Resultant of Coplanar System of forces Resultant: Resultant is the replacing the system of forces and couples acting on a body

to a single force of having the same effect Resultant of co-planar concurrent forces Resultant of co-planar and non-concurrent forces Resultant of non-coplanar concurrent forces Resultant of non-coplanar non-concurrent forces Finding the Resultant of system of concurrent coplanar forces acting on a rigid body we use 1. Parallelogram law (For two forces) we have both Graphical & Analytical solution 2. Triangle law (For two forces)- we have both Graphical & Analytical solution 3. Polygon law (For two or more forces) We have only Graphical Solution 4. Method of projections (For two or more forces) - we have only Analytical solution 1. Parallelogram law: If two co-planar concurrent forces acting at point are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the diagonal passing through the point of intersection represents the resultant in both magnitude and direction. Note: It is used to find out the resultant of two co-planar concurrent forces.

From OCD, CD = Q Sin; OD = P+ Q Cos From 1:

; --------- 1

Problem: 1: Determine the resultant of two coplanar concurrent forces as shown in Fig using parallelogram law

Solution: Given P=40N Q=60N =250

Angle made by the resultant with P=40N is

Angle made by the resultant with x-axis is = 200+15.040 =35.040 2. Triangle Law: It states that if two coplanar concurrent forces acting simultaneously on a particle be represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of the triangle taken in order, their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite order. Note: It is used to find out the resultant of two co-planar concurrent forces.

From Law of cosines From Law of sines:

Problem: 2: Determine the resultant of two coplanar concurrent forces as shown in Fig.2 using Triangle law

Solution:

Angle made by the resultant with x-axis is = 200+15.040 =35.040

3. Polygon law of forces: If a number of coplanar concurrent forces acting on a body such that they represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in an order, their resultant is represented in both magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in opposite order.

Problem: 3: Determine the resultant of four coplanar concurrent forces as shown in Fig.3 using polygon law

Solution: Construct a polygon taking 10N= 1cm

4. Method of projections: It is an analytical method for finding resultant of two or more co-planar concurrent forces.

First resolve the forces F1, F2, F3, F4 along X and Y axis. Find Sum of all the forces along x-axis i.e RX = FX = F1Cos Find Sum of all the forces along y-axis i.e RY= FY = F1Sin Then resultant is given by Angle made by the resultant with X-axis
1 1

F2 Cos
2

F3 Cos
3

+ F4 Cos
4

+ F2 Sin

F3 Sin

- F4 Sin

Note: It is used to find out the resultant of two or more co-planar concurrent forces Problem 4: Find the resultant of co-planar concurrent forces as shown in Fig using method of projections

Solution: S.No 1 2 3 4 Force 150N 80N 110N 100N X-Component 150 Cos30 -80 Cos20 0 100 Cos15 RX = Fx=199.1N Y-Component 150 Sin30 80 Sin 20 -110 -100 Sin15 RX = Fx=14.3N

Angle made by the resultant with X-axis

Problem 5: The resultant of the four concurrent forces as shown in Figure acts along Y-axis and is equal to 300N. Determine the forces P and Q.

Solution: Given FY= R FX= 0 S.No 1 2 3 4 Force Q P 800N 380N X-Component Q Sin45 -P Sin50 800 -380 Y-Component Q Cos45 P Cos50 0 0

F
F

800 380 QSin45 P sin 50 0

QCos45 PCos50 R 300
P = 511 N; Q =- 40.3N

Moment: The rotational tendency of a force as known as moment. It is the product of magnitude of force and the perpendicular distance between the force and the moment axis/centre.

Hered is moment arm. It is the perpendicular distance between the line of action of force and the moment centre/axis. The direction of moment is represented by Right hand thumb rule: Curl Fingers represent the direction of the force applied. Thumb represents the direction of Moment Sign convention: All anti-clockwise moments are positive and all clockwise moments are negative

Varignons theorem or Principle of moments: Moment of resultant force F about moment centre o is equal to sum of moments of its components about the same moment centre.

Moment of force F about O Mo= -F d Mo= -F d

Moment of components of force F about O Mo= -F Cos

0- F Sin b

Mo= -F (b Sin ) = - F d (From Fig. Sin = d/b) Hence the theorem is proved

Couple: Two parallel forces equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and they separated by a distance d form a couple. Examples: Opening or closing of Tap, Steering of motor car, winding a watch with a key

Characteristics of couple: The effect of couple is to produce rotation The translatory effect of a couple on a body is zero The effect of couple is unchanged if it is rotated through any angle. The effect of couple is unchanged if the couple is shifted to any other position in its plane of action.

Note: A force can be shifted in its line of action unlimitedly similarly a couple can be shifted in its plane of action unlimitedly

Shifting of a force: Upon shifting a force from one position to another position we will get a force and couple.

Note: One can reduce a force to a force and couple, similarly a force and couple can be reduced to a single force. Problem 6: Shift the 100N force to point B.

Solution: Whenever we shift a force to point B we will get a force and couple

Resultant of Non-concurrent forces in a plane: The following procedure is used to find out the resultant of non-concurrent forces a) Choose a particular point Oand determine the perpendicular distance from the line of action of force to the point O. b) Shift all the forces to the particular point O. We will get a forces and couples. c) Determine the resultant of concurrent forces and resultant of couples. d) Reduce these force couple system to a single force and the point of application of single force

Problem 7: Determine the resultant of following Figure as shown

Solution: The resultant of coplanar Non-concurrent force system is solved in four steps as below

Note: In step 2, whenever we shift a force we will get a force and couple

Problem 8: Determine the resultant of following Figure as shown

Solution: The resultant of coplanar Non-concurrent force system is solved in four steps as below

The resultant force R= 141.6N lies at a distance OA = Mo/R = 130/141.6 = 0.92m from Origin Note 1: In step 2, whenever we shift a force we will get a force and couple Note 2: We can shift a couple anywhere in the plane of action. It will not effect any change in the rigid body.

Tutorial Problems:

1. Two forces are acting at a point as shown in Fig.A. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant by using a) Graphical method b) Analytical method c) Method of projections

Fig. A

Fig. B

Fig. C

2. Two forces P and Q are applied at a point A of a hook support as shown in Fig.B. Knowing that P=60N and Q=25N, Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant by using a) Graphical method b) Analytical method. Ans: R=77N, 15.40 with P 3. Find the resultant of coplanar concurrent forces acting at the point O as shown in Fig.C. Ans: R=163.4N, 158.70 with X-axis. 4. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant R of concurrent forces acting as shown in Fig. D(1), D(2) by using a) method of projections b) graphical method

Fig. D(1)

Fig. D(2)

5. The resultant of the four concurrent forces as shown in Fig.E acts along Y-axis and is equal to 300N. Determine the forces P and Q.

Fig. E

Fig. F

6. Determine the forces FA and FB for the concurrent forces given in Fig. F. If the resultant of the three forces is R=25KN and acts at 600 from positive x-axis. 7. The greatest and least resultants of two forces acting on a particle are 35N and 5N respectively. Find their forces. If 25N is the resultant of these forces, what is the angle between them? 8. As shown in Fig.G Determine a) Graphically and analytically the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the four forces

Fig. G

9. In XY plane, four forces passing through origin as given in the table below. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the four forces. Magnitude of Force passing through origin in (N) 20 60 40 90 Angle made w.r.t to positive X-axis 300 1200 2000 3200

Force

F1 F2 F3 F4

10. If the resultant of two forces exerted on the body at A of Fig.H is vertical. Determine the value of for which the magnitude of P is minimum and the corresponding magnitude of P.

Fig.H

Fig.I

11. Three forces are applied to a body as shown in Fig.I. The direction of the two 100N may vary but the angle between these forces is always 30O. Determine the range of values of for which the magnitude of the resultant of the forces applied to the body is less than 650N. Ans: = 23.760 to 216.230 12. Three forces are applied to a body as shown in Fig.I. The direction of the two 100N may vary but the angle between these forces is always 300. Determine the value of for which the resultant of forces acting at A is directed horizontally to the left if P=250N. Ans: = 51.210

13. Two forces equal to 2P and P respectively acts on a particle. If the first force is doubled and the second force is increased by 12N and the direction of resultant is unaltered. Determine the value of P. 14. The resultant of two forces when they act at an angle of 600 is 18N. If the same forces acting at right angles their resultant is 15N. Determine the magnitude of two forces. 15. Replace the couple and force as shown in Fig.J. by an equivalent single force. Determine the distance of the force from the point of application of the force from the centre of the shaft O. 16. A 160N force P is applied at A as shown in Fig.K. Replace P with an equivalent force-couple system at C.

Fig. J

Fig.K

17. A 4.8m long beam is subjected to the forces as shown in Fig.L. Reduce the given system of forces in to a) an equivalent force-couple system at A. b) an equivalent force-couple system at B. C) Determine the resultant and location of resultant from A.

Fig. L 18. Determine the resultant force of the non-concurrent forces as shown in Fig.M1 and Fig.M2 and the find the distance of the resultant force from point O.

Fig.M1

Fig.M2

19. Determine and locate the resultant R of the forces and one couple acting on the beam as shown in Fig.N

Fig.N

References: Engg. Mechanics ,Timoshenko & Young. Engg. Mechanics, R.K. Bansal , Laxmi publications Engineering Mechanics,Fedinand.L.Singer , Harper Collins. Engineering Mechanics statics and dynamics, A Nelson, Mc Gra Hill publications Engg. Mechanics Umesh Regl, Tayal. Engineering Mechanics by N H Dubey Engineering Mechanics , statics J.L.Meriam, 6th Edn Wiley India Pvt Ltd. Engineering Mechanics , dynamics J.L.Meriam, 6th Edn Wiley India Pvt Ltd. Mechanics For Engineers , statics - F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston 5th Edn Mc Graw Hill Publ. Mechanics For Engineers, dynamics - F.P.Beer & E.R.Johnston 5th Edn Mc Graw Hill Publ. www.google.com http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/