm from the surface after 10 h, -he diffusion coefficient for nitro$en in iron at 700 # is 0.. 10-11 m01s.
Solution T'is $#o+le as*s us to !o $ute t'e nit#o"en !on!ent#ation / #x0 at t'e 1 E6uation 5.5 $osition afte# a 19 '
diffusion ti e% &'en diffusion is nonstead)-state. ?#o
x 0 C 0 = x = 1 erf 2 Dt 0 0.1 0
= 1 erf (2) (2.5 1011 m2 /s) (10 h)(3600 s / h)
3 m 10
8 1 I e#f /9.5,;0 Usin" data in Ta+le 5.1 and linea# inte#$olation 4 9.599 9.5,; 9.559 e#f /40 9.5,95 y 9.57..
0.527 0.500 y 0.5205 = 0.550 0.500 0.5633 0.5205
f#o
&'i!' y 8 e#f /9.5,;0 8 9.55.7
T'us%
0 = 1.0 0.5436 0.1 0
T'is e($#ession "i-es #x 8 9.957 &t@ N Bote7 t'is $#o+le a) also +e sol-ed usin" t'e DEiffusionF odule in t'e ?9S8 soft&a#e. O$en t'e DEiffusionF
odule% !li!* on t'e DEiffusion Eesi"nF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 1. Ente# t'e "i-en data in left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s. In t'e &indo& +elo& t'e la+el DE GalueF ente# t'e -alue of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ientH-i<. D,.5e-11F. ,. In t'e &indo& 2ust +elo& t'e la+el DInitial% C 9F ente# t'e initial !on!ent#ationH-i<. D9F. .. In t'e &indo& t'e lies +elo& DSu#fa!e% CsF ente# t'e su#fa!e !on!ent#ationH-i<. D9.1F. 5. T'en in t'e DEiffusion Ti e tF &indo& ente# t'e ti e in se!onds4 in 19 ' t'e#e a#e /79 s: in0/79 in:'0/19 '0 8 .7%999 sHso ente# t'e -alue D..7e5F. 5. Ne(t% at t'e +otto of t'is &indo& !li!* on t'e +utton la+eled DAdd !u#-eF.
7. On t'e #i"'t $o#tion of t'e s!#een &ill a$$ea# a !on!ent#ation $#ofile fo# t'is $a#ti!ula# diffusion situation. A dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so# &ill a$$ea# at t'e u$$e# left-'and !o#ne# of t'e #esultin" !u#-e. Cli!* and d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e !u#-e to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e nu +e# +elo& DEistan!e3F #eads D1.99 F. T'en #ead
t'e -alue unde# t'e DCon!ent#ation3F. ?o# t'is $#o+le % t'is -alue /t'e solution to t'e $#o+le 0 is 9.95 &t@.
5.15 #onsider a diffusion couple composed of two semi-infinite solids of the same metal( and that each side of the diffusion couple has a different concentration of the same elemental impurity& furthermore( assume each impurity le%el is constant throu$hout its side of the diffusion couple. ;or this situation( the solution to ;ickDs second law )assumin$ that the diffusion coefficient for the impurity is independent of concentration*( is as follows7
C + C 2 C1 C 2 x Cx = 1 erf 2 2 2 Dt
)..1.*
Cn this expression( when the x E 0 position is taken as the initial diffusion couple interface( then # 1 is the impurity concentration for x F 0& likewise( # 0 is the impurity content for x G 0. A diffusion couple composed of two sil%er-$old alloys is formed& these alloys ha%e compositions of 8 wt 6 A$@0 wt6 Au and . wt6 A$@. wt6 Au. <etermine the time this diffusion couple must be heated at 7.0H# )100/ A* in order for the composition to be 0.. wt6 Au at the .0 m m position into the 0 wt6 Au side of the diffusion couple. :reexponential and acti%ation ener$y %alues for Au diffusion in A$ are 8.. 10@. m01s and 000(100 >1mol( respecti%ely. Solution ?o# t'is $latinu -"old diffusion !ou$le fo# &'i!' #1 8 5 &t@ Au and #, 8 , &t@ Au% &e a#e as*ed to dete# ine t'e diffusion ti e at ;59 C t'at &ill "i-e a !o $osition of ,.5 &t@ Au at t'e 59 t'is $#o+le % E6uation 5.15 ta*es t'e fo# $osition. T'us% fo#
5 + 2 5 2 50 106 m 2.5 = erf 2 2 2 Dt

It no& +e!o es ne!essa#) to !o $ute t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient at ;59 C /19,. C0 "i-en t'at <9 8 =.5 19-5 and =d 8 ,9,%199 J: ol. ?#o E6uation 5.= &e 'a-e
,
:s
= 0
202,100 J/mol 10 -5 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol K)(1023 K)
8 5.9. 19-15
,
(8.5
:s
Su+stitution of t'is -alue into t'e a+o-e e6uation leads to
6 m 5 + 2 5 2 50 10 2.5 = erf 15 m 2 /s) (t ) 2 2 2 ( 4.03 10
T'is e($#ession #edu!es to t'e follo&in" fo# 3
393.8 s 0.6667 = erf t
Usin" data in Ta+le 5.1% it is ne!essa#) to dete# ine t'e -alue of 4 fo# &'i!' t'e e##o# fun!tion is 9.777; 1e use linea# inte#$olation as follo&s3 4 9.759 y 9.;99 e#f /40 9.75,9 9.777; 9.7;;=
0.650 0.6667 0.6420 = 0.700 0.650 0.6778 0.6420

f#o &'i!'
393.8 s t
= 0.6844 =
And% sol-in" fo# t "i-es t 8 ...1 195 s 8 >, '
5.15 ;or a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburi4in$ heat treatment of 10-h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.2. wt6 at a point 0.. mm from the surface. 8stimate the time necessary to achie%e the same concentration at a ..0-mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburi4in$ temperature. Solution T'is $#o+le a $oint 5.9 f#o !alls fo# an esti ate of t'e ti e ne!essa#) to a!'ie-e a !a#+on !on!ent#ation of 9.55 &t@ at t'e su#fa!e. ?#o E6uation 5.7+%
2 =
But sin!e t'e te $e#atu#e is !onstant% so also is < !onstant% and
2 =
o#
2 1 2 2
T'us%
(2.5 mm) 2 (5.0 mm) 2 = 10 h t2

f#o &'i!' t, 8 59 '
Factors That Influence Diffusion

5.17 #ite the %alues of the diffusion coefficients for the interdiffusion of carbon in both I-iron )B##* and J-iron );##* at 00K#. +hich is lar$er, 8xplain why this is the case. Solution 1e a#e as*ed to !o $ute t'e diffusion !oeffi!ients of C in +ot' and i#on at >99C. Usin" t'e data in Ta+le 5.,%
80, 000 J/mol = (6.2 10 -7 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1173 K)

8 1.7> 19-19
,
:s

8 5.=7 19-1,
,:s
T'e < fo# diffusion of C in BCC i#on is la#"e#% t'e #eason +ein" t'at t'e ato i! $a!*in" fa!to# is s alle# t'an fo# ?CC i#on /9.7= -e#sus 9.;5HSe!tion ..504 t'is s$a!e in t'e BCC ?e% and% t'e#efo#e% t'e eans t'at t'e#e is sli"'tl) o#e inte#stitial -oid otion of t'e inte#stitial !a#+on ato s o!!u#s o#e easil).
5.1; "sin$ the data in -able ..0( compute the %alue of < for the diffusion of 4inc in copper at !.0H#. Solution In!o#$o#atin" t'e a$$#o$#iate data f#o Ta+le 5., into E6uation 5.= leads to
189, 000 J/mol = (2.4 10 -5 m2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(650 + 273 K)
8 5.= 19-17 Bote7 t'is $#o+le a) also +e sol-ed usin" t'e DEiffusionF
,:s
odule in t'e ?9S8 soft&a#e. O$en t'e DEiffusionF
odule% !li!* on t'e DE -s 1:T PlotF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 1. In t'e left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s% !li!* on t'e DKn-CuF $ai# unde# t'e DEiffusin" S$e!iesF-DHost MetalF 'eadin"s. ,. Ne(t% at t'e +otto of t'is &indo&% !li!* t'e DAdd Cu#-eF +utton.
.. A lo" E -e#sus 1:T $lot t'en a$$ea#s% &it' a line fo# t'e te $e#atu#e de$enden!e of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient fo# Kn in Cu. No& unde# DTe $ Ran"eF in t'e +o(es a$$ea#in" +elo& DT Ma(F !'an"e t'e
te $e#atu#e to eit'e# D759F C o# D>,.F C. At t'e to$ of t'is !u#-e is a dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so#. Cli!*-and-d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e line to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e ent#) unde# t'e DTe $e#atu#e /T03F la+el #eads >,. C /inas u!' as t'is is t'e Cel-in e6ui-alent of 759LC0. ?inall)% t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient -alue at t'is te $e#atu#e is "i-en unde# t'e la+el DEiff Coeff /E03F. ?o# t'is $#o+le % t'e -alue is 5.; 19-17
,:s.
5.1= At what temperature will the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of copper in nickel ha%e a %alue of !.. 10-17 m01s. "se the diffusion data in -able ..0. Solution Sol-in" fo# - f#o E6uation 5.>a
(ln D ln D0 )
,:s and = 8 ,57%999 J: ol0 d
and usin" t'e data f#o % &e "et
Ta+le 5., fo# t'e diffusion of Cu in Ni /i.e.% <9 8 ,.; 19-5
256, 000 J/mol (8.31 J/mol - K) [ ln (6.5 10 -17 m2 /s) ln (2.7 10 -5 m2 /s) ]
8 115, C 8 =;>C Bote7 t'is $#o+le a) also +e sol-ed usin" t'e DEiffusionF odule in t'e ?9S8 soft&a#e. O$en t'e DEiffusionF
odule% !li!* on t'e DE -s 1:T PlotF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 1. In t'e left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s% t'e#e is a $#eset set of data fo# se-e#al diffusion s)ste s. Cli!* on t'e +o( fo# &'i!' Cu is t'e diffusin" s$e!ies and Ni is t'e 'ost t'e DAdd Cu#-eF +utton. ,. A lo" E -e#sus 1:T $lot t'en a$$ea#s% &it' a line fo# t'e te $e#atu#e de$enden!e of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient fo# Cu in Ni. At t'e to$ of t'is !u#-e is a dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so#. Cli!*-and-d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e line to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e ent#) unde# t'e DEiff Coeff /E03F la+el #eads 7.5 19-1;
,:s. T'e te $e#atu#e at
etal. Ne(t% at t'e +otto
of t'is &indo&% !li!*
&'i!' t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient 'as t'is -alue is "i-en unde# t'e la+el DTe $e#atu#e /T03F. ?o# t'is $#o+le % t'e -alue is 115. C.
5.1> -he preexponential and acti%ation ener$y for the diffusion of iron in cobalt are 1.1 10-. m01s and 0./(/00 >1mol( respecti%ely. At what temperature will the diffusion coefficient ha%e a %alue of 0.1 10-12 m01s, Solution ?o# t'is $#o+le &e a#e "i-en <9 /1.1 19-50 and =d /,5.%.99 J: ol0 fo# t'e diffusion of ?e in Co% and
,
as*ed to !o $ute t'e te $e#atu#e at &'i!' < = ,.1 19-15
:s. Sol-in" fo# - f#o
E6uation 5.>a )ields
(ln D0 ln D)
253, 300 J/mol
(8.31 J/mol - K)[ ln (1.1 10 -5 m 2 /s) - ln (2.1 10 -14 m 2 /s)]
8 151= C 8 1,55C Bote7 t'is $#o+le a) also +e sol-ed usin" t'e DEiffusionF odule in t'e ?9S8 soft&a#e. O$en t'e DEiffusionF
odule% !li!* on t'e DE -s 1:T PlotF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 1. In t'e left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s% !li!* on t'e DCusto 1F +o(. ,. In t'e !olu n on t'e #i"'t-'and side of t'is &indo& ente# t'e data fo# t'is $#o+le . In t'e &indo& unde# DE9F ente# $#ee($onential -alueH-i<. D1.1e-5F. Ne(t 2ust +elo& t'e DM dF &indo& ente# t'e a!ti-ation ene#") -alueH-i<. D,5...F. It is ne(t ne!essa#) to s$e!if) a te $e#atu#e #an"e o-e# &'i!' t'e data is to +e $lotted. T'e te $e#atu#e at &'i!' < 'as t'e sti$ulated -alue is $#o+a+l) +et&een 1999LC and 1599LC% so ente# D1999F in t'e DT MinF +o( t'at is +eside DCF4 and si ila#l) fo# t'e DT Ma(F. .. Ne(t% at t'e +otto of t'is &indo&% !li!* t'e DAdd Cu#-eF +utton. a(i u te $e#atu#eHente# D1599F in t'e +o( +elo&
5. A lo" E -e#sus 1:T $lot t'en a$$ea#s% &it' a line fo# t'e te $e#atu#e de$enden!e of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient fo# ?e in Co. At t'e to$ of t'is !u#-e is a dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so#. Cli!*-and-d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e line to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e ent#) unde# t'e DEiff Coeff /E03F la+el #eads ,.1 19-15
,:s. T'e te $e#atu#e at
&'i!' t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient 'as t'is -alue is "i-en unde# t'e la+el DTe $e#atu#e /T03F. ?o# t'is $#o+le % t'e -alue is 151> C.
5.,9 -he acti%ation ener$y for the diffusion of carbon in chromium is 111(000 >1mol. #alculate the diffusion coefficient at 1100 A )807 #*( $i%en that < at 1200 A )1107#* is !.0. 10-11 m01s. Solution To sol-e t'is $#o+le it fi#st +e!o es ne!essa#) to sol-e fo# <9 f#o E6uation 5.= as
0 =
111, 000 J / mol = (6.25 10 -11 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1400 K)
8 =.; 19-; No&% sol-in" fo# < at 1199 C /a"ain usin" E6uation 5.=0 "i-es
,:s

8 5.7 19-1,
,
:s
5.,1 -he diffusion coefficients for iron in nickel are $i%en at two temperatures7
- /A0 107/ 127/
< /m,:s0 .2 L 10@1! 0.2 L 10@12
)a* <etermine the %alues of <0 and the acti%ation ener$y =d. )b* +hat is the ma$nitude of < at 1100H# )1/7/ A*, Solution /a0 Usin" E6uation 5.>a% &e set u$ t&o si ultaneous e6uations &it' =d and <9 as un*no&ns as follo&s3
Q 1 ln D1 = ln D0 d R T1 Q 1 ln D2 = ln D0 d R T2
No&% sol-in" fo# =d in te# s of te $e#atu#es -1 and -, /1,;. C and 15;. C0 and <1 and <, />.5 19-17 and ,.5 19-15
,
:s0% &e "et
ln D1 ln D2 1 1 T1 T2
= (8.31 J/mol - K)
-16 -14 [ ln (9.4 10 ) ln (2.4 10 )] 1 1 1273 K 1473 K
8 ,5,%599 J: ol No&% sol-in" fo# <9 f#o E6uation 5.= /and usin" t'e 1,;. C -alue of <0
= d <9 8 <1 e($ M- 1
(9.4
252, 400 J/mol 10 -16 m2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1273 K)

8 ,., 19-5
,:s
/+0 Usin" t'ese -alues of <9 and =d% < at 1.;. C is 2ust

8 5.5 19-15
,
:s
Bote7 t'is $#o+le
odule% !li!* on t'e DE9 and Md f#o
E($e#i ental EataF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 t'e ta+le in t'e +oo* /-i<.
1. In t'e left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s% ente# t'e t&o te $e#atu#es f#o
D1,;.F and D15;.F% in t'e fi#st t&o +o(es unde# t'e !olu n la+eled DT /C0F. Ne(t% ente# t'e !o##es$ondin" diffusion !oeffi!ient -alues /-i<. D>.5e-17F and D,.5e-15F0. .. Ne(t% at t'e +otto of t'is &indo&% !li!* t'e DPlot dataF +utton.
5. A lo" E -e#sus 1:T $lot t'en a$$ea#s% &it' a line fo# t'e te $e#atu#e de$enden!e fo# t'is diffusion s)ste . At t'e to$ of t'is &indo& a#e "i-e -alues fo# <9 and =d4 fo# t'is s$e!ifi! $#o+le 19-5
,:s and ,5, *J: ol% #es$e!ti-el)
t'ese -alues a#e ,.1;
5. To sol-e t'e /+0 $a#t of t'e $#o+le
&e utili<e t'e dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so# t'at is lo!ated at t'e to$ of
t'e line on t'is $lot. Cli!*-and-d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e line to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e ent#) unde# t'e DTe $e#atu#e /T03F la+el #eads D1.;.F. T'e -alue of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient at t'is te $e#atu#e is "i-en unde# t'e la+el DEiff Coeff /E03F. ?o# ou# $#o+le % t'is -alue is 5.5 19-15
,:s.
5.,, -he diffusion coefficients for sil%er in copper are $i%en at two temperatures7
- /K#0 !.0 00 )a* <etermine the %alues of <0 and =d. )b* +hat is the ma$nitude of < at 87.K#, Solution
< /m01s0 ... L 10@1! 1./ L 10@1/
/a0 Usin" E6uation 5.>a% &e set u$ t&o si ultaneous e6uations &it' =d and <9 as un*no&ns as follo&s3
Q 1 ln D1 = ln D0 d R T1 Q 1 ln D2 = ln D0 d R T2
Sol-in" fo# =d in te# s of te $e#atu#es -1 and -, />,. C A759CB and 11;. C A>99CB0 and <1 and <, /5.5 1917
and 1.. 19-1.
:s0% &e "et
ln D1 ln D2 1 1 T1 T2
(8.31 J/mol - K)[ ln (5.5 10 -16) ln (1.3 10 -13 )] 1 1 923 K 1173 K
8 1>7%;99 J: ol No&% sol-in" fo# <9 f#o E6uation 5.= /and usin" t'e 759 C -alue of <0
0 = 1 1
(5.5
196, 700 J/mol 10 -16 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(923 K)

8 ;.5 19-5
,:s
/+0 Usin" t'ese -alues of <9 and =d% < at 115= C /=;5C0 is 2ust

8 =.. 19-15
,:s
Bote7 t'is $#o+le
odule% !li!* on t'e DE9 and Md f#o
E($e#i ental EataF su+ odule% and t'en do t'e follo&in"3 t'e ta+le in t'e +oo* /!on-e#ted
1. In t'e left-'and &indo& t'at a$$ea#s% ente# t'e t&o te $e#atu#es f#o f#o
de"#ees Celsius to Cel-ins0 /-i<. D>,.F /759LC0 and D11;.F />99LC0% in t'e fi#st t&o +o(es unde# t'e !olu n
la+eled DT /C0F. Ne(t% ente# t'e !o##es$ondin" diffusion !oeffi!ient -alues /-i<. D5.5e-17F and D1..e-1.F0. .. Ne(t% at t'e +otto of t'is &indo&% !li!* t'e DPlot dataF +utton.
5. A lo" E -e#sus 1:T $lot t'en a$$ea#s% &it' a line fo# t'e te $e#atu#e de$enden!e fo# t'is diffusion s)ste . At t'e to$ of t'is &indo& a#e "i-e -alues fo# <9 and =d4 fo# t'is s$e!ifi! $#o+le 19-5
,:s and 1>7 *J: ol% #es$e!ti-el)
t'ese -alues a#e ;.55
5. To sol-e t'e /+0 $a#t of t'e $#o+le
&e utili<e t'e dia ond-s'a$ed !u#so# t'at is lo!ated at t'e to$ of
t'e line on t'is $lot. Cli!*-and-d#a" t'is !u#so# do&n t'e line to t'e $oint at &'i!' t'e ent#) unde# t'e DTe $e#atu#e /T03F la+el #eads D115=F /i.e.% =;5LC0. T'e -alue of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient at t'is te $e#atu#e is "i-en unde# t'e la+el DEiff Coeff /E03F. ?o# ou# $#o+le % t'is -alue is =.> 19-15
,:s.
5.,. Below is shown a plot of the lo$arithm )to the base 10* of the diffusion coefficient %ersus reciprocal of the absolute temperature( for the diffusion of iron in chromium. <etermine %alues for the acti%ation ener$y and preexponential.
Solution T'is $#o+le as*s us to dete# ine t'e -alues of =d and <9 fo# t'e diffusion of ?e in C# f#o t'e $lot of
lo" < -e#sus 1:-. A!!o#din" to E6uation 5.>+ t'e slo$e of t'is $lot is e6ual to
2.3 R
/#at'e# t'an
sin!e &e a#e usin" lo" < #at'e# t'an ln <0 and t'e inte#!e$t at 1: - 8 9 "i-es t'e -alue of lo" <9. T'e slo$e is e6ual to
log D1 log D2 (log D) = 1 1 1 T1 T2 T
Ta*in" 1:-1 and 1:-, as 9.75 19-. and 9.79 19-. C-1% #es$e!ti-el)% t'en t'e !o##es$ondin" -alues of <1 and <, a#e ,.=1 19-17 and 1.=, 19-15% as noted in t'e fi"u#e +elo&.
T'e -alues of lo" <1 and lo" <, a#e I15.79 and I15.;5% and t'e#efo#e%
= 2.3 ()
= 2.3
log D1 log D2 1 1 T1 T2
15.60 ( 14.74) = (2.3)(8.31 J/mol - K) (0.65 103 0.60 103 ) K 1

8 .,>%999 J: ol Rat'e# t'an t#)in" to a*e a "#a$'i!al e(t#a$olation to dete# ine <9% a o#e a!!u#ate -alue is o+tained 1:-0 f#o t'e $lot "i-en in t'e
anal)ti!all) usin" E6uation 5.>+ ta*in" a s$e!ifi! -alue of +ot' < and - /f#o $#o+le 4 fo# e(a $le% < 8 1.9 19-15
,:s at - 8 17,7 C /1: - 8 9.715 19-. C-10. T'e#efo#e
0 =
(1.0
329, 000 J/mol 10 -15 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1626 K)
8 ..;5 19-5
,:s
5.,5 #arbon is allowed to diffuse throu$h a steel plate 1. mm thick. -he concentrations of carbon at the two faces are 0.!. and 0./0 k$ #1m / ;e( which are maintained constant. Cf the preexponential and acti%ation ener$y are !.0 10-7 m01s and 80(000 >1mol( respecti%ely( compute the temperature at which the diffusion flux is 1.2/ 10- k$1m0-s. Solution Co +inin" E6uations 5.. and 5.= )ields
= 0
Sol-in" fo# - f#o t'is e($#ession leads to
1 D C ln 0 J x
And in!o#$o#ation of -alues $#o-ided in t'e $#o+le
state ent )ields
80,000 J/mol 1 = 8.31 J/mol-K (6.2 107 m2 /s)(0.65 kg/m3 0.30 kg/m3) ln 9 2 3 (1.4310 kg/m -s)(15 10 m)
8 1955 C 8 ;;1C
5.,5 -he steady-state diffusion flux throu$h a metal plate is ..2 10-10 k$1m0-s at a temperature of 707 # )1000 A* and when the concentration $radient is -/.0 k$1m 2. #alculate the diffusion flux at 1007 # )1/00 A* for the same concentration $radient and assumin$ an acti%ation ener$y for diffusion of 10.(000 >1mol. Solution In o#de# to sol-e t'is $#o+le % &e ust fi#st !o $ute t'e -alue of <9 f#o t'e data "i-en at ;,; C /1999
C04 t'is #e6ui#es t'e !o +inin" of +ot' E6uations 5.. and 5.= as
= 0
Sol-in" fo# <9 f#o t'e a+o-e e($#ession "i-es
0 =
5.4 1010 kg/m 2 - s 125, 000 J/mol = exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1000 K) 350 kg / m4
8 5.,7 19-7 T'e -alue of t'e diffusion flu( at 1.99 C
,:s
a) +e !o $uted usin" t'ese sa e t&o e6uations as follo&s3
= 0
125, 000 J/mol = (5.26 10 -6 m 2 /s)( 350 kg/m 4 ) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1300 K)
8 1.;5 19-= *": ,-s
5.,7 At approximately what temperature would a specimen of -iron ha%e to be carburi4ed for 0 h to produce the same diffusion result as at 00 # for 1. h, Solution To sol-e t'is $#o+le it is ne!essa#) to e $lo) E6uation 5.;
=
1'i!'% fo# t'is $#o+le % ta*es t'e fo#
900 t900 = DT t T
At >99C% and usin" t'e data f#o <9 8 ,.. 19-5
,:s
Ta+le 5.,% fo# t'e diffusion of !a#+on in -i#onHi.e.%
=d 8 15=%999 J: ol t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient is e6ual to
148, 000 J/mol 900 = (2.3 10 -5 m2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(900 + 273 K)
8 5.> 19-1, T'us% f#o t'e a+o-e e6uation
,
:s
(5.9
And% sol-in" fo# <T
10 -12 m2 /s) (15 h) = DT (2 h)
T =
(5.9 10 -12
m 2 /s)(15 h) = 4.43 10 -11 m 2 /s 2h
No&% sol-in" fo# - f#o
E6uation 5.>a "i-es
(ln DT ln D0 )
148, 000 J/mol (8.31 J/mol - K)[ ln (4.43 10 -11 m 2 /s) ln (2.3 10 -5 m2 /s)]
8 1.5. C 8 19=9C
5.,; )a* #alculate the diffusion coefficient for copper in aluminum at .00H#. )b* +hat time will be re5uired at !00H# to produce the same diffusion result )in terms of concentration at a specific point* as for 10 h at .00H#, Solution /a0 1e a#e as*ed to !al!ulate t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient fo# Cu in Al at 599 C. Usin" t'e data in Ta+le 5., and E6uation 5.=
= 0
136, 000 J / mol 10 -5 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(500 + 273 K)
8 5.15 19-15 /+0 T'is $o#tion of t'e $#o+le
,:s
(6.5
!alls fo# t'e ti e #e6ui#ed at 799 C to $#odu!e t'e sa e diffusion #esult
as fo# 19 ' at 599C. E6uation 5.; is e $lo)ed as
500 t500 = D600 t 600

No&% f#o E6uation 5.= t'e -alue of t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient at 799 C is !al!ulated as
136, 000 J/mol 600 = (6.5 10 -5 m2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(600 + 273 K)
8 5.7> 19-1. T'us%
,:s
600 =
D500 t 500 D600

0.88 h
(4.15 1014 m2 /s) (10 h) = (4.69 1013 m2 /s)
5.,= A copper-nickel diffusion couple similar to that shown in ;i$ure ..1a is fashioned. After a 700-h heat treatment at 1100 # )1/7/ A* the concentration of #u is 0.. wt6 at the /.0-mm position within the nickel. At what temperature must the diffusion couple need to be heated to produce this same concentration )i.e.( 0.. wt6 #u* at a 0.0-mm position after 700 h, -he preexponential and acti%ation ener$y for the diffusion of #u in Bi are $i%en in -able ..0. Solution In o#de# to dete# ine t'e te $e#atu#e to &'i!' t'e diffusion !ou$le !on!ent#ation of ,.5 &t@ Ni at t'e ,.9!onstant. T'at is $osition% &e ust +e 'eated so as to $#odu!e a
ust fi#st utili<e E6uation 5.7+ &it' ti e t +ein" a
2 =
O#
2 1100 x2 = T D1100 DT
No&% sol-in" fo# <T f#o
t'is e6uation% )ields

2D xT 1100 2 x1100
T =
and in!o#$o#atin" t'e te $e#atu#e de$enden!e of <1199 utili<in" E6uation /5.=0% #eali<in" t'at fo# t'e diffusion of Cu in Ni /Ta+le 5.,0 <9 8 ,.; 19-5 t'en
,
:s
=d 8 ,57%999 J: ol
Qd 2 ( xT ) D0 exp RT = 2 x1100
256, 000 J/mol (8.31 J/mol - K)(1373 K) (3 mm) 2
5 m 2 /s) exp (2 mm) 2 (2.7 10
8 ,.17 19-15
,:s
1e no& need to find t'e - at &'i!' < 'as t'is -alue. T'is is a!!o $lis'ed +) #ea##an"in" E6uation 5.>a and sol-in" fo# - as
(ln D0 ln D)
256, 000 J/mol
(8.31 J/mol - K)[ ln (2.7 10 -5 m2 /s) ln (2.16 10 -15 m 2 /s)]

8 1.,5 C 8 195,C
5.,> A diffusion couple similar to that shown in ;i$ure ..1a is prepared usin$ two hypothetical metals A and B. After a /0-h heat treatment at 1000 A )and subse5uently coolin$ to room temperature* the concentration of A in B is /.0 wt6 at the 1...-mm position within metal B. Cf another heat treatment is conducted on an identical diffusion couple( only at 800 A for /0 h( at what position will the composition be /.0 wt6 A, Assume that the preexponential and acti%ation ener$y for the diffusion coefficient are 1.8 10-. m01s and 1.0(000 >1mol( respecti%ely. Solution In o#de# to dete# ine t'e $osition &it'in t'e diffusion !ou$le at &'i!' t'e !on!ent#ation of A in B is .., &t@% &e ust e $lo) E6uation 5.7+ &it' t !onstant. T'at is
2 =
O#
2 2 800 1000 = 800 1000
It is fi#st ne!essa#) to !o $ute -alues fo# +ot' <=99 and <19994 t'is is a!!o $lis'ed usin" E6uation 5.= as follo&s3
800 =
(1.8
152, 000 J/mol 10 -5 m2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(800 K)

8 ,.1, 19-15
,:s
152, 000 J/mol 1000 = (1.8 10 -5 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1000 K)
8 ,.95 19-1. No&% sol-in" t'e a+o-e e($#ession fo# x=99 )ields
,:s
800 = x1000
D800 D1000
= (15.5 mm)
15 m 2 /s 2.12 10 13 m 2 /s 2.05 10
8 1.7
5..9 -he outer surface of a steel $ear is to be hardened by increasin$ its carbon content. -he carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich atmosphere( which is maintained at an ele%ated temperature. A diffusion heat treatment at 8.0 # )110/ A* for 10 min increases the carbon concentration to 0. 0 wt6 at a position 1.0 mm below the surface. 8stimate the diffusion time re5uired at !.0 # ) 0/ A* to achie%e this same concentration also at a 1.0-mm position. Assume that the surface carbon content is the same for both heat treatments( which is maintained constant. "se the diffusion data in -able ..0 for # diffusion in -;e. Solution In o#de# to !o $ute t'e diffusion ti e at 759 C to $#odu!e a !a#+on !on!ent#ation of 9.>9 &t@ at a $osition 1.9 +elo& t'e su#fa!e &e ust e $lo) E6uation 5.7+ &it' $osition / x0 !onstant4 t'at is <t 8 !onstant O#
850 t850 = D650 t 650

In addition% it is ne!essa#) to !o $ute -alues fo# +ot' <=59 and <759 usin" E6uation 5.=. ?#o diffusion of C in -?e% =d 8 =9%999 J: ol and <9 8 7., 19-;
,:s. T'e#efo#e%
Ta+le 5.,% fo# t'e
80, 000 J/mol 850 = (6.2 10 -7 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(850 + 273 K)
8 1.1; 19-19
,:s
80, 000 J/mol 650 = (6.2 10 -7 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(650 + 273 K)
8 1.=. 19-11 No&% sol-in" t'e o#i"inal e6uation fo# t759 "i-es
,:s
650 =
D850 t 850 D650
(1.17
10 m 2 /s) (10 min) 10 11 m 2 /s 1.83 10
8 7..>
in
5..1 An ;## iron-carbon alloy initially containin$ 0.00 wt6 # is carburi4ed at an ele%ated temperature and in an atmosphere wherein the surface carbon concentration is maintained at 1.0 wt6. Cf after 2 .. h the concentration of carbon is 0./. wt6 at a position 2.0 mm below the surface( determine the temperature at which the treatment was carried out. Solution T'is $#o+le su#fa!e. ?#o as*s us to !o $ute t'e te $e#atu#e at &'i!' a nonstead)-state 5>.5 ' diffusion anneal &as +elo& t'e
!a##ied out in o#de# to "i-e a !a#+on !on!ent#ation of 9..5 &t@ C in ?CC ?e at a $osition 5.9 E6uation 5.5
x 0 0.35 0.20 = = 0.1875 = 1 erf 2 Dt Cs C0 1.0 0.20
O#
x erf 2 Dt
= 0.8125
No& it +e!o es ne!essa#)% usin" t'e data in Ta+le 5.1 and linea# inte#$olation% to dete# ine t'e -alue of T'us 4 9.>9 y 9.>5 e#f /40 9.;>;9 9.=1,5 9.=,9>
. 2
0.90 0.8125 0.7970 = 0.95 0.90 0.8209 0.7970
?#o
&'i!' y 8 9.>.,5
T'us%
= 0.9324 2 Dt
And sin!e t 8 5>.5 ' /1;=%,99 s0 and x 8 5.9
/5.9 19
-.
0% sol-in" fo# < f#o
t'e a+o-e e6uation )ields
x2 (4 t )(0.9324 ) 2
(4.0 103 m)2

(4)(178, 200 s)(0.869 )
= 2.58 10 -11 m2 /s
No&% in o#de# to dete# ine t'e te $e#atu#e at &'i!' < 'as t'e a+o-e -alue% &e sol-in" t'is e6uation fo# - )ields
ust e $lo) E6uation 5.>a4
(ln D0 ln D)
-5 ,
?#o
Ta+le 5.,% <9 and =d fo# t'e diffusion of C in ?CC ?e a#e ,.. 19
:s and 15=%999 J: ol% #es$e!ti-el).
T'e#efo#e
148, 000 J/mol (8.31 J/mol - K)[ ln (2.3 10 -5 m 2 /s) - ln (2.58 10 -11 m 2 /s)]
8 1.99 C 8 19,;C
Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials

5.., :hosphorus atoms are to be diffused into a silicon wafer usin$ both predeposition and dri%e-in heat treatments& the back$round concentration of : in this silicon material is known to be . 101 atoms1m/. -he predeposition treatment is to be conducted at .0K# for 2. minutes& the surface concentration of : is to be maintained at a constant le%el of 1.. 100! atoms1m/. <ri%e-in diffusion will be carried out at 1000K# for a period of 0.. h. ;or the diffusion of : in Si( %alues of = d and <0 are /.20 e? and 1.1 10-2 m01s( respecti%ely. )a* #alculate the %alue of =0. )b* <etermine the %alue of x ' for the dri%e-in diffusion treatment. )c* Also for the dri%e-in treatment( compute the position x at which the concentration of : atoms is 10 02 m/
. Solution /a0 ?o# t'is $o#tion of t'e $#o+le &e a#e as*ed to dete# ine t'e -alue of =9. T'is is $ossi+le usin"
E6uation 5.1,. Ho&e-e#% it is fi#st ne!essa#) to dete# ine t'e -alue of < fo# t'e $#ede$osition t#eat ent A<p at -p 8 >59NC /1,,. C0B usin" E6uation 5.=. T'us
Q d D p = D0 exp kT p
3.40 eV = (1.1 104 m2 /s) exp (8.62 105 eV / atom K)(1223 K)
= 1.08 1018 m2 /s
T'e -alue of =9 a) +e dete# ined as follo&s3
Q0 = 2C s = (2)(1.5 10 26 atoms / m3)

8
D pt p
(1.08 1018 m2 /s)(45 min)(60 s / min)
9.14 1018 atoms /m2
/+0 Co $utation of t'e 2un!tion de$t' #e6ui#es t'at &e use E6uation 5.1.. Ho&e-e#% +efo#e t'is is $ossi+le it is ne!essa#) to !al!ulate < at t'e te $e#atu#e of t'e d#i-e-in t#eat ent A <d at 1,99NC /15;. C0B. T'us%
3.40 eV Dd = (1.1 104 m2 /s) exp (8.62 105 eV / atom K)(1473 K)
= 2.58 1016 m2 /s
No& f#o E6uation 5.1.
1/ 2
xj
Q0 = (4 Dd t d ) ln C B Dd t d
1/ 2 9.14 1018 atoms / m 2 16 2 = (4)(2.58 10 m /s)(9000 s) ln (5 1019 atoms / m 3 ) ( )(2.58 1016 m 2 /s)(9000 s)
= 1.21 105 m = 12.1 m

/!0 ?o# a !on!ent#ation of 19,5 P ato s: E6uation 5.11. Ho&e-e#% it is fi#st ne!essa#) to Ta*in" natu#al lo"a#it' s of +ot' sides leads to
.
fo# t'e d#i-e-in t#eat ent% &e !o $ute t'e -alue of x usin"
ani$ulate E6uation 5.11 so t'at x is t'e de$endent -a#ia+le.
Q 0 ln C ( x, t ) = ln D t d d
No&% #ea##an"in" and sol-in" fo# x leads to
x2 4D t d d
Q0 x = (4 Dd t d ) ln C ( x, t ) Dd t d
1/ 2
No&% in!o#$o#atin" -alues fo# =9 and <d dete# ined a+o-e and ta*in" #/x(t 0 8 19,5 P ato s:
)ields
1/ 2 9.14 1018 16 x = (4)(2.58 10 )(9000) ln 16 )(9000) (10 24 ) ( )(2.58 10
= 3.36 106 m = 3.36 m
5... Aluminum atoms are to be diffused into a silicon wafer usin$ both predeposition and dri%e-in heat treatments& the back$round concentration of Al in this silicon material is known to be / 101 atoms1m/. -he dri%e-in diffusion treatment is to be carried out at 10.0K# for a period of 2.0 h( which $i%es a 'unction depth x ' of /.0 m. #ompute the predeposition diffusion time at .0K# if the surface concentration is maintained at a constant le%el of 0 100. atoms1m/. ;or the diffusion of Al in Si( %alues of = d and <0 are /.21 e? and 1./8 10-2 m01s( respecti%ely.N Solution T'is $#o+le as*s t'at &e !o $ute t'e ti e fo# t'e $#ede$osition 'eat t#eat ent fo# t'e diffusion of Al in E6uation 5.1.. Ho&e-e#% +efo#e doin" t'is
Si. In o#de# to do t'is it is ne!essa#) to dete# ine t'e -alue of =9 f#o &e ust fi#st !al!ulate <d% usin" E6uation 5.=. T'e#efo#e
Q d Dd = D0 exp kT d
3.41 eV = (1.38 104 m2 /s) exp (8.62 105 eV / atom K)(1050C + 273 K)
= 1.43 1017 m2 /s
No&% sol-in" fo# =9 in E6uation 5.1. leads to
x2 j Q0 = (C B Dd t d ) exp 4 D t d d
In t'e $#o+le state ent &e a#e "i-en t'e follo&in" -alues3
.
#B 8 . 191> ato s: td 8 5 ' /15%599 s0 x' 8 ..9
8 ..9 19-7
T'e#efo#e% in!o#$o#atin" t'ese -alues into t'e a+o-e e6uation )ields
(3.0 106 m) 2 Q0 = [ (3 1019 atoms / m3) ()(1.43 1017 m2 /s)(14,400 s) ] exp (4)(1.43 1017 m2 /s)(14,400 s)
= 1.34 1018 atoms /m2

1e a) no& !o $ute t'e -alue of tp usin" E6uation 5.1,. Ho&e-e#% +efo#e t'is is $ossi+le it is ne!essa#) to
dete# ine <p /at >59NC0 usin" E6uation 5.=. T'us
3.41 eV D p = (1.38 104 m2 /s) exp (8.62 105 eV / atom K)(950C + 273 K)
= 1.24 1018 m2 /s
No&% sol-in" fo# tp in E6uation 5.1, &e "et
tp =
2 Q 0 2D 4C s p
And in!o#$o#atin" t'e -alue of #s $#o-ided in t'e $#o+le and <p dete# ined a+o-e% leads to
state ent /, 19,5 ato s:
0 as &ell as -alues fo# =9
tp =
(1.34 1018 atoms / m2 )

2
18 m 2 /s) (4)( 2 10 25 atoms / m3 ) (1.24 10
= 2.84 10 3 s = 47.4 min
EESION PROBLEMS
Steady-State Diffusion
5.E1 Ct is desired to enrich the partial pressure of hydro$en in a hydro$en-nitro$en $as mixture for which the partial pressures of both $ases are 0.101/ 9:a )1 atm*. Ct has been proposed to accomplish this by passin$ both $ases throu$h a thin sheet of some metal at an ele%ated temperature& inasmuch as hydro$en diffuses throu$h the plate at a hi$her rate than does nitro$en( the partial pressure of hydro$en will be hi$her on the exit side of the sheet. -he desi$n calls for partial pressures of 0.070 9:a )0.7 atm* and 0.0000! 9:a )0.0 atm*( respecti%ely( for hydro$en and nitro$en. -he concentrations of hydro$en and nitro$en )# 3 and #B( in mol1m/* in this metal are functions of $as partial pressures )p 3 and pB ( in 9:a* and absolute temperature and are $i%en 0 0 by the followin$ expressions7
27.8 kJ/mol CH = 2.5 10 3 pH 2 exp RT 37.6 kJ/mol CN = 2.75 103 pN 2 exp RT

temperature as follows7
)..1!a*
)..1!b*
;urthermore( the diffusion coefficients for the diffusion of these $ases in this metal are functions of the absolute
7 exp13.4 kJ/mol DH (m2 /s) = 1.4 10 RT 7 exp76.15 kJ/mol DN (m2 /s) = 3.0 10 RT
)..17a*
)..17b*
Cs it possible to purify hydro$en $as in this manner, Cf so( specify a temperature at which the process may be carried out( and also the thickness of metal sheet that would be re5uired. Cf this procedure is not possible( then state the reason)s* why. Solution T'is $#o+le !alls fo# us to as!e#tain &'et'e# o# not a ')d#o"en-nit#o"en "as i(tu#e a) +e en#i!'ed
&it' #es$e!t to ')d#o"en $a#tial $#essu#e +) allo&in" t'e "ases to diffuse t'#ou"' a
etal s'eet at an ele-ated
te $e#atu#e. If t'is is $ossi+le% t'e te $e#atu#e and s'eet t'i!*ness a#e to +e s$e!ified4 if su!' is not $ossi+le% t'en &e a#e to state t'e #easons &'). Sin!e t'is situation in-ol-es stead)-state diffusion% &e e $lo) ?i!*Ps fi#st la&% E6uation 5... Inas u!' as t'e $a#tial $#essu#es on t'e 'i"'-$#essu#e side of t'e s'eet a#e t'e sa e% and t'e
$#essu#e of ')d#o"en on t'e lo& $#essu#e side is ..5 ti es t'at of nit#o"en% and !on!ent#ations a#e $#o$o#tional to t'e s6ua#e #oot of t'e $a#tial $#essu#e% t'e diffusion flu( of ')d#o"en >H is t'e s6ua#e #oot of ..5 ti es t'e diffusion flu( of nit#o"en >N--i.e.
3.5 J N
T'us% e6uatin" t'e ?i!*Ps la& e($#essions in!o#$o#atin" t'e "i-en e6uations fo# t'e diffusion !oeffi!ients and !on!ent#ations in te# s of $a#tial $#essu#es leads to t'e follo&in" >H
(2.5 10 3) (
0.1013 MPa
27.8 kJ 7 m 2 /s) exp 13.4 kJ 0.0709 MPa ) exp (1.4 10 RT RT
3.5 J N
3.5 x
(2.75 103 ) (
0.1013 MPa
37.6 kJ 7 m2 /s) exp 76.15 kJ 0.02026 MPa ) exp (3.0 10 RT RT
T'e xPs !an!el out% &'i!'
eans t'at t'e $#o!ess is inde$endent of s'eet t'i!*ness. No& sol-in" t'e a+o-e
e($#ession fo# t'e a+solute te $e#atu#e - "i-es - 8 .,.; C &'i!' -alue is e(t#e el) 'i"' /su#el) a+o-e t'e possible. eltin" $oint of t'e etal0. T'us% su!' a diffusion $#o!ess is not
5.E, A $as mixture is found to contain two diatomic A and B species for which the partial pressures of both are 0.0.0!. 9:a )0.. atm*. -his mixture is to be enriched in the partial pressure of the A species by passin$ both $ases throu$h a thin sheet of some metal at an ele%ated temperature. -he resultin$ enriched mixture is to ha%e a partial pressure of 0.0000! 9:a )0.0 atm* for $as A( and 0.0101/ 9:a )0.1 atm* for $as B. -he concentrations of A and B )# A and #B( in mol1m/* are functions of $as partial pressures )p A and pB ( in 9:a*
0 0
and absolute temperature accordin$ to the followin$ expressions7
25.0 kJ/mol C A = 200 pA 2 exp RT 30.0 kJ/mol CB = 1.0 103 pB 2 exp RT

temperature as follows7
)..18a*
)..18b*
;urthermore( the diffusion coefficients for the diffusion of these $ases in the metal are functions of the absolute
15.0 kJ/mol DA (m2 /s) = 4.0 107 exp RT 24.0 kJ/mol DB (m2 /s) = 2.5 106 exp RT
)..1 a*
)..1 b*
Cs it possible to purify the A $as in this manner, Cf so( specify a temperature at which the process may be carried out( and also the thickness of metal sheet that would be re5uired. Cf this procedure is not possible( then state the reason)s* why. Solution T'is $#o+le !alls fo# us to as!e#tain &'et'e# o# not an A ,-B, "as i(tu#e a) +e en#i!'ed &it' #es$e!t
to t'e A $a#tial $#essu#e +) allo&in" t'e "ases to diffuse t'#ou"' a #easons &').
etal s'eet at an ele-ated te $e#atu#e. If t'is
is $ossi+le% t'e te $e#atu#e and s'eet t'i!*ness a#e to +e s$e!ified4 if su!' is not $ossi+le% t'en &e a#e to state t'e Sin!e t'is situation in-ol-es stead)-state diffusion% &e e $lo) ?i!*Ps fi#st la&% E6uation 5... Inas u!' as t'e $a#tial $#essu#es on t'e 'i"'-$#essu#e side of t'e s'eet a#e t'e sa e% and t'e $#essu#e of A , on t'e lo& $#essu#e side is ,.9 ti es t'at of B,% and !on!ent#ations a#e $#o$o#tional to t'e s6ua#e #oot of t'e $a#tial $#essu#e% t'e diffusion flu( of A% >A% is t'e s6ua#e #oot of ,.9 ti es t'e diffusion flu( of nit#o"en >B--i.e.
2.0
T'us% e6uatin" t'e ?i!*Ps la& e($#essions in!o#$o#atin" t'e "i-en e6uations fo# t'e diffusion !oeffi!ients and !on!ent#ations in te# s of $a#tial $#essu#es leads to t'e follo&in" >A
(200) (
0.05065 MPa
25.0 kJ 7 m2 /s) exp 15.0 kJ 0.02026 MPa ) exp (4.0 10 RT RT
2.0 J B
2.0 x
(1.0
30.0 kJ 24.0 kJ 103 ) ( 0.05065 MPa 0.01013 MPa ) exp (2.5 106 m2 /s) exp RT RT
eans t'at t'e $#o!ess is inde$endent of s'eet t'i!*ness. No& sol-in" t'e a+o-e
T'e xPs !an!el out% &'i!'
e($#ession fo# t'e a+solute te $e#atu#e - "i-es - 8 591 C /1,=C0 T'us% it is $ossi+le to !a##) out t'is $#o!edu#e at 591 C o# 1,= C.
Nonsteady-State Diffusion
5.E. -he wear resistance of a steel shaft is to be impro%ed by hardenin$ its surface. -his is to be accomplished by increasin$ the nitro$en content within an outer surface layer as a result of nitro$en diffusion into the steel. -he nitro$en is to be supplied from an external nitro$en-rich $as at an ele%ated and constant temperature. -he initial nitro$en content of the steel is 0.000 wt6( whereas the surface concentration is to be maintained at 0..0 wt6. ;or this treatment to be effecti%e( a nitro$en content of 0.10 wt6 must be established at a position 0.20 mm below the surface. Specify appropriate heat treatments in terms of temperature and time for temperatures between 27.# and !0.#. -he preexponential and acti%ation ener$y for the diffusion of nitro$en in iron are / 10-7 m01s and 7!(1.0 >1mol( respecti%ely( o%er this temperature ran$e. Solution T'is is a nonstead)-state diffusion situation4 t'us% it is ne!essa#) to e $lo) E6uation 5.5% utili<in" t'e follo&in" -alues fo# t'e !on!ent#ation $a#a ete#s3 #9 8 9.99, &t@ N #s 8 9.59 &t@ N #x 8 9.19 &t@ N T'e#efo#e
0 0.10 0.002 = Cs C0 0.50 0.002

x = 0.1968 = 1 erf 2 Dt
And t'us
x 1 0.1968 = 0.8032 = erf 2 Dt

Usin" linea# inte#$olation and t'e data $#esented in Ta+le 5.1
4 9.>999 y 9.>599
e#f /40 9.;>;9 9.=9., 9.=,9>
0.8032 0.7970 y 0.9000 = 0.8209 0.7970 0.9500 0.9000
?#o
&'i!'
x = 0.9130 2 Dt
. T'e#efo#e
T'e $#o+le
sti$ulates t'at x 8 9.59
8 5.9 19-5
4.0 104 m = 0.9130 2 Dt

1'i!' leads to <t 8 5.=9 19-=
,
?u#t'e# o#e% t'e diffusion !oeffi!ient de$ends on te $e#atu#e a!!o#din" to E6uation 5.=4 and% as sti$ulated in t'e $#o+le state ent% <9 8 . 19-; ,:s and =d 8 ;7%159 J: ol. Hen!e
Q = D0 exp d (t ) = 4.80 10 -8 m2 RT
(3.0
76,150 J/mol 8 2 10 -7 m2 /s) exp (t ) = 4.80 10 m (8.31 J/mol - K)(T )
And sol-in" fo# t'e ti e t
(in s) =
0.160 9163.7 exp T
T'us% t'e #e6ui#ed diffusion ti e
a) +e !o $uted fo# so e s$e!ified te $e#atu#e /in C0. Belo& a#e ta+ulated t
-alues fo# t'#ee diffe#ent te $e#atu#es t'at lie &it'in t'e #an"e sti$ulated in t'e $#o+le .
Te $e#atu#e /C0 599 559 799
Ti e s ,,%599 11%999 5=99 ' 7.. ..1 1.7
Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials

5.E5 One inte$rated circuit desi$n calls for the diffusion of arsenic into silicon wafers& the back$round concentration of As in Si is 0.. 1000 atoms1m/. -he predeposition heat treatment is to be conducted at 1000K# for 2. minutes( with a constant surface concentration of 8 100! As atoms1m/. %alues of =d and <0 are 2.10 e? and 0.0 10-/ m01s( respecti%ely. Solution T'is $#o+le as*s t'at &e !o $ute t'e d#i-e-in diffusion ti e fo# a#seni! diffusion in sili!on. It is fi#st At a dri%e-in treatment temperature of 1100K#( determine the diffusion time re5uired for a 'unction depth of 1.0 m. ;or this system(
ne!essa#) to dete# ine t'e -alue of =9 usin" E6uation 5.1,. But +efo#e t'is is $ossi+le% t'e -alue of <p at 1999NC ust +e !o $uted &it' t'e aid of E6uation 5.=. T'us%
Q d D p = D0 exp kT p
4.10 eV 3 m 2 /s) exp = (2.29 10 5 eV/atom K)(1000C + 273 K) (8.62 10
= 1.36 1019 m2 /s
No& fo# t'e !o $utation of =9 usin" E6uation 5.1,3
Q0 = 2C s
D pt p
= (2)(8 10 26 atoms/m 3 )
19 m2 /s)(45 min)(60 s/min) (1.36 10
= 1.73 1019 atoms/m2

1e no& desi#e to !al!ulate td in E6uation 5.1.. Al"e+#ai! leads to ani$ulation and #ea##an"e ent of t'is e($#ession
x2 j exp 4 D t d d
Q0 = C B D d t d
At t'is $oint it is ne!essa#) to dete# ine t'e -alue of <d /at 1199NC0. T'us
4.10 eV 3 m 2 /s) exp Dd = (2.29 10 5 eV/atom K)(1100C + 273 K) (8.62 10
= 2.06 1018 m2 /s
And in!o#$o#ation of -alues of all $a#a ete#s e(!e$t td in t'e a+o-e e($#ession )ields
(1.2 106 m) 2 1.73 1019 atoms/m 2 exp = 18 m 2 /s) t (4)(2.06 1018 m2 /s) t d (2.5 10 20 atoms/m 3 ) ( )(2.06 10 d
&'i!' e($#ession #edu!es to
1.75 10 5 s 2.72 10 7 s1/ 2 exp = td td

Sol-in" fo# td is not a si $le atte#. One $ossi+ilit) is to use a "#a$'in" te!'ni6ue. Let us ta*e t'e lo"a#it' of
+ot' sides of t'e a+o-e e6uation% &'i!' "i-es
2.72 10 7 s1/ 2 1.75 10 5 s = ln td td

No& if &e $lot t'e te# s on +ot' left and #i"'t 'and sides of t'is e6uation -e#sus td% t'e -alue of td at t'e $oint of inte#se!tion of t'e t&o #esultin" !u#-es is !o##e!t ans&e#. Belo& is su!' a $lot3
As noted% t'e t&o !u#-es inte#se!t at a+out 1.%>99 s% &'i!' !o##es$onds to td 8 ..=7 '.

Diffusion Problem Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diffusion Problem Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 5 DIFFUSION PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

sa e t)$e. Inte#diffusion is diffusion of ato s of one

onito#ed +) easu#e ent of #adioa!ti-it) le-el.

inte#stitial site to ad2a!ent inte#stitial site fo# t'e inte#stitial diffusion

o#e #a$id t'an -a!an!) diffusion +e!ause3 /10 inte#stitial ato s%

-a!an!) ad2a!ent to a 'ost /o# su+stitutional i $u#it)0 ato .

0.6 2.4 kg / m3 = (1.0 10 -8 m 2 /s)(0.20 m 2 ) (3600 s/h) 3m 5 10

% t'en it +e!o es ne!essa#) to sol-e

4 kg / m3 2 kg / m3 B = 0 + (6 10 -11 m2 /s) 1.2 107 kg / m2 - s

0.012 0.012 99.988 + 3 2.25 g/cm 7.87 g/cm 3

Si ila#l)% fo# 9.99;5 &t@ C

0.0075 0.0075 2.25 g/cm 3

No&% usin" a #ea##an"ed fo#

103 m = (1.40 10 -8 kg/m 2 - s) 0.944 kg/m 3 0.590 kg/m 3

pH 2 )in 9:a*( and absolute temperature )-*

27.2 kJ / mol CH = 1.34 102 pH 2 exp RT

100 g 7.87 g /cm3

= 12.7 cm 3 = 1.27 10-5 m 3

T'e#efo#e% t'e !on!ent#ation of ')d#o"en at t'e B fa!e in *ilo"#a s of H $e# !u+i!

ete# of allo) A () B is 2ust

9.93 109 kg = 7.82 10 -4 kg/m 3 5 3 1.27 10 m

8 kg 7.02 10 = 5.53 10 -3 kg/m 3 5 m3 1.27 10

4 kg / m 3 5.53 10 3 kg / m 3 7.82 10 = 4.75 kg/m 4 3m 10

= (6.41 10 -9 m 2 /s)(4.75 kg/m 4 ) = 3.05 10 -8 kg/m 2 - s

It !an +e s'o&n t'at

&'e#ein% #x 8 9.55% #9 8 9.,9% #s 8 1..9% and x 8 ,

x 0 0.45 0.20 = = 0.2273 = 1 erf 2 Dt Cs C0 1.30 0.20

x erf = 1 0.2273 = 0.7727 2 Dt

0.850 0.7727 0.7707 = 0.900 0.850 0.7970 0.7707

Ta+le 5.,% at 1999C /1,;. C0

148, 000 J/mol 10 -5 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol- K)(1273 K)

Sol-in" fo# t )ields t 8 ;.1 195 s 8 1>.; '

x 0 0.15 0.35 = = 0.5714 = 1 erf 2 Dt Cs C 0 0 0.35

0.40 0.4286 0.4284 = 0.45 0.40 0.4755 0.4284

(6.9 1011 m2 /s)( 3.6 10 4 s)

a) also +e sol-ed usin" t'e DEiffusionF

Bitro$en from a $aseous phase is to be diffused into pure iron at 700 #.

diffusion ti e% &'en diffusion is nonstead)-state. ?#o

0.527 0.500 y 0.5205 = 0.550 0.500 0.5633 0.5205

&'i!' y 8 e#f /9.5,;0 8 9.55.7

0 = 1.0 0.5436 0.1 0

5 + 2 5 2 50 106 m 2.5 = erf 2 2 2 Dt

Su+stitution of t'is -alue into t'e a+o-e e6uation leads to

6 m 5 + 2 5 2 50 10 2.5 = erf 15 m 2 /s) (t ) 2 2 2 ( 4.03 10

T'is e($#ession #edu!es to t'e follo&in" fo# 3

393.8 s 0.6667 = erf t

0.650 0.6667 0.6420 = 0.700 0.650 0.6778 0.6420

And% sol-in" fo# t "i-es t 8 ...1 195 s 8 >, '

(2.5 mm) 2 (5.0 mm) 2 = 10 h t2

Factors That Influence Diffusion

80, 000 J/mol = (6.2 10 -7 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1173 K)

148, 000 J/mol = (2.3 10 -5 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1173 K)

odule in t'e ?9S8 soft&a#e. O$en t'e DEiffusionF

and usin" t'e data f#o % &e "et

Ta+le 5., fo# t'e diffusion of Cu in Ni /i.e.% <9 8 ,.; 19-5

etal. Ne(t% at t'e +otto

of t'is &indo&% !li!*

as*ed to !o $ute t'e te $e#atu#e at &'i!' < = ,.1 19-15

:s. Sol-in" fo# - f#o

E6uation 5.>a )ields

(8.31 J/mol - K)[ ln (1.1 10 -5 m 2 /s) - ln (2.1 10 -14 m 2 /s)]

111, 000 J/mol = (8.7 10 -7 m 2 /s) exp (8.31 J/mol - K)(1100 K)

- /A0 107/ 127/

< /m,:s0 .2 L 10@1! 0.2 L 10@12

pH 2 )in 9:a( and absolute temperature )-