English Gramma For Thai People

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-.
/ 1

.aasv+vu+av
v.n.u + .va aa .a
o v.a.<c
a+.vasv+v.a+av+a+.aav aualvlr sva.
vava+a+v+J.aasv+vnaa+a+a.aarvv aaav.lv
vavauar vava+v v.anaa, Jvav aavavuv+a uuav
sv+vv+u.naaaau+a.uJ.aaa.avnn.J a.Jvuv+an a a.
aaa.a a.uvv rauuaaav a+avsv +vn u. naa aa u+
aav+anaJ+a, lvaa.un v uu4 u anaun luv v, nunun.v.aa
sv+vu+av u+av.avvva .a..a u +a+nun.v vv.a.
uaaa+aaav.a. wandeeditc@yahoo.com
unn 1 Article: a, an, theaavn
unn 2 SimplePresent Tensear.a tobe, tohave, todoaavn
unn 3 SimplePat Tenseaavn
unn 4 Present ContinuousTensear.a should, ought toaavn
unn 5 Past ContinuousTenseaavn
unn 6 Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect ContinuousTense
ar.a can, beableto, may aavn
unn 7 Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect ContinuousTenseaavn
unn 8 FutureSimpleTense, ar.a must, haveto aavn
unn 9 Adjective aavn
unn 10 Comparisonof AdjectivesandAdverbsaavn
unn 11 Conditional Clausesaavn
unn 12 SubjunctiveClausesaavn
unn 13 Modals, AuxiliaryVerbs, HelpingVerbs

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 2

unn 1 : Article A , An, The
Juuv+lr Articlea+v (a/ an/ the) + noun
ualr Articlea, ana+v
1. lr uavvul ( Countablenouns) nJvJ vv ( Singular ) nvv
a.a+ - Wouldyoulikeacupof tea? ( a +v rua u)
- This is anoldcar. ( v J vaava a v )
uaua lr a vuvavn v v a.ava rv. a.lr an vuva nv va va.aa.
(a, e, i , o, u) rv anapple, anegg, an ink, anumbrellaetc. a. a. h
n aa+a. rv an honor, an heir etc.
2. lravn.J+av..+
a.a+ - Wandee satdownonabench. ( .vav+uvv+a.)
- Astrangethinghappenedtomethis morning. ( a+Ja, av v ua vr v )
3. lr Articlea/ an naa+rv rv anarchitect( aaJv ) , an accountant (a uu r )
a soldier (nu), a teacher (a) an engineer (.a.), a janitor (s+) Jvav
a.a+ - Dr.Wanchai is aresearcher. ( a..vraJvv.a)
4. lr Articlea/ an uavn a.a+J va +
a.a+ - Haveyouhadanaccident? ( rau ua uau)
- I amlookingfor ajob. ( av a ++u+va )
uaua : .a .a +a vv vJ va +na+luJaav Articlea, an Jv the
a.a+ - TheaccidenttookplaceonSilomroad. ( ua uaav vuvavva a)
- ThejobthatI was lookingfor is interesting. ( +vnoa++avavl)
5. lr Articlea/ an vuana.ua. uv+
a.a+ - An iguanais ananimal. ( a . .vJ va a. rvauv+)
- Tonyis a pessimist. ( nv J vav+alv+ a)
6. lr Articlea/ an vvnaua+ v. to be
a.a+ - Thathouseis for sale. Itis abargain. ( uvua +v vva a +aa )
- Thehouseneeds painting. Itis inabadcondition. ( uvv a +na lu asvv+
uva)
6. lr Articlea/ an uJ.an.Jrv rv a sorethroat (ua), a fever (Jvv )
atoothache( J.an v), a headache (J.aav.), a cough ()

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 3
a.a+ - Im notfeelingwell today. I haveasorethroat. ( a vaa aaua avu
a)
7. lr Articlea/ an uav.vu.aa+, rv have a good time (avavv) haveachat ( aa)
its a pity (va aaa) in a hurry (+u) its a shame (va)

a.a+ - Wehadachatwhilewewerewaiting aflighttoLondon.
( ua aa avlv.u. +aan a.u vJ+avav)

uu4uan 1 Completeeachsentencewith a/an
1. Sornramwas.actor.
2. DidJackhaveoldtypeof vase?
3. Weerasakispolicemanlikehis father.
4. This morningmysister bought.magazineand.newspaper.
5. I stayat.guesthousewhenI was onholiday.
6. Mybrothers haverabbitand.cat.
7. Youlivein.oldhouseintheoutskirtof Bangkok.
8. Henrysaw.accidentthis afternoon. Atruckcrashedinto..wall.
9. Is Sorayuth.singer or.journalist?
10. Itwas.beautiful andsunnyday.
************************************************************
ualr Article thea+v
1. lr the uavnrav..+
a.a+ - This was aterriblejourney. Theplanewas verycrowded. ( vJ va vn+n
aa +uv a )
- Bangkokis thecapital of Thailand. ( +nvJ v+ua.+v+J.nana)
2. lr theu avn vua vvnurv auJ.sn
a.a+ - Theorchid is Janes favorite flower. ( a.a JvanJaJvv+v)
- The violinis myfavoriteinstrument. ( .avJ va +avanJaJvv+av)
3. lr theu av nJva a aa vn ( adjective) Jaun auv va +a a
a.a+ - Whatis thelongestroadinThailand? ( evve:lsa+.na Ivus:.nalna)
- He is the tallest student in this class. (vJ vv avna +naalvu +v )

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 4

4. lr the vuvaaaavn (adjective) ++nuvnJva v .sv the poor (avv), the rich
(av.a), the blind (avaua) , the disabled (avv) , the dark (a.a) , the wounded
(oua u), the young (avuva.), the dead (avaa) Jvav
a.a+ - This is theparkinglottfor thedisabled. ( vanaav+avv)
- Theyouthcampaignedtostopsmokingcigarettes.( a.rva+a lu a a uu u)
5. lr the ua n aa+r ra rv the British (r. +v), the Spanish (r.aJv) , the Dutch
(r.aar ) the Japanese (r. Jv), the French (r.4+aa), the Swiss (r.a.a) Jva v
a.a+ - TheChineseandtheJapanesearediligent. ( r.va.r.Jvvav)
- TheSpanisharefamous for their spicyfood. ( r.nar aa+a.uua a)
uaua : avnaa+rrauav.a+naa.a s, sh, ch u se ++a the v+uv
.a.uaJ vvuvv a aJva n a a+nauuv a the .a+a sa.a
rv the Russians (r.a+a) the Italians (r.aaav)
the Arabs (r.uu) the Thais (r.na)
6. lr theuavn a.a +a . uo v aa.o n+vla +a.ua
a.a+ - Thestudentwas lateagainyesterday. ( vavavvvaaa..vv )
- Mymother wenttoseethedoctor. ( a vJuuava )
7. lr theuavn Jvr n+s aaa
1) rJ.nau+J.na aaav.J.nana. republic, kingdom, states a.na+na
a.a s rv the German Federal Republic ( avv) , the Republic of Ireland
( ava ) , the United Kingdom( aura) , the United Arab Emirates
( uuaa ), the Netherlands ( vrava , the Philippines ( naJJva )
2) r .uu .nJvvu vv .sv the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Canaries
3) rnvusvnJvvuvv .sv the Andes, the Alps, the Rockies
4) lr ur v aaa+ n.a n.ana ua . r +au uan aua n r v
the Amazon, TheAtlantic , the Bering Strait, the British Strait
the Chao Phraya (River), the Cape of Good Hope, the Caribbean Sea,
the Nile (River), the Mississippi (River), the Pacific Ocean
5) lr ur + saaa rva +a.a vvrsa+ u+aa Jva v r v
the Oriental Hotel the Hilton Hotel
the National Theater the Central Library
the British Museum the Tate Gallery

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 5
6.) lr ur aaavn n of alvr r v
the Bank of England the House of Parliament
the Tower of London the Great Wall of China
7). lr ur uv +avv avvv rv
the Bangkok Post the Nation, The BangkokPost
the Times the New York Tribune
8. lr the uavn v a+a+a a. rv the sun (a.+naa ), the moon (a.+ vn)
the world (a), the earth (a), the sea (n.a), the sky (n+n), the universe (.a),
the ground (vvav), the country (J.na) , the environment (a+.aa),
9. lr uavn J va +ava rv the piano (Jav) , the guitar (a ), the violin
(.av)
the drum (a+), the flute (nn), the trumpet (nJa) Jvav
10. lruJaunauvv.vaa+. 2 a+ u 2 uaavvvuaaa+Jlvnv+aa.v
a.a+ - The more weread, the more weknow.
(a+vn a+vvnvv)
- The more you eat. The fatter you will get.
(a+aa vn aaa+..vv vnvv)
11. lr vaa uavn rv the first (aaun 1), the second (na+), the third (na),
the fourth (na) , the fifth (nu), thetwentieth( na au), thetwenty-first ( naaua)
12. lrvuvav.vu.a r v at noon (na+.v), at night (na+a v), the day after
tomorrow (.vv), in the morning (lvavr) , in the afternoon (lvavua) ,in the
evening (lvavav)

uu4uan 2 Completeeachsentences
1. Theywanttosell most expensivecar.
2. Darawroteher nameat..topof thepage.
3. earthrevolves around..sun.
4. Jackis .onlypersonI metattheconference.
5. .sunshines brightlyinsky.
6. Thebodies of..deadweretakentothecemetery.
7. Myfather playspianoverywell.
8. .cheetahis..fastestof all animals.
9. .Frenchliketodrinktea.
10. Malaysia is .countryinSoutheastAsiaandcapital is KualaLumpur.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 6
a. Article
1. lauv avvua (Uncountable Nouns) r v silk( ou), tea ( vr ) , Paper (
.av) pepper (vna), blood (aa), money (+v), hair ( o), experience
( J.ava ) a+a aala the, some, any, much, this, his a
a.a+ - Jonginwantedtobuysomegold. ( +vaa++n+)
- Weboughtsomepaper. ( v.+.av)
uaua lvu+a vnv u a . Articlea,anvuv v. a.uaaa + vJ
rv - apaper ( uv+avv ) #somepaper ( .avv.vuv+)
Sheboughtapaper. #Sheboughtsomepaper.
- ahair ( avoavuv+) #hair ( ouvav.)
Therewas ahair inmyporridge. # Jinnyhas beautiful hair.
( avoa lvv.a a v) / vvoa.a
2. lauv Articletheuvavvu vvn a.a +n. , J
a.a+ - Childrenlearnfromplayingandobserving.( a , av a va.a +a)
- Students should obeyteachers andtheir parents. (vava.r n +a a.v )
uaua Jaun aulv r av. .+ a +la therv
- Thechildrenin this communitycanspeakEnglishandChinesefluently.
- ( a, lvrrvv aav asv +va.sv va a+aa +aa .
- Thestudents inmyclass likeplayingtennis.
- ( vavlvu + avv+orua vnvva)

3. la thevuv a vn a. uaavnna.uav vJvJa .a a .sv
hospital (J+vauav va) , prison, (a uv+a ) , school ( J+avv avuv+a ),
college, university J.naa au u. naa av a v aa the uva ua v aa+. a
a.uaaav.u va.uan a.
a.a+ Johngoes tochurchonSunday. ( u vJuaa v a.avan .vnaa )
Somsri goes tothechurchtoseeher friends.( aa Jnuaa vJvuv v,)
4. la theuvav.vaJv go to (Jvv), be in bed (vvv), go to work (Jn+v)
beatwork( ann+v), start work (+v) , finish work (a +v), go home (Juv),
get home (vuv), stay at home (a uv) be at home (an uv), gotosea( Jn a.n.a)
a.a+ - I amsleepy, Imgoingtobed. ( av+.+a. av.Jvv)
- Myboss will beatworkaround 9oclock. ( vav+a v.ann+vJ.a 9+)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 7
uaua : la theuv uua breakfast , lunch, brunch, dinner aaala a
ua. meal ( uaa. a )
a.a+ - Michael invitedmetodinner. ( a ar av uJ.nvuav)
a - I had a wonderful meal in a restaurant. (uJ.nvunan
vu+uv+)
5. la theuvrn+saaa
1) r u uv + J.na n. J r v Bangkok, New York, Paris, Thailanda.v
TheHague, thePhilippines .uvov
2) r.aa. , r v Phuket Sicily
3) r s va a. , r v Doi Inthanon Mount Everest
4) rn.aau rv Lake Constance, LakeSuperior
5) r avv aa .+.av r v Regent Street, FifthAvenue, Silom Road,
6) ravuv aavan + av u. naaa u aavnnJvr av. rv
Kennedy Airport Don Muang Airport Cambridge University
Chulalongkorn University Hyde Park London Zoo
7). r s aaau +n Jvr av. rv
KrungThai Bank, MacDonalds , Harrods, Selfridges
6. lauv avn aua + s u n. naa+a.J vv+ rv
Mr. Somchai's house , my brothers room, the citys new theater
The worlds population, agood nights sleep a weeks holiday
7. la theuv avn aa+a.Jvv+ (my, your, our, her, his, its, their) u
av n s aa+a.J v v+aaaavn ( adjective) vuvav (this, that, these,
those), some, any, few, a few, most a av +uv
a .a+ - This roomis dirty. ( u+vaJ)
- Couldyoufindanystudents inthe meetingroom?
a auvv ava avlvu +J.r u
8. la theuvr av .v v. a v . vv v , a va.r av.
a.a+ - James andCatharinewere married in 2004. (aa.anva ++vJlvJ 2547)
- James andCatharinemarried in the July of 2004.
( aa.anva ++vJ avalvJ 2547 nov)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 8
9. la theuvr au na + , r v soccer (naua), football (naua)
tennis (nvva), basketball (uaaua), badminton (uavav), chess (u)
a.a+ - Basketball is myfavoritesports. ( [uaauaJ v nn avru)
10.la ther.r, sv rv
algebra (vraaa), engineering (.a.aaa) , mathematics (aaaaaa ),
history (J..aaaa ), economics (avaaa ), English (sv+v), geometry (vaaa),
French (sv4+aa), linguistics (svaaa ) , statistics (aaa ), arithmetic (avaaa),
science (.naaaa ), biology (r..na) , physics (naa )
uaua : avn Jvr sv avJlr Jvaaaavn vaaav a+ the vuv
a.a+ - The Thai language is moredifficultthan the English language.
(svnaa.sv+v )
11. la theuvr a rv
mumps (aa+n) cholera (u.aa) cancer (a.+)
malaria (av ua v) epilepsy (aar)
influenza (lv.
Ivq)
measles (sav) rheumatism (sau.
e)
tuberculosis (.aa)
a.a+ - MostchildreninAfricadiedof cholera ( a, a.vlu lv naar .aa .aa
u.aa)

uu4uan 3 Completeeachsentences
1. Didheseethefootball matchon..television?
2. Boonchoogot..bigfeet.
3. SupanandSopinhave..lovelychildren.
4. DoyouenjoygoingtoJapaneseconcert?
5. Mybestfriendis lookingforwork.

***********************************************************************************************************

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 9
saaavn: (Vocabulary)
aavn :
unn 1
a.ua
(Meaning)
auv
( Synonym)
1. colonial (adj.)
= a.uava
regal
2. pioneer (n.)
= vuu
settler
3. vision (n.)
= .aanav
view
4. conviction (n.)
= a.r a, a.aav
Belief, principle, faith
5. port (n.)
= +n , n
Harbor, docks, haven
6. import (vt. / vi.)
= vv
Tradein
7. attract (vt.)
= a+aaa.avl
Captivate, fascinate, enchant, drawin
8. accelerate (vt. / vi.)
= +
hasten, expedite, quicken
9. overtake (vt.)
= ++ovJ
outrun
10. region (n.)
= sa, avau
area
11. commerce (n.)
= ava
trade, business
12. reputation (n.)
= raa+
repute
13. arrival (n.)
= a+
entrance, debarkation
14. immigrant (n.)
= ovav
emigrant
15. scholarly (adj.)
= n+a.
learned

uu4uan 4: TranslateintoThai
1. Her visionbrings success toher country.
2. Her bright redskirt attracts theaudiences.
3. Malaysiaimports manygoods fromabroad.
4. NobodyrespectedJoeybecausehis corruptiondestroyedhis reputation.
5. Theimmigrants stayedinthetemporarycamp.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 10

unn 2: Simple Present Tense alvJuv
van+ nnaa.au. (Greetingwithawai)
1. Sawasdi is theThai wordof greeting. ( a.aaaalvsvnalrauunna)
2. Thewai originatedinindiabuttheIndians keeptheir wai tojustonelevels. ( o+slv.:
ovo+.v:+++ous:.naev.a aos+.ev.a+:lv.eaIvs:u.a.)
3. Itis aconventionthatagreetingmustbereturned. ( .uvess:.va:n+:oe+non+a
oa u)
4. Togreetour equals, thereis noneedtobowthehead. ( Ivo+sn on+aavs:u. a.o v
l: + +.u voe+o :as u:
( van Greetingwithawai. unn ~ J.aaaavn EN102u.naaaau+)
Juuv+ Simple Present a+v

1.aJ.rvJ vvv uvn 3a He, She, It, r av aa. u a+v+va+uv +aa. rv Suda,
Malee, thegirl .lrar+n a. a s. u esana+na.a ss, sh, ch, x, o a. y n
a +Ja avJ v i v.a es
a.a+ - Hegoes touniversityeveryday. (vJu.naa an.v)
- Thedogbarks almosteverynight. ( avvuunav)
- John always watches television . (uvannava)
- Dellahcopies aletter. ( aa ua vaua)
2.aJ.rvJ vvu vv a av ~ av vvJ u uaaav uaaa+ a I , You, We, Theya.
a s, u es rv
- Thomas andFrancoisespeakFrench. ( naa.n++.va
- YouandI haveameetingat10oclock.( aauoJ.r.a 10vn)
3. lr u a Verbtobe.Jav.a is lr J.rvvv uvn 3rv He, She, It. Maryetc./
amlr uJ.rvvv uvn 1 a. lr uJ.rvvu vvuvn 1,2, 3rv You, We,they
JackandJill Jva v a. J.aaJ arlu la notv+ua + a
a.a+ - Thaksinis theprimeminister of Thailand.( nvaJvvavav+J.nana)
- Henryis notworkingfor thechildrenfoundation. ( av a n+va n av r
a)
- Mybrothers andI areinterestedinpolitics. ( vraa va.a vavllv +)

Subject + verb.1
a s.)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 11
4. Juuv+ SimplePresentTenselvJ.aa ua Jara. aa
4.1.nJ.aa Simple Present J vJ.aaJ ar
- J.aan J ara.J.aaaa J.sn Yes / No Question.a +lr a Verbtodo
r.a 2J a do lr uJ.rvvu vv uvn 1,2, 3, rv I, We, You, They a. does lrJ.rv
vv uvn 3rv He, She, It. Maryetc. a+aaa+aJv
a .a+J.aa ua a a J arv+ PresentsimpleTense ( aJuv)

J.aaua J.aaJar J.aaaa
I studyEnglish

Youcarrysomebooks

Theyobeytheorder.

Hespeaks Italianfluently.

Shetries tostudyhard.
I dont studyEnglish
(donot)
Youdont carrysomebooks.
(donot)
Theydontobeytheorder.
(donot)
Hedoesntspeak Italianfluently.
( does not)
Shedoesnttry tostudyhard.
( does not)

DoI studyEnglish?

Doyoucarryanybooks?

Dotheyobeytheorder?

Does hespeaks Italianfluently.?

Does shetrytostudyhard.
uaua n J vJ.aaJ ara.a a anaua + ar .a a dont, doesnt, Dou
Does .a s
ualr Simple Present
1. lr uva.n Jv+an.Ja.arra .n+asv aa.a v +va
a.a+ - Water boils at100degreeCelsius. ( vaalvaus +a+a+aa
- Still water runs deep. (vv+uaa)
2. lr uua a u nJvJa .a a a a .a uaa a Jv .a a.a
2.1a . avan.+ua +J.rv a +v always, regularly (a) , usually, generally (aa
Ja ) often, frequently, continually (ua), sometimes (u+a +), naturally, habitually (Jv
ra), seldom, hardly (vv , a+)
2.2a . avan.+naJ.aa a +v every day, week, month, year (n.v, aJau , a v. J )
once a day/ week, month, year (.v aJau a v J a.a+)/ twice a day/ week, month, year
(.v aJau av J a. 2 a+), on Sundays (n.vnaa ), on weekends (naaaJau ),
on week days (n.v), on holidays (n.vua a), over and over again (uaauvuaaa+)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 12

a.a+ - She frequently visits her parents . (r.aav ua, )
- Kanya goes to Pattaya twice a year. ( aa.JvnaJa.a+a+)
3. lra.Jv+lvJuv
a.a+ - Bangkokis thecapital of Thailand. (vaaa lvrvun)
- Thepositionof thewai shows thatyour hands areemptyof weapons.
( a uv +v+u. Jvaa+. a aa a . ra lv )
- MostlyThais prefer toeatingroups. ( a.vluavnaruvuJva,)
4. lr uJ.aanv
a.a+ - Here comes the van! (aa a.)
- Hereis his luxurycar ! ( vaaavuv+v)
5. lr uJ.aan u.a when, as soon as, before, after, until av+uv
a.a+- Wewill talktoJetsadaaboutthepartywhenhecomes. ( .a a uvqv)
- Shegoes straighttothekitchenas soonas she arrives home.
( uava+Ja +u +a .nvn uava +uv)
6. lr uJ.aan aa++ vv If Clause rv If, Providedthat ( e+: ) Unless ( e+l: )
(1) + vvn J vJa lvJu vuJvavvr.aJ.. v aa a+a +a +v
If +Subject+v1, subject+v1u Subject+v1if subject+v1
I havebreakfastif I amhungry. vse If I amhungry, I have breakfast..
(2) + vvn J vJa lvvaa
If +Subject+v1, subject+will, shall +v1u Subject+will/shall+v1if subject+v1
a.a+ - If itrains heavily, wewill cancel thepicnic. ( e+:voovvo.s++:ao.a ou ava)
- I will lendyousomemoneyunless youtell mealie.( av.lua aa+ vaa a
vau)
7. lr uJ.aauaa lvvaa .Jva+.aua+v , au.a rv
a.a+ - Panyaleaves for Pattayatonight. ( J .Jv naa vv )
- Thetrainleaves inafewminutes.( se.:a o +a++:eeon+aIv u-. v+n )

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 13
uu4u a 1
1. Damrongusually( drink)aglass of orangejuice.
2. This tank(contain)about 4,000litres.
3. Mybrothers frequently( play).tennis everySaturday.
4. TodaySodsai (wear)her newdress.
5. Shehadbetter goright nowbecauseshe,(be),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,inahurry.
6. Winai andWinit sometimes ( have)alongconversation.
7. Who(belong)this computer?
8. Thelast train( leave)at 730p.m.
9. Here( be) our best friends.
10. Soldiers ( have) tokeeppeacefor thenation.
11. Kanya( grow).plants inthegarden.
12. Catholics often(go)..tochurchonSundays.
8. ar.a Verbtobe, tohave, todo

Present Past Past Participle
be is,am,are was,were been
have have,has had had
do do,does did done
8.1Verbtobe: a.ua. J v a a ulr J v an a.ar .a r v
Annais asecretary. ( is Jvan )/ Annais working. ( is Jvar.a)/
8.1.1.lr.u pastparticiple( Verbr+ 3) lvJ passivevoice J.rvJ vo a .n aalr
a+a +a +v Subject+Verbtobe: is, am, are/was, were,/ hadbeen+pastparticiple+by
a.a+ Abirdwas shot. / Abirdwas notshot. / Was abirdshot? ( va
a+ )
Thehouses werebuilt. /Thehouses werenotbuilt. / Werethehouses built.? ( uva a+ )
I was toldalie. /I wasnt toldalie./ Wereyou toldalie? ( avau+ u)
8.1.2. lr u an a+naa.a inglvJ presentcontinuous tenseauaana+.na
rv Thestudents arelisteningtotheteacher. ( vavaa+n+aaa )
I amreadinganinterestingnovel.( ava+ vv.v aanvavl)

8.2Verbtodo lrJ.uanlvJ.arvaaJ.sn Yes/NOQuestionaa Verbtodo
.ovaJ.rva..a
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 14

a.a+ - Hespeaks Frenchreallyfluently./ Hedoes notspeakChinesefluently.
(vv asv4 +aaaaa+aa.) (vv asv vaa+)
- Does hespeakFrenchfluently? Howdoes hespeakFrench?
- Kritdidhis homework. / Kritdidnotdohis homework/ Didhedohis homework?
- Tomstudiedhard. / Tomdidnotstudyhard./ Didhestudyhard?
8.3. Verbtohave: lrJvar.aJ.uu pastparticiple lvJ PerfectTense aa Verbto
have .ovaJ.rva..a ( haveJ.rvvuvv a. has J.rvvv )
Peerayahas hadher breakfast. / Shehasnthadher breakfast. / Has shehadher
breakfast?
YingandChai havebeenmarriedfor alongtime.

uu4u an 2/ unn 2
1. KomstolenDusits book.
2. They.met her before.
3. We..hadlunchalready.
4. Pramote.want togohome.
5. Thestudents studyingEnglishat themoment.
6. Thetruckrepairedyesterday.
7. AnnaandGregalreadyseenthis movietwice.
8. This songcomposedbyMr.YodRak.
9. Whathappened?
10. Shehaveanymoney.

uu4u an 3/ unn 2: JaJ.aaa Jv
1. Udomcouldnt lift that boxbecauseit is tooheavy.
2. Its aconventionthat childrenshouldpayrespect toparents.
3. Therearevarious ways of greeting.
4. What level of this programshouldI start with?
5. Someelderlypeoplearestill active.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 15

saaavn : ( Vocabulary)

unn 2 a.ua
(Meaning)
auv
( Synonym)
1. greet (vt.)
= nna
= address
2. press (vt.)
= uu, vu
= push
3. raise (vt.)
= alua +v v
= lift, uplift, elevate
4. various (adj.)
= a+ , , uaarva
= diverse, many, several,
manifold
5. level (n.)
= .au
= plane
6. seniority (n.)
= a.J v.a, .uu
.a
=superiority
7. originate (vi.)
= , a,
= be initiated
8. refine (vt.)
= nluaa.aa.a
= improve
9. result (in) (vi.)
= Jvoa, lu a
= come about, happen
10. precisely (adv.)
= vvv, aa+, va
= accurately, exactly
11. elderly (adj.)
= avv, a
= aged, old
12. lower (vt.)
= nlua, aaa+
= bring down
13. equal (n.)
= uaaa / a+v+nnna
v
= even, same, equivalent
14. convention (n.)
= rva, .uauuu
ov
= tradition
15. return (vt.)
= av, a ua v
= send back, take back

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 16
unn 3: SimplePast Tense
van+ Tussaud, Madame(1761-1850): SwissFounder waxworksMuseum
1. Over manyyearsshemodeledmanyfamouspeople.
( uaaJno vua vaJvuvv+avraa+a)
1. Sevenyears later shemovedtoLondon.
( aJ a uaaaaa n avav)
3. Theexhibitionwas verysuccessful. ( vnssao+sus:aua.+:a+.s+:+o)
( van+ Tussaud, Madame(1761-1850): unn .J.aaaavn EN102u.naaaau+)

Juuv+ Simple Past

Jva .a +ua a lvaaaaa a ~ Juun+ uuJa ( regular verb) a. uu
vav ( irregular verb) a+v
1. aan.auuJa ( regular verb)
1.1. a - ed naann. , J rv
walk walked walked
(av)
looked looked looked
( a )
borrow borrowed borrowed
( a)
rain rained rained
(4va)
1.2. ana+naa.a e lua - d naa ar +n 2 a.r+n 3 r v
agree agreed agreed
(aa+)
like liked liked
(ru)
hope hoped hoped
(u.+)
smile smiled smiled
(a)

1.3. ana+naa.a varv. +y lu Ja av y Jv i va - ed rv

hurry hurried hurried
(u+)
cry cried cried
(+u)
try tried tried
(vaa)
study studied studied
(av)

1.4. ana+naa.a a. +ya +Ja av Jv i a a - ed a aa r v

stay stayed stayed
(aa, a )
delay delayed delayed
ar
play played played
(av)
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed
(av, +)

1.5ana+naa.a varv. a. varv. lu+varv.a.nava - ed rv

plan planned planned
(.+ov)
rob robbed robbed
( , Jav)
stop stopped stopped
(uaa)
step stepped stepped
(.n)

Subject . +Verb v.2
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 17

1.6an. 1 va+a a.vvaa+uvnva+an a lu+va rv.a .n a va - ed rv

prefer preferred preferred
(ru. )
permit permitted permitted
(va)
regret regretted regretted
(aal)
refer referred referred
(+a+)

aaavv . 1va+a ava+anav va vva a+uv a ++ va rv.a .na
aa - ed aaa r v

visit visited visited
(aa)
develop developed developed
(vav)
listen listened listened
(n+)
borrow borrowed borrowed
(a)

va.v lvsv+vuu+v ( BritishEnglish)
1.7 a na+n aa.a l lu+ l 1 a. va ed .va+a n a.a+a a+v vuv u rv

travel travelled travelled
(n+na.)
cancel cancelled cancelled
(aa )

1.8. ana+naa.aa. 2 a. rv - rt, - rn, ch Jva v a ed a aaa ++va rv. rv

start started started
(av)
turn turned turned
(uv)
touch touched touched
(aoa)
chart charted charted
novs

1.9 ana+naa.aa. 2 a . a.aa .ava rv. r v - oil, - eed, - ain J va v a ed aaa
a ++ va rv.a .n a rv

boil boiled boiled
(aa)
need needed needed
(a+)
rain rained rained
(4va)
chain chained chained
(oa)

2. an.auuv av ( Irregular verb) lvr+n 2a. r+n 3

r+n 1 r+n 2 r+n 3 a.ua

r+n 1 r+n 2 r+n 3 a.ua
break broke broken
au
give gave given
lu
begin began begun
av
have had had

build built built
a+
know knew known

come came come

leave left Left

drive drove driven
vuv
lay laid laid
.+
drink drank drunk
a
make made made
n
eat ate eaten
v
meet met met
vu
find found found
vu
pay paid Paid
a
run ran run
.+
set set set
a

r+n 1

r+n 2

r+n 3

a.ua

r+n 1

r+n 2

r+n 3

a.ua
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 18
ring rang rung
av.a+
take took taken
v
say said said
va
tell told told
u
swim swam swum
.av
take took taken
v
sing sang sung
+va+
teach taught taught
av
see saw seen
a
think thought thought
aa

Juuv+J.aaua J ara.a av+ SimplePast Tenses
1. Su wentshoppingyesterday.
2. Weleftearlylastnight.
3. Thatmanranfast.
4. I was latethis morning.
5. Wewereexcited.

Su didntgoshopping.
Wedidntleaveearly.
Thatmandidntrunfast.
I wasntlatethis morning.
We werentexcited.
DidSugoshoppingyesterday?
Didyouleaveearlylastnight?
Didthatmanrunfast?
Wereyoulatethis morning?
Wereyouexcited?

uaua
1. J.aanlrJan.J .a diduvJ.aaa.aav+ Simpletensea +Ja avJ v ar +n 1
2. J.aan Verbtobeluaaa wasu were. uvJ.aa
3. J.aanlrJan.J a didnot uva ++JaavJJvr +n 1
4. J.aan Verbtobelua not ua+ wasu were
****************************************************************************************
ualr Simple Past Tensea+v
1. lr uua+.ua a n av vlva a aa a.a
a.a+ - I gavemysister someflowers. ( avlu a v a.v+a v)
- Somsri tookthereporttoher boss. ( aaa va+vluvav+ua v)
2. lr uua+.a. +u ua a n av vlva a aaa a. avau.a r v
yesterday, lastnight, ( weekor year ), alongtimeago, other days, thoseday, theother day,
thedaybeforeyesterday, this morning, justnow, afewminutes agoetc.
a.a+ - MyfamilywenttoLondonlastsummer. (.eeluaevevIvs.+n+a;sevn:+v
:+)
- Sitichai workedinthis companyin2003. ( ane s an+++vnusunvo+ao a.a.2003)
- Ithappened in 1492. ( a+v av vlvJ a.a. 1942)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 19

3. lr uJ.aa Subjunctive ++a+a +J.aa a+a Jv
3.1J.aa If Clause lv+ vvn JvJ a u a+va. +lvJuv

a.a+ - If Sakdadidntdrivethecar byhimself, heshouldnthaveanaccident.
(aa a v uaa.aa .+ va+ J.au ua ua )
uaua aJv verb to be lu lr were uJ.rvna. rv
If I wereyou, I wouldtell himthetruth. ( e+::.uva: ::+:ueoa.+:+s+.+)
Shewouldbuyadiamondringif shewererich. ( vaeva++:zeav.v.ss e+vaev
s.a)
If he were a doctor, he mightsuggestmetostayinbed. (avJ vu
v.v.v lu avvo v)
3.2J.aanlr wish vaa+a.JavlvJ u vnJ vJa ua+v a. +lvJuv

a.a+ - I wish I werewealthy. ( oJavnn..a)
- Marywishsheshouldhavebetter life. ( Javn .r .an avv)
3.3J.aanlr as if / as though vaa+Jaun aunJ vJa ua+v a.+lvJ uv

a.a+- She talks as if she sawanaccident. (rv a. u. ru v ua uaa.aav+)
- Jidratda acts as though she were aprincess. ( aana .. uJvu +)

uu4u a 1/ unn 3
1. It was reallyamazingthat hetheexamination.(pass)
2. Shewas disappointedwiththemovie; she..it bemuchmore
informative. (expect)
3. Samehungry, thereforehe.someapples. (be) (buy)
4. Yods father..himhowtospeakChinesesincehewas 14years old. (
teach)
5. Thevillagers..somemoneytorebuildtheir houses. (need)

If + subject + v.2/ , subject + would + v.1 (.+)
subject. + wish + (that) + subject. + v.2
subject. + verb. + as if / as though + subject + v.2/
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 20
6. Upin..her officeand toMalaysiayesterday. (
leave, go)
7. Jurai thedinner for her family. ( cook)
8. Whenhis daughter .., they..dinner. (arrive,have)
9. I .Joeyas hewas runninginthepark. ( see)
10. Yesterday, DeeandDangbadmintonand.at 11oclock.
(play,finish)
11. This morning Raulaletter inher room. ( write)
12. Whenweweresleeping, thedoorbell..(ring)
13. Whilemymother was cooking, it .torainheavily.( begin)
14. Theteacher .(punish) Jimbecausehe..his assignment
yesterday.( submit)
15. ISudarat at theHIVconferencelast week.(see)
16. Charlermponghas livedinSongkhlasincehe.born.(be)
17. I verysurprisedtohear the Tsunami disaster inthesouth.( be)
18. Theclassroomwas veryquiet whentheteacher(come).
19. SornNui for aspecial dinner, nevertheless shecouldnt come. ( invite)
20. It myfirst timeridingahorse. It was reallyexciting. ( be)
"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#

uu4 u an 2JaJ.aaaJv
1. That speaker is verypopular withher audience.
2. Thailandis notorious for thedrugproblem.
3. Theexhibitionof theScienceandTechnologywas amazing.
4. Hewas oneof theleadingarchitectural figures of Thailand.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 21

saaavn :(Vocabulary)
unn 3 a.ua auv
1 popular (adj.).
vuaa, .+v.+
well liked
2 famous (adj.).
raa+
well known, renowned
3. notorious (adj.)
r aa+lvav a
infamous , ill famed
4. exhibition (n.)
aa+vna
exposition
5. figure (n.)
uaaaa a
character
6. inherit (vt. / vi)
aua
acquire by succession
7. successful (adj.)
J.auoaa
accomplished
8. mask (n.)
uv
facial camouflage
9. collection (n.)
v+a.a
assemblage
10. damage (vt.)
nlua aua
spoil
11. model (n.)
uvJv
replica
12. mold (n.)
vv (auunvvuJv
J)
form
13. rescue (vt.)
r.auavaa
save
14. artist (n.)
a, on+va aJ.
painter
15. severed (adj.)
va.av
cut

uu4u an 3a a avn luu.a
1. Thepeoplewhosawtheaccident attemptedtothepassengers.
2. Jannyhas alargeart...
3. Thegarment factorywas..byexplosion.
4. Thepoor girl didnot noticethefaces of therobbers clearlysincetheywore
5. Visanumadeaof clay.
uu4u an 4JaJ.aaaJv
1. At thepartylast night heworeamask, thereforenobodyrecognizedhim.
2. Sinceshehas inheritedalargesumof moneyfromher mother, sheis very
healthy.
3. Sheis asuccessful auther, shehas writtenseveral novels.
4. At theart exhibition, therearemanybeautiful andexpensivepaintings.
5. Mr.ChaunLeakpai is aprominent political leader.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 22

unn 4: Present Continuous Tense
van+ BusinessGoesGreen
1. Moreandmoreconsumers arechoosinggreenanddemandingthattheproducts theybuyare
safefor theenvironment. ( ousa v.vv va a.a ++a va nJaas aa asv.aa )
2. Theenvironmentconcernis makingcompanies rethinkhowtheydobusiness. ( a.u .+laa
a+.aaa +nluuv na+, nun.va.ur )
3. Thestormis approaching. ( va a +v )
Juuv+ Present Continuous
1. J.rvJ vvvu vn 3rv He, She,It, Apichart, Sinjai lr is
Heis drivingacar. / Heis notdrivingacar./ Is hedrivingacar?
2. J.rvJ vvuvvu vn 3rv They, ApichartandPimpornlr are
Theyaresleeping. / Theyarenotsleeping. / Aretheysleeping?
3. J.rvJ vvvu vn 1a I lr am: u welr u are
I amlisteningtotheradio./ I amnotlisteningtotheradio. / AmI listeningtotheradio?
Weareworking. / Wearenotworking. / Areweworking?
4. J.rvJvvvuvn 2 a Youlr are:
Youarestudying. / Youarenotstudying. / Areyoustudying?
uaa - ing na v.
ana+naa.a e a .aa. lua a e a.a - ing .sv have having, writewriting.
forgive- forgiving, drive-driving a au+a. a+naa.a e aala ing a aa a +
aa e v.aaa e a.uav+a.JaavJ rv age ageing/ dyedyeing
2. ana+naa.a ee lua - ing aaa rv seeseeing/ agree- agreeing
3. ava+a aa.n a+naa.a a. +varv. lu+va rv.na va - ing rv sitsitting,
stop-stopping,
4. aa+a 2va+a vvJ aava+a na a.a .aa.a.a+n aa .ava rv.a .a a.lu v
varv.a.va ing. a.v ana+a a+uvn va+a lu a inga aa r v begin
beginning/ prefer-preferring/ propel propelling/ a.v enjoy-enjoying / listen listening/
5. ana+naa.a y lua - ing a aa r v enjoy enjoying, play playing, study- studying
6. ana+naa.a ie aa e a.Jaav i Jv y va - ing rv diedying, lie-lying

subject +Verbtobe( is / am/ are) + v. ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 23
ualr Present Continuous
lr lvua a na+.n alvva.v v aa a.avan u.a (Adverb of Time) na +
.n a r v now (aa.v , va.v ), at the/ this time (lv.av ), at the present (Juv
v) right now (a a.v ), at the/ this moment (lvva.v ) , at the present time (lvr.+.a
Juv)
a.a+ - WearestudyingEN102right now. ( a+av EN102aavv )
- Atthemoment, Jurairatis staringoutof thewindow. Sheis daydreaming.
( va.v av a++Jvuv a + uava +4 va+.va )
lrlvua a na+ avvuu+ a .+a aa.a.avan u.a (Adverb of Time)
a+rv always (.a:e)
a.a+- Wanburin is always complainingonthefood. ( .vuvn .uva.uu)
- Myfriends arealways askingmeaboutmyjob. ( vvruaava.u++v)
3. lr lvua a n.avvlvvaa vla a.a vv+vvv
a.a+ LoyKrathongfestival is comingsoon. ( J.va .vaa.n+la va .)
- I amhavinganappointmentwithYuthana today. ( avv a ua aanrv.vv )
4. .lr aa+a.a vvr.u. +ua a nvnuuaa uv +a+avvalvJuv
- ua a uv+n a +a v va lr Present Continuous a. uauv+n vnlr
Simple Present
a.a+ - Mymotheis cooking when thephone rings. ( a+nu navna +vv )
- Preerayais singingwhenwearrive. ( va + +va+avna +)
uaua : a v.vuv +naalrlvJv+ Present Continuous a a
1. ana.uu a.an+la.n+J.an rv feel (a), hear (a a v), notice
(a+a), recognize (a ), see (uv), smell (a a v), taste (ra), observe (a+a), sound
(aa+), look (+, a ), dislike (aaa), love (), hate (aaa), prefer (ru), seem (auv)
Jva v r v
- TomYumis originallyThai soup. Ittastes reallyspicy. ( a aJ v+ Ja +av+na ara a
)
2. ana. ual ( Verbs of mental activity) rv agree (uva.a) , appreciate (vl),
assume (aua ) believe (r) consider (va) doubt (a+aa) expect (aaaa) forget (a)
know () perceive (vl) realize (av) recall (.a) see (vl) Jvav
- I appreciatetheBrowns hospitality. ( av+u++uavuv+aua.u.v )
anaa+a.J vv+ r v have() belong (Jvv+) owe (Jvuv ) own (Jvv+)
possess (Jvv+) rv Thatwhitehousebelongs toMr.Tawat. ( uvua+vvJvv+aaa..v)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 24

3. aa.va.v , rv concern (+.a) consist (J.ua.a), contain (u) ,fit (J.u)
hold (u ) ,keep (u, v) ,matter ( av v) ,suit (na) J va v
- Theshockingnews concerns myparents. ( v.nvalnluva v+.a)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

uu4u an 1

1. WhileWanchai..totheradio, Wannais singing. ( listen)
2. Listen, someone.(cry)
3. Mary.for her sunglasses. ( look)
4. Thesun(set) Itwil getdarksoon.
5. Nextmonthmybrother..london. ( go)
6. Areyouready? Thebus ..(come)
7. Sonthi is aboringpersonbecausehealwaysabouthis routinelife. (complain).
8. Thenewmall .tomorrow.( open)
9. Hurryup. Thetaxi for us at themoment. ( wait)
10. WhileSuchart..acupotcoffee,he.tohimself. ( make,sing)
11. WhereareCharlieandAngina? ..they..ameeting? (have)
12. I amafraidthatwecantgooutrightnow. It(rain)
13. I anewspaper inthelivingroom. ( read)
14. NakrobalwaysNobodywants toworkwithhim. ( grumble)
15. Whotothis nicejacket? ( belong)
16. Thitinant.me2,000baht. ( owe)
17. Thesuddenfloodeverybody. ( concern)
18. As Yodchai..his homework, Jack(do, arrive)
19. This food.great. I reallylikeit. ( taste)
20. Thebrandnewcarof leather seats. ( consist)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 25
saaavn : (Vocabulary)
unn 4 a.ua auv
1. pollute (vt.)
= nluaJ , nlu aav v
= taint, stain
2. manufacture (vt.)
= oaa , n
= make, produce
3. process (n.)
= vu.v , .r
= procedure, method
4. consumer (n.)
= ousa , olr
= user
5. environment (n.)
= a+.aa , u.au ,
= surroundings
6. demand (vt.)
= a+
= ask, request, want
7. container (n.)
= a+nlr u r v a+
= package, packet
8. recycle (vt.)
= ov. r va ulr lu
= reclaim
9. recent (adj.)
= . , v , vv
= current, late
10. impossible (adj.)
= JvJa , na
= unthinkable, unimaginable
11. emphasize (vt.)
= a , vv
= stress, intensify
12. advertise (vt.)
= vva , J.a
= publish, announce
13. concern (n.)
= a.+.a, Jvr.
= worry
14. public (adj.)
= nJvara., n.J
= social, societal, general
15. attitude (n.)
= navaa
= mind, disposition
uu4u an 2 aaalvr+.+
Green manufacture polluted attitude advertisement concerns
concern public strike advertisement
1. Atthepresent, alotof companies begintohave.for asafer andcleaner
environment.
2. Toomanyareas aroundtheworldarenow
3. Wecansearchfor ajobintheBangkokPostClassified
4. This is myownopinion, nota.one.
5. TheGermanwilmoreproducts nextyear.
6. The .. is informative. Itcancatcheveryones attention.
7. Promponghas hadalof of .. Hecouldntsleepwell.
8. Mostof theworkers of theautobileareaskingfor increasingsalary. Theyareon.
9. Students haveanegaitivetowards Thai. Theyignoredthelesson.
10. Itis difficulttofind..products nowadays.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 26
ar.a Should, ought to
1. ar.a should a. oughttoa.ua. a.. lr alva va. PresentSimpleTense
aa+a+a+v
I shouldgohomenow.
Yououghttoseethe
doctor.
Heshouldstudyharder.
I shouldnotgohomenow.
Yououghtnottoseethedoctor.
Heshouldnotstudyharder.
ShouldI gohomenow?
Oughtyou seethedoctor?
Shouldhestudyharder?
2. ar.a should a. oughttoaa.a have+ar+n 3 .Jva .a +ua a
lvaana+v a.J v+lvJu v aa+a +a +v
Youshouldhavetoldme
before.
Heoughtto have worked
hard.
Joeshouldhavepickedmeup.
Youshould not havetoldmebefore.
Heoughtnotto have workedhard.
Joeshouldnot havepickedmeup.
Shouldyou havetoldmebefore?
Ought you have workedhard. ?
ShouldJoehavepickedmeup?

uu4u an 3.
1. Jamrat....herebuthedidntmakeit. ( be)
2. This glass is veryfragile, soit.breakeasily.
3. Than.seeadoctor becausehestill has afever.
4. ....childrenobeytheir parents?
5. KingandKay...seentheir sons.
6. SinceGregandAnnawerelate, they.theplane.( miss)
7. yougetajobsoon?
8. Emyowes mesomemoney, thereforeshe.giveitbacktome.
9. Tony..herebynow, butI haventseenhim.
10. You. tell someof your friends nottointerruptmewhileI amworking.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 27

unn 5 : Past Continuous Tense
van+ Avocado
1. Anavocadois likeakiwifruitwhichis readytoeatwhenslightlysofttothetouch. ( a.a
aaa a uoa .naa va o.v+oav)
2. Enzymes inthefruitevenmakeitagoodmeattenderizer. ( .evlzvIv:al:+:n +Iv .ve
:al:v:)
3. Akiwifruitis highinfiber, lowincalories andhas nocholesterol.( aoo. :.avIaa+ aaaeso +
aa:l: :ae.aa.oesea)
Juuv+ Past Continuous

lr was/ were
1. lr was uJ.rvvv a I, he she, it a.aa.a aa ing
2. lr wereuJ.rvvuvv a You, We, theya.aa.a aa ing
3. J.aaa a a aav. VerbtobeJ.uvJ.aa a. a ingaauv+a
4. J.aaJq ar a notua+ verbtobe
I was playingtennis.
Youwerehavingdinner
Hewas studyingEnglish.
Henrywas goingtobed.
HenryandJackweresleeping.
I was notplayingtennis.
Youwerenothavingdinner
Hewas notstudyingEnglish.
Henrywas notgoingtobed.
HenryandJackwere not
sleeping.
Was I playingtennis?
Wereyouhavingdinner?
Was hestudyingEnglish?
Was Henry goingtobed?
WereHenryandJack
sleeping?

ualr Past Continuous
lr lvu.n na+av va a r .+.ala.auv+lva a rv
- I was shoppinginMelbourne, Australiathis time last month.
( ava +r JJ +a nauv J.naaaaa lv.av avna.)
- Wewereplayingtennis at 9 oclock yesterdaymorning ( a+avnvvaalv
avr .a 9 vn.vv )

Subject + was / were + v. ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 28

2. lr aa+a.a v vr.u. +uaa a+uaa n av vlvaa
1. uaa a+ua a navvv , vlva av alr While u AslvJ.aa r v
a.a+ - I was doingmyhomework while my mother was cookingdinner
(ava +nuvlvva.n v+a va+J+uav)
- Theteacher was teachingas thestudents werelisteningtoher attentively.
( aa +avlvva.n v av a+a +ln +a +a +l)
2. uaa a+ua a navv v vlvaa
- ua a na +a v va lr Past Continuous tense: Subject+was/were+v.ing
- uaa uv+n anvlr Simple Past: Subject+v2
a.a+ - WhenI gotup, mysister was havingashower. ( avn oa uuv va.v+
o
a+uva )
-Itrainedheavilywhilewewereplayingfootball. ( 4vaa +uv lvva.n
a +a vnaua va )
va+a lr SimplePast Tenseu PastContinuous Tense:+v
-WhenJoearrived, wewerehavinglunch. ( avna + a+ uJ.nvuna+ va )
-WhenJoearrived, wehadlunch. ( avna + +uJ.nvun a+ v)
uu4uan 1/ unn 5
1. Whatwas Pin.at10oclockyesterdayevening.? ( do)
2. WhilePanyawas wateringtheplants, Panida.asquirrel. ( see)
3. Ben.dinner whenI camehome. ( have)
4. Fonwas writingareportintheofficewhenher boss..her.( call)
5. We..readytoleavewhenyouphonedus. ( get)
6. WhileI tothetemple, itbegantorain. ( walk)
7. Tommy..anaccidentwhilehewas drivingbackhome. ( see)
8. Thecarpenter.theladder whilehe..theroof. (fall/paint)
9. Yesterdaynight, Pisit.tothehospital. (go)
10. ..they sleepingwhenSuchartarrived? (be)
11. This timelastyear, SudaandTaksin.China.( visit)
12. Preaw.abicyclewhenshemetme. ( ride)
13. I.televisionwhenthedoorbell rang.( watch)
14. Mysister.her handwhileshe..thebreakfast. ( burn. Cook)
15. I sawJiablastnight, she.inthelibrary. ( read)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 29
saaavn : (Vocabulary)
unn 5 a.ua auv
1. edible (adj.)
= uJ.nva
= eatable
2. flesh (n.)
= v (v+avu a a. )
= skin, meat
3. boon (n.)
= va , va Jau
= advantage
4. garnish (n.)
= a+lraa+u
= decoration
5. association (n.)
= aa, +a
= union, organization
6. nutritionally
(adv.)
= a+a a +aua srv
= healthfully
7. diet (n.)
= u
= food
8. orchard (n.)
= a.voa
= fruit garden
9. mutation (n.)
= Ja avJa+uaav vr
= deviation
10. genetic (adj.)
= a.uv vr
= hereditary
11. variations (n.)
= a.uauaa
= changes, alterations
12. propagate (vt.)
= Ja, vaav vr
= breed
13. pollinate (vt.)
= oaa
=
14. experiment (vi.) = nnaa+ = test
15. trigger (vt.) = nlua = set off, detonate

uu4uan 2
1. Therearealotof orange.intheNonthaburi.
2. Weshouldeata..balanceddiet.
3. Suebsakis achairmanof the Elder people..
4. A..of mixedherbs smells tasty.
5. TheknowledgeLearningparks areagreat.for ChildreninBangkok.
6. This fruitis
7. .Someillnesses arecausedbyaterrible.
8. Theresearcher usedradiationintheprocess.
9. Studyingthe.patternfotheaccuseds fingerprints is essential for thepolice.
10. Wilsonhas ..onthis paintings.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 30

unn 6: Present Perfect Tense
van+ TheAbominableSnowman
1. Hehas beencalledthemissinglink. Half-man, half-beast. ( va a. a .r nuaJ
Jva +r .anJv a +ava +aa. )
His bodyis coveredwithlongbrownhair. (+av+vaJa.avva.vaa)
Thenativepeoplesaidtheyknewof this creature. ( avv v +v a.v.v a a. J.uaaa .v)
Over theyears, thelegendof theYetis has continued. ( uaaJa.na vv a.uaa. J.uaa
aa a +a+avvaJ)
Juuv+ Present Perfect

lr has/ have
1. lr has uJ.rvvv a he she, it, Jannyetc. a.aa.aar+n 3
2. lr have uJ.rvvuvv a I, You, We, theya.aa .a ar +n 3
3. J.aaa a a aav. VerbtohaveJ. uvJ.aa a. ar +n 3 aa uv +a
4. J.aaJq ar a notua+ verbtohave a.aa.aar+n 3 aauv+a

I havelefthomeearly.
YouhavestudiedFrench.
He has goneout.
Henryhas beensick.
HenryandJack haveslept.
I have notlefthomeearly.
YouhavenotstudiedFrench.
He has notgoneout.
Henryhas not beensick.
HenryandJack havenotslept.
HaveI lefthomeearly?
HaveyoustudiedFrench?
Has hegoneout?
Has Henry beensick?
HaveHenryandJack slept?

ualr Present Perfect TenseaJaa+v
1. lr uua a navva aa va +a a ava +J uv .lru sinceJa.a+a rv since2001
a. for aa.av.v.a Ja. Jv.a rv for alongtime, for twoyears.etc
a.a+ - Danhas livedinBangkoksince1990. ( avaaalv+nva+aJ a.a.1990.)
- WehavestudiedEnglishfor 15years.( .s+.s avn+u+e+o;u:+.u v..a+ 15 u)
lr lvua a n av va.a va aa+Ja. a a +a+uvoav+.na v+va +J uv
a .a+rv - Candyhas hadacar accident. ( ava a u ua ua)
- Amyhas seenthemoviealready. ( auv ++va.)

subject + has/ have + verb.3
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 31
3. lr lvua a nv+aa vlu , .a .avauav a.a just (v+.), recently (.
, v )
lately (. , v)
a.a+ - My brother has justarrived. (vrav+o v+a+)
- Hehas latelyvisitedJapan. ( vv +Jna. Jv)
uaua a . avan lr u Perfecttense a+v lately(.a.v ) never (aa) ever (
.aa)yet( ao ), sofar (ava +u av ), up to now (+ve+.a.v) , several (va+aas+),
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Juuv+ Present Perfect Continuous Tensea+v

I havebeensleeping.
Youhavebeenstudying.
He has beenworking.
I havenotbeensleeping.
Youhavenotbeenstudying.
He has notbeenworking.
HaveI beensleeping?
Have youbeenstudying?
Has hebeenworking?

ualr Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1. lr uua a navvlva aav vva +J uv a.av va v + Jlvvaa
a.a+ - Songwuthhas beendrinkingfor twohours. ( n+.aaa+r.+a.)
- Thomas andFrancoisehavebeenworkingherefor alongtime.
( naa.n++.n+vn vvva .)
2. lrlva a+uaa n avvlvaaa.ava aJa. a ua a vva aa aa vaaa.a
a.a+ - Theworkers has been working all nighttorescuethechildren. (vn+vn +a v
vr .aua a, )
uu4u a 1
1. Sombody.paintedthegateblack.
2. We..justthis morning. ( arrive)
3. Ialready..myhomework. ( do)
4. Howlongyou.waitingfor me?
5. Nanthidatheoutstandingsingingawardrecently. ( win)
6. RecenltyTavornabroad, he.backyet. ( go, come)

subject + has/ have + been + v. ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 32

unn 6 a.ua auv
1. abominable
(adj.)
= vr+
= odious, disgusting
2. beast (n.)
= aa.a
= creature
3. huge (adj.)
= lu a, vvalu
= immense, gigantic
4. cover (vt.)
= Jaa, au
= extend, over
5. report (vt.)
= a+v
= account, record
6. native (adj.)
= a.uv v+
= indigenous
7. claim (vi.)
= a.+
= allege
8. capture (vt.)
= u
= catch, take, arrest
9. occasion (n.)
= a
= opportunity
10. evidence (n.)
= uav
= data, fact
11. continue (vi.)
= av va J
= proceed, keep going, go on,
advance
12. convince (vt.)
= nlur
= make to believe
13. expedition (n.)
= a vn+
= voyage, excursion, trip,
journey
14. enlarge (vt.)
= nlu lu vv
= increase, extend
15. ancestor (n.)
= uvuv
= forebear

ar.a can / be able to ( aa ) a. may( .)
Can, may lvJv+a (ov) a can, mayu va Ja av J a.v beabletoa+
Ja avVerbto beaJ.rv a is,am, areableto+verbr+n
1. lrar.a can (aa) , be able to( aa) andmay( .) aalrnvva
Ja. aa :++.aua+a.a v.1 (ov) a

MysoncanspeakSpanish.
Ronis abletospeakSpanish.
PiggymaystudySpanish.
MysoncannotspeakSpanish.
Ronis notabletospeak
Spanish.
PiggymaynotstudySpanish.
MysoncanspeakSpanish.
Ronis abletospeakSpanish.
PiggymaystudySpanish.
s. + can/ be able to + v.1 ( /01
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 33
uu4ua 2:
1. Lions arefour-
footed..
2. Thecottageis withsnow.
3. Wanchai is notaSpanish..speaker.
4. Comparedtoother birds, ostriches are.
5. Everyone.thatBanharnhadarighttoapplyfor this election.
6. Theprirates ..threeThai fishermenas hostages.
7. Onthis auspicious.., wewishyouall goodluck.
8. Wehaveto..tohelp womenandyouths affectedfromdomestic violences.
9. I .Pokintodonatesomemoneytothepoor children.
10. Duringhis long.., PhilipstoppedtovisitThailand.
11. Thais areproudof ourwhokeeptheterritoryandindependence for our country.
12. I .theletter inorder thatmymother couldreaditeasily.
13. Wecanuseamagnifiyingglass to.this thing.
14. Thephotographers havemademany.topinpointtheYetis.
15. TheAbominablesnowmanis half-man, half..
******************************************************************************************************************
uu4ua 3:
1Henryabletojointhepartytomorrownight?
2. Edward..pass theEnglishtest last year.
3. Heout this evening. Heis not sure.
4. Sornrammarry Nuisri becausehewas not ready.
5. We.universityat 1700this afternoon.
6. It seems tomethat itraintonight.
7. It..beraininginSongkhlaat themoment.
8. Miss Jackarineswim, soshesunk.
9. youto playthepiano?
10. ..theworkers workout all night?

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 34
unn 7 : Past Perfect Tense
van + A youngreporter
1. Ayoungreporter was tippedoff aboutamurder. ( v v.uva ulu v. a. uva)
2. Thereporter interviewedseveral neighbors of themurder victim.( v v.a sva v vu v
uaaav a. uuan ava)
3. Whenhearrivedatthesceneof thecrime, acrowdhadgathered.( :av:+.:e.+:+e+
us..:n .o .vo )
Juuv+ Past Perfect

Hehadhadbreakfast.
I hadworkedhard.
Piggy hadstudied.
Hehadnothadbreakfast.
I hadnot workedhard.
Piggy hadnotstudied.
Hadhehadbreakfast?
Hadyou workedhard?
HadPiggy studied.?

ualr Past Perfect Tense
lr uua a u.n n a vua a uv +lvaa rv before( v), after (ua+) ,
as soonas ( aunn ), until ( v.n+)
a.a+ - When I gothome, someonehadbrokenintor myroom.
( a va +uv auv. aauv lvu +vuvv)
- Myparents hadalreadysleptwhenI arrivedhomelastnight.
( v v+avvvua ua.ava+u v a v)
- Thecrowdhadleft beforethe policecame.
( 4+rvaaaa. va .)
va+a PastPerfectTense .lra u Past SimpleTense v a uuaalvaa
Past PerfectTense ua +a va a.a a uua a lvaa ( Reportingspeech)
a.a+ - I thought I had broughtaphysics booktotheclass .
(oa a. oa v uv+a na a)
- She said she had beensick yesterday (uavva.uavJ.a.vv )

S. + had + v.3
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 35
uu4u a 1
1. JackandJill weregoodfriends. Theyeachother for alongtime. ( know)
2. Hannawas sobusy. Sheaway. ( go)
3. WannadidntrecognizeKonvipa, She.alot. ( change)
4. Hedidnthavehis ownhouse. He..it. ( sell)
5. WhenLindaarrived, Peter..out( go)
6. Theywenttothepartylate. Theparty( begin)
7. When Ammyenteredthehouse, her family.their lunch. ( have)
8. WhenI arrivehome, everyone(leave)
9. Thepick-uptruck.downbeforehereachedhome. ( break)
10. She.her reportbeforeshe joinedJacks birthdayparty. ( finish)
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Juuv+ Past Perfect Continuous

Thestudents hadbeenwaiting.
I hadbeencuttingwoodall day.
Shehadbeencrying.
Thestudents had notbeenwaiting.
I hadnotbeencuttingwoodall day.
Shehadnotbeencrying.
Hadthestudents beenwaiting?
HadI beencuttingwoodall day?
Hadshebeencrying?

ualr Past Perfect Continuous
1. lr uua a u.n n av va v+ vaa vaav a r .+.ala.auv+lvaa
(vva+a.a v+v+.aa a. Past Perfect)
a.a+ - Theaudiencehadbeenwaitingfor Brainfor twohours beforeheappeared.
(oraau vJ v.aa+r .+vnv.Jqa .)
- Yuri andJasminhadbeentalkingtoeachother all night.
( aa.avaav aaan+a v)
2. lr uua a aa+a v+lva a vn.ua a uv+ av va
a.a+ - Roberthadbeenplayingchess for anhour whenitrained.
( uaavuJvr.+vv4v+a)
- Thestudents hadbeenplayingfootball when itrainedheavily.
( va va +a vnaua vn 4v.aa+a +uv )

s. + had + been + v.ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 36

uu4u a 2
1.Riggy..hardall day. ( study)
2.Somebody here. Therewas asmell of cigarettes intheroom.
(smoke)
3. Maleewas tired. She..inthesuntoolong.( stay)
4. Theboysfor anhour whentheschool bus came. ( wait)
5. Themusic bandfor abouttwentyminutes whenI arrived.( play)
6. We..for 15minutes whenSuchindacalledme. ( wait)
7. James was leadingagainstthetree. Helookedthirstybecausehe..(run)
8. Youlookedoutof thewindowyesterday. Whatyou .. thattime?
9. Wefor anhour whenthebus came. (walk)
10. Johnwas wet. He..intherain. ( walk)
uu4u a 3
1. Andrewis famous.fromtheNation.
2. Thepolicewere.off aboutmurder.
3. Manycuriouswerewatchingtheburninghouses.
4. Our.arefriendly.
5. Hetriedtocomfortthe.families.
6. Shehas hadalong withtheoutstandinginternational university.
7. Theoldmanwas capturedfor committing...
8. Theexport..sends goods abroad.
9. Thevendors soldthegoods tothe.whowalkedpastthem.
10. Thegatheredinfrontof theGovernmentHouse.

aavn ( Part of Speech )

v a aaavn a.ava
report report reported reportedly
murder murder murderous murderously
crime
-
crimimal criminally
interview interview interviewed

relation relate related

neighbor - neighboring neighborly
scence
-
scenic
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 37
crowd crowd crowded

victim victimize

bereavement
-
bereaved

active - active activity
connection connect connected


unn 7 a.ua auv
1. reporter (n.)
= oav.
= journalist
2. tip off (vt.)
= luv.
= inform
3. murder (n.)
= va
= slaying, killing
4. company (n.)
= uvn
= business
5. scene (n.)
= aavnn aua
= site, location
6. crime (n.)
= r
= wrongdoing
7. crowd (n.)
= 4+rv
= assemblage
8. bystander (n.)
= avnaovJ
= passerby
9. interview (vt.)
= asva
=interrogate
10. neighbor (n.)
= vvuv

11. victim (n.)
= ua
= sufferer
12. bereaved (adj.)
= naa a
= anguished
13. activity (n.)
=
= action
14. related (adj.)
= ++a.v+
= associated
15. connection (n.) = a.a.v+
= link

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 38

unn 8 : Future SimpleTense
van + Get Readyfor thefuture
1. Peoplewill liveontheupper level, thelower level will beusedfor traffic , parkingand
factories. ( av.aaa lvna+ a.vvvn.a ua .a lauu naaa.++v)
2. Biotechnologywill makefoodmoreplentiful andhealthy. ( navaa r .sv.nlu u
uauaaa.avsv)
Juuv+ Future SimpleTense: a+a+a subject+ will, shall, begoingto+v.1
Youwill travel to Paris.
Weshall visitour parents soon.
Sheis goingtorepair theroof.
Youwill not travel to Paris.
Weshall notvisitour parents soon.
Sheis notgoingtorepair theroof.
Will you travel to Paris ?
Shall wevisitour parents soon?
Is shegoingtorepair theroof?

ualr Future SimpleTense
1. lr uua a n. avvlvvaa aa.a a. ava a Jv later (a), Today(.vv),
the day after tomorrow (.v.vv ), next week (aJauuv) ,next month (avuv), tonight (avv), soon
(lv r)
a.a+ Itwill bewinter soon. ( la.a+auv.a.)
Will Englandwinthenextfootball Worldcup? ( +v.rv.v +nauaa +uvu )
I shall bethereinafewminutes. ( av.Jnv vvn)
2. lr uJ.aan aa+v+uvv a
a.a+ - Will you openthewindowplease? (aJauva+uvaau ?)
- Shall wegofor awalk? ( Ja vav vu)
uaua Shall lr uJ.rva we, I nv v
3. lr uJ.aan aa+vaan J.ua .auaa a+ua a lvJ+vv n a.
If, unless, until , when uaanalvv J.aaua .lr Future Simpleaa: ua a na
lv
vJ.aa+lr Present Simple u Present Perfect a r n vlr r a+uaa lv
vaa a I dont knowif I will bethere. ( o. o.anv vu )
Theyhaventsaidwhenitwill beready. ( v.v a v a.. u.v )
Whenwill I seeyouagain? ( u.a a )
I will giveupsmokingif itwill makeyouhappy.( o.aa uuuan lua aaual)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 39

4. lr verbtobe+going+to.lruua a n.+ov u uvaa vvnr av.
.na +vvv vvlvvav vla ( is, am,are+going+to+vr+n 1)
a.a+ - I amgoingtoenrol logistic managementcoursethis afternoon.
( ava +l.a+n.uav.ru ua +a+u +uav )
- Thecommitteearegoingtolaunchthepublic andstreetlightinginthe
communitysoon. ( aa..a+nn uvavva.nara.lvr rvv vv)
Future Continuous Tense
Juuv+ Future Continuous

Youwill betravellingto Paris.
Weshall be visiting our parents.
Hewill beteaching.
Youwill notbetravellingto Paris.
Weshall notbe visiting our parents.
Hewill not beteaching.
Will youbetravellingto Paris?
Shall we be visiting our parents?
Will hebeteaching?

ualr Future ContinuousTense
lr uua an a +. avvlvvaaa.an .u .a +r av r v at this time tomorrow,
tomorrow evening, at nine oclock tomorrow etc.
a.a+ - At this time tomorrow I will beteachingatRamkhamhaengUniversity.
(v+v.aaa.vv av.avnu.naaaau+)
- Suthi will bestudying Historyatnineoclocktomorrowmorning.
( ane +:.s av.s+us:. oa+aosIv..a+ 9:+.vs+v )
2. lr uua a n. avvlvvaa a a avlv.. a
a.a+ - He will be callingus. (v.nua )
- The rain will be coming soon. (:v+:ooIvl: s +v)
3. lruaau.+.uaa a+uv +++ av vJvJa a a..aJvJ.
a.a+ - Will you be backing home at 7 p.m. tomorrow?
(aa.aua+uv.a 7 +a vv+v lr u ?)

subject + will / shall + be + v. ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 40
Future Perfect Tense

Juuv+ Future Perfect

Youwill havetravelliedto Paris.
Weshall havevisited our
parents.
Hewill havetaughtEnglish.
Youwill nothavetravelliedto Paris.
Weshall not havevisited our parents.
Hewill not havetaughtEnglish.
Will you havetravelliedto Paris.?
Shall wehavevisited our parents.
?
Will hehavetaughtEnglish.?

ualr Future Perfect Tense
1. lr aa+uaan.aaualvvaan .anvvv Ja .a a. ava
Adverb of Time nava.a by ( then, thattime, eightoclock, theendof next monthetc.)
a.a+ Supatwill havestayedwithhis unclefor twoyears nextmonth.
( avav.a ua+v+vau 2 J lva vuv)
- TheTG707flightwill havelandedby8:45oclock.
( na.uv n 707a+.a+a au aa.lv.a 8.45vn)
2. lr uua a ua a uv+.aa vau a v.uaa uv +vnlv
- ua a n a va..a a vau avlr Future Perfect
- ua n av valr Simple Present
a.a+ - Wattanawill havefinishedhis masters degreewhenheis 25years old.
( .ava+.aJna. va 25 J )
- Dont waitfor Dave. Wewill have sleptbythetime heis backhome.
( aaaanaa a+.vvJa .avn v.a +uv)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Juuv+ Future Perfect Continuous

ualr Future Perfect ContinuousTense
lraa+ uaanaaa+.anava.a byr va a.u FuturePerfect Tensea
vva.a v+vJ
a.a+ Bynextyear, Somchai will havebeenlivinginFrancefor tenyears.
( J.aJ uv ara.anJ.na4 +aaJ v.a 10J)
subject. + will / shall + have + v.3
s. + will / shall + have + been + v. ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 41
At9oclockinthe morning, Pitakwill havebeenwaitingfor his friendfor two
hours.
( J.a.a 9 vn vn v .aav vv+vJv.aa+ 2r .+ a.a+.aaa J)

uu4uan 1:
1. BythetimeUsaneeis twenty, her teacher .for twelveyears. ( teach)
2. you closethedoor, please?
3. When..you. for your electric bill? . ( pay)
4. WhenSuchartcomes back, he.this parcel. ( see)
5. Our friends ..tovisitour teachers tomorrow.
6. ..yougotheconcertwithmenextweek?
7. WhenJanearrives, Pam..for you. ( wait)
8. Robablueshirtwitharednecktie, Sowecanfindhimeasily. ( wear)
9. BythenextSunday, thefarmers ..all thecrops. ( harvest)
10. Inthirtyminutes time, ashuttlebus ..totakepassengers totheairport. (come)
11. David..manymiles bySeptember nextyear.( travel)
12. Bythedinner time, Joey...packinghis campingstuff. ( finish)
13. In afewminutes, theopera( end)
14. Bythetimethestudents arriveatthelibrary, it.(close)
15. Bytheendof this month, Yosawadeefor nineyears. (act)
16. NextChristmas, weour weddinganniversary. ( celebrate)
17. If wedonthurryup, wethebus. ( miss)
18. I gowithyou?
19. Christmas again. ( come)
20. I.fortynextmonth. ( be)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!
ar.a Must, haveto Ja. a.. u a+
Present Past PastParticiple
Must
Haveto
Must
have/has to
-
hadto
-
hadto

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 42
1.Juu Must, haveto a+v
Youmustgoimmediately.
I havetogonow
Shehas toleavenow.
Youmustnotgoimmediately.
I donthavetogonow
Shedoesnthave toleavenow.
Mustgoimmediately.
DoI havetogonow
Does shehavetoleavenow.
2. lr Must, haveto .lrnvva lva va. ar .aa+a. J v ( necessity/ obligation)
Must+:Is Ivo+au ++ uv.n +vv.: eIs ouus:aaIveoIv .uaav must.uv hadto
a.a+ Wemuststayhere for awhilebecauseitis heavilyraining.
( .s++:oe+eanva o ovv+.s+::vo +a+oovvo)
Yesterdaywehadtostaytherebecauseof therain.
( .:e.+vv .s++:o e+eanvvovv+.s+::vo +a +oovvo)
uu4u an 2:
1. I.eattolive.
2. Wenow. ( leave)
3. Suenotignoreher children.
4. .Judygoto college?
5. It.becoldtonight.
6. Workers.gofor strike. ( not)
7. Youcomeandseewhathappenedyesterday.
8. All mycats behungrynow.
9. All creaturedie.
10. WandeehavetogotoPattani tomorrow?
saaa vn :(Vocabulary)
unn 8 a.ua auv
1. safe (adj.)
= Jaasa
= secure, not dangerous
2. vehicle n.()
= vuv.
= conveyance
3. automatically
(adv.)
= aa av a
= mechanically
4. scarce (adj.)
= ua, vaaav
= insufficient
5. floating (adj.)
= aav
= hovering, flying
6. plentiful (adj.)
= a, aaua
= abundant, plenty, in great supply
7. healthy (adj.)
= avsvv ++
aua
= strong, vigorous
8. affect (vt.)
= oaa
= influence
9. disease (n.)
= a, ra
= illness
10. develop (vt.)
= vav, nlu .uv
= extend
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 43
11. improve (vt.)
= nlu avv, v
= mend, reform
12. appliance (n.)
= a+, a+lr
= instrument, apparatus
13. control (vt.)
= a.ua, u+au
= check, restrain
14. treatment (n.)
= v
= cure
15. appear (vi.)
= J, aa+a.
= show up

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 44

unn 9 : Adjective (aaaavn )
Adjective (aaaavn ) a a n lr vaavu ua va. J+ vva a a v+ v
Adjectiveuaarv a lr lvvuvv.a + a+aa rv aa +,
1.aa.+.uvav aconferencehall ( u+J.r ) , abrickbuilding( ana.a ),
acoldnight( avnuvuuv.), abeautiful woman( ou +a.a), ablackdog.( avva.aa)
a.a+ - She is anintelligent student (rJvaou.n aaa )
- Heis afamous actor. ( vJ vv aa+nr a a+)
2. aaaavnnvaaJ.rvv+J.aa .a+aa.aa Verbtobe: is, am, are, was, were, been
u Linkingverbrv look (+a ), seem (auv) , appear (J) , grow (a ua),
prove (vav) , show (aa+), become (aaJv) , keep ( u, v) , remain (a+a )
sound (aa+) , feel (a) , turn (uv, a u) , get (au) make (nlu ) , smell (a a v)
taste (ra)
a.a + - Kobsakis very generous. Kobsaklooks generous. (uaa Jvavu )
- Heis goodatmathematics. ( v+lv.raaaaaa )
- Thatpolicemanis socalm. Thatpoliceman remainsocalm. ( a.avvvav)
3. aaaa vn..+a uvuvavv n+nnuv nJ vJ.rv r v I , you, we, they, he.
She,it a.vavv one a. onesa .aua +a a Jv someone,somebody(u+av)
everyone,everybody( nav), anyone, anybody(avlaavuv +), no one, nobody(laaav)
something(u+a +) everything (n,a +), anything (a+laa+uv+) , nothing(.aa)
a.a+ - Therearemanysorts of books, themostinterestingones havebeensoldout.
(uv+a nauaaJ.sna uv +an vavln a avaJuaa. )
- Thepartytodaymayhavesomethingspecial for theguests.
(+vaa+avva+.vavauuv)
4. a a aavnuaarv a .Ja avvvaa vn vvaa a a aavnn uv.va Jv .a+
a lr avvv+avnvaa
4.1. adj. u v.vvv n lr vaaavv uavv anaua+
J.rv.Jvavv rv is, was, has, hadu av, a s/es .sv teaches, studies,
gives Jva v u Ja aar + 2un J.rv u a J infinitiverv will be, aaaavnn
uv.vvv a a / an , this ( v ) / that(vv), another ( vuv+) each(aa.),
every ( n,), one(aa.av)
a.a+ - Each studentlikes studyingThai History. (a v ava a.avruav.rJ..aaaana
- Everypersonhas arighttoprotecthimself. (nav anrlvJJ +av+)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 45

4.2.aaaavnnuv.vvuvv vaaav.avnvuJvuvv anaua +
J.rv.Jvavuvv rv are, were,have, hadu a v, a s/es .sv teach, study,
giveJva vuJaaar+ 2rv taught, studied, gave aaaavna few,a few
(2-3sv), fewer than, these,those , two/ three/ four / five, a number of , a large
number of a great number of (v.v)
a.a+ - Thosebirds arefromAustralia. ( vua v J.naaaa a)
- Alargenumber of applicants are waitingfor interview. ( oaav.va+
asva )
4.3. aaaa vnuv.vvv a..lrvaaavv u a ++Jvvv a
a.Jvvvrv much, little, a little(a v a) , a great deal of, a good deal of,
a large amount Jvav
a.a+ - A great deal of riceis exported fromThailand.
( v.v.va+J.nana)
- Thereis a little sugar leftinthebowl. (vaaua av auv alva.a)
4.4a a aavnu+a lr vaan+a vn v ua n+vva.vuvv a.vnv u
avv anvvaaaa + uvvv+J.rv a a aavnv a a lot of, plenty of, the
any, some, some of , thenone of the, any of the Jvav
a.a+ - Plenty of animals inthebigcities arestarving ( aa.v.vlv +lu,
aaa)
- A lot of milk is turning sour. (vv.vJa.)
- Mostof thechickeninthis farmarekilled. ( v.vlvn v avn +)
4.5 alv Jna + ing (Present Participle) ..+auvavnuaa+
a+.nrv acryingbaby, arunninman, a standingboy, walkingsoldiers , asleeping
princess J va v
a.a+ - Thecryinggirl wants togohome. ( aou +n a+ +ua +.a uuv)
- I mighthavemetthatstandingmansomewhereI couldntremember.
(avv.o raavn a +a vaa+v vva a vv )

vv a +J v aa+a+uv nulr n. , Jv+avvv

a.a+ - Mygrandmother has touseawalkingstick. ( av+a va +lr n)
- BaanSaenSaranhas alotof swimming pools. (uvavaa..avuaaa. )
4.6ar+n 3 (Past Participle) a.uaa+J.rv a.n ..+auvav n
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 46
vaa rv abrokenglass ( .a) , afallen tree( a vn a va) , aninjuredpassenger (
oaaanauuau) , writtenpaper ( .avnv av) Jva v
a.a+ - Theinjuredpassengers weretakentothehospital. ( oaaan a uua ua v a +
+vaua)
- Itis necessarytosubmitthewrittenletter tothecourt.
( : a.+:+ +.uvea ++a+n +:o e+a+vv +a en:a+aa ou:e ous.aveoea+a
4.7 av avn uava. aa+a. an+aa.a+a +naa + v
a+a +lvlr J.aa.lr u Verbtobe: +past participlea.ua. a
a.a+ - - I ambored. ( ava u ) Thechildrenweredisappointed. (a, ao au. +)
acquaintedavaa (with) ,annoyeda (with) amazedus:va+I+ (at)

amused .a.av (at/ with/by) astonisheda.+ (at) bored.ue (by)
confused auav (with) convinced.se:v (of) delightedI+ (by)
disturbed.vl (by) disappointedoau.+ (in/ with) embarrassed v.avv (by)
excitedavav (about) exhausteduv a (from) fascinated ua+lua (with/ by)
interestedavl ( in) involveda.v+ (in) pleasedvl (with)
satisfiedvl (with) scareda. ( of, by) terrifiedaa ( of, by)
tireduva (of) worried(about) opposedaaav (to)
4.8 av avlr uJ present participle( V.ing).Jva a aavn ua +a va.
v+a vaa.a av+a .vuaaa aan.Jv aJa. v rv
a.a+ - Thefilmis amusing. (svava v va ava v)
- This subjectis confusing. (.rvvauav)
annoyinga amazingus:va+I+ amusing .a.av
astonishing a.+ boring.ue confusing auav convincing rv
delightingI+ disturbing.vl disappointingoau.+ embarrassing v.avv
excitingavav exhaustinguva fascinatingua+lua interestingavl
involvinga.v+ pleasingvl satisfying vl scaryinga.
terrifyingaa tiringuva worrying+.a

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 47

9. n. J.a ( Compound Nouns) a. n. nnvnav adj. vaa n. aa n. nnuvvaav v
.JJvvva
n. J.a (Compound Nouns) rv
sunglasses (.v vaa) raincoat (a v4v) trademark (a+ua
a)
railway (n+an) businessman (vr) birthday (.va)
bookstore (vva
uv+a)
drugstore (vvaa) wallpaper (.ava a4ov +)
lifeboat (r.ar.a) mailbox (auaua) doorman (av4J.a )
a.a+ - He looks like a countryman. (va uvJvavrvun)
- The moonlight makes me happy. (a+vnnlu ava.a v)
n. nnuvn a v adj. vaa n. rv
picnic basket (o:os+uov o) mango tree (ov::: .+) football game (o+
ouea)
leather wallet (os:.u +ao++avv+ traffic sign (u+a+s++s) flower garden (a.veol: )
garden flowers (eol:++o
a.v)
stone wall (o+a+v v) kitchen knife (:nIsIv
as.)
government official (+s+so+s) soap factory (s+++vn+au ) beer bottle (..u as)
chocolate milk (v:sa
seooaao)
desk lamp (a:lo+o:) sugar cane (oveea)
diamond chokers (aseaae
.ss)
leather shoes (se+.n+vv+) rose garden (a.vova+u)
football match (o+sa+v
ouea)
street car (ses++n.+o+:
evv)

a.a+ - Dont cross that old railway bridge. ( ava.vvan , a.vvv v )
- The cat is sitting on the hot tin roof. ( .a +v+auvua +aa +.a v , )
10. . vJ v adj. a a a. aa a +ua
Hyphen ( - ) vaava+
a adj. J.an aa ua +Jv n. uJ v. a..v+ +a a +a - d/ - ed ua+ n. vv
a middle - aged man (ra.aa+av) an old- fashioned idea (a.aaaaa)
a black - haired boy (a o raoa
a)
a short - sighted girl (a o u +aaaa v)
a broken - hearted man (rau) an absent - minded man (avlaa)
a long - necked man (vvaaa.) long - legged dad (aavva.)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 48

a adj. J.an aa ua +Jv v. lva.ua. n. navaaJvo .n v. vva +alv
Jv+ v. ing
an ear - rising boy (a o ranvva vr )
a man - eating tiger (an vav)
rice - growing farmers (vanJa v .)
a good - looking man (orannn+a a )
a quickly - growing child (a n a ua .)
a well - learning student (vavava )
a adj. J.an aa ua +Jv v. lva.ua. n. navaaJvo a.n v. vva +a
lvJv+ v.3
hand - made silk (ounna.a)
snow - covered mountains (svnJaaa.au.)
a badly - written report (a+vn vav a )
a well - trained worker (av+vn 4 4va +a )
a well - known teacher (ar+Jvnva )
a Swiss - made watch (vnnnlvJ.naa.a)
adj. oaJv , a
an up - to - date radio (.nannva a)
a fifty - page report (a+vua uuv)
an eight - hour work / an eight hours work (n+v8r.+)
a two - week holiday / a two weeks holiday (r .+.vuaavva+a Jau )
a ten - minute conversation / a ten minutes conversation (avnvv.a 10 vn)
a dynasty - style mansion (auavuur.+a )
a seven - story building (a 7 rv)
a ranch - type house (uvuunnJaa a. )
a five - minute walk (av 5 vn )

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 49
a+aau adj.
adj. uaa , avaa n. a +.+a+aa aua +v

adj. u n. a+v - Articles a a, an, the
- adj. aa+a.J v v+ a my, your , our , his, her , its,
their
- adj. r av. a this, that , these, those
- adj. aa+v.vr av. r v
- one (of the/ these/ those) - all (of the/ these/ those)
- most (of the/ these/ those) - both (of the/ these/ those)
- some (of the/ these/ those) - any (of the/ these/ those)
- none (of the/ these/ those) - either (of the/ these/ those)
- neither (of the/ these/ those) - several (of the/ these/ those)
adj. aa+ava.u a asv r v old, young, good, bad, beautiful , rich, poor etc.
adj. aa+vva .sv big, large, huge, tall , small , short, little etc.
adj. aa+a rv purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red etc.
adj. aa+rra .sv Thai , American, English, Japanese, French etc.
n. nnuvn a v adj. vaa n. rv boy friend, dream team, sound engineer , office
boy, diamond ring, shop assistant etc.
a.a+a+aau adj.
- My mother bought a beautiful flower vase yesterday afternoon.
[ article + adj. aa+a va. + n. vaa + n. ua ]
(ua.vv v+avr vaa.aluuv+)
- She does not like your black leather jacket.
[ adj. aa+a.J v v+ +adj. aa+a +n. vaa + n. ua ]
(r rua a auv+a av+a a)
- The beautiful Chinese flower vase is broken.
[ article + adj. aa+a va. + adj. aa+r ra + n. vaa + n. ua ]
(vaJ.navna.aa)
- That green American T shirt in my drawer is for your sister.
[ adj. uv (that) +adj. aa+a + adj. aa+rra + n. ua ]
(aaa vav a.lvavr ava .v vauuv+a.v+a a)

uv + v.v + ava. + vva + a + rra + n. vaa + n.
ua
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 50

- I like her expensive red Persian carpet.
[ adj. aa+a.Jvv+ + adj. aa+ava. + adj. aa+a + adj. aa+rra +
n. ua ]
(avruvJraaa+av+v+r)
- We must do something for these three poor men.
[ adj. uv (these) + adj. aa+v.v + adj. aa+ava. + n. ua ]
(a +n.u+a +lu uoran va+aaavv )
- Most of these twenty red apples are good.
[ adj. aa+v.vrav. (most of these) + adj. aa+v.v +adj. aa+a +n. ua]
(a.vluv+JJ aaa+a a ua ua v Jv JJ an a )
unn 9

1. imagine (vt. / vi.)
= vaa, v+, aaa
= suppose, guess, think
2. choker (n,)
= a +J.a uvrvaan a.a aa

3. galore (adv.)
= v.v, aaua
= in abundance
4. don (vt.)
= a.ao rv av av
= put on
5. rare (adj.)
= ua, aa , va
= uncommon
6. tycoon (n.)
= vrn.aa.nrva
= magnate
7. remote (adj.)
= a, au +Jr rv
= distant
8. parlay (vt.)
= a+nva++v a+na +

9. piddle (vt. / vi. )
= nav , ++, aa v
= dawdle
10. discount (n.)
= aaa, aaa.v
= deduction
11. rustic (adj.)
= ava.Jvrvun, ++
= old fashioned as if
from a farm
12. opulent (adj.)
= +a+, a, uu
= sumptuous
13. romp (vi.)
= .+a v, avavv, ava+
= lively play
14. spy (vt.)
= +u v, au, aav
= spot
15. letdown (n.)
= oau. +, aua
= disappointment

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 51

unn 10 : Jaunauaaaavna.a.ava
( Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs)
Jaunau adj. ( Comparison of Adjectives)
1. J aun au adj. vvnv ( Positive Degree)
Jaun auv vnv a+a +a +v

a.a+ - I am not as rich as you are. (o.an ua a)
- Your house is not so large as mine. (uva aluan uuva v)
uaua : J.aan lr a+a +J aunauvvn v .lr v. to be u Linking
Verb Jv v. uav+J.aa
: as as lr a n +J.aaua , Jar a.aa
: so as lr uJ.aaJarnvv (J aun aua. nv)
2. J aun au adj. vv. (Comparative Degree) a.vva +a a (Superlative Degree)
1. adj. va+aaa. lua -er lvvv. a.a -est lvvva+a a a.a a.a a+av luv
varv.a.a 1 a.va -er u -est a adj. vva+naa.a e lua v a+ -r lv
vv. a.a -st lvvva +aa r v
Positive Comparative Superlative
short (av) shorter shortest
large (o. ++) larger largest
big (Ivq) bigger biggest
hot (sev) hotter hottest
old (ao ) older oldest
2. adj. 2va+a lua - er lvvv. a.a - est lvv va +aa a adj. a+naa.a - e a
a.lu a av. - r lvvv. a.a - st lvv va+a a a.a adj. a+naa.a - y a.uv
- y Jvva rv. lu Jaav - y Jv I aav a. +a - er lvvv. a.a - est lv
vva +a a r v
simple (+a) simpler simplest
clever (aaa) cleverer cleverest
narrow (au) narrower narrowest
happy (a.av) happier happiest
n.1 + be/ linking v. + as + adj. + as + n.2
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 52

merry (+) merrier merriest
friendly (Jv a) friendlier friendliest
3. adj. a+a 3 va+a vvJ lu a more lvv v. a. most lvv va+a auv adj. vv aa
a+a - er na adj. lvvv. a.a+a - est naa adj. lvvva +a a r v
Useful (JvJ.arv ) more useful most useful
Beautiful (a.a) more beautiful most beautiful
Expensive (v+) more expensive most expensive
Dangerous (vaa) more dangerous most dangerous
Important (aa) more important most important
Diligent (vav) more diligent most diligent
Severe (v+.a) more severe most severe
4. adj. a Jv a -er lvv v. a. a -est lvv va+aa a .Ja avJa+Ja
uuv av r v
good/ well (a) better best
bad (a.) worse worst
many/ much () more most
little (va) less least
far (a) farther / further farthest / furthest
old (, ) older / elder oldest / eldest
3. adj. nJaunau v.a.uaaualva.+a. (Absolute Meaning) rv
perfect (aua ) final (avaa) correct (aa+)
right (aa+) dead (aa) true (+)
empty (.+Ja) chief (aa) full (a)
unique (ava ) infinite (avaa) circular (a)
wrong (oa) permanent (a.) extreme (a, aa)
supreme (a+aa) single (uv+aa.) preferable (aa+
.)
universal (Jvaa) square (Jvaua a)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 53

Jaunau adj. lvvv.a+a+a+v

a.a+J.aaJaunau adj. lvvv.
- My homework is easier than yours. (uvv+av+a.uvv+aa)
- His car is more expensive than mine. (aava v+vav+. aava v+o)
va+a : lvJaunauvv.. than .u.+ adj. vv. u n. nvJaunau
: lr more uv adj. vv.na - er aa.
uaua : lr much vuv adj. vv. a lva.ua. (.)
a.a+ - New York is much larger than Bangkok. (v.alu.+nv )
- That brown shirt is much more expensive than this gray shirt.
(aa .a vaav+.a.an)
Jaunau adj. lvv va+a a

a.a+J.aaJaunau adj. lvvva +aa
- His son is the wisest boy in that classroom. (aravJ va n aaana alvr v av
vv)
- It is the most dangerous to drive in this town. (vvaanaan.v ualv +v )
va+a : . the vuv adj. nJvJ aunauvva +aaa
uaua : lr the uJ aunauvv.a v va+uaaa 2 av ua+ 2 a+n
r avlvva.n va uJ vnvlva.u. +o v a uon+ aaa +uv+uuaaauv +
nr avvvaa+J aunauvv. u a +uv+
a.a+ - Winai is the more intelligent of the two students.
(.vaaaa.lvuaa vava+avv )
- Of these two books, the red one is the better for Winai.
(lvuauv +aa+a v a a a+a .a uu. va)
: lr the uJ aunauvv.a v aa+. 2 uaa vv vuaaa+Jlv
nv+a a. v a +a+a +a +v

n. 1 + be/ linking v. + adj. + er / more + adj. + than + n.
n. 1 + be/linking v. + the + adj. + est / most + adj. + in
The + .. , the + ..
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 54

a.a+ - The more he travels, the wiser he becomes.
(a+vavn+v vn v aaav vnv v)
- The quicker we finish, the sooner we will go home.
(a+v.v vn .a a uuv.vvnvv)

4. J aun au adj. lvv vva.a.v vvanaa
1. J aun auv vv a. a+a + 2 uu a

a.

a.a+ - Our game is lese enjoyable than theirs. (v+avva.v+v.v)
- Our game is not as enjoyable as theirs. (v+ av nuv+v.v)
2. J aun auv vv ana aa+a + a

a.a+ - Chai is the least smart boy in the class. (r aJ va o ran aaav ana alv
u+)
- Chom is the least handsome in the class. (rua vanaalvu+)
a.ava (Adverbs)

uvnv+ adv.
1. vaa v.
a.a+ - She works hard every day. (rn+vuvn .v)
(v.) (adv.)
- He lived alone in a small town. (vaaa v +lv+a , u+uv+)
(v.) (adv.)
2. vaa adj.
a.a+ - His house is very expensive. (uvv+vav+)
(adv.) (adj.)
- She is stupid enough to do something like that. (r aaavn.nr vvv)
(adj.) (adv.

n.1 + v. to be + less + adj. + than + n.2
n.1 + v. to be + not + so/ as + adj. + as + n.2

n.1 + v. to be + the lest + adj. + in place/ in time
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 55
3. vaa adv. a.av+
a.a+ - My father droves very carefully. (vv+avvua.a..+)
- His friend speaks so rudely. (vvv+vvauauaaua v)
uaua : adv. nvaa adj. a. adv. rv
very () so (uav) too (vJ, a.a) almost (u)
rather
(avv+)
quite (naa.) enough (va+v) somewhat (avv+)
nearly (u) extremely (a +a+, a +naa) fairly (naa.)
va+a : a an a a. u adv. v.va To what extent ? u How ?
a.a+ - To what extent was the man tired? (orauv aa+)
- How tired was the man? (orauvaa+)
- The man was extremely tired. (orauv aa+n aa)
rvav+ adv.
1. Adverb of Manner (adv. u) J adj. aaa - ly ua + adj. rv
Adjective Adverb of Manner
bad badly
slow slowly
careful carefully
busy busily
happy happily
uaua : adv. uu+a Ja a. v u adj. a.a a - ly Jv adv. a

uJ va a aa J Preposition + n. rv

deep (+.) ill (v.a) quick (...)
fair (.u) last (aa) right (.)
fast (...) late (a) sharp (+a)
first (.) long (a.) very (..)
hard (.) loud (a.) wide (...)
high (.) low (.) wrong (+a)
by car (..aa.) by boat (...)
by train (..av) by bicycle (...a)
by tricycle (..a 3+) by plane (..+..:)
by heart (a.a .!) with a car (a.a.aa. )
with eagerness (a.a+....a.a) with enthusiasm (a.a+........)
with a slow motion (a.a.u- |)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 56

auv+v+ adv. u.a uvu ua + v. nvaa
a.a+ - He wrote a letter quickly to his friend. (vv avauaa +v va+.a .)
(v.) (adv.)
- He slowly wrote a letter to his friend. (vv avauaa+v vv+va+r ,)
(adv.) (v.)
2. Adverb of Place (adv. uaavn ) v.J va a a a.a. a+Jvaa n a
Preposition+n. a.a rv

auv+v+ Adverb of Place (adv. uaavn ) .aauv+lav+J.aaa
a.a+ - Here is the baby you are looking for. (avan a aa ++ua av +)
(adv.) (v.)
- I want to leave it outside. (ava +.n +v. v+v)
(v.) (adv.)

va+a : a an a a. u adv. uaavn a Where ?
a.a+ - Where does Joe live? (an uv ?)
(adv.) (v.)
- Joe lives near my house. (a lauvv+a v)
(v.) (adv.)
3. Adverb of Time (adv. u.a) rv
now (aa.v) lately (. , v) on Wednesday (lv.vvr)
then (vv) recently (. , v ) on my birthday (lv.vav+av)
soon (lvr) previously (av) at eleven oclock (.a 11 vn)
today (.vv) in + J (lvJ ) last year (Jna.)
here () there ()
inside (.!) outside (..)
upstairs (-:) downstairs (-+.)
abroad (:.+..:) in the city (!...)
on the road (:a) at the crossroads (....aa.)
near my house (!.+:.) in front of the door (v... )
beside the window (...) between the two cars (.....a 2 +)
by the river (.a.) over the wall (..au.)
behind the mountain (+...) around the world (.:+.)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 57
tomorrow (v+v ) in December (lvav
rv.a)
next month (avuv)
yesterday (.vv) in the evening (lvavav) every Tuesday (n.v+a)

auv+v+ adv. u.a.a uvuua +J.aa a
(adv.) (v.)
a.a+ - Last year my uncle worked in America.
(v.) (adv.)
- My uncle worked in America last year.
(Jna.a+v+on+valv)
va+a : aanaa.u adv. u.a a When.?
a.a+ - When were you born? (a a a ?)
- I was born in 1978. (av alvJ a. a. 1978)
4. Adverb of Frequency (adv. ua.av+.a) rv

uaua : never , hardly, scarcely, seldom a.uaJ vJ ar
auv+v+ adv. ua.a v+.a
1..+ua + v. to be 2. .+uv v. n
3. .+ua + v. r.a 4. aJ v.a ..+a naJ.aa
(v.) (adv.) (adv.)
a .a+ - My mother is always at home on Saturdays. (v+a v.a uvn .va
a)
(adv.) (v.)
- His sister often gives me a smile when she sees me.
(v+a.v+v.a luou a , ruvo)

always (a) often (ua ,) frequently (ua ,) ever (a)
never (aa) seldom (vv , a+) hardly (u ) rarely (ua)
scarcely (u. ) generally (Ja ) usually (aaJa ) sometimes (u+a+)
occasionally (u+a+u+a.) now and again (u+a+u++..)
now and then (:.+..:.+..) on Sundays (...a)
every day (..) every week (.va) every month (..a) every year (.v )
once a day (.+.+..) once a week (va+.+..)
once a month (.a+.+..) once a year (v+.+..)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 58
(v.) (adv.)
- She can sometimes go to the cinema with me. (u+a+raaJauv+uo
a )
(v.) (adv.)
- He goes to the North twice a month. (vJsauv a va.a+a +)
va+a : aanaa.u adv. ua.av+.a a How often?
(adv.) (v.)
a .a+ - How often do you get a cold? (a aJvu. au aa uv ?)
(adv.) (v.)
- I seldom get a cold. (avJvu. avv , a +)
a+aau adv. lvJ.aa

(v.) 1 2 3
a.a+ - My father works industriously in his factory every day.
(vv+on+va +vavv vv +a lv++vv+vn , . v)
(v.) 1 2 3 4
- Bird sang his songs sweetly at the concert once a month last year.
(u a+unva+v+va+v.nava aa va.a +Jna.)
(v.) 2 3 4
- I must go to see the doctor at his clinic many times this month.
(a vvava +Juunaa vv+vuaaa +)

Jaunau adv. (Comparison of Adverbs)
adv. nvJ aun au.J v adv. u (Adverb of Manner) aa a+a +J au
naurva a.vuJ aunau adj.
1. J aun au adv. vvn v (Positive Degree) a+a+a+v

a.a+ - She works as hard as him. (rn+vuv n , uv)
- He drives as carefully as you. (vv ua. a.. +v , uaa)
2. J aun au adv. vv. (Comparative Degree) a.vva+aa (Superlative Degree)
1 2 3 4
Adv. :... + adv. :.a + adv. :.+..a...+ + adv.
:...+
n.1 + v. + as + adv. + as + n.2 (v.)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 59

1. adv. u+a Ja avJa+ Ja aaa - er JvJaunauvv. a.
a
- est JvJ aun auvva +a a a
well (ea++ ) better best
badly (ea++.a.) worse worst
little (ea++.aovea) less least
much (ea++:+o:+a) more most
far (loa) father / further farthest/ furthest

2. adv. na+naa.a - ly lua - er JvJ aun auv v. a.lu a -est
JvJ aun auvva +a a a a adv. vva+naa.a e lu a r lvv v. a.a
- st lvvva +aa
deep (ea++a o) deeper deepest
fast (ea++.s.) faster fastest
hard (ea++vvo) harder hardest
high (ea++a+) higher highest
late (s+ , a+a) later latest

3. adv. na+naa.a - ly lu lr more JvJ aunauv v. a. most Jv
Jaunauv va +a a a
bravely (ea++oa +v+q) more bravely most bravely
actively (ea++os:oesesv) more actively most actively
beautifully (ea++a.a++:) more
beautifully
most beautifully
carefully (ea++s:: s:.+) more carefully most carefully
happily (ea++:a.+:a) more happily most happily
Jaunau adv. lvvv. a+a+a+v

n.1 + v. + adv. + er / more + adv. + than + n.2(v.)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 60

a.a+ - She can speak English better than her brother.
(rvasv +va a .v +rav+r)
- He answers the questions more carefully than he did before.
(vauaauau.nvaanv)
Jaunau adv. lvvva+aa a+a+a+v

va+a : . the vuv adv. lvJaunauvva +aau a
a.a+ - I work (the) best in the morning.
(lvavr o.n+va a naa)
- He answers the questions (the) most carelessly of all the students in the class.
(vaua a uauna alvuavavn +uaalvrvavv )
3. J aun au adv. lvvvva.a.v vv ana a
1. J aun auv vv a. a+a + 2 uu a +v

a.a+ - Vipa laughed less loudly than she did before.
(.vu..a a+a +v a.nraau.. v)
- I did not come to class so (as) early as Sila. (a vvu +av.naa)
2. J aun auv vv ana aa+a + a+v

a.a+ - Peter studies (the) least hard of all the students in the class.
(Javavavvanaalvuav avn+ualvu+ av)
- Of all the member our family, my sister played (the) least carefully.
(lvuaar v+aua . v+a.v+a va v. a.. +vana a)
v a+a : . the vuv adv. lvJ aunauvvvan aau a

n.1 + v. + (the) + adv. + est / most + adv. + in place/ in
time
n.1 + v. + less + adv. + than + n.2 (v.)
n.1 + v. to do/ v. r.a + not + v. + so/ as + adv. + as +
n.1 + v. + (the) + least + adv. + in place/ in time
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 61
unn 10
1. ruins (n.)
= +Juv+
= the remains of fallen
buildings
2. gnarled (adj.)
= JJ, o.uv+ua.a v
= old and twisted
3. twisted (adj.)
= aa+, a+
= warped
4. prehistoric (adj.)
= aavJ..aaaa

5. tendril (n.)
= + vnaav+ a a

6. grasp (vt.)
= aa, u, v v
= hold
7. weathered (adj.)
= ovJaasva
= wear away, change
color
8. carve (vt.)
= .aa, aa, av

9. grip (n.)
= u, a a, a +a a
= holding fast
10. crush (vt.)
= uava
= break
11. crack (crack (vt.
/ vi.)
= a, a
= break
12. separate (vt.)
= av
= divide
13. remains (n.)
= a+nuaa , +uv+,
+av
= what is left after
destruction
14. monument (n.)
= va.a

15. legacy (n.)
= a

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 62

unn 11 : J.aa+vv (Conditional Clauses)

J.aa+ vv (Conditional Clauses) J.ua .aJ.aaua (Main Clause) uJ.aa
aa
(Adverb Clause) n if Jva vva v Clause a+ a+a +a +v

lrJ.aa+vv (Conditional Clauses)
+vvn 1 : aa+a +vn +n. , J aa+a+oana .a+ av vv vv ua.J v+
nJ vJa lvr .aJ. . v

u

a.a+ - If water boils, it changes into stream. (av a a v.aaJ v)
- If she work hard, she gets good grades. (arvavav r.aa.vva )
+vvn 2 : aa+a +a.J vJa n. avvlavaa aaa.uaJvJuvu
vaa

u

a.a+ - If Mary comes, I will be glad. (a av.a l)
- Im going to sing a Thai song for you if you like to hear it.
(av.+va+nalu a a aa arun+)
+vvn 3 : aa+a+a.J vJa lvJuv (a+v ua.J v+lvJu v) aa
a.uaJ vJ u vuvaa

uun 1 : If ,
uun 2 : if
If + s. + v.1 (+.. s.) , s. + v.1 (+.. s.)
s. + v.1 (+.. s.) + if + s. + v.1 (+.. s.)
If + s. + v.1 (+.. s.) , s. + will / shall / is, am, are going to +
s. +will / shall / is, am, are going to + v.1 (.+) + if + s. +
If + s. + v.2, s. + would + v.1 (.+)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 63
u

uaua : lva uv +v+ v.2 aJ v v. to be lulr were uJ.rvna.lva.ua.
J v, a , a a.lr were to lva.ua. J va + uJ.rvn a .r v v
: lva uv +v+ would lr ar .aJ v r v should, could, might nva
a.a+ - If I had enough money, I would go to study aboard.
(ao + vva+v o.Java +J.na)
- If my mother were rich, she could buy this expensive modern building.
(a v+o.a nv.aa+ a a aluav+ua +v va )
- If you were to answer that question, you might make a mistake.
(aa a J va +aua av v a a.auo a)
+vvn 4 : aa+a+uaa nJvJ a lva a n lu uaa +uan.+. (a+
v ua.J v+lva a)

u

uaua : lvauv +v+ would lr v. r.aJv rv should, cloud, might nva
a.a+ - If had known her address, I could have visited her.
(aonun av+r oa+.aaJa ara )
- If she had gone there yesterday, she would have seen you.
(ara Jnvv.vv ra+.a vua aa.)
lr Unless
Unless a.uau v u if not (a ) (v avJ.aaua a a.ua
JvJar) a+v
+vvn 1 : aa+a+vn+n. , J aa+a +oan a .a+ av vv vv ua.J v
+nJvJalvr.aJ..v
a.a+ - Unless there is some rain, the crops die during the drought.
- If there is not some rain, the crops die during the drought.
(a4va vroa.aalvva.naa.u+a+)
- You are healthy unless you smoke a cigarette.
- You are healthy if you do not smoke a cigarette.
s. +would + v.1 (.+) + if + s. + v.2
If + s. + had + v.3 , s. + would + have + v.3
s. + would + have + v.3 + if + s. + had + v.3
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 64

(aa.avsva aaaauuu )
+vvn 2 : aa+a +a.J vJa n. av vlvvaa aaa.uaJvJuvu
vaa
a.a+ - Unless Praderm hurries, he will miss the train.
= If Praderm does not hurry, he will miss the train.
(aJ.a u v.vaaan)
- I will not come unless I have time.
= I will not come if I do not have time.
(o. ao .a)
+vvn 3 : aa+a+a.J vJ a lvJ uv (a+v ua.J v+lvJuv)
a.a+ - Unless it were so late, she would telephone me.
= If it were not so late, she would telephone me.
(a aa vJ r a+navn Juoa.)
- They would tell me unless they came here.
= They would tell me if they did not come here.
(v.va+uo av.vnv )
+vvn 4 : aa+a+uaa nJvJ a lva a n lu uaa +uan.+. (a+v
ua.J v+lvaa)
a.a+ - Unless the employees had been paid, they would have gone on a strike.
= If the employees had not been paid, they would have gone on a strike.
(av.a + a ua + v.v.v aua a+v)
- He would have failed unless he had studied harder.
= He would have failed if he had not studied harder.
(v.aua av vav avlu. v )
a. If lvJ.aa If Clause
1. a. If lvJ.aaaa++ vvuun 3 (a+v ua.J v+lvJu v) aalr Were
(J v a a ) u Were to (Jva+) vvavlvJ.aaaanv If
a.a+ - If the house were to be burnt down, I would buy a new one.
= Were the house to be burnt down, I would buy a new one.
(au vua +v a +anu a v.ruvua +lu )
- If I were a bird, I would fly so far.
= Were I a bird, I would fly so far.
(aavJvv a v.uvJlua)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 65

2. a. If lvJ.aaaa++ vvuun 4 (a+vua.Jv+lvaa) aalr Had
vvavlvJ.aaaanv If
a.a+ - If I had gone to the party last night, I would have met Somchai.
= Had I gone to the party last night, I would have met Somchai.
(aavJ+vaa+a vv a va+.vuara)
- If you had told the facts, you might have been able to help Nida.
= Had you told the facts, you might have been able to help Nida.
(aa avaa. + a aa+.aar .av aa )

unn 11

1. discipline (n.)
= .va , .uau , q
= rule
2. expert (n.)
= ora.rv av , orvvav

3. provide (vt.)
= au , aa.lu
= support
4. appropriate
(adj.)
= u.a
= suitable
5. particular (adj.)
= aaav. , n.+
= specific
6. sensible (adj.)
= nuaoa , naa
= reasonable
7. discrimination
(n.)
= u+rv.a. , u+v.
= making differences
8. sufficient (adj.)
= nvva+
= enough
9. consult (vt.)
= Jv
= ask advice
10. anxiety (n.)
= a.+.al , a.J vu.+
= being worried
11. bound to (adj.)
= J ua uJ vJaqa+
= likely to
12. rear (vt.)
= aa+a
= bring to maturity
13. guidance (n.)
= v.v , v.v.
= giving advice
14. accurate (adj.)
= aa+ , na+a+ va
= exact
15. mooring (n.)
= uanJ va +a auva. ,
a +lr o
a

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 66

unn 12 : Subjunctive Clauses

J.aa Subjunctive lr va a.uan Jva. + aaa.v a+
a.Jav a.vlua+aa
a+a+v+J.aa Subjunctive aaa.vlu.J.ua.a J.aaua (Main
Clause) a. J.aaaa (Subordinate Clause) ++ v. lvJ.aaaa (Subordinate Clause)
a.a a au uJ.aan lr a+a+ava.v
J.aanlra+a+ Subjunctive a+v
1. J.aa+ vv (If Clause) nJva a ua a nJvJ a u a J v+
- J.aaaa++vvnJvJalvJuv (a+v ua.J v+lvJu v) aa
a.uaJ vJ u vuvaa
[v. lvJ.aaa alr Past Simple (v.2/ were) J.aaualr would, could, might,
should + v.1 (ov)]
a.a+ - If I were a thief, I would break into that big beautiful house.
(aoJ vva o.Jlvuva.aua+luua +v v)
- If I had time now, I would help you. (aavv vav .a av.r.aua a a)
- J.aaaa++ vvnJvJa lva a nlu uaa+uan.+. (a+v u
a.Jv+lvaa)
[v. lvJ.aaa alr Past Perfect (had + v.3) J.aaualr would, could, might,
should + have + v.3]
a.a+ - If I had known her address, I could have visited her.
(aonun av+r oa+.aaJaara )
- If she had gone there yesterday, she would have seen you.
(ara Jnvv.vv ra+.a vua aa.)
1. J.aanlr as if u as though (.u.) aa+Jaunaun J v+
- J.aaaa+J aun aun Jv+lvJu v
[v. lvJ.aaaalr Past Simple (v.2/ were) u past Continuous (were + v.ing)]
a.a+ - She acts as though she knew him well. (rn.u.rva )
- She laughs as if she were watching cartoons. (ru...u.uva.a.
av)
- J.aaaa+J aun aun Jv+lvaa
[v. lvJ.aaaalr Past Perfect (had + v.3) u Past Simple (v.2/ were)]
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 67

a.a+ - He talked as if it had rained very hard yesterday.
(vv a. u. .vv 4vauv )
- She talked to me as tough she had known me for years.
(rvauo. u.r ouaaJ a.)
aJa+a+ v. lvJ.aan lr as it / as though :
J.aaua J.aaaa
Jv+lvJuv s. + v.1 (ova
s.)
as if / s. + v.2 (were) / were + v. ing
Jv+lva a s. + v.2 (were) as though s. + v.2/ had + v.3
Past Continuous a. Past Simple nJv v. to be lulr were uJ.rvn a .
3. J.aanlr wish (Jav) aa+a.Javn JvJ a
- J.aan aa+a.JavlvJ uv a.alu av vlvJuva Jv+
[v. lvJ.aaaalr Past Simple (v,2/were)]
a.a+ - I wish I were a policeman now. (oa.luoJva..av )
- He wishes he had a bigger house. (vJav. uvnlu .a aua+)
- J.aan aa+a.JavlvJ uv a alu uaa J v+lvaa J vaa+
a.au.+auaalvaa
[v. lvJ.aaaalr Past Perfect (had + v.3)]
a.a+ - He wishes his father had been here yesterday.
(va.luvv+va an v .vv )
- She wishes she had not come to the party last night.
(ra.lu r a lv+va a+a vv )
- J.aan aa+a.Javlva analuua a vv av vlva a a a av v
[v. lvJ.aaaalr Perfect in the past (could/ would/ should/ might + have + v.3)]
a.a+ - I wished you would have called yesterday. (ou.+.aa.navn.v
v)
- They wished they could have arrived there in time.
(v.vaJa +nv vlunv.a)
- J.aanaa+a.JavlvJuv a.aluuaaavvlvvaa aJvJa
[v. lvJ.aaaalr Future in the past (could/ would/ should/ might + v.1 (ov))]
a.a+ - I wish I would be there tomorrow. (avJav.anvvlv.vv+v )
- She wished he could come next week. (ru.+.v.a a Jauuv)

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 68

aJa+a+ v. lvJ.aan lr wish :
JavlvJuv a.aluJuvJv+ s. + wish(es) + s. + v.2 (were)
JavlvJ uv aluvaaJv+ s. + wish(es) + s. + would/ could/ should/ might + v.1(
ov)
JavlvJuv aaluaaJv+ s. + wish(es) + s + had + v.3
Javlva a a.alua aJv+ s. + wish(es) + s + would/ could/ should/ might + have +
v.3
4. lra+a+ Subjunctive ua .a uJ.aaa Jv nlu v. lvJ.aaaaJv Past Simple
If only (a)
s. + would (d) rather (a.)
It is time (that)
It is high time (that) (a+.aa.)
It is about time (that)
s. + think it would be a good idea if
(aa.Jva+naa)
+ s. + v.2 (were)
a.a+ - It is time you turned over a new leaf. (a+.aa .na a.a uv a ua .a a
lu )
- It is about time I began to work. (a+.aa .na v.n+va an )
- I think it would be a good idea if you wore a uniform.
(ava a.J va +na aa aa.a +uu)
uaua : v.2 aJv v.to be lulr were uJ.rvn a .
5. lra+a+ Present Subjunctive (v.1 ov) J.aaJ.rvJv

a.a+ - Heaven forbid ! (a.a u lu.n r vvv !)
- God preserve us all. (v.n+aa+v.n av)
- The Lord bless and preserve thee. (v. n+lu va.n+a a+a a)
6. lra+a+ Present Subjunctive (v.1 ov) ua.Java a v. o va vua.u. +
n. , J
a.a+ - Long live the King. (vluv.+a n+v.)
- Money be hanged ! (valu+vaJvv.aa)

God (u...) The Lord (u...) Heaven (...+ )
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 69
-
- lra+a+ Present Subjunctive lvJ.aan v. vava Jva lvJ.aaua v. lv
J.aaa a
.alvJv+ v.1 (ov)

a+a+J.aa :

uaua : v. r .a r v should , could , might
: that a. v. r.a aaa.a
: a v. lvJ.aaaaJvJar lua not uv v. 1 (o v)
a.a+ - She required that I arrive at 8:00 a.m. (ra+.oa..a+ 8 +
r)
- He suggests she not go there alone. (ov.v. r a.Jn v vava a.)
va+a : v. vavlvJ.aaua .J v tense . a
8. lra+a+ Present Subjunctive lvJ.aan adj. vava Jv a lvJ.aaua v. lv
J.aaaa.alvJv+ v. 1 (o v)

a+a+v+J.aa :

uaua : that aaa.a
: a v. lvJ.aaaaJvJar lua not uv v. vv
a.a+ - It is essential his son use more care. (J va+a+n arava... +lu vv)
- It is important the students come on time. (vaa nv ava..lu a+.a)
- It is imperative that everyone not violate laws.
(vJ vn nav a.4 4 vqua)

ask (..) suggest (a.) propose (.) beg (..)
urge (a.) move (.) request (..) recommend
(a.)
ordain (:-) require (..) advise (a.) order (.)
s. + v. vav + ( that ) + s. + (v. -.a) + v. 1 (.+)
essential (.v) urgent (.v) crucial (+)
necessary (.v)
It + is / was + adj. vav + ( that ) + s. + v. 1 ( .+ )
)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 70

9. lr Suppose u Supposing (aa.) vvavJ.aa
a a uaa lvJuv Suppose / Supposing + s. + v. 2
(were)
a a uaa lvaa Suppose / Supposing + s. + had + v. 3
a.a+ - Suppose Ann were interested in this topic. (a a .vavlu.v +v )
- Supposing John had not finished his his work. (a a .uva +n+v
a)

unn 12

1. title (n.)
= auv+ , uaa a , r +
= rank of a person
2. overlook (vt.)
= +v , +na+
= not notice something,
look over
3. obviously (adj.)
= a+r av , a+vla+a
= clearly, vividly
4. dedicate (vt.)
= na , naav
= devote
5. reconciliation
(n.)
= aaa , nlua va v
= making up, on good
terms
6. site (n.)
= ua+ , na+ , na
= place, location
7. retribution (n.0
= aunv , a+nv
= punishment
8. hatred (n.)
= a.a aar +
= strong dislike
9. vow (vt.)
= auv , luav , r vv
= promise, pledge
10. give up (vi.)
= aa , uau.+ ,av
= stop trying, surrender
11. devote (vt.)
= naa. , aal
= dedicate
12. heal (vt. / vi.)
= v , uaJvJa
= cure
13. forgive (vt.)
= lus a , anv
= pardon
14. create (vt.)
= a+aa , nvv
= produce, invent
15. legend (n.)
= avv , +.
= old story

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 71

unn 13 : ar.a
(Modals, Auxiliary Verbs, Helping Verbs)
v. to be

is lru he, she, it a.J.rvvv
are lr u you, we, they a.J.rvvuvv
am lr u I
was lr u I , he, she, it a.J.rvvv
were lru you, we, they a.J.rvvuvv
alvJ.aa If - Clause a. Subjunctive lr were uJ.rvna.
1. v. to be lr . u v. 3 lva+a+ Passive Voice ( J.rvJ vo a.n )

- v. to be .a+o vaJ.rva.o va Tense
- nJ vJ.aaJ ar lu a not ua+ v. to be
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Yes / No Question luaa v. to be .avJ.aa
a.a+ - The boy was punished. (aoraavvvannv)
- The boy was not punished. (ao raavv va a nnv)
- Was the boy punished? (a o raavv va nnvlr u ?)
2. v. to be lr . u v. ing lva+a+ Progressive Form u Continuous Tense vaa+.
v.vva+avva

- v. to be .a+o vaJ.rva.o va Tense
- nJ vJ.aaJ ar lu a not ua+ v. to be
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Yes / No Question luaa v. to be .avJ.aa
a.a+ - My son was swimming. (arav+a va +. av )
- My son is not swimming. (arav+a v a a +. av )
- Is my son swimming? (arav+a va+. av a lr u ?)

v. 1 ( o v ) v. 1 ( ov ) v. 2 v. 3
be is, am, are was, were been
s. + v. to be + v. 3
s. + v. to be + v. ing
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 72

v. to do

do lru I , you, we, they a.J.rvvuvv
does lr u he, she, it a.J.rvvv
1. v. to do lr.u v. n v nluaJ.aaJ ara.J.aaa a
- v. to do .a+ovaJ.rva.ova Tense
- nJ vJ.aaJ ar lu a not ua+ v. to do
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Yes/ No Question luaa v. to do .avJ.aa
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Wh- Question lu v v. to do .uv J.rv
a.a+ - She does not go to school. (r J+ av)
- Does she go to school ? (rJ+avuJa ?)
- Where does she go ? (rJn uv ?)
- Why didnt they go to school ? (nv.v J+ av ?)
2. v. to do lr.u v. n v aa+v v (Emphasis) ++.a +o vaJ.rva.o va Tense

a.a+ - I do love you. (avaa)
- He does love you. (vaa)
- She did love you. (raaaa)
v.to have

have lr u I , you, we, they J.rvvuvv
has lr u he, she, it a.J.rvvv
v.to have lr . u v.3 vnluaa+a+ Present Perfect (has/ have + v.3) a.
Past Perfect (had + v.3)
- v. to have .a+o vaJ.rva.o va Tense
- nJ vJ.aaJar lu a not ua+ v. to have
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Yes/ No Question luaa v. to have .avJ.aa

v. ( o v ) v. 1 ( ov ) v. 2 v. 3
do do, does did done
s. + v. to do + v. a ( v.1 .+)
v.1 ( o v ) v.1 (ov) v.2 v.3
have has, have had had
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 73

a.a+ - I have studied hard. (av avuv +aa+uv aaa)
- She has not studied hard. (r aaavuv +aa+uv )
- They had studied hard. (v.vaa avuv +aa+uv v)
- Have they studied hard? (v.vaa avuv +aa+uv uJa ?)
Should/ ought to (a..)
Juv aa
should should
ought to
+ v.1 (o v)
ought to
+ have + v.3
1. should a. ought to aalr nvva a.ua. a.. (luav.v)
- lr should a. ought to lvJJuv (should/ ought to + v.1 (ov) Jvlu
a v.va ua a n av vlvJ uva.ua a n.av vlvvaa
- lr should a. ought to lvJaa (should/ ought to + have + v.3) Jva.a+
uaa lvaana.. avva a a u ua a lvaana..n a an
a.a+
shuld
- Araya
ought to
study hard.
(aa..vavavuv+a) - Jvlua v.v a +ua a na.. avv
lvJu vuvaa
shuld
- Araya
Ought to
have studied
hard.
(av.va v avuv +a) - uaa va.. av vlvaa a a a
(a.J v+ : lvaaa a vavavuv+a)
2. should a. ought to lr . u v. n vnlu aJ.aaJ ara.J.aaa a
- nJ vJ.aaJ arlu a not ua+ should a. ought
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Yes/ No Question lua a should a. ought .av
J.aa
a.a+ - You should not eat too much.
(aaa.vvJ) - Jvv.v
- You ought not to have eaten too much.
(aav.vvJ) - a.nanJa.
- Should you not eat too much?
(a aa. v vJlr u ?) - Jvv.v
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 74

- Ought you not to have eaten too much?
(aav. vvJlr u ?) - a.n a nJa .
3. should u ought to aalr lvaua aa v , a
- lvanJ vJ uv.aua aa v , a.a should/ should not u ought to/ ought not
to
- lvanJ va a.auaaav , a.a should have/ shouldnt have
a.a+ - Should she study hard? - Yes, she should.
- No, she should not.
- Ought she to study hard? - Yes, she ought to.
- No she ought not to.
- Should she have studied hard? - Yes, she should have.
- No, she shouldnt have.
can / be able to ( aa )

va+a : can lvJv+ v.1 (ov) a can uva JaavJ
11. can a. be able to aalrnvva Ja. aa :++.aua+a.a v.1 (ov) a

- can lr lvJJu v a.vJa alr could
a.a+ - My daughter can speak English.
( aa.v+a vaav asv +va ) lvJu v
- My daughter could speak English.
(aa.v+a vaav asv +va ) lvaa
- be able to lvJJuvlr is/ am/ are+able to a.vJaalr was/ were+able to
a.a+ - I am able to swim. (avaa.ava ) lvJuv
- I was able to swim. (avaa.ava ) lva a
12. n can a. be able to JvJ.aaaaa.J.aaJar
- nJ vJ.aaJ ar lu a not ua+ can u be
- nJ vJ.aaa aJ.sn Yes/ No Question luaa can u be .avJ.aa

v.1 ( o v ) v.1 ( ov ) v.2 v.3
can can could -
be able to is/ am/ are able to was/ were able to been able to
s. + can/ be able to + v.1 ( .+ )
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 75

a.a+ - My daughter cannot speak English.
- Can my daughter speak English?
- My daughter wasnt able to speak English.
- Was my daughter able to speak English?

13. can a. be able to aalrlvauaaav , a
a.a+ - Can your daughter speak English? - Yes, she can.
- No, she cannot.
- Is your daughter able to speak English? - Yes, she is (able to)
- No, she is not (able to)

a.a+ - His son may not go tomorrow.
- May his son go tomorrow?
- His son might not go tomorrow.
- Might his son go tomorrow?
1. may a. might aalrlvauaaav , a
a.a+ - May his son go tomorrow? - Yes, he may.
- No, he may not.
- Might his son go tomorrow? - Yes, he might.
- No, he might not.
4. lr may vvavJ.aalva.ua u.+Jva+a+. JJ.aa May+s. +v.1 (o v)
a.a+ - May there never be another world war ! (u.+.. aa+aav v !)

must / have to (a+, Jva+)

va+a : must lvJv+ v.1 (ov) a must uva JaavJ
1. must a. have to aalr nv va a.uaaa+a +a. J v (Necessity/ Obligation)
a..aa.a v.1 ( o v) a

v.1 ( o v) v.1 (ov) v.2 v.3
must must - -
have to has/ have to had to had
s. + must / have to + v.1 (.+)
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 76
a.a+
must
- My father
has to
work hard. (vv+a va +n+vuv )
Must
- Our fathers
Have to
Work hard (v , v+v.a+n+v
uv)

2. have to .ovaJ.rva.ova Tense a must a +o vaJ.rv
a.a+ - I must work hard. - My father has to work hard.
- My father must work hard. - Our fathers have to work hard.
- Our fathers must work hard. - Our fathers had to work hard.
- n must luJ vJ.aaJ ara.J.aaa aJ.sn Yes/ No Question
- nJvJ.aaJ ar lua not ua+ must
- nJvJ.aaaaJ.sn Yes/ No Question luaa must .avJ.aa
a.a+ - My father must not work hard.
- Must our fathers work hard?
- n have to luJ vJ.aaJ ara.J.aaa aJ.sn Yes/ No Question
- v v. to do (novaJ.rva.o va Tense) r.a
- have nav +ua +.a +a lvJv+ v.1 (ov) a
- nJvJ.aaJ ar lua not ua+ v. to do nvr.a
- nJvJ.aaaaJ.sn Yes/ No Question lu aa v. to do nvr.a.av
J.aa
a.a + - He doesnt have to work hard. - Does he have to work hard?
- They dont have to work hard. - Do they have to work hard?
- The didnt have to work hard. - Did they have to work hard?
- must a. have to aalrlvauaaav , a
a.a+ - Must my father work hard? - Yes, he must.
- No, he mustnt.
- Does My father have to work hard? - Yes, he does.
- No, he doesnt.

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 77

Vocabulary

unn 1
1. colonial (adj.) = a.uava
2. pioneer (n.) = vuu = settler
3. vision (n.) = .aanav = view
4. conviction (n.) = a.r a, a.aav = belief
5. port (n.) = +n , n = harbor
6. import (vt. / vi.) = vv
7. attract (vt.) = a+aaa.avl = captivate, fascinate, enchant, draw
in
8. accelerate (vt. / vi.) = + = hasten, expedite, quicken
9. overtake (vt.) = ++ovJ = outrun
10. region (n.) = sa, avau = area
11. commerce (n.) = ava = trade, business
12. reputation (n.) = raa+ = repute
13. arrival (n.) = a+ = entrance, debarkation
14. immigrant (n.) = ovav = emigrant
15. scholarly (adj.) = n+a. = learned

unn 2

1. greet (vt.) = nna = address
2. press (vt.) = uu, vu = push
3. raise (vt.) = alua+vv = lift, uplift, elevate
4. various (adj.) = a+ , , uaarva = diverse, many, several, manifold
5. level (n.) = .au = plane
6. seniority (n.) = a.Jv.a, .uu.a
7. originate (vi.) = , a, = be initiated
8. refine (vt.) = nluaa.aa.a = improve
9. result (in) (vi.) = Jvoa, lua = come about, happen
10. precisely (adv.) = vvv, aa+, va = accurately, exactly
11. elderly (adj.) = avv, a = aged, old
12. lower (vt.) = nlua, aaa+ = bring down
13. equal (n.) = uaaa / a+v+nnn av = even, same, equivalent
14. convention (n.) = rva, .uauuuov = tradition
15. return (vt.) = av, auav = send back, take back
!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 78

unn 3
1 popular (adj.). = vuaa, .+v.+ = well liked
2 famous (adj.). = raa+ = well known, renowned
3. notorious (adj.) = ra a+lvava = infamous, ill famed
4. exhibition (n.) = aa+vna = exposition
5. figure (n.) = uaaaaa = character
6. inherit (vt. / vi) = aua = acquire by succession
7. successful (adj.) = J.auoaa = accomplished
8. mask (n.) = uv = facial camouflage
9. collection (n.) = v+a.a = assemblage
10. damage (vt.) = nlua aua = spoil
11. model (n.) = uvJv = replica
12. mold (n.) = vv (auunvvuJvJ) = form
13. rescue (vt.) = r.auavaa = save
14. artist (n.) = a, on+vaaJ. = painter
15. severed (adj.) = va.av = cut

unn 4

1. pollute (vt.) = nluaJ , nluaavv = taint, stain
2. manufacture (vt.) = oaa , n = make, produce
3. process (n.) = vu.v , . r = procedure, method
4. consumer (n.) = ousa , olr = user
5. environment (n.) = a+.aa , u.au , = surroundings
6. demand (vt.) = a+ = ask, request, want
7. container (n.) = a+nlru rv a+ = package, packet
8. recycle (vt.) = ov. rvaulrlu = reclaim
9. recent (adj.) = . , v , vv = current, late
10. impossible (adj.) = JvJa , na = unthinkable, unimaginable
11. emphasize (vt.) = a , vv = stress, intensify
12. advertise (vt.) = vva , J.a = publish, announce
13. concern (n.) = a.+.a, Jvr . = worry
14. public (adj.) = nJvara., n.J = social, societal, general
15. attitude (n.) = navaa = mind, disposition

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 79
unn 5
1. edible (adj.) = uJ.nva = eatable
2. flesh (n.) = v (v+avu aa.) = skin, meat
3. boon (n.) = va , vaJ au = advantage
4. garnish (n.) = a+lraa+u = decoration
5. association (n.) = aa, +a = union, organization
6. nutritionally (adv.) = a+a a+auasrv = healthfully
7. diet (n.) = u = food
8. orchard (n.) = a.voa = fruit garden
9. mutation (n.) = Ja avJa+uaavvr = deviation
10. genetic (adj.) = a.uvvr = hereditary
11. variations (n.) = a.uauaa = changes, alterations
12. propagate (vt.) = Ja, vaavvr = breed
13. pollinate (vt.) = oaa
14. experiment (vi.) = nnaa+ = test
15. trigger (vt.) = nlua = set off, detonate

unn 6

1. abominable (adj.) = vr+ = odious, disgusting
2. beast (n.) = aa.a = creature
3. huge (adj.) = lua, vvalu = immense, gigantic
4. cover (vt.) = Jaa, au = extend, over
5. report (vt.) = a+v = account, record
6. native (adj.) = a.uvv + = indigenous
7. claim (vi.) = a.+ = allege
8. capture (vt.) = u = catch, take, arrest
9. occasion (n.) = a = opportunity
10. evidence (n.) = uav = data, fact
11. continue (vi.) = avvaJ = proceed, keep going, go on,
advance
12. convince (vt.) = nlur = make to believe
13. expedition (n.) = avn+ = voyage, excursion, trip, journey
14. enlarge (vt.) = nluluvv = increase, extend
15. ancestor (n.) = uvuv = forebear

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 80

unn 7
1. reporter (n.) = oav . = journalist
2. tip off (vt.) = luv. = inform
3. murder (n.) = va = slaying, killing
4. company (n.) = uvn = business
5. scene (n.) = aavnnaua = site, location
6. crime (n.) = r
7. crowd (n.) = 4+rv = assemblage
8. bystander (n.) = avnao vJ = passerby
9. interview (vt.) = asva
10. neighbor (n.) = vvuv
11. victim (n.) = ua = sufferer
12. bereaved (adj.) = naaa = anguished
13. activity (n.) =
14. related (adj.) = ++a.v+ = associated
15. connection (n.) = a.a.v+ = link

unn 8

1. safe (adj.) = Jaasa = secure, not dangerous
2. vehicle n.() = vuv. = conveyance
3. automatically (adv.) = aaava
4. scarce (adj.) = ua, vaaav = insufficient
5. floating (adj.) = aav = hovering, flying
6. plentiful (adj.) = a, aaua = abundant, plenty, in great
supply
7. healthy (adj.) = avsvv++au a = strong, vigorous
8. affect (vt.) = oaa = influence
9. disease (n.) = a, ra = illness
10. develop (vt.) = vav, nlu.uv = extend
11. improve (vt.) = nluavv, v = mend, reform
12. appliance (n.) = a+, a +lr = instrument, apparatus
13. control (vt.) = a.ua , u+au = check, restrain
14. treatment (n.) = v = cure
15. appear (vi.) = J, aa+a. = show up

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 81

unn 9
1. imagine (vt. / vi.) = vaa, v+, aaa = suppose, guess, think
2. choker (n,) = a+J.auvrvaana.aaa
3. galore (adv.) = v.v, aaua = in abundance
4. don (vt.) = a.a orvavav = put on
5. rare (adj.) = ua, aa , va = uncommon
6. tycoon (n.) = vrn .aa.nrva = magnate
7. remote (adj.) = a, au +Jr rv = distant
8. parlay (vt.) = a+nva++va+na+
9. piddle (vt. / vi. ) = nav , ++, aav = dawdle
10. discount (n.) = aaa, aaa.v = deduction
11. rustic (adj.) = ava.Jvrvun, ++ = old fashioned as if from a
farm
12. opulent (adj.) = +a+, a, uu = sumptuous
13. romp (vi.) = .+av, avavv, ava+ = lively play
14. spy (vt.) = +uv, au, aav = spot
15. letdown (n.) = oau.+, aua = disappointment

unn 10

1. ruins (n.) = +Juv+ = the remains of fallen buildings
2. gnarled (adj.) = JJ, o.uv+ua.av = old and twisted
3. twisted (adj.) = aa+, a+ = warped
4. prehistoric (adj.) = aavJ..aaaa
5. tendril (n.) = +vna av+aa
6. grasp (vt.) = aa, u, vv = hold
7. weathered (adj.) = ovJaasva = wear away, change color
8. carve (vt.) = .aa, aa, av
9. grip (n.) = u, aa, a+aa = holding fast
10. crush (vt.) = uava = break
11. crack (crack (vt. / vi.) = a, a = break
12. separate (vt.) = av = divide
13. remains (n.) = a+nuaa , +uv+, +av = what is left after destruction
14. monument (n.) = va. a
15. legacy (n.) = a

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-./ 82
unn 11
1. discipline (n.) = .va , .uau , q = rule
2. expert (n.) = ora.rvav , orvvav
3. provide (vt.) = au , aa.lu = support
4. appropriate (adj.) = u.a = suitable
5. particular (adj.) = aaav. , n.+ = specific
6. sensible (adj.) = nuaoa , naa = reasonable
7. discrimination (n.) = u+rv.a. , u+v. = making differences
8. sufficient (adj.) = nvva+ = enough
9. consult (vt.) = Jv = ask advice
10. anxiety (n.) = a.+.al , a.Jvu.+ = being worried
11. bound to (adj.) = Jua uJvJaqa+ = likely to
12. rear (vt.) = aa+a = bring to maturity
13. guidance (n.) = v.v , v.v. = giving advice
14. accurate (adj.) = aa+ , na+a+ va = exact
15. mooring (n.) = uanJva+aauva. , a+lro
a

unn 12

1. title (n.) = auv+ , uaaa , r+ = rank of a person
2. overlook (vt.) = +v , +n a+ = not notice something,
look over
3. obviously (adj.) = a +rav , a+vla+a = clearly, vividly
4. dedicate (vt.) = na , naav = devote
5. reconciliation (n.) = aaa , n luavav = making up, on good terms
6. site (n.) = ua+ , na+ , na = place, location
7. retribution (n.0 = aunv , a+nv = punishment
8. hatred (n.) = a.aaar+ = strong dislike
9. vow (vt.) = auv , luav , rvv = promise, pledge
10. give up (vi.) = aa , uau.+ ,av = stop trying, surrender
11. devote (vt.) = naa. , aal = dedicate
12. heal (vt. / vi.) = v , uaJvJa = cure
13. forgive (vt.) = lusa , anv = pardon
14. create (vt.) = a+aa , nvv = produce, invent
15. legend (n.) = avv , +. = old story

English Gramma For Thai People

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

English Gramma For Thai People

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

!"#$%&'"()*+, +)-.

You might also like