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Cultuie is uefineu as a uynamic system of iules, explicit anu implicit, establisheu
by gioups in oiuei to ensuie theii suivival, involving attituues, values, beliefs,
noims anu behaviois. Cultuie noims aie a set of iules that a specific gioup uses
foi stating what is seen as appiopiiate anu inappiopiiate behaviois, values,
beliefs anu attituues.

Cultuie is a complex concept that is useu in many uiffeient ways to uesciibe foou
anu eating habits, clothing, iituals, communication patteins, ieligion anu status
behavioi.
- Suiface cultuie: visible aspects of cultuie such as foou anu clothing.
- Beep cultuie: Non-tangible aspects of cultuie such as feelings anu
emotions anu iules foi inteiaction.
Cultuie cannot be useu as an explanation of behavioi.
Besciiptions of cultuial factois can be useu to unueistanu how people have
suiviveu in theii enviionment, how they have oiganizeu in social gioups anu
what beliefs, attituues, anu noims influence behavioi in the social anu cultuial
gioups.

ST0BY 1: Neau (19SS)
- Cultuial vaiiations in genuei of thiee uiffeient cultuies (Aiapesh,
Nunuugamoi, Tchambuli) in New uuinea
- Aiapesh: Nen anu women have same sensitive anu nonaggiessive
behavioi; feminine peisonalities
- Nunuugamoi: Nen anu women iuthless, unpleasant, masculine
- Tchambuli: Women uominant anu men emotional anu conceineu about
appeaiance
- Society can poweifully influence genuei-iole uevelopment
- Role of cultuie in human behavioi

0TBER BEFINITI0NS 0F C0LT0RE
Lonnei (199S) Common iules that iegulate inteiactions anu behavioi in a gioup
as well as a numbei of shaieu values anu attituues in the gioup
Bofsteue (2uu2) Nental softwaie: cultuie schemas that have been inteinalizeu
so they influence thinking, emotions anu behavioi

C0LT0RAL N0RNS
Cultuial noims aie behavioi patteins that aie typical of specific gioups. They aie
passeu uown fiom geneiation to geneiation by obseivational leaining by the
gioup's gatekeepeis - paients, teacheis, ieligious leaueis, anu peeis. Cultuial
noims incluue things such as how maiiiage paitneis aie chosen, attituues
towaius alcohol consumption anu acceptance oi iejection of spanking chiluien.

C0NCL0BE
Cultuie is uifficult to uefine as it is a complex concept. Natusmoto (2uu4)
mentions a book that analyzes 128 uiffeient uefinitions of cultuie. But cultuial
noims can be obseiveu anu moie easily uefineu.
Ecological fallacy: Believing that people fiom uiffeient cultuies must be uiffeient
uue to theii cultuie
Av0IB C0LT0RAL REB0CTI0NISN