Cayha

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
Ging vin: TH.S. Phan Th H
in thoi/E-mail: hathiphan@yahoo.com
B mn: Cng ngh phn mm
Hc k/Nm bin son:I/2009-2010
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn
GING VIN: TH.S.PHAN TH H
B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM

CHNG 8.CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
M u
Cc ng dng ca cy
Cc phng php duyt cy
Cy khung ca th
Cy khung nh nht

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

M U
nh ngha 1. Cy l mt th v hng, lin thng v
khng c chu trnh n.
V cy khng th c chu trnh n, nn cy khng th c
cnh bi v khuyn. Vy mi cy u l th n.
nh ngha 2. Mt th khng c chu trnh n nhng
khng lin thng c gi l rng.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Cy thng c nh ngha nh mt th v hng,
trong gia mi cp nh ca n lun tn ti mt
ng i n duy nht. nh l sau cho thy trong th
v hng th tnh lin thng v khng c chu trnh
n tng ng vi tnh tn ti ng i n duy
nht gia mi cp nh
M U
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

nh l 1. Mt th v hng l mt cy nu gia mi cp
nh ca n lun tn ti ng i n duy nht.
nh ngha 3. Cy c gc c gi l m-phn nu tt c cc
nh trong ca n khng c hn m con. Cy c gi l m-
phn ng (strict) nu mi nh trong ca n c ng m con.
Cy m-phn vi m = 2 c gi l cy nh phn.
Cy c gc c sp (hay c th t) l cy c gc trong
cc con ca mi nh c sp xp theo mt th t nht nh.
Cy c gc c sp c v sao cho cc con ca mi nh
trong c sp th t t tri qua phi. Trong cy nh phn
c th t, cc nh trong c hai con, con th nht gi l con
bn tri v con th hai l con bn phi. Cy c gc l con
bn tri ca mt nh c gi l cy con bn tri, tng t ta
c nh ngha v cy con bn phi.
M U
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

M U
Nhng tnh cht ca cy
nh l 2. Cy vi n nh c ng n-1 cnh.
nh l 3. Cy m-phn ng vi i nh trong s c tt
c n = m*i + 1 nh.
nh l 3. Cy m-phn ng vi
a) Nu cy c n nh th s nh trong l i =
(n-1)/m v s l l l = ((m-1)n+1 )/m
b) Nu cy c i nh trong th khi s nh
l n = m.i + 1 v s l l l=(m-1)i+1.
c) Nu cy c l l th s nh l :

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

M U
nh ngha. Mc ca nh v trong cy c gc l di
ca ng i duy nht t gc ti n. Mc ca gc c
nh ngha bng khng.
cao ca cy l mc cao nht ca tt c cc nh. Ni
cch khc cao ca cy c gc l chiu di ca ng
i di nht t gc ti mt nh bt k.
Cy m-phn c gc v cao h c gi l cn i
nu tt c cc l u mc h hoc h-1.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Cy AVL l cy nh phn sao cho ti mi nh
chiu cao ca cy con tri v cy con phi khc
nhau khng qu 1. Cy cn i nhng khng
phi AVL
Vy cy AVL l trng hp c bit ca cy
nh phn cn i: cy AVL l cy nh phn cn
i, nhng ngc li ni chung khng ng.
Cy m-phn hon ton(complete) l cy m-
phn ng trong mi l cng mt mc.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

M U
nh l 5. C nhiu nht m
h
l trong cy m-
phn, cao h.
H qu 1. Nu cy m-phn c chiu cao h v c l l,
khi h> log
m
l(. Nu cy m-phn ng v cn i, khi
h =
log
m
l(. (Nh li l x( l s nguyn nh nht khng b
hn x).
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY

Chng ta s nghin cu ba bi ton bng m hnh cy.
Cc phn t trong mt danh sch c lu tr nh th
no c th d dng nh v c chng?
Hy xc nh dy cc quyt nh tm mt i tng
c tnh cht no trong tp hp cc i tng thuc
mt loi no .
Cn phi m ha tp cc ch ci bng cc dy nh phn
nh th no c hiu qu nht?
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
gii quyt: tm hiu 3 loi cy sau
Cy tm kim nh phn
Cy quyt nh
Cc m tin t
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
Cy tm kim nh phn
Tm kim mt phn t trong mt danh sch l mt trong
nhng cng vic quan trng nht trong tin hc. Mc ch
hng u ca chng ta l a ra mt thut ton tm kim
c hiu qu nht l tm mt phn t khi cc phn t
c sp xp theo mt th t no . iu c th
thc hin c bng cy tm kim nh phn. l cy
nh phn trong mi nh ch c nhiu nht l 2 con:
mt con tri v mt con phi. Mi nh c gn mt
kha. Cc nh c gn kha sao cho kha ca nh
ln hn kha ca tt c cc nh thuc cy con bn tri,
v nh hn kha ca tt c cc nh thuc cy con bn
phi ca n.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
Mt cy nh phn tm kim ch c cc nh con bn tri
s to thnh mt cy lch tri hay sp xp theo th t
gim dn ca kha.
Mt cy nh phn tm kim ch c cc nh con bn phi
s to nn mt cy lch phi hay sp xp theo th t
tng dn ca kha.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
Nu gi tr kha ca nh x trng vi gi tr kha ti nh
gc th khng th thm node.
Nu gi tr kha ca nh x nh hn gi tr kha ti nh
gc v cha c l con bn tri th thc hin thm node
vo nhnh bn tri.
Nu gi tr kha ca nh x ln hn gi tr kha ti nh
gc v cha c l con bn phi th thc hin thm node
vo nhnh bn phi.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Thao tc tm kim nh trn cy nh phn tm kim:
Gi s ta cn tm kim kha c gi tr x trn cy nh
phn tm kim, trc ht ta bt u t gc:

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
Nu cy rng: php tm kim khng tho mn;
Nu x trng vi kho gc: php tm kim tho mn;
Nu x nh hn kho gc th tm sang cy bn tri;
Nu x ln hn kho gc th tm sang cy bn phi;

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
Thao tc loi b nh (Remove): Vic loi b nh trn
cy nh phn tm kim kh phc tp. V sau khi loi b ta
phi iu chnh li cy n vn l cy nh phn tm
kim. Khi loi b nh trn cy nh phn tm kim th nh
cn loi b c th mt trong 3 trng hp sau:

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Nu nh p cn loi l nh treo th vic loi b c
thc hin ngay.
Nu node p cn xo c mt cy con th ta phi ly
node con ca node p thay th cho p.
Nu nh p cn xo c cy con th ta xt: Nu nh
cn xo pha cy con bn tri th nh bn tri nht
s c chn lm nh th mng, nu nh cn xo
pha cy con bn phi th nh bn phi nht s c
chn lm node th mng.

CC NG DNG CA CY
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CC NG DNG CA CY
Cy quyt nh

Cc cy c gc c th dng m hnh cc bi ton
trong c mt dy cc quyt nh dn n li gii.
Chng hn, cy tm kim nh phn c th dng nh v
cc phn t da trn mt lot cc so snh, trong mi
so snh cho ta bit ta c nh v c phn t hay
cha, hoc ta s i theo cy con tri hoc cy con phi.
Cy c gc trong mi nh trong ng vi mt quyt
nh v mi cy con ti cc nh ny ng vi mi mt kt
cc c th ca quyt nh c gi l cy quyt nh.
Nhng li gii c th ca bi ton tng ng vi cc
ng i ti cc l ca cy c gc ny. V d sau s
minh ha mt ng dng ca cy quyt nh.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

V d 1. C 4 ng xu trong c 1 ng xu gi nh
hn ng xu tht. Xc nh s ln cn (thng bng)
cn thit xc nh ng xu gi.
Gii. R rng ta ch cn hai ln cn xc nh ng
xu gi v khi ta t bn ng xu ln bn cn th ch c
th xy ra hai kt cc: ng s 1,2 nh hn hoc nng
hn ng s 3, 4. Thc hin quyt nh cn li ging
nh trn cho hai ng xu nh hn ta xc nh c
ng xu no l gi. Hnh 7.3 di y s m t cy
quyt nh gii quyt bi ton.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

PHNG PHP DUYT CY
H a ch thng dng
1. Gn nhn cho gc bng s 0. Sau k nh con ca
n ( mc 1) t tri sang phi c gn nhn l 1, 2,
3, ..., k.
2. Vi mi nh v mc n c nhn l A, th r nh
con ca n tnh t tri qua phi c gn nhn l A.1,
A.2,..., A.r.
Theo th tc ny, nh v mc n vi n>1, c nhn l
x1.x2.....xn, trong ng i duy nht t gc ti v s
i qua nh th x1 mc 1, nh th x2 mc 2,
...
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

PHNG PHP DUYT CY
Cc phng php duyt cy
Duyt tin th t,
Trung th t
Hu th t.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

PHNG PHP DUYT CY
nh ngha 1. Gi s ta c cy T vi gc r. Nu T
ch c gc th r l cch duyt tin th t ca T. Nu
khng th gi T1, T2, ..., Tn l cc cy con ti r t tri
qua phi. Duyt tin th t T s ving thm r u tin.
Sau duyt T1 theo kiu tin th t, duyt T2 theo
kiu tin th t, ... c nh vy cho n khi Tn c
duyt theo kiu tin th t
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

PHNG PHP DUYT CY
Duyt theo kiu tin th t cy T l
a,b,e,j,h,n,o,p,f,c,d,g,l,m,h,i.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

ch c gc th r l cch duyt trung th t ca T. Nu
khng th gi T1, T2, ..., Tn l cc cy con ti r t
tri qua phi. Duyt trung th t T s ving thm T1
u tin, sau thm r, ri duyt T2 theo kiu trung
th t, ... c nh vy cho n khi Tn c duyt theo
kiu trung th t.
VD:j,e,n,k,o,p,b,f,a,c,l,g,m,d,h,i.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

ch c gc th r l cch duyt hu th t ca T. Nu
khng th gi T1, T2, ..., Tn l cc cy con ti r t
tri qua phi. Duyt hu th t T s bt u duyt T1
theo kiu hu th t, ri duyt T2 theo kiu hu th
t, ... c nh vy cho n khi Tn c duyt theo
kiu hu th t, v cui cng kt thc bng vic ving
thm r.
j,n,o,p,k,e,f,b,c,l,m,g,h,i,d,a.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc k php trung t, tin t v hu t

Cch duyt cy nh phn biu din biu thc
cho theo kiu trung th t s to ra biu
thc c cc s hng v cc php ton theo
ng th t nh l c trong biu thc ban
u.
+
^
+ 2
x y
/
- 3
x 4
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Biu thc c y du ngoc nh vy c
gi l dng trung t.
x y + 2 ^ x 4 - 3 / +.
c dng tin t ca biu thc khi ta duyt cy theo
kiu tin th t. Cc biu thc c vit di dng
tin t c gi l k php Ba lan
+ ^ + x y 2 / - x 4 3
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

PHNG PHP DUYT CY
dng hu t ca mt biu thc bng cch duyt cy nh
phn theo kiu hu th t. Biu thc vit di dng hu
t c gi l k php Ba lan ngc.
x y + 2 ^ x 4 - 3 / +.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM
Khi nim
Nhng thut ton xy dng cy bao trm

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM
nh ngha 11.2
Gi s G l mt th v hng.
Cy T c gi l cy bao trm ca th G nu T l
mt th ring ca G.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

V D
th G:

Mt s cy bao trm ca G:
a
d
b
e
c
Hnh 11.2. th c cy bao trm
a
d
b
e
c
a
d
b
e
c
Hnh 11.3. Hai cy bao trm ca th G
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM (tip)
nh l 11.2: th v hng G c cy bao trm G
lin thng.
Chng minh:
: Hin nhin, v cy bao trm lin thng suy ra G
lin thng.
:: Chn a l mt nh bt k trong th G.
K hiu: d(x) l khong cch gia a v nh x.
Xy dng cc tp nh:
D
0
= {a}, D
i
= { x | d(x) = i } vi i > 1.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM (tip)
a
D
0
D
1
D
2
. . .
Hnh 11.4. Cch xy dng cy bao trm
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM (tip)
Ch : Mi nh x thuc D
i
(i > 1) u c nh y thuc D
i-1

sao cho (x, y) l mt cnh, v nu < a, ... , y, x > l
ng i ngn nht ni a vi x th < a, ... , y > l
ng i ngn nht ni a vi y v y e D
i-1
.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM (tip)
Chng minh: Lp tp cnh T nh sau:
Vi mi nh x ca th G, x e D
i
vi i > 1, ta ly
cnh no ni x vi mt nh trong D
i-1
.
Tp cnh ny s to nn mt th ring ca G vi n
nh v n - 1 cnh.
th ring ny lin thng v mi nh u c ni
vi nh a. Theo tnh cht 3) ca cy th T l mt cy.
Do vy, T l cy bao trm ca th G.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM (tip)
nh l 11.3 (Borchardt): S cy bao trm ca mt
th v hng y n nh l n
n 2
.

Mt s thut ton tm cy bao trm:
- Thut ton s dng phng php duyt theo chiu su.
- Thut ton s dng phng php duyt theo chiu rng.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM
Thut ton 11.1 (Tm cy bao trm bng phng php
duyt theo chiu su)
D liu: Biu din mng DK cc danh sch k ca th
v hng G.
Kt qu: Cy bao trm (V, T) ca th G.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)
Thut ton

1 procedure CBT_S (v) ;
2 begin
3 Duyet [v] := true ;
4 for u e DK[v] do
5 if ! Duyet [u] then
6 begin T := T {(v, u)} ; CBT_S (u) end
7 end ;
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn


8 BEGIN { Chng trnh chnh }
9 for u e V do Duyet [u] := false ;
10 T := C ;
11 CBT_S (z) ; { z l nh tu ca th,
s tr thnh gc ca cy }
12 END.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Tnh ng n ca thut ton: :
1. Khi ta thm cnh (v, u) vo tp cnh T th trong th
(V, T) c ng i t z ti v. Vy thut ton xy dng
ln th lin thng.
2. Mi cnh mi (v, u) c thm vo tp T c nh v
c duyt v nh u ang duyt. Vy th ang c
xy dng khng c chu trnh.
3. Theo tnh cht ca php duyt theo chiu su, th tc
CBT_S thm tt c cc nh ca th lin thng G.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn


Do vy, th do thut ton xy dng l mt cy bao
trm ca th cho.

phc tp ca tht ton l: O(n+m).

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

V D
p dng thut ton trn cho th (nt mnh) ta nhn
c cy bao trm (nt m) nh sau:
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
Hnh 11.5. Cy bao trm ca th tm theo
phng php duyt theo chiu su
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

Thut ton 11.2 (Tm cy bao trm bng phng php duyt theo chiu
rng)
D liu: Biu din mng DK cc danh sch k ca
th v hng G.
Kt qu: Cy bao trm (V, T) ca th G.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

11.3. THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)
Thut ton
1 BEGIN
2 for u e V do Duyet [u] := false ;
3 T := C ;
4 Q := C ;
5 enqueue z into Q ; { z l nh tu ca
th v l gc ca cy }
6 Duyet [z] := true ;
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

11.3.THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)
7 while Q = C do
8 begin deqeue v from Q ;
9 for u e DK[v] do
10 if ! Duyet [u] then
11 begin enqueue u into Q ;
12 Duyet [u] := true ;
13 T := T {(v, u)} end
14 end
15 END.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

phc tp ca thut ton: O(m+n).
V d: p dng thut ton trn cho th (nt mnh) ta
nhn c cy bao trm (nt m) nh sau:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
Hnh 11.6. Cy bao trm ca th tm theo
phng php duyt theo chiu rng
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CHNG 9.CY BAO TRM NH NHT
Mt s ng dng
Thut ton tm cy bao trm nh nht
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

MT S NG DNGCA CY BAO TRM
1. Kim tra tnh lin thng ca mt th: th l lin
thng n c cy bao trm.
2. Xy dng h c s ca cc chu trnh.
Gi s th lin thng G = (V, E) vi n nh v
m cnh.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

MT S NG DNG CA CY BAO TRM (tip)
Thc hin hai bc:
1. Xy dng cy bao trm T ca G. Gi s trong qu
trnh xy dng cy bao trm T ta b i cc cnh e
1
,
e
2
, ... , e
m n + 1
2. Xy dng h chu trnh c s: Ln lt thm vo cy
T cc cnh e
i
, khi s xut hin chu trnh
i
- y cng
l chu trnh ca th G. Sau li xo cnh e
i
v thm
cnh e
i+1
vo. Cui cng ta nhn c cc chu trnh
tng ng l
1
,
2
, ...,
m n + 1
.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

H chu trnh ny c lp v:
i = j th o
i
cha e
i
nhng khng cha e
j
, cn o
j

cha e
j
nhng khng cha e
i
.
S cc chu trnh ny l m - n +1 = m - n + p = c(G) = s
cc chu trnh c lp cc i.
Vy h chu trnh tm c l mt c s ca cc chu
trnh trong th G.
MT S NG DNG CA CY BAO TRM (tip)
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

V D
Xt th v hng:

n = 5, m = 8, p = 1. Vy c(G) = 4.

a
b c
d e
G =
1 2
3
4
Hnh 11.7. th v cc cnh b i
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

V D
Mt cy bao trm T ca G l:

Ta nhn c mt h chu trnh c s:
1
= [a, b, d]
3
= [a, b, c, d]
2
= [a, b, e, d]
4
= [a, b, c, e, d]

a
b c
d e
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM NH NHT
Bi ton: Cho th v hng G lin thng vi tp cnh
E v hm trng s c : E N. Tm cy bao trm T ca G
sao cho tng trng s ca cc cnh ca T t gi tr nh
nht.

Mt s thut ton tm cy bao trm nh nht:
- Thut ton Kruskal
- Thut ton Prim
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON KRUSKAL
Thut ton:
1. Chn cnh c trng s b nht, k hiu l e
1
v t W
:= {e
1
}.
2. Gi s chn c W = {e
1
, e
2
, ... , e
i
}. Chn e
i+1
l
cnh c trng s b nht trong s cc cnh cn li
trong E \ W sao cho {e
1
, e
2
, ... , e
i
, e
i+1
} khng cha
chu trnh.
3. B sung: W := W {e
i+1
}.
4. Lp li cc bc 2. 3. chng no cn c th.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON KRUSKAL (tip)
nh l 11.4 : Tp cc cnh W tm c theo thut ton
Kruskal to nn cy bao trm nh nht ca th G.

Thut ton Kruskal chi tit
1 procedure Kruskal ;
2 begin
3 W := C ; Z := E ;

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON KRUSKAL (tip)
4 while (|W| < n -1) and (Z = C) do
5 begin
6 chn cnh e c trng s b nht trong Z ;
7 Z := Z \ {e} ;
8 if W {e} khng cha chu trnh then
W := W {e}
9 end ;
10 if |W| < n -1 then writeln( th khng lin
thng)
11 end ;
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

V D
th c trng s v cy bao trm nh nht:
1
1
1
2
2
4
6
5 6
5
1
1
1
2
5
Hnh 11.10. th trng s v mt cy bao trm nh nht
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON PRIM
Thut ton Prim
Prim ci tin thut ton Kruskal nh sau: mi
vng lp ta chn cnh c trng s b nht trong s
cc cnh k vi cc cnh chn m khng to nn
chu trnh.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON PRIM (tip)
Thut ton Prim c gi l phng php ln cn gn
nht: bt u t mt nh no a ca th G ta ni
n vi nh gn nht, chng hn b. Ngha l, cnh (a,
b) c chn c trng s b nht. Tip theo, trong s
cc cnh k vi nh a hoc nh b ta chn cnh c
trng s b nht m khng to nn chu trnh vi cnh
(a, b). Cnh ny dn n nh th ba c ...

Tip tc qu trnh ny cho n khi nhn c cy gm
n nh v n-1 cnh. chnh l cy bao trm nh nht.
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

THUT TON PRIM (tip)
1 procedure Prim ;
2 begin
3 W := {cnh c trng s b nht };
4 for i := 1 to n - 2 do
5 begin
6 e := cnh c trng s b nht k vi cnh
trong W v nu ghp n vo W th khng
to nn chu trnh ;
7 W := W {e}
8 end
9 end ;
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM NH NHT (tip)
nh l 11.5
Trong th v hng c trng s i mt khc
nhau, cy bao trm nh nht tn ti v duy nht.
Chng minh:
V trong vng lp ch c duy nht mt cnh c
chn.

BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM LN NHT
Trong cc thut ton Kruskal v Prim ta khng rng
buc v du ca trng s, nn c th p dng cho th
v hng vi trng s trn cc cnh c cng du tu .
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
www.ptit.edu.vn

CY BAO TRM LN NHT (tip)
tm cy bao trm ln nht ta c hai cch:
1. i thnh du - cho cc trng s trn cc cnh. p
dng mt trong hai thut ton trnh by trn
tm cy bao trm nh nht. Sau i du + tr li, ta
s c cy bao trm ln nht.
2. Sa i trong cc thut ton: bc chn cnh c
trng s b nht ... c thay bng chn cnh c
trng s ln nht ... cn cc bc khc th gi
nguyn. Khi thut ton kt thc, ta s nhn c cy
bao trm ln nht.

Cayha

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cayha

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

You might also like