1

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf u'0fx?

kfs]6 a's ;+u|x

@)!!

;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfp08]zg

sf7df08f}, g]kfn

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf u'0fx?

k|sfzs
;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfp08]zg
$!^, ledz]guf]nf dfu{, dLgejg, vl/af]6
kf]i6 aS; gDa/ M *(&#, Pg= kL= ;L= ^&*
sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]g g+= M -(&&_-!-$$^-$^!^, $$*-$)!^
km\ofS; M -(&&_-!-$$*-%#(!
O{d]n M info@samriddhi.org
j]a;fO6 M www.samriddhi.org

l8hfOg / n]cfp6
;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfp08]zg

k|yd ;+:s/0f M

d], @)!!

o; kfs]6 a's ;]G6/ km/ OG6/g]zgn k|fOe]6 OG6/k|fOh

-CIPE_ sf] ;xof]u lagf ;kmn x'b}g lyof] .

d"No M ?= %)

www.samriddhi.org

ljifo;"rL
ahf/sf] kl/ro
cy{tGqsf k|sf/ / ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq
s_ ljlgod / ljlzli6s/0f
v_ ahf/ d"No

ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdx

s_ pRr JolQmut :jtGqtf
v_ pBdzLntf / gjLg k4ltsf] ljsf;
u_ pkef]Qmfd'vL ;dfh

&
(
!%
!^

!(
@!
@#
@^

ahf/;DaGwL s]xL e|dx

#!

!= g}lts cfnf]rgfx
@= cfly{s cfnf]rgfx

#@
#&

:jtGq Jofkf/ / ul/aL

ahf/ Joj:yfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{j:yf
ljlwsf] zf;g

^#
^&

;Gbe{;fdu|L
gf]6
;d[l4, b k|f]l:k]l/6L kmfp08]zg

^(
&)
&@

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf] kl/ro
g]kfnsf cg]s u|fdL0f e]uxdf w]/} cl3b]lv
k/Dk/fut ;fKtflxs xf6ahf/ nfUg] rng cBflk
rNb} cfPsf] 5 . xf6ahf/ nfUg] lbg Tof] ufp /
jl/kl/sf cGo ufpsf dflg;xn] ;d]t cfkm"n]
pTkfbg u/]sf j:t'x Toxf NofP/ laqmL ub{5g\
eg] To; ahf/af6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf ;/;fdu|Lx
lsGb5g\ . ;fy} ;dfhsf s]xL ;b:ox cfkm"n]
j:t'sf] pTkfbg gu/] tfklg cfjZos j:t'sf]
vl/b ug{sf nflu xf6ahf/sf] k|ltIffdf
x'G5g\ . xf6 ahf/sf] o; pbfx/0fn] xfdLnfO{ ahf/
eg]sf] s] xf] < eGg] s'/f a'em\g d2t ub{5 .
dflysf] ;fgf] pbfx/0fh:t} cGo cj:yfdf klg
;dfhleq x'g] o:tf cgluGtL n]gb]gnfO{ ;fwf/0ftof
ahf/ eg]/ a'em\g] ul/G5, hxf dflg;x cfkm";u
ePsf / cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf s'/fx Ps csf{;u
ljlgdo ub{5g\ . ;dfh ljsf;sf] k"jf{4{df k};f
eGg] s'/f k|rngdf gcfpbf o:tf] n]gb]g j:t'xsf]
;f6f;f6df dfq ;Lldt /xGYof], h:t} M wfgsf] abnf
g"g, t]nsf] abnf a];f/, 3df ds} lkg]/ lk7f]
agfPafkt s]xL kfyL ds} cflb . jt{dfg ;do;Dd
klg o:tf] cfbfgk|bfgsf] cEof; eOg} /x]sf] 5
t/ ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmd cl3 a9\b} hfbf k};fsf]
7

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf u'0fx?

cfljisf/ / k|of]un] dflg;xsf] ahf/df

;xeflutf tyf j:t'xsf] k|sf/ / kl/0ffd 5gf}6
ug{ kfpg] cj;/nfO{ c;Lldt kdf lj:tf/
u/]sf] 5 . clxn] dflg;x cfkm";u ePsf ;]jf
jf j:t'xsf] ljlgdo k};fdf ub{5g\ / To;af6
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf / dg k/]sf cgluGtL j:t' tyf
;]jfx lsGb5g\ . clxn] dflg;nfO{ wfgnfO{ g"g;u
g} ;f6\g'kg]{ afWotf 5}g . wfg a]r]/ cfPsf] k};fn]
dflg;x ca 3/ vr{ rnfpg jf cfkm"n] rfx]sf]
s'g} klg s'/f ug{ jf lsGg klg ;S5g\ .
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQm jf ;d"xxaLr x'g] o:tf]
n]gb]g jf ljlgdo :j]R5fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / o;df
efu lng] b'j} kIfsf JolQmx cfgf] cfjZostf
jf OR5f cg';f/sf] j:t' jf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{
ck]Iffn] pQm ljlgdo sfo{df ;xefuL x'G5g\ . s;}sf]
bafaljgf cfgf] O{R5f / cfjZostf k"/f x'g] cj:yf
b]v]sf v08df g} b'j} kIftkm{sf JolQmx To:tf]
ljlgdo sfo{df ;xefuL x'G5g\ . To;}n] t ha
xfdL s'g} k;ndf ;fdfg lsGg hfG5f}+, xfdL klg
wGojfb eG5f} eg] k;n]n] klg wGojfb g} kmsf{Psf]
kfp5f}+ . o;df xfdLn] cfkm"n] OR5fPsf] jf cfjZos
k/]sf] j:t' kfp5f}+ eg] k;n]n] xfdLnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg
u/]cg';f/ nfe k|fKt ub{5 . o:tf] nfesf] c+znfO{
8

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ahf/sf] kl/ro

k;n]n] cfgf] hLjgsf cGo cfjZostf / O{R5fx

k"lt{ ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . ahf/sf w]/} u'0fxdWo]
oL s]xL k|d'v x'g\ .
ahf/sf] o; ljlgdo sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] b'O{
kIfnfO{ ;fwf/0ftof b'O{j6f gfdn] lrlgG5 M
Jofkf/L -j:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfos_ / u|fxs -j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] d"No lt/]/ u|x0f ug]{_ . ahf/df x'g] o;
n]gb]gsf] l:yltnfO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . k|Voft
k|mfG;]nL bfz{lgs ef]Nt]o/n] Jofkf/af/] n]v]sf]
Ps kqdf n]v]sf 5g\, Jofkf/, h;n] a]nfotsf]
gful/s ju{df wg NofPsf] 5, o;n] pgLxnfO{
:jtGq x'g d2t u/]sf] 5 / km]l/ klg :jtGqtfn]
ahf/sf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o; egfOnfO{ Wofgdf
/fVg] xf] eg] ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmd / dfgj ;Eotfsf]
qmlds pbo;u} dflg;x ;Ddfg hgs, ;'ljwfk"0f{
/ :jtGq hLjgofkg ug{ ;kmn x'g'df ahf/ /
Jofkf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; kfs]6
k'l:tsfdf ahf/sf o:t} ljljw u'0fxsf af/]df
;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/g]5 .

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf u'0fx?

10

www.samriddhi.org

cy{tGqsf k|sf/ / ahf/lgb]{lzt

cy{tGq
s'g} klg cfly{s Joj:yfdf j:t' tyf
;]jfxsf] pTkfbg, pkef]u / ljt/0fsf] lg0f{o
ug]{ lglZrt k|lsofx x'G5g\ . Psflt/ cy{tGqsf
afx]ssf kdf /xg] pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfsf b'O{ ju{n]
pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkef]usf] lg0f{o :jt:km"{t
tl/sfn] u/]sf] cj:yf x'g;S5 eg] csf]{lt/ o:tf
lg0f{ox pTkfbs jf pkef]Qmfxsf] gfddf s'g}
lgofds lgsfon] ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . olb
ahf/df j:t' jf ;]jfsf] s] jf slt dfqfdf
s;/L pTkfbg ug]{ / pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' jf ;]jf
s;n] s;/L pkef]u ug]{ < cflb s'/fxsf] lg0f{o
Pp6f s]Gb|Lo ;+:yfn] u5{ eg] To:tf] cy{tGqnfO{
lgb]{lzt cy{tGq elgG5 . k|foM lgb]{lzt cy{tGq
ePsf 7Fpxdf lg0f{o ug]{ s]Gb|Lo ;+:yf ;/sf/
x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] r/d cj:yf
eg]sf] ;fDojfbL jf sDo'lgi6 rl/qsf] cy{tGq
xf] . To;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt To:tf] Joj:yf klg 5,
h;df lglZrt ;Ldfleqsf dfq geO{ ;Ldf kfl/sf
jfl0fHo tyf nufgL lg0f{ox /fHosf]
x:tIf]klagf klg :jtGq cfly{s afxsxn] g}
lng ;S5g\ . ahf/sf] o:tf] cj:yf ahf/lgb]{lzt
11

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

cy{tGqsf] cfb{z cj:yf xf] . Jojxfl/s kdf eg]

;+;f/df w]/} b]zxn] ckgfpg] cy{tGqdf
ahf/lgb]{lzt / ;/sf/ lgb]{lzt b'j} :jksf]
ldl>t cy{tGq kfOG5, hxf leGgleGg b]zxsf]
em'sfj ls lgb]{lzt cy{tGqtkm{ ls ahf/lgb]{lzt
cy{tGqtkm{ cln a9L ePsf] x'G5 . ljsl;t / ;d[4
b]zxtkm{ x]g]{ xf] eg] Toxfsf] cy{tGq k|foM ahf/
lgb]{lzt g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
xfdLn] ;w} ;fdfgx v/LblaqmL ug]{ ahf/n] dfq
ahf/sf] jf:tljs cy{nfO{ ;Dafxg ug{ ;Sb}g .
ahf/nfO{ lj:t[t kdf a'g ahf/ Jojl:yt ug{
cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgfxsf af/]df klg a'g'
cfjZos x'G5 . oL ;+:yfut ;+/rgfxn] g} s'g
cy{tGq s:tf] k|sf/sf] xf] eGg] k|:6 kfb{5g\ .
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf ;/sf/sf] vf;} s'g}
x:tIf]k x'b}g . o; k|sf/sf] ahf/df JolQmut
pTkfbsx / pkef]Qmfxn] :jtGq kdf
ug]{ lg0f{odf ;fwg Pjd\ ;|f]tx s;/L
kl/rfng ug]{ eGg] s'/f lge{/ /xG5 . ;/sf/lgb]{lzt
cy{tGqdf h:tf] ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox s]Gb|Ls[t geP/
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf To:tf lg0f{ox
ljs]Gb|Ls[t x'G5g\ . o:tf] cy{tGqdf ;/sf/n]
s]jn lgodsfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf
12

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cy{tGqsf k|sf/ / ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq

;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg]afx]s cGo cfly{s

ljifoxdf vf;} x:tIf]k ub}{g . ;du| kdf
x]bf{ ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf rf/ k|d'v :tDex
ahf/ k|lt:kwf{, pBdzLntf, d"NoJoj:yf / lghL
;DklQsf] Joj:yf x'g\ .
o; k|sf/sf] cy{tGqdf ;a} JolQmx cfg} nflu
sfd ub{5g\ t/ ;a}n] ug]{ sfdsf] p2]Zo eg]sf]
cGo JolQmxsf] cfjZostf / OR5fnfO{ a'em]/
;f]xLcg';f/ j:t' tyf ;]jfx pTkfbg u/L cfgf]
nfe x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ xf] . o;f] x'bf ;a}n]
cfgf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug]{ qmddf cGo dflg;xsf]
cfjZostf klg kl/k"lt{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ / :jtGq
ahf/df ;a}n] cfgf] OR5fcg';f/ j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] vl/blaqmL ug]{ x'bf k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f
klg alg/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
pBdLxsf] pBdzLntfn] ub{5 oxL k|lt:kwf{sf
sf/0fn] pBdLxn] gfkmf cfh{g ug{sf nflu cfgf
pTkfbgx pkef]Qmfsf OR5f / cfjZostfcg';f/
sdeGbf sd nfutdf / pTs[i6 u'0f:t/df pknAw
u/fpg lg/Gt/ k|of;/t x'G5g\ .
To;}u/L ahf/ Joj:yfdf ahf/Jo:yff/f lgb]{lzt
cfly{s Joj:yfsf] csf]{ k|d'v cfwf/lznf eg]sf]
13

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

d"No Joj:yf xf] . o;df d"Nosf] k|d'v e"ldsf o;

sf/0f x'G5 ls d"Non] g} :jtGq ahf/df x'g] oL
;Dk"0f{ ultljlwxsf] ;"rgfsf] ;+s]tsf] k|ltlglwTj
u5{ .
cGTodf, lghL ;DklQsf] clwsf/ x'g' cToGt
cfjZos klg 5, lsgls cfgf] kl/>dsf] kmn
lgw{Ss eP/ cfkm};u /fVg kfpg] ;'lglZrttf
gePdf b'Mv / kl/>d u/L, hf]lvd p7fP/ j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug]{ pTk|]/0ff pBdLxdf
/xb}g eg] pTkfbgsf ;fwgdflysf] lghL :jfldTj
gePsf] cj:yfdf pBdLxn] sfd ug{ klg
;Sb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, xfd|f] cfgf] :jfldTj
ePsf] ;fwf/0f j:t'x h:t} /]l8of], ;fOsn cflb
h:tf s'/fx g} lncf}+ . /]l8of], ;fOsn cflbh:tf
j:t'x s;/L, s]sf nflu k|of]u ug]{ < a]Rg] ls
ef8fdf lbg] < cyjf olQs} /fVg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o
ug]{ clwsf/ cfkm" :jod\df g} lgxLt ePdf dfq}
xfdL o;sf] pkof]u / ;Def/ u5f}{+ . tL j:t'xsf]
pkef]u u/]/ kmfObf ePdf Tof] kmfObf cfkm}n] /fVg
kfpg] clwsf/, To;sf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{ / lalu|Pdf
To;sf] gf]S;fg Joxf]g]{ lhDd]jf/L klg xfdLd} lgxLt
/xg] x'gfn] xfdLnfO{ tL j:t'xnfO{ ;|f]tsf kdf
;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf klg rf;f] /xG5 .
14

www.samriddhi.org

cy{tGqsf k|sf/ / ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq

ahf/nfO{ cem :ki6 kdf a'gsf nflu ahf/

lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf s]xL k|d'v ljz]iftfxaf/] yfxf
kfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf s]xL
k|d'v ljz]iftf lgDglnlvt k|sf/sf 5g\ M

s_ ljlgdo / ljlzli6s/0f (Exchange and

Specialization)

ahf/sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] j:t' jf

;]jfsf] ljlgdo (Exchange) g} xf] . d'b|fsf] k|of]u
x'g'eGbf klxnf ahf/df dflg;x Pp6f j:t' jf
;]jfsf] ;f csf]{ j:t' jf ;]jfsf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L
ljlgdo sfo{ ub{y] . o; cj:yfdf j:t'sf] n]gb]gdf
b'j} kIfsf] cfjZostf Pscfk;df d]n vfg' clgjfo{
/xGYof] . olb j:t'ljlgdodf ;+nUg x'g] b'O{
kIfdWo] Pssf] cfjZostf;u csf]{ kIfsf] cfjZostf
d]n gvfPsf] cj:yfdf ljlgdosf] s'g} ;Defjgf
/xb}gYof] . t/ ljZjdf d'b|fsf] ljsf; ePkl5 eg]
;+;f/sf x/]s b]zdf d'b|fnfO{ ljlgdosf] k|d'v
dfWod dflgPsf] 5 .
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] Pp6f k|d'v u'0f eg]sf]
pTkfbsxaLr /xg] k|lt:kwf{ klg xf] . o:tf]
k|lt:kwf{ ljif]z u/L Ps} k|sf/sf jf pxL k|of]hgsf
15

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

nflu k|of]udf cfpg]] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf

ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu bft dfem\g] d~hg
g} lncf}+ . bFt dfem\g] d~hgsf ;of}+ k|sf/sf
pTkfbgx ahf/df kfOG5g\ . tL pTkfbgdWo]
s'g} xa{n 5g\ t s'g}df ljif]z :jfb x'G5, s'g}
u'lnof] x'G5 t s'g} g"lgnf] klg x'G5 . o;/L pTkfbs
;+:yfxaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'gfn] kmd{xn] pTkfbgdf
ljlzli6s/0f (Specialization) xfl;n ug'{kg]{ x'G5,
lsgls k|To]s kmd{n] ahf/df cfkm\gf] pTkfbg sfod
/fVg gfkmf cfh{g ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . Gffkmf cfh{g
ug{sf nflu pTkfbsn] pkef]QmfxnfO{ ;Gt'i6
/fvL cfkm\gf] pTkfbgtkm{ s;/L cfslif{t
ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df cGo pTkfbssf] eGbf leGg / yk
ljz]iftfx yKg] qmddf pTkfbgdf ljlzli6s/0f
cfpb5 . Hff] pTkfbs h'g j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbgdf kf]Vt 5, pm To;}df ;+nUg eO{ To;af6
nfe p7fpbf ljlzli6s/0f k|fKt x'G5 . o:t}
ljlzli6s/0fsf dfWodaf6 pTkflbt j:t'xsf]
:jtGq kdf ljlgdo x'g' ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf]
k|d'v ljz]iftf xf] .

v_ ahf/ d"No
ahf/ Pp6f 7fp jf j:t' xf]Og . ahf/ jf:tjdf
Pp6f k|lqmof xf], h;df w]/} JolQmxaLr
16

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cy{tGqsf k|sf/ / ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq

>dsf] ljefhg x'G5 eg] dflg;x Ps csf{;u

n]gb]g / ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ahf/sf] k|jfx
lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTjx eg]sf o;df ;xefuL x'g]
JolQmxsf] d"No, dfGotf / ;dembf/Lcg';f/ ul/g]
lg0fo{x / tL lg0f{ocg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx x'g\ .
;\s]t h'g;'s} a]nf klg o:tf lg0f{ox /
ahf/sf ;a} ;"rgfx lbg] s'/f j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] laqmL ug{ rfxg] / vl/b ug{ rfxg]aLrsf]
cGtlqm{ofsf] ;du|tfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ d"No
;+/rgf xf] . ahf/ d"Non] g} pTkfbsxnfO{ j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] s], s;/L / slt dfqfdf pTkfbg
ug]{ < eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ af6f] b]vfpb5 .
JolQmut pkef]Qmfx / pTkfbsxsf ljleGg
lg0f{oxsf] kl/0ffd:jk g} s'g} klg j:t'sf] ahf/
d"No lgwf{/0f x'G5 . ahf/d"No s'g} klg j:t'sf]
ahf/sf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cGtlqm{ofaf6 lgwf{l/t
x'g] d"No x'gfn] o;sf] ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf
lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . Dffu / cfk"lt{sf] l:yltsf]
hfgsf/L lbg] ;"rs g} d"No x'gfn] ;|f]t tyf
;fwgsf] af8kmf8df o;sf] Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 .

17

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

18

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ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg]

kl/0ffdx
;fdfGotof ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] pRr JolQmut
:jtGqtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ gjLg k4ltx ljsf;
ug]{, ljlwsf] zf;gdf rNg] pBdzLn tyf
pkef]Qmfd'vL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u
k'ofpb5 . ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq ePdf ;dfhdf
s] s:tf c;/x b]lvG5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] 5nkmn
ub}{ ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf w]/} ;sf/fTds
kl/0ffdxdWo] s]xLsf] rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ pRr JolQmut :jtGqtf

ljZjdf cEof; x'g] tLg k|d'v cy{tGqx
lgb]{lzt cy{tGq, ahf/lgb]{lzt v'nf cy{tGq
/ ldl>t cy{tGqdf dflg;xn] cg'ej ug{
kfpg] JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] :t/ leGgleGg
x'G5 . cy{tGqsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ JolQmut
:jtGqtfsf] l;4fGt cfly{s :jtGqtf;u klg
hf]l8g ;S5 . lk|m8dg -!(^@_ sf cg';f/
cfly{s Joj:yfxn] :jtGq ;dfh lgdf{0fdf
bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g\ . Psflt/, cfly{s
19

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf u'0fx?

Joj:yfxdf x'g'kg]{ :jtGqtf cfkm}+df Jofks

cy{df a'lemg] :jtGqtfsf] Ps c\u x'gfn] cfly{s
:jtGqtf cfkm}+df uGtJo xf] eg] csf{tkm{ /fhgLlts
:jtGqtf k|fKt ug{sf nflu klg cfly{s :jtGqtf
ckl/xfo{ tTjsf kdf /xG5 .
s]Gb|Lo of]hgff/f cy{Joj:yf lgb]{lzt x'g] cyjf
s]Gb| / ahf/ b'j} kIfaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] vfnsf]
ldl>t cy{Joj:yfdf JolQmxn] sd JolQmut
:jtGqtf cg'ej u5{g\ . h:t}, g]kfndf ljb]zaf6
cfoft ul/g] s'/fxdf cToflws s/ nfUb5,
ljif]zu/L ;jf/L;fwgh:tf dxuf ;fwgxdf . o;n]
ubf{ tL j:t'xsf] d"No c;fWo} dxuf] kg{ hfG5 .
o; k|fjwfgn] Ps txdf pkef]QmfxnfO{ To:tf
;fwg k|of]u ug{ ufx|f] agfO{ JolQmut kdf cfkm"n]
OR5fPsf] ;fwg pkef]u ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtfdf
afwf k'ofPsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . To:t} JolQmut
:jtGqtfdf ahf/df pBdLx k|j]z ug{ sltsf]
;/n / v'nf 5 eGg] s'/fb]lv lnP/ pkef]QmfxnfO{
;]jf tyf j:t'sf] vl/bdf 5gf}6sf] cj;/ s:tf]
5 eGg] s'/f klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu,
lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf s]Gb|Lo kdf agfOPsf]
cfly{s of]hgfnfO{ dfg]/ dflg;xn] cfgf]
pBdx ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo
20

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdx?

of]hgfstf{xn] ;|f]t tyf ;'ljwf k|of]u tyf

ljt/0fdf Psflwsf/ hdfpg], k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
kdf s'g} Ps ;+:yfsf] Psflwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{,
sltko If]qxdf pBdLxnfO{ k|j]z ug{ glbg]
jf k|j]zsf] ;t{nfO{ ufx|f] agfOlbg] h:tf sfo{sf
pbfx/0fx y'k|} b]lvG5 . g]kfns} ;Gbe{df lng]
xf] eg] klg k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftdf ;/sf/L
;+:yf g]kfn cfon lgudsf] Psflwsf/ 5 . o;n]
ubf{ g]kfndf k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] cefj / ;d:of
cToGt ulx/f] 5 . h;n] ubf{ pkef]Qmfx k]6f]n
k|of]u u/]/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{af6 al~rt t eP g} To;sf
;fy} pBdLxsf] b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdu|L k]6f]lnod
kbfy{sf] cfoft ug]{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg]
JolQmut :jtGqtf klg xgg eof] .
o;sf ljk/Lt ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf JolQmut
:jtGqtfsf] /Iff / k|Tofe"lt pRr x'G5 . o;
Joj:yfdf o; s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f pTkfbg, vl/blaqmL
/ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] :jtGqtfnufot ;DklQsf]
clwsf/n] ub{5 . s'g} klg JolQmn] ahf/df cfkm"n]
rfx]sf] s'g} klg pTkfbg vl/b jf laqmL ug{ kfpg]
:jtGqtf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ g} ahf/ Joj:yf
elgPkl5 ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq :jtM dflg;xsf]
:j]R5fdf cfwfl/t x'g] cj:yf /xG5 . s'g} klg
21

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

pkef]Qmfn] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] s'g} klg

pTkfbsaf6 vl/b ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf tyf
pTkfbsnfO{ klg laqmL ug]{ s'/fdf ;f]xL :jtGqtf
x'g] o; cy{Joj:yfdf s;n], slt k};fdf, s;nfO{,
s;/L, s] / lsg a]Rg]h:tf lg0f{o lng b'j} kIf
:jtGq x'G5g\ . o;df b'j} kIfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
an k|of]u gu/L Ps csf{;u ;xdltdf cfPkl5
dfq n]gb]g x'Gf] x'bf ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn]
nf]stGqdf dflg;xn] kfpg'kg]{ ljleGg
:jtGqtfsf kIfxnfO{ cfkm"df ;d]6\b5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{Joj:yfdf
dflg;x;u cfgf] ;Lk, bIftf / OR5fcg';f/
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] 7fpdf sfd ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf
x'G5 . dflg;x cfgf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd /
kmfObfhgs lg0f{ox lng :jod\ ;Ifd 5g\
eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] ahf/lgb]{lzt
cy{tGqsf afxsx -pTkfbs tyf pkef]Qmfx_
sf] lg0f{onfO{ k|efljt ug{sf nflu s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] an k|of]u k6Ss} :jLsfo{ x'b}g .
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] ;+:yfut cfwf/ /
s]Gb|lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] ;+:yfut cfwf/ 5'lg]
7fp eg]sf] ;|f]txsf] af8kmf8 xf] . ahf/lgb]{lzt
22

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ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdx?

cy{tGqdf ;|f]txsf] ljt/0f ahf/d"Nodf cfwfl/t

x'G5 eg] s]Gb|lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf
cfwf/df d"No lgwf{/0f tyf ;|f]txsf] ljt/0f
ul/G5 . o; sf/0fn] klg sf/f]af/ ug]{ s'/fdf
pRr JolQmut :jtGqtf ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf
x'G5 . t;y{, JolQmut :jtGqtfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/L
To;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] ub{5 .

v_ pBdzLntf / gjLg k4ltsf] ljsf;

ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] cfwf/lznf pBdzLntf
g} xf], cyf{t\ ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf k|d'v
;+jfxs pBdLx x'g\ h;n] c dflg;xsf
OR5f / cfjZostfxnfO{ a'em]/ ;f]xLcg';f/
;|f]tx h'6fO tL ;|f]txnfO{ ldnfP/ pkof]u
ug]{ gjLg k4ltxsf] ljsf; u/L ahf/df dfu
ePcg';f/sf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg u5{g\ . ha oL
ljleGg ;|f]txsf] pkof]u u/]/ lgsflnPsf] clGtd
pTkfbgsf] d"No tL ;|f]txsf] d"NoeGbf a9L
x'G5, tadfq pBdLxn] gfkmf ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf]
gePsf v08df pgLxn] 3f6f ;xg'kg]{
x'G5 . To;f] x'bf ;|f]tnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ljt/0f /
k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf pBdLx l;kfn' x'g'k5{ / To;f]
23

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

gePsf v08df pBdLn] 3f6f Joxf]g{'kg]{ l:ylt

x'G5 .
pBdzLntf g} jf:tjdf Tof] zlQm xf] h;n]
ahf/df gjLg k4ltxsf] ljsf; x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, klxnfklxnf sDko'6/x
c;fWo} 7"nf7"nf, /fVgsf nflu Pp6f 7"nf] sf]7f
g} rflxg] cfsf/sf x'Gy] . t/ ;dosf] ljsf;;u}
ha o; pks/0fsf] k|of]u a9\b} uO{ dflg;xn]
o;sf] pkof]lutf dx;'; ub}{ uP, o;sf] ahf/
a9\g] qmddf cfljisf/xsf ;fy;fy} pBdLxn]
b|'t ultdf o; pks/0fnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'ofpg]
gjLg k4ltx ljsf; ub}{ uP . kmn:jk xfdLn]
cfhsn emf]nfd} af]s]/ lx8\g ldNg], xNsf,
ax'cfoflds / cToGt} pkof]uL 8]:s6k /
Nofk6k sDKo'6/xsf] k|of]u ug{ kfO/x]sf 5f} .
ahf/df o:tf gjLg k4ltxsf] ljsf; eP/ w]/}
dflg;xsf] hLjg ;/n, ;lhnf] / ;'ljwfo'Qm x'b}
uO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ x'g'df pBdLxsf] 7"nf]
b]g 5 .
pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ;fdflhs ljsf;sf
nflu ckl/xfo{ kIfsf kdf /xg] ub{5 .
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] g} o;sf nflu ;a}eGbf
24

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ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdx?

pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . pBdzLntfsf]

ljsf;sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sf/0fx 5g\ . klxnf],
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf pBdLx pTkfbgsf]
gjLg k4lt ljsf; ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\ . bf];|f],
v'nf ahf/df pBdLxaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g] x'gfn]
To:tf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf gjLg k4ltx
ljsf; ePsf sof} pbfx/0fx 5g\ . To;}u/L
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf ;DklQ clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf klg dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf kdf
/xg] x'bf pBdLxnfO{ sfd u/L wg cfh{g
ug]{ ;'/lIft / k|]/0ffbfoL jftfj/0f klg x'G5 . t;y{,
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf g} ;a}eGbf w]/}
pBdzLntf / gjLg k4ltsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
g]kfns} ;Gbe{df b"/;~rf/ hutdf ePsf] b|'t
ljsf;nfO{ g} x]/f}+ . sl/a Ps bzs cufl8 dfq}
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ Psflwsf/
;/sf/L b"/;~rf/ ;+:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg;u
dfq} lyof] . To; ;dodf s;}sf] 3/sf] nflu Pp6f
6]lnkmf]g nfOg lng dfq} nueu cfwf bzs
nfUYof], df]afOn kmf]g k|of]u ug]{ s'/f t cfd
hgtfsf nflu sNkgfeGbf k/s} s'/f lyof] . t/
ahf/ Joj:yf v'nf x'b} uO{ c sDkgLxn] klg
;~rf/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ kfpg] ePkl5 k|lt:kwf{
a9\of] / cToGt gjLgtd k|ljlwx leq\ofO{ j:t'
25

www.samriddhi.org

ahf/sf u'0fx?

tyf ;]jf a9LeGbf a9L ;j{;'ne agfpg] k|of;x

b]lvP . k|lt:kwf{ olt a9\of] ls g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfg cfkm}n] lglhs/0fsf] af6f] ckgfpg'kof] .
kmn:jk ;~rf/ ;'ljwfx ;j{;'ne / ;:tf] x'b}
uP/ Ps bzscufl8 s;}n] sNkgf klg gu/]sf]
s'/fsf kdf Pp6f ;fwf/0f g]kfnLn] klg ;lhn}
df]afOn kmf]g af]s]/ lx8\g ;Sg] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .
o;/L ;~rf/ If]qdf gf}nf] cfofd cfPkl5 ljsf;sf
cGo kIfxdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .
o;/L g]kfnsf] o; If]qdf ul/Psf] ahf/lgb]{lzt
cy{tGqsf] cEof;n] kSs} klg ahf/ Joj:yfsf
u'0fx k|ltlalDat ub{5 .

u_ pkef]Qmfd'vL ;dfh
dfgjLo cfjZostf / OR5fx c;Lldt
x'G5g\ . xfdLx :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;"rgf, b"/;~rf/sf
k|ljlwnufotsf s'/fxdf a9\bf] u'0f:t/ / 36\bf] d"No
rfxG5f}+ . xfd|f log} c;Lldt rfxgf / cfjZostfxn]
ahf/df gjLg k4ltxsf] ljsf; u/fP/
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx sd d"Nodf /
;j{;'ne kdf pknAw u/fpg d2t ub{5 .
v'nf ahf/ eg]s} nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ JolQmxn] cfgf]
:j]R5fdf j:t' tyf ;]jfx pTkfbg ug]{ / To;sf
26

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ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdx?

nflu gof k|ljlwx ljsf; u/L yk ljif]tfx

yk]/ pkef]Qmfxsf] rfxgfadf]lhd ahf/df
lg/Gt/ pknAw u/fpg] cj:yfsf] ljsf; xf] .
o;f] ug'{df pBdLn] kSs} klg cfkm\gf] lxt ;f]r]sf]
x'G5 . ahf/sf] o; kIfnfO{ lgofNbf pQm s'/fdf
pBdLsf] lxt x'g] ePsfn] g} pm w]/} d]xgt u/L pTs[i6
;]jf lbgsf nflu ;w}+ clek|]l/t x'G5 . t;y{, ahf/
Joj:yfdf ljBdfg x'g] oxL clek|]/0ffn] ubf{ g}
ahf/af6 /fd|f] ;'ljwf kfOg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
v'nf ahf/sf b'O{ k|dv
'
u'0fx, :j]lR5s
n]gb]g -ljlgod_ / k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ pkef]Qmfd'vL
;dfh lgdf{0f ug{df o;sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 .
pTkfbsxn] ahf/df s'g} klg pTkfbg lnP/
cfpbf pkef]QmfxnfO{ pQm pTkfbg dg
k/]df jf lrQ a'em]df dfq pkef]u ub{5g\ . o;
s'/fdf klg v'nf ahf/df p:t} vfn] pTkfbgx
pkef]Qmfdfem Nofpg] pTkfbsx cg]s
x'G5g\ . t;y{, tL ;a} k|lt:kwL{xsf t'ngfdf
j:t' tyf ;]jf ;:tf] / u'0f:t/o'Qm pknAw u/fpg
;s]df dfq pBdLx ;kmn x'G5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
pkef]Qmfxn] ;'ky d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf
;]jfx kfpg ;Sb5g\ . o;}u/L pTkfbg /
pkef]usf ljifodf w]/} ljsNkx pknAw
27

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

u/fpg] Joj:yf klg oxL ahf/Joj:yf g} xf] .

o; Joj:yfdf pBdLx :jtGq kdf ahf/leq
k|j]z ug{ kfp5g\, h;n] ubf{ k|lt:kwf{sf] l:ylt
l;h{gf x'G5 . ahf/sf] o:tf] k|lt:kwf{sf] cj:yfdf
pkef]Qmfxn] 5gf}6sf w]/} ljsNkx k|fKt ub{5g\
cyf{t\ pkef]Qmfxn] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf pTkfbgx
5gf}6 ug]{ df}sf kfp5g\ / o;} qmddf pTkfbgdf
ljlzli6s/0f (Specialization) klg x'G5 .
pkef]QmfjfbnfO{ g/fd|f] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ JolQmxn]
o;n] dflg;xsf] hLjg:t/df NofPsf] ;'wf/nfO{
Wofg lbg g;s]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
Ps bzscufl8 g]kfndf l6=le, df]afOn kmf]g cflb
h:tf j:t'x c;fWo} dxuf lyP . s]xL ;Lldt
wlg ju{sf JolQmxdfq} oL j:t'sf] pkef]u ug{
;Ifd lyP . t/ ljZjsf sof}+ b]zxsf pBdLxn]
;doqmd;u} o:tf j:t'sf] dxTj a9]sf] s'/f dx;';
u/L To;}cg';f/ pTkfbg ub}{ ToxLcg';f/ pknAw
u/fpb} hfbf g} cfh s'g} ;dodf dxuf] dflgPsf
oL j:t'x ;j{;'ne ePsf 5g\ . clxn] df]afOn,
l6=le jf /]l8of]lagfsf] ;dfh sNkgf ug{ ufx|f] x'g]
cj:yf cfO;Sof] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

28

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ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdx?

ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqnfO{ /fd|/L ga'em\bf w]/}

JolQmxn] o;df Pp6fsf] kmfObf csf]{sf] gf]S;fg
xf] eg]/ a'em]sf] kfOG5 . t/ of] s'/f ;To eg]
xf]Og . pkef]Qmfn] ahf/df s'g} ;fdfg lsGg'sf]
dtna pQm JolQmn] To; ;fdfgsf nflu
ltg]{ k};feGbf pQm ;fdfg a9L pkof]uL, d"Nojfg\
jf ;Gtf]ifhgs kfpb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
s;}n] Pp6f 6]lnlehg lsGbf To;sf nflu
lt/]sf] d"NoeGbf pQm 6]lnlehgaf6 nfdf] ;do;u
kfO/fVg] ;"rgf, dgf]/~g jf cfgGbnfO{ a9L dxTj
lbg] x'gfn] g} :j]R5fn] 6]lnlehg lsGg] lg0f{o
ug]{ xf] . o;df 6]lnlehg lsGg]n] klg cfgf]
nflu dxTjk"0f{ l6=le kfPsf] x'G5 eg] laqm]tfn]
klg cfgf] hLjgsf cGo sof}+ k|of]hgxdf
sfd nfUg] s]xL kmfObf k};fsf kdf sdfpb5 .
b'j} kIfn] s'g} k|sf/sf] ha/h:tLsf] ;fdfgf ug'{
gkl/sg g} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'/f kfpb5g\ . To;}n]
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq b'O{tkmL{kmfObfsf cfwf/df g}
cufl8 a9\b5 . o; Joj:yfdf s'g} Ps kIfnfO{ dfq
kmfObf / csf]{ kIfnfO{ 3f6f g} x'g' h?/L /xb}g .

29

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

30

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ahf/;DaGwL s]xL e|dx? i

ahf/sf] ;+/rgff/f ;fdflhs ;dGjosf ;d:ofx
;dfwfg ug]{ s'/fsf] u'0f tyf To;df cfpg]
r'gf}tLxaf/] lrGtg ug]{ qmddf oxf ahf/sf
;DaGwdf JofKt s]xL ;fdfGo e|dxnfO{ k|i6
kfg{' pko'Qm x'G5 . e|d eGgfn] d]/f] cfzo To:tf
egfOxtkm{ xf], h;nfO{ s'g} ts{ jf k|df0fsf
cfwf/df k|dfl0ft ug]{ cfjZostf g} dx;';
gu/L ;To dflgG5 . oL To:tf s'/fx x'g\ hf]
/]l8of], ;fyLx, /fhgLlt1x jf ;fdfGo kdf
xfd|f] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf ;'lg/flvPsf] x'G5 .
Psk|sf/sf] ulx/f] 1fgu'gsf] s'/fem}+ logLxnfO{
bf]xf]/ofO /flvPsf] klg x'G5 . o; s'/fdf vt/f s]
5 eg] oL ldYofx olt ;j{JofkL 5g\ ls o;nfO{
cfnf]rgfTds kdf k/LIf0f g} ul/+b}g . oxf 6d
kfnd/sf] cjwf/0fnfO{ lnP/ ug{ nfu]sf] sfo{
eg]sf] g} To:tf ldYof cjwf/0ffxnfO{
cfnf]rgfTds kdf k/LIf0f ug{' xf] .
;a}n] geP tfklg o:tf e|dx w]/}h;f] :jtGq
ahf/sf] lj/f]w ug]{xn] g} km}nfp5g\ . s]xL eg]
;fgf] ;d"xdf To:tf JolQmxf/f km}nfOG5, hf]
:jtGq ahf/af/] sd hfgsf/ eP tfklg o;
31

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

s'/fk|lt cln a9L g} pT;'s x'G5g\ . oxf To:tf

e|dxnfO{ rf/ ju{df ljeflht u/]/ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
!= g}lts cfnf]rgf
@= cfly{s cfnf]rgf
#= g}lts / cfly{s b'j} ldl>t cfnf]rgf, /
$= pu| k|lt/f]wx

!= g}lts cfnf]rgfx
!=! ahf/x g}ltstfljxLg x'G5g\ .
z'4 / ;/n kdf eGg'kbf{ ahf/n] dflg;xnfO{
kmfObfsf] u0fgfaf/]df dfq ;f]Rg l;sfpb5 .
n]gb]gsf] sfo{df ahf/df s'g} g}ltstf x'b}g .
dfgj ePsf gftfn] xfdL s;/L cnu 5f} eGg]
s' / f b]vfpg]tkm{ ahf/sf] s'g} k|lta4tf klg x'b}g,
ahf/df cfkm"nfO{ s] kmfObf 5 eGg]afx]s s'g ;xL
xf] / s'g unt xf], s'g g}lts xf] / s'g cg}lts xf]
eg]/ ;f]lrb}g .
ahf/;DaGwL of]eGbf c;To bfaLsf] sNkgf ug{
klg ufx|f] x'G5 . ahf/df ljlgdo jf cfbfgk|bfg
32

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

x'gsf nflu Gofosf] ;Ddfg x'g' cTofjZos

x'G5 . hf] dflg;x ahf/df ljlgdosf] sfo{ ub{5g\
ltgLx s]jn lng] sfddfq ug]{ dfG5]xeGbf
km/s x'G5g\ . ahf/sf] ljlgdodf ;+nUg x'g]
dflg;x cGo dflg;xsf hfoh bfaLk|lt
;Ddfg b]vfp5g\ . jf:tjdf, dflg;x ljlgdo
sfo{df ;xefuL x'g'sf] sf/0f g} s] xf] eg] pgLx
c;u ePsf j:t'x t rfxG5g\ t/ g}ltstf
/ lgoddf gafFlwP/} Tof] s'/f Tolts} lnb}gg\\ .
ljlgdosf] cy{ eg]s} ;|f]txnfO{ Ps 7fpaf6
csf{]df nufpg' xf] . t;y{ s'g} klg ljlgdo
Pp6f cfwf/ /]vfdf dfkg ul/G5 / o;df olb
n]gb]g gx'g] xf] eg] b'j} kIfn] cfkm";u ePsf
s'/fx cfkm};u /fV5g\ . To;}n] o:tf] cfbfgk|bfgsf]
;+/rgfdf Gofosf] bl/nf] cfwf/ x'g' cfjZos
x'G5 . o:tf] g}lts tyf j}wflgs cfwf/lagf s'g}
klg ljlgdosf] sfo{ g} ;DkGg x'g ;Sb}g .
oBlk, ahf/sf] :yfkgf s]jn Gofosf] ;Ddfgdf
dfq cfwfl/t eP/ ul/Psf] x'b}g . dflg;xn]
cfgf] dfq geO{ cGo JolQmxsf] OR5fnfO{ klg
Wofgdf /fVg ;Sg], cfkm"nfO{ pgLxsf] :yfgdf
/fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf klg ahf/ cfwfl/t x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f /]i6'/G] 6sf] dflnsn] cfgf
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

u|fxsxsf] ?lr s:tf] 5 < eGg] s'/fsf] jf:tf ub{g}

eg] pm Tof] Jofkf/df nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sb}g .
olb Toxfsf] vfgfn] u|fxsxnfO{ v';L kfg{ ;lsPg
eg] pgLx csf]{k6s cfpb}gg\ . kmn:jk pm
Jofkf/af6 aflxl/g afWo x'G5 . ahf/n] o;sf
;xefuLxnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ cGo ;xefuLsf :yfgdf
/fv]/ x]g{, pgLxsf] rfxgf dgg u/L Wofgdf
/fVg, pgLxn] h;/L s'/fx b]V5g\, To;/L g} x]g{]
k|of; ug{] pTk|]/0ff lbG5 . ahf/ lx+;fsf] ljsNk klg
xf] . ahf/n] xfdLnfO{{ ;fdflhs agfpb5 . ahf/n]
xfdLnfO{ cGo dflg;x klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ eGg]
s'/f ;Demg afWo agfO/x]sf] x'G5 .

!=@= ahf/n] nf]e / :jfy{nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .

ahf/df dflg;x s]jn ;a}eGbf sd d"Nodf
j:t' tyf ;]jf kfpg jf ;aeGbf a9L kmfObf
sdfpg dfq vf]lh/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf]df pgLx
cGo JolQmxsf] ;/f]sf/af6 eGbf klg cfgf] nf]e
/ :jfy{k"lt{af6 dfq} pTk|]l/t x'G5g\ .
ahf/n] nf]e jf :jfy{nfO{ g a9fjf lbG5, g
lg?T;flxt g} u5{ . o;n] ;a}eGbf k/f]ksf/L sfo{sf
;fy;fy} ;a}eGbf :jfyL{ JolQmnfO{ klg cfgGbk"js
{
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

cfgf] p2]Zodf rNg ;Dej agfpb5 . csf]

;]jfdf cfgf] hLjg ;dk{0f ug]{xeGbf cfgf]
;Dkltsf] e08f/ a9fpg] p2]Zo ePsf dflg;xn]
ahf/sf] pkof]u sd ub{5g\ eGg] klg xf]Og .
w]/} ;DklQ sdfpg] p2]Zo ePsf JolQmxdf
klg sltko dflg;x cnfO{ ;]jf ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu klg ;DklQ ;\sng ug]{
ub{5g\ . o;sf] s]xL pbfx/0f hh{ ;f]/f]; / ljn u]6\;
x'g\ . pgLxn] c;Lldt k};f cfh{g ug{'sf]] p2]Zosf]
Pp6f ;sf/fTds kIf eg]sf] 7"nf bfg bftJod"ns
lqmofsnfksf nflu cfgf] IfdtfnfO{ a9fpg klg
xf] .
olb db/ 6]/];fh:tf] s;}n] cfkm";u ePsf] ;DklQn]
w]/}eGbf w]/} dflg;xnfO{ vfgf v'jfpg, nQfsk8f
lbg / pksf/ ug{sf nflu vr{ ug{ rfxG5g\ eg]
ahf/n] To:tf sfo{sf nflu rflxg] sDanx, vfgf
/ cf}ifwLx ;a}eGbf ;:tf] d"Nodf kfpg ;Dej
u/fOlbG5 . ahf/n] ;DklQ l;h{gf ug]{ cj;/
klg hGdfp5, / Tof] ;DklQ b'ef{Uodf km;]sf /
pksf/sf] cfjZostf k/]sfnfO{ d2t ub}{ pgLxnfO{
klg csf] d2t ug{ ;dy{ agfpg k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

dflg;xn] s'g} klg sfd lsg u5{g\ < eGg] k|Zgsf]

pQ/sf] klxrfgdf k|foM Pp6f uNtL] ul/G5 . Tof]
xf], dflg;xn] cfgf] j}olQms lxtsf nflu
u/]sf] sfd (Self Interest) nfO{ :jfy{ (Selfishness) ;u cndn u/]/ a'em\g' xf],
ahf/df efu lng] JolQmx cfgf] lxtnfO{
s]Gb|df /fv]/ sfd u5{g\ t/ o:tf] x'bfx'b} klg
dflg;x cGosf] rfxgf / lxtaf/]df ;r]t x'G5g\ .
ahf/df cxsf] cfjZostfnfO{ g} Wofgdf
/fvL j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] ljlgdo x'G5 . o;df
laNs'n} ckl/lrt JolQmx cfcfgf] lxtnfO{
s]Gb|df /fv]/ sfd ubf{ub}{ klg Ps csf{af6 cfgf
cfjZostfx k"/f ub}{ ;xsfo{ ub{5g\ .
k|foM b]vfOPh:tf], dfgj ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f]
cfwf/ dfof xf]Og g t ldqtf g} xf] . ;fgf] jf
7"nf] ;d"xdf eP tfklg dfof / ldqtf eg]sf]
;dGjo / ;xof]uf/f x'g] lkIfLo lxtsf] kmn
xf] . o:tf] lkIfLo lxtlagf ;dfh c;Dej x'G5 .
b'j} kIfsf] lxtsf] ;Defjgflagf pgLx slxNo} klg
;fem]bf/, ;xkf7L of ldq x'g} ;Sb}gg\ . ahf/n]
o:tf] cj:yfsf] geP/ b'j} kIfsf] lxt x'g] ;xof]u
/ ;dGjosf] jftfj/0fnfO{ a[xt\ kdf phfu/
ub{5 . ahf/n] Pp6} efiff gaf]Ng], Pp6} wd{
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

gdfGg] jf Pscfk;df slxNo} ge]6]sf ckl/lrt

JolQmxaLr klg ;xof]u ;Dej agfpg] sfd
ub{5 . Jofkf/ tyf Jofkf/ ;xh kfg]{ /fd|/L
kl/eflift :ki6 / sfg"gL kdf ;'/lIft
;DklQsf] clwsf/af6 :yflkt x'g ;Sg] nfen]
ckl/lrtxaLr klg ;xof]u, dfof / ldqtf ;Dej
agfpb5 .

@= cfly{s cfnf]rgfx
@=! ahf/k|ltsf] lge{/tfn] Psflwsf/
lgDTofpb5 .
;/sf/sf] x:tIf]klagf :jtGq ahf/df lge{/
/xbf ;a} s'/fx s]xL ;Lldt t/ 7"nf Joj;flos
;+:yfxn] dfq a]Rg] cj:yf lgdf{0f x'G5 . ahf/n]
k|fs[lts kdf Psflwsf/ l;h{gf ub{5 . h;sf
sf/0f gfkmfvf]/ Joj;flos ;+:yfxaf6 RoflkP/
;fgf pTkfbsx ahf/af6 wkfOG5g\, hals
;/sf/ hgtfsf] lxt x]g{ clek|]l/t x'G5 /
Psflwsf/ /f]Sg] sfd tyf sfo{jfxL ub{5 .
;/sf/n] OR5fPsf] JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ Psflwsf/
lbg ;Sb5 / k|foM lbPsf] klg x'G5 . cyf{t\ ;/sf/n]
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

cGo pBdLxnfO{ ahf/df l5g{ / u|fxsxsf]

;]jfsfo{df k|lt:kwf{ x'gaf6 /f]Sg] sfd ul//x]sf]
x'G5 . Pp6f ;/sf/L lgsfo cfkm+}df klg Psflwsf/L
x'g;S5 . h:t}M w]/} b]zxdf x'nfs ;]jfdf
;/sf/sf] Psflwsf/ 5 jf ;/sf/n] OR5fPsf]
sDkgL, kl/jf/ jf JolQmnfO{ klg of] ;]jf
;~rfngsf] Psflwsf/ lbOPsf] x'g;S5 .
s] :jtGq ahf/n] Psflwsf/ :yfkgfnfO{ k|j4{g
u5{ < o;df u5{ eg]/ ;f]Rgsf nflu Tolt
ts{;\ut s'/fx 5}gg\ t/ ub}{gg\ eg]/ ;f]Rg'sf
k5fl8 cg]s sf/0fx 5g\ . :jtGq ahf/ JolQmsf]
ahf/df k|j]z ug]{, ahf/af6 lg:sg] / rfxgfcg';f/
j:t' tyf ;]jf lsGg / a]Rg kfpg] :jtGqtfdf
cfwfl/t x'G5 . :jtGqkdf ahf/df k|j]z
ug]{ :jtGqtfsf ;fy cfPsf sDkgLxn] cf};teGbf
a9L gfkmf sdfP eg] pQm gfkmfsf] cf};tn] cGo
k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLxnfO{ klg Tof] ahf/tkm{ cfslif{t
ub{5 . s]xL cy{zf:qsf k':tsxdf ahf/df
pTkGg x'g;Sg] To:tf] sfNklgs kl/l:yltsf]
JofVof kfOG5, hxf cfkm"n] nufPsf] cj;/
nfut (Opportunity Cost)ii eGbf cToflws sdfO{
x'G5 . o;nfO{ Tof] ;|f]tsf] nufg (Rent)
klg elgG5 . oxf cj;/ nfutnfO{ ToxL ;|f]t
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

cGoq nufpbf sdfOg] ;Defljt cfosf kdf

kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf pbfx/0fx jf:tljs
ahf/df la/n} kfOG5 . o:tf] kl/l:ylt s]xL
cg'kd ;|f]txdf kfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} /]Da|fG6sfiii
lrqsnfx . t/ o:tf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg x'g] cj:yf
w]/}sf] hLjgdf c;fGble{s x'g ;S5 . o;sf] 7Ls
ljk/Lt Oltxf;df ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf ;dy{sxnfO{
;|f]tdf nufg pTkGg x'g]u/L lbPsf] ljlzi6
clwsf/sf pbfx/0fx k|z:t kfpg ;lsG5 .
t/ ahf/df lelqg kfpg] :jtGqtf / 5gf}6sf]
:jtGqtfn] o:tf ljlzi6 ;fdfu|Lxaf6 nufg
sdfpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ Go"g u/L pkef]Qmfsf]
lxtnfO{ k|jw{g ub{5 .
To;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt, s;n] s:tf ;]jf tyf j:t'x
a]Rg kfpg] jf gkfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ zlQm
;/sf/nfO{ lbbf Psflwsf/ l;h{gf x'G5 . o;sf]
pbfx/0f Oltxf;df jf:tljs kdf b]lvPsf] g} 5
/ oL Psflwsf/d"ns Joj;fox pkef]Qmfsf nflu
xflgsf/s x'G5g\ / dfgjxsf] ljsf; g} lge{/ x'g]
dfgjhfltsf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ s'l07t ub{5g\ . olb
ahf/n] cfkm}+ lgoldt kdf Psflwsf/ Nofpg] eP
xfdLn] olt w]/} dflg;x ;/sf/;u cfgf nflu
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

Psflwsf/ dfUg uPsf]] b]Vg] lyPgf}+ xf]nf . ahf/n]

Psflwsf/ Nofpg] eP oL JolQmx a? ahf/af6}
Psflwsf/ lng k|of;/t x'Gy]xf]nf .
;/sf/ cfkm}+n] ;w+} Psflwsf/sf] cEof; ug{
vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;/sf/sf]
Pp6f kfl/eflifs ljz]iftf g} s] xf] eg] o;n] Pp6f
lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qleq an k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf
Psflwsf/sf] cEof; ul//x]sf] x'G5 . k|lt:kwf{ ug{
kfpg] :jtGqtf eg]/} kl/eflift ul/g] ahf/eGbf,
Psflwsf/ k|lt:kwf{;u a9L ldqjt\ x'G5 eGg] s'/f
xfdL s;/L ck]Iff ug{ ;S5f}+ <

@=@ ahf/x k"0f{ ;"rgf (Perfect

Information) df lge{/ x'G5g\ .
o;sf nflu ;/sf/L Joj:yfaf6} hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fpg' h?/L x'G5 .
ahf/ k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu ahf/df ;xefuL
;a}n] cfgf sfdxsf] nfut jf d"Noaf/]df
k"0f{kn] hfgsf/ x'g'kb{5 . ;xefuLdWo] s;};u
cGoeGbf a9L hfgsf/L ePdf o:tf] c;dfgtfn]
sd k|efjsf/L / cGofok"0f{ kl/0ffdx lgDTofpb5 .
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

;/sf/n] k|efjsf/L / Gofof]lrt k|ltkmnsf nflu

ahf/;u gePsf hfgsf/Lx pknAw u/fpg
x:tIf]k ug'{kb{5 .
cGo ;a} s'/fxh:t} hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf klg
;w+} dxuf] x'G5, cyf{t\ xfdLn] hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf
kfpgsf nflu s]xL s'/f u'dfpg' klg h?/L
x'G5 . hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf klg To:tf] pTkfbg
xf], h'g ahf/df lsga]r ul/G5 . h:t} M xfdLx
w]/} hfgsf/L ;d]l6Psf lstfax lsG5f}+ lsgls
xfdLn] To; lstfasf nflu ltg'{kg]{ d"NoeGbf
a9L lstfadf ePsf] hfgsf/L jf 1fgnfO{ dxTj
lbG5f+} . nf]stGqh:tf] Joj:yf klg ck"0f{
hfgsf/Lxdf g} rln/x]sf] x'G5 eg] ahf/
;~rfng klg To:t} k|lqmof xf] . o;sf nflu k"0f{
hfgsf/Lx (Perfect Information) sf] cfjZostf
g} kb}{g . oL ;"rgfx ahf/sf] nflu dxuf]
x'G5 . o; cy{df /fhgLlts ;xeflutfsf ;Gbe{df
of] s'/f lgMz'Ns x'G5 eGg] dfGotf cJojxfl/s
x'G5 . nf]stGqsf] cEof;df g /fhgLlt1x;u
jf g t dtbftfx;u g} k"0f{ hfgsf/L
/xG5 . jf:tjdf /fhgLlt1x / dtbftfx;u
ahf/sf ;xefuLxnfO{ h:tf] cfjZos hfgsf/L
vf]Hg] Tolt rf;f] klg /xb}g lsgls Toxf pgLxn]
cfgf] vNtLaf6 k};f vr{ u/]sf x'b}gg\ . cfgf]
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

vNtLsf] k};f vr{ geO{ hgtfsf] 9's'6Laf6 vr{

ug]{ x'bf /fhgLlt1xnfO{{ cfjZos kg]{
hfgsf/Lx ;t{stfsf ;fy lng] s'/fdf dtna
g} x'b}g .
;/sf/sf] x:tIf]ksf nflu cfpg] Pp6f ;femf ts{
pkef]Qmf / ljz]if ;]jf k|bfg ug]{xaLr ;"rgfsf]
c;dfgtf xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jf:Yo;DaGwL
s'/fdf 8fS6/ la/fdLeGbf ;w+}h;f] a9L hfgsf/
x'G5g\ . To;}n] xfdL cfkm}+n] cfgf] pkrf/ gu/L
8fS6/sf]df g} hfG5f}+ . o;f] x'gfn] pkef]QmfxnfO{
s'g 8fS6/x w]/} lj1 5g\, /fd|f] pkrf/ kfO/x]sf]
5 ls 5}g jf rflxg]eGbf w]/} k};f kf] ltl/O/x]sf]
5 ls < eGg] h:tf s'/fx yfxf kfpg] s'g} pkfo
g} x'b}g eGg] h:tf cf/f]kx cfp5g\ . To;f] x'bf
;/sf/af6 cg'dlt lbO{ nfO;]G; lbg] s'/fnfO{ o;
;d:ofsf] ;Defljt ;dfwfgsf kdf k|:tfljt
ul/G5 / cg'dlt lnPsf jf nfO;]G; k|fKt 8fS6/x
lj1, Ifdtfjfg\ / cfgf] sfddf lgk"0f{ 5g\ eGg]
s'/fdf dflg;x ljZj:t x'g ;S5g\ eGg]
dflgG5 . t/ :jf:Yo tyf cGo Joj;fodf
nfO;]G;af/]df ul/Psf] cWoogsf] k|df0fn] eg] o;sf]
ljk/Lt glthf b]vfpb5 . ahf/df s'g ;'ljwf s:tf]
xf] < eGg] s'/fdf >]0fLx b]lvG5 eg] nfO;]G; lbg]
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

Joj:yfdf s]jn b'O{ kIf dfq x'G5, of t s;}n]

nfO;]G; kfPsf] 5, jf s;}n] kfPsf] 5}g . To;dfly
klg nfO;]G;iv cfjZos kg]{ Joj;foxdf olb
u}/Joj;flos Jojxf/ b]vfPdf Ohfht g}
/2 ul/g] k|yf t emg} ;j{JofkL 5, h;df k|foM
lj1fkg klg ug'{kb{5 . t/ k|rf/ ug'{ eg]sf] j:t' /
;]jfsf] pknAwtf, ltgLxsf] t'ngfTds u'0f:t/
/ d"No;DaGwL ;"rgf lbgsf nflu ahf/n] ljsf;
u/]sf] dfWod klg xf] . ahf/df ;"rgfsf]
c;dfgtfaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
Ohfht k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf cyjf nfO;]G; geP/
of] t To;sf] sf/s dfq xf] .

@=# ahf/n] Tolta]nf dfq sfd ub{5 ha

k"0f{ ;"rgf (Perfect Information) ePsf
cgluGtL dflg;x Ps} k|s[ltsf p:t}
pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lx (Undifferentiated
Commodities) sf] Jofkf/ ub{5g\ .
ahf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf cyf{t\ pTkfbg clwstd
agfpb} / gfkmfnfO{ 36fpb} nfgsf nflu
d"Nolgwf{/0f ug{ s;}sf] cfjZostf kb}{g . cyf{t,
s'g} qm]tf jf laqm]tf ahf/df k|j]z ubf{ jf
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

ahf/af6 aflx/ lgl:sbf d"Nodf k|efj kb}{g .

k"0f{kdf k|lt:kwL{ (Perfectly Competitive_ ahf/df
s'g} klg qm]tf jf ljqm]tfn] d"Nodf s'g} c;/ kfg{
;Sb}g . o:tf] ahf/df pknAw ;a} pTkfbgx
;dfg k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ / ltgLxdf s]xL klg
leGgtf x'b}g eg] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No;DaGwL
hfgsf/L klg lgMz'Ns pknAw x'G5 . t/ oyfy{df
ahf/x k"0f{kdf k|lt:kwL{ gx'g] x'gfn] g} To:tf
s'/fnfO{ ;Rofpg ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]k rflxG5 .
cfly{s cGtlqm{ofsf] o:tf] sfNklgs gd"gfx
pkof]uL xf]nfg\ t/ lgb]{lzt kdf cf]hk"0f{ zAbx
h:t} k"0f{ (Perfect) nfO{ ;}4flGts ljrf/xdf
yKbf To;n] 7"nf] Iflt ug{ ;S5 . olb ahf/sf] s'g}
l:yltnfO{ k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{ eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf]
5 eg], Tof]eGbf km/s c ;a} l:yltx q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf] eGg] cy{ nfUb5 . o; cj:yfdf To:tf]
l:yltdf ahf/aflx/sf s'g} lgsfof/f ;'wf/
Nofpg'kg]{ x'G5 eGg] dflgG5 . jf:tjdf k"0f{
k|lt:kwf{ (Perfect Competition) Pp6f
sfNklgs cjwf/0ff xf], h;af6 xfdLn] s]xL /f]rs
tYox dfq lgsfNg ;S5f+} . h:t} ;|f]t;fwgnfO{
lgb]{lzt ug{ gfkmfsf] dxTj ha gfkmf cf};teGbf
a9L x'G5, pQm gfkmf x'g] If]q jf j:t'xdf
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

pTkfbsx Jff egF}+ k|lt:kwL{xn] a9L pTkfbg /

cfk"lt{ ug{ cfgf ;|f]tx nufp5g\ h;n] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] d"No 36fpb5 / gfkmf klg ToxL cg'kftdf
36\b5 . To:t} nufgLstf{n] cfkm";Fu slt gub
/fVg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{odf clglZrttfsf] e"ldsf
klg o;af6 lgsfNg ldNg] csf]{ /f]rs tYo xf] .
k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{df elgPh:t} ;"rgfx lgMz'Ns x'Gf]
xf] eg] k|To]s nufgLstf{n] cfgf] ;a} gub nufgL
ub{y] eg] gub s]jn vl/b ug'{kg]{ ;dodf dfq
lgsfNg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpby] . t/ jf:tljstfdf
xfdL To:tf] ub}{gF}+ / e}kl/cfpg] s'/fsf nflu eg]/
gub /flv/xG5f}+ . tyflk, gub jf egf}+ k};fsf] o:tf]
cfjZostf x'g' eg]s} ahf/df k"0f{ ;"rgfsf] cefj
x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] nIf0f / k|df0f xf] . k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{
eg]sf] ahf/nfO{ s;/L ;'wfg]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgb]{lzsf
xf]Og\ of] oyfy{df x'g] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ g} lrq0f u/L
ahf/sf] kl/kf6Lsf] j0f{gsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf]]
sfNklgs :jksf]] Pp6f ;+1f dfq} xf] . ahf/nfO{
To:tf] k"0f{tf (Perfection) lt/ ws]Ng] lgsfo
/fHo aGgsf nflu, /fHo klg k"0f{ -Perfect_
nf]stflGqs gLltcGtu{t /xg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu
cgluGtL dtbftfx tyf pDd]bjf/n] JolQmut
tj/df gLltxdf s'g} k|efj kfg{ g;Sg] cj:yf,
;a} gLltx Ps} k|s[lt / ;dfg vfnsf x'g] /
45

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

gLltxsf] nfut / kmfObfsf] hfgsf/L lgMz'Ns x'g]

ck]Iff ug{ ;lsg] x'g' kb{5 . jf:tjdf o:tf]vfnsf]
nf]stflGqs cj:yf slxNo} klg cl:tTjdf x'b}g .
gLltut ljsNkx 5gf}6sf] ljlw j}1flgs x'gsf
nflu
pknAw oyfy{ ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf}6
x'g' h?/L 5 . /fhgLlts / ahf/ b'j} kIfsf
/f]hfOx dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} tl/sfaf6
ck"0f{ (Imperfect) x'G5g\ . To;}n] ahf/ /
/fhg}lts k|lqmofsf] 5gf}6 k"0f{tfsf cfwf/df geP/
oyfy{sf] w/ftndf ul/g'kb{5 .
jf:tljs ahf/n] ;xefuLxaLr ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lx Pscsf{nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ / ;a}
kIfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] k|r'/ ;dGjofTds pkfox
k|bfg ub{5 . ahf/n] dflg;xnfO{ ;dGjosf
ljleGg k|sf/x;lxtsf] hfgsf/L kQf nufpg]
;+/rgf k|bfg ub{5 . lj1fkg, lgIf]k ljefux,
k|lti7f, pkef]Uo j:t'xsf] n]gb]g, z]o/ ahf/,
k|df0fLs/0f k|lti7fgh:tf s'/fx / cGo y'k|}
;+:yfx b'j} kIfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] ;dGjonfO{ a9fpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy ahf/df :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ . xfdLn]
ahf/x k"0f{ 5}gg\ eg]/ o;nfO{ lgif]w ug{'eGbf
ahf/sf] k|of]uaf6 dfgj sNof0fdf cfpg] ;DefJo
46

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

ck"0f{tfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu yk pkfoxsf]] vf]hL

ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
ha pBdLx ahf/df k|j]z u/]/ cGo
pTkfbsx;u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\, ;fy}
pkef]Qmfx klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf pTkfbsx
5fGg :jtGq x'G5g\, To;kl5 dfq pTkfbsaLrsf]
k|lt:kwf{n] pkef]QmfxnfO{ /fd|f] x'g] Jojxf/sf]
l;h{gf ub{5 .

@=$ ahf/n] ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_ pkef]usf

j:t'x pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb}g .
olb d}n] ePsf] Pp6f dfq :ofp vfP eg] tkfO{+n]
Tof] :ofp vfg kfpg'x'Gg . To;}n] Pp6f :ofpsf]
pkef]u k"0f{kdf k||ltGbv 5 . olb d}n] s'g}
rnlrq b]vfp5' / o;nfO{ cGo dflg;xn] gx]?g\
eGg] rfxG5' eg] k};f gltg]{ bz{snfO{ rnlrq
x]g{af6 /f]Sgsf nflu kvf{n agfpgnfO{ k};f vr{
ug'{kb{5 . pkef]udf k|ltGb gePsf / lgif]wsf]
sfo{ dx\uf]] kg]{ j:t'xnfO{ ahf/df pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsGg, lsgls o:tf j:t'sf nflu ;a}n]
csf]{ pTkfbsn] Tof] j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg
gul/Gh]n kv{+bf g} kmfObf x'G5 . olb tkfO+{n]
47

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

pTkfbg ug'{eof] eg] d}n] Ps PsfO{ dfq vkt

ug{ ;Sb5', To;}n] dnfO{ To;sf] pTkfbgaf6
s'g} k|ltkmn x'b}g . ToxL s'/f tkfO{+df klg nfu"
x'G5 . To:tf j:t'xsf] ;fj{hlgstfsf nflu
/fHon] k|aGw ug'{k5{, of] g} pQm j:t'x pknAw
u/fpg] Psdfq pkfo xf] . To:tf j:t'xcGtu{t
/fli6o ;'/Iff / sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|aGw dfq
geP/ lzIff, :jf:Yo pkrf/, oftfoft / cGo
w]/} j:t' tyf ;]jfx kb{5g\ . To:tf j:t'xsf]
pTkfbgsf
nflu
ahf/dfly
slxNo}
klg lge{/ x'g ;lsb+}g lsgeg] tL j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] pkof]u k};f ltg]{xn] h:t}
k};f gltg]{xn] klg ug]{ x'bf ;a}n]
l;Q}df k|of]u ug{ rfxG5g\ / cGTodf s;}n] klg
k};f ltb}{gg\ . t;y{ ;/sf/n] dfq To:tf j:t' tyf
;]jfxsf] pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb5 .
cy{zf:qdf ;a}eGbf w]/} b'kof]u ul/Psf] ts{
/fHon] ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_ pkof]usf j:t'x
pTkfbg ug'{kb{5 eGg] ts{ xf] . pkef]usf
cfwf/df j:t'x k|ltGbL 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg]
s'/f pQm j:t'sf] :jefljs u'0f geP/ pkef]Qmf
;d"xsf] cfsf/sf] :jefljs u'0f xf] . Pp6f kf}8L
kf]v/L b'O{ JolQmsf] pkef]usf nflu k|ltGbsf]
48

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

ljifo gx'g ;S5 t/ Tof] kf]v/L b'O{ ;o hgfsf

nflu eg] k|ltGbsf] ljifo x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf]
lgif]wsf] d"No lghL / ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_ pkof]usf
b'j} j:t'xdf nfu" x'G5 . olb d}n] tkfO+{nfO{ d]/f]
:ofp vfgaf6 al~rt ug{ rfxG5' eg] d}n] To;nfO{
arfpgsf nflu klg s]xL ug'{kb{5, h:t}, kvf{n
lgdf{0f u/]/ . pBdLxf/f k};f gltg]{xnfO{ j:t'
tyf ;]jfx pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt ug{ ;lsof];\
eg]/ g} pkef]usf lx;fan] k|ltGbL gePsf w]/}
j:t'x -h:t} Joj;flos km'6an v]nx hf]
Pshgfn] x]b}{df csf]{ JolQmn] x]g{ ldNb}g eGg]
xf]Og _ k|fof]hg ul/G5 .
w]/} j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] slyt ;fj{hlgstf
:jefljs u'0f geP tfklg /fhg}lts lg0f{osf] u'0f
eg] kSs} x'g\ . olb /fHon] lgMz'Ns oftfoft ;]jf
k|bfg u5{ eg] lghL If]qn] klg To;;u} k|lt:kwf{
ub}{ lgMz'Ns oftfoft ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf] b]Vg
kfpg' ufx|f] g} x'G5 . t/ :d/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] xf]
eg] lgMz'Ns elgPsf] ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf
jf:tjd} lgMz'Ns eg] xf]Og, lsgls o;sf] vr{
s/af6 Joxf]l/Psf] x'G5 / Tof] s/ ;j{;fwf/0fn]
glt/]sf v08df h]n;Ddsf] s8f ;hfo x'G5 .
ahf/af6 k|bfg ug{ c;Dej eg]/ bfaL ul/g] w]/}
49

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

j:t'x ljut / jt{dfgdf ahf/;+oGqf/f ljt/0f

ul/Psf] kfOG5, h:t}M hxfhnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg
agfOPsf k|sfz 3/, lzIff tyf k|x/Lb]lv
oftfoft;Dd . o;n] s] Olt u5{ eg], Jofks
kdf jsfnt ub}{ cfOPsf] slyt ;fj{hlgstfsf]
s'/f ts{;\ut 5}g cyjf o; s'/fnfO{ cgfjZos
kdf a9fOr9fO u/]/ eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
slyt kdf ;/sf/f/f dfq} pTkfbg ug{
;lsg] elgPsf lglZrt j:t'xsf] pTkfbgdf
;fwf/0ftof cfpg] ts{ eg]sf] Toxf d"No
lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf g;d]l6Psf afXo cj:yfx
-Externalities_vi
x'G5g\ eGg] xf] . cyf{t\
b'O{ JolQmxaLr n]gb]g x'bf cnfO{
To;af6 kg]{ c;/sf] d"No To:tf] j:t' tyf
;]jfdf ;dflji6 x'b}g . o;} ts{adf]lhd
;a}hgf lzlIft ePdf o;sf] kmfObf lzlIft
JolQmxafx]s cGo ;fj{hlgs lxtsf s'/fdf klg
kb{5 . o;} cfwf/df /x]/ lzIffsf] Joj:yf /fHon] ug]{ /
s/f/f vr{ h'6fpg] s'/fnfO{ plrt 7xofpg] sf]lzz
ul/G5 . o; ;Gbe{df lzIffsf]] kmfObf
cfkm"afx]s cnfO{ ePklg -h'g yf]/} jf w]/} x'g;S5_,
lzlIft dflg;df pQm lzIffsf] kmfObf pgLx cfkm}+sf
nflu olt w]/} x'G5 ls pgLxn] cfgf] lzIffdf
50

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

cfkm}+ kof{Kt nufgL ug{ k|]l/t x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf

cfhsfnsf y'k|} vf]hcg';Gwfgxn] b]vfPh:t},
ha /fHon] lzIffnfO{ Psflwsf/df lnPsf] cj:yfdf
/fHo clt u/La gful/s;Dd lzIffsf] kx'r k'ofpg]
sfddf r'Sb5 . t}klg cleefjsxn] lzIffsf
kmfObfx a'em]/ cfgf] Go"g cfosf] 7"nf] c+z cfgf
afnaRrfsf] lzIffdf nufgL ub{5g\ . pgLxnfO{
aRrfxsf] lzIffn] h] ;'s} afXo c;/x pTkGg
u/fP tfklg To; c;/sf sf/0f g} pgLxnfO{
cfgf] aRrfxsf] lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
cfg} vNtLaf6 k};f ltg{af6 /f]Sb}g .
cGttM s] :d/0f ug'{ h?/L 5 eg], ;fj{hlgs
-;fd"lxs_ pkof]usf j:t'xsf] k|efjsf/L
pTkfbg ahf/f/f ug{ c;Dej 5 eg]/
cf/f]k nufpgsf nflu ul/g] ;a} ts{x
-sDtLdf Ps} vfnsf] :t/df jf Tof]eGbf cem
cfqmfds :t/df_ /fHon] g} ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_
pkof]usf j:t'x pTkfbg u5{ eGg]tkm{ uPsf]
x'G5 . Gofod"ns / sfg"gL /fHosf] cl:tTj
/ ;~rfng cfkm+}df ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_
pkof]usf] j:t' xf] . cyf{t\ o;sf] nfesf nflu
sd ;] sd gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmxaLr Ps
csf{df k|ltGbfTds cj:yf /xb}g . o;df of]ubfg
51

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

gePsfxnfO{ o;sf] ;Def/ / nfe u|x0f ug{af6

/f]Sg dxf] kb{5 . pBdLx / pkef]QmfxnfO{
ahf/df ;xsfo{f/f ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_ pkof]usf
j:t'x pTkfbg ug{ h'g clek|]/0ff x'G5, To;sf]]
t'ngfdf /fhgLlt1 / dtbftfxnfO{ Gofod"ns
/ sfg"gL /fHosf] lgdf{0f ug]{ clek|/]0ff Tolt
7"nf] x'b}g . t/ o;sf] cy{ ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_
pkof]usf j:t'df /fHosf] s'g} e"ldsf g} x'g'
x'b}g eGg] klg xf]Og . t/ ljrf/ u/L x]bf{ jf:tjdf
/fHonfO{ hlt w]/} lhDd]jf/Lx lbOG5, Tolt g}
/fHo ;fj{hlgs -;fd"lxs_ pkof]usf j:t'xsf]
pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{df c;kmn x'G5 . ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf
klg pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ h:tf lhDd]jf/L lnbf
cfgf gful/sxdfly x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lx+;f
jf cfqmd0faf6 pgLxnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] h:tf]
ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ s'/fdf /fHon] Wofg lbg] ;do
gkfpg ;Sb5 .

@=% ;fdflhs l:ylt hlt hl6n x'G5, ahf/df

Tolt g} sd lge{/ x'g ;lsG5 / Tolt g} w]/}
;/sf/sf] lgb]{zgsf] vfrf] k5{ .
ahf/dflysf] ljZj:tkgn] To; ;dodf dfq
/fd|f];u sfd uYof]{ hlta]nf ;fdflhs Joj:yfx
52

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

;/n ;+/rgfsf lyP, t/ cfly{s / ;fdflhs

;DaGwxsf] ljsf; hl6n :jkdf j[l4 x'b}hfbf,
cgluGtL gful/ssf lqmofsnfkxnfO{ lgb]{zg /
;dGjo ug{ ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
;To o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt x'G5 . Pp6f ;fwf/0f
;fdflhs Joj:yfnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{ Ps JolQmsf]
cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg ;Sg] zlQmf/f ;dGjo ug{
;lsG5 . t/ ha ;fdflhs ;DaGwx a9L hl6n
x'b} hfG5g\, ahf/sf] :j]lR5s ljlgdodf ;fdflhs
;DaGwxsf] lge{/tf 36\g'eGbf klg a9\b5 . Pp6f
hl6n ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf Pp6f JolQmsf] lbdfu
jf lbdfuxsf] ;d"xn] lgoGq0fdf Nofpg ;Sg]
eGbf a9L hfgsf/Lxsf] ;dGjo ug{ ;Sg] lj1tfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ahf/n] t'ngfTds kdf sd
nfutdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ ;+oGqxsf] ljsf; u/]sf]
x'G5 . ahf/n] km/skm/s j:t'x / ;]jfx;u
t'ngfof]Uo dfu / cfk"lt{;DaGwL ;"rgfnfO{ To:tf]
PsfO{sf kdf /fd|/L ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] sfo{
;/sf/sf] ljzfn sd{rf/LtGqsf j[xt\ k|ltj]bgn]
klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;dfly klg, d"No ljleGg
efiffxdf ;d]t cg'jflbt x'G5, ;fdflhs cl:tTj /
g}ltstf tyf wfld{s ljefhgxeGbf k/ klg
d"Nosf] s'/f a'lemG5 / o;n] slxNo} s'g} lsl;dsf]
;DaGw gx'g] xhf/f}+ dfOn 6f9fsf ckl/lrt
53

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

dflg;x;u ePsf] 1fgsf] kmfObf lnP/ cj;/sf]

l;h{gf klg u5{ . cy{tGq / ;dfh hlt ljlzi6 /
hl6n x'G5, ahf/sf] ;+/rgfdf Tolt g} lge{/ x'g'
cfjZos aGb} hfG5 .

@=^ ahf/n] ljsf;zLn b]zxdf sfd ub}{g .

ahf/n] ljsl;t eO;s]sf b]zxdf dfq
/fd|f];u sfd ub{5, t/ ljsf;zLn b]zxdf /x]sf]
ef}lts ;+/rgf / sfg'gL ;+oGqxsf] cg'kl:yltn]
;|f]txnfO{ ahf/sf] xftdf lbg] ;fdYo{ /fVg
;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf sd ;] sd ahf/nfO{
sfd ug]{ :yfg lbg ;Sg] ef}lts ;+/rgfx /
sfg"gL ;+oGqsf] /fd|f];u ljsf; geOGh]n;Dd
;/sf/sf] lgb]{zg cfjZos x'G5 .
;fdfGotM ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] ljsf; eg]sf]
ahf/f/f ul/Psf] ;DklQ ;\sngsf] nIf0f
xf], ahf/ /xgsf nflu rflxg] cj:yf / sfg"gL
;+oGqsf] c;kmntf g} ahf/ cNkljsl;t x'g'sf]
sf/0f xf] . of] c;kmntf sfg"gL ;+oGqsf] ;'wf/sf
nflu alnof] sf/0f xf] tfls o;n] ahf/ ljsf;sf
nflu cfwf/ lbg ;sf];\, g ls sfg"gL ;'wf/ / ahf/
ljsf;nfO{ k5fl8 ws]Ng . ljsl;t b]zxem}+ wg
54

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

cfh{g ug]{ Pp6f dfq af6f] eg]sf] ahf/sf nflu

sfg"gL / ;+:yfut cfwf/xsf] l;h{gf ug'{ xf] .
h;n] ubf{ pBdLx, pkef]Qmfx, nufgLstf{x
/ sfdbf/x ;a}n] ;DklQ l;h{gfsf nflu
:jtGqkdf ;xsfo{ ug{ ;s"g\ .
clxn]sf ;a} ;d[4 b]zx s'g} ;dodf ;fx|} u/La
lyP . oxf tL b]zxsf] ul/aLsf] aofg ug{ h?/L
5}g lsgls of] t dfgj hfltsf] k|fsl[ts :jk
xf] . oxf aofg t ;DklQsf] ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;DklQ
l;h{gf ug'{k5{ / Tof] ;'lglZrt ug]{ pTs[i6
tl/sf eg]sf] dflg;nfO{ Tof] sfo{ ug{sf nflu
;DefJo nfex b]vfpg ;Sg' xf] . /fd|f];u
kl/eflift tyf j}wflgs kn] ;'/lIft lghL
;DklQsf] clwsf/ / sfg"gL Joj:yfxdf cfwfl/t
eP/ ljlgdosf] sfo{nfO{ ;xh u/fpg] v'nf
ahf/eGbf ;DklQ l;h{gf ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{ s'g}
klg Joj:yfsf] cfljisf/ ul/Psf] 5}g . ul/aLaf6
aflx/ cfpg] Pp6} af6f] eg]sf] v'nf ahf/sf
dfWodaf6 ;DklQ l;h{gf ug'{ xf] .
ljsf;zLn /fi6 eGg] zAb af/Daf/ unt
cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf
;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo of]hgf, /fi6sf] :jfldTj,
55

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ahf/sf u'0fx?
(Mercantilism)vii,
(Protectionism)viii / ljz]if ;'ljwfsf]

jfl0fHojfb

;+/If0fjfb
lxtsf nflu
ahf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf /fi6xsf xsdf of] zAb
k|of]u ul/G5 . jf:tjdf To:tf /fi6x ljsf;zLn g}
xf]Ogg\ . t'ngfTds kdf wlg jf bl/b|tfaf6 ;'?jft
u/]sf tL /fi6x ljsf;zLn x'g h;n] ;DklQ /
s/f/sf sfg"gL Joj:yfx, v'nf ahf/ / Go"g
;/sf/L zlQm, ah]6 / kx'rsf] x:tIf]knfO{ Go"g
u/]sf 5g\ .

@=& ahf/n] dxfdGbL h:tf] ljgfzsf/L cfly{s

kl/l:yltxtkm{ cy{tGqnfO{ 8f]ofpb5 .
ahf/df e/ kbf{ cfly{s j[l4 / dGbLsf] rqmx
pTkGg x'G5 . j[l4sf ;dodf nufgLstf{x
pQ]lht eP/ a9L vt/f p7fp5g\ h;sf] kmn:jk
cg'Tkfbs If]qdf nufgL cToflws a9]/ pTkfbgdf
x|f; cfpg'sf ;fy} a]/f]huf/L klg a9\5 / o;n]
;du| cfly{s cj:yfdf x|f; NofP/ cy{tGqnfO{
dGbLtkm{ nUb5 .
o;/L cy{tGqdf slxn]sfxL+ cfpg] j[l4 / dGbLsf]
rqm ahf/dfly /x]sf] lge{/tfn] NofPsf] eGg]
cf/f]k nufOG5 . t/ oyfy{df /x]sf] k|df0fnfO{
56

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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

lgofNg] xf] eg] clws pTkfbg ahf/sf] rl/q g}

x}g eGg] tYo xfdLn] kQf nufpg ;Sb5f}+ .
ha j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg a9\5, ta d"No
;dfof]hg eP/ ;dfhdf dGbL geP/ ;d[l4
5fpb5 . olb s'g} pBf]un] ahf/n] wfGg ;Sg]
eGbf a9L pTkfbg u/]df ahf/df cGt/lgxLt
;+zf]wg k|lqmofsf] yfngL x'G5 / d'gfkmf 36\g yfn]
kl5 Tof] ;|f]t cGoq kl/rfng ug'{kg{] dxTjk"0f{
;\s]t nufgLstf{xn] kfp5g\ . o:tf] ;+zf]wgsf]
k|lqmof ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGqdf nfu" x'g'kg{] s'g} sf/0f g}
/xb}g . ;a} pBf]uxsf] d'gfkmf 36\bf ;|f]t cGoq
df]l8G5 eGg' cfkm}df lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ x'G5 . lsgls
olb ;|f]tx ;a} pBf]uaf6 ;/]/ ToxL+ cy{tGqsf]
cGo pBf]udf uO/x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n ;|f]tdf sdL
cfpg} ;Sb}g .
o4lk, df}lb|s Joj:yfnfO{ d'v{tfk"0f{ tj/n] kl/rfng
ug{ vf]Hbf ;/sf/n] d'b|f k|0ffnLnfO{ tf]8d/f]8 ub{}
bL3{sflng a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{;S5 .
o:tf] gLltut q'6L w]/}h;f] aGb x'g'kg{] pBf]usf
nflu ;x'lnot lbg], Hofnf tyf d'b|f lgoGq0f
ug{]h:tf gLltxsf ;fy cfpb5g\ . o;n] ubf{
ahf/df lglxt /x]sf] ;+zf]wg k|0ffnLn] sfd ug{
kfpb}g / o;n] a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfnfO{
57

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

nDAofpb5 . ;g\ !(@( b]lv bf]>f] ljZj o'4;Dd

nlDaPsf] cfly{s dxfdGbLsf] sf/0f klg o:t}
lyof] . gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cy{zf:qL ldN6g
lk|m8Dofgnufotsf w]/} cy{zf:qLxn] ;g\
!(@( sf] ljZj cfly{s dGbL ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] km]8]/n l/he{ k|0ffnLn] d'b|f cfk"lt{df
u/]sf] ljzfn ;\s'rgn] lgDTofPsf] lyof] eGg]
s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ . km]8]/n l/he{
tfTsflns ;dodf /fhgLlts kdf lgwf{l/t
p2]Zo k|flKttkm{ pGd'v lyof] . o;/L 5fPsf]
dGbLnfO{ ;+/If0fjfbh:tf gLltxn] yk phf{ k|bfg
ugf{n] ;+;f/el/ g} o;sf] c;/ km}lnof] . o;/L
dGbLsf] si6nfO{ ;+;f/el/ km}nfpgdf Tolta]nfsf
g]zgn l/se/L PS6(National Recovery
s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] d"No pRr
Act)ix,
/fVg NofOPsf sfo{qmdx -w]/} s[lif
pTkfbgnfO{ g:6 u/]/ cfk"lt{nfO{ ;Lldt ug{]_ /
Go" l8n (New Deal)x h:tf sfo{qmdx klg
;xof]uL x'g k'u] . o:tf sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo g} ;/sf/n]
u/]sf] gLltut q'6Lsf] eofgs c;/nfO{ ;'wfg{]
ahf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ /f]Sg' lyof] .
xfn;fn} ePsf cfly{s dGbLx h:t} ;g\ !((&
sf] PlzofnL ljQ;\s6 klg nufgLstf{nfO{
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

unt ;"rgfsf] ;\s]t ug]{ df}lb|s tyf ljlgdo

b/sf] gLltdf ePsf] q'6Ln] lgDTofPsf] lyof] .
;/sf/sf] c;kmntfnfO{ ahf/ Joj:yfn] la:tf/}
;+zf]wg uof] t/ of] k|lqmof ;xh eg] lyPg . s]
Tof] ;\s6sf] k|d'v sf/0f ToxL ;\s6nfO{ xn ug{]
cf}iflwsf kdf /x]sf] ahf/ Joj:yf x'g ;S5 <
Tof] ;\s6sf] k|d'v sf/0f ;/sf/n] u/]sf] gLltut
q'l6x x'g\ .
o;/L cy{tGqdf cfpg] rqmx ;/sf/L df}lb|s
lgsfoxn] b"/bzL{ df}lb|s gLltnfO{ ckgfpg yfn]
kl5 xn x'g yfn]sf x'g\ . b"/bzL{ df}lb|s gLltnfO{
ahf/df lglxt ;+zf]wg k|0ffnL;u ;+o'Qm kdf
cl3 a9fpbf cfly{s rqmxsf] rfk / ljWj+z klg
36\b} uPsf] xfdL kfpb5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} Jofkf/df
:jtGqtf, ljQ Joj:yfkgdf b"/bzL{tf / ljlwsf]
zf;g ckgfpg] b]zxdf xfdL bL3{sflng / lbuf]
ljsf; b]Vg ;S5f}+ .

@=* ahf/df w]/} lge{/ x'g' d"v{tf xf] ;fy}

;dfhjfbdf dfq lge{/ x'g' klg d"v{tf xf] M ;a}
eGbf /fd|f] ldl>t cy{tGq xf] .
w]/} dflg;x cfkm";u ePsf ;a} c08fx Pp6}
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

ef8f]df /fVg' a'l4dfgL s'/f xf]Og eGg] 7fGb5g\ .

;ts{ nufgLstf{x cfkm"n] nufgL ug]{ If]qxdf
ljljwtf sfod /fvL nufgLsf] If]q km/flsnf] kfb{5g\
/ To:t} u/L gLltsf If]qdf klg ljljwtf ;d]6g\ ]
pkfox ckgfpg' ts{;\ut x'G5 . o;sf] ;f]emf]
cy{ ;dfhjfb / ahf/ b'j} ldl>t Joj:yf xf] .
;ts{ nufgLstf{xn] kSs} klg cfGtl/s hfgsf/L
gx'bf hf]lvd sd ug{sf nflu nufgL ug]{ If]qxdf
ljljwtf cufN5g\ . olb Pp6f :6s tn uof] eg]
csf]{ dfly hfg ;S5 / Psflt/af6 ePsf] 3f6f
csf]{lt/af6 k"lt{ x'g ;Sb5 . bL3{sflng kdf
/fd|/L ljljlws/0f ul/P kf]{6kmf]lnof] (Portfolio)
j[l4 x'g ;S5 . t/ nufgL u/]sf] kmd{xdf nufgL
c;kmn jf ;kmn x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] lglZrGttf
ePsf]] v08df ljljlws/0f u/]/ nufgL ug'{sf] s'g}
cy{ /xb}g lsgls ljljlws/0f ug]{ sf/0f g} s'g
kmd{af6 kmfObf x'G5 / s'gaf6 kmfObf x'b}g eGg]
s'/f yfxf kfpg] s'g} dfWod jf pkfo geP/ xf] .
t/ gLltx To:tf x'b}gg\ . gLltx of t c;kmn
x'G5g\ of ;kmn .

jflif{s kdf cfly{s tYof\s k|sfzg
ug]{ Sofg8fsf] k|]mh/ OG;l6Ro"6 / cGo ;+:yfxsf]
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ahf/;DaGwL s]lx e|dx?

cWoogn] ahf/ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'bf k|ltJolQm

cfo pRr x'g], b|'t cfly{s j[l4 x'g], a]/f]huf/L Go"g
x'g], cf};t cfo' a9\g], afn d[To'b/ 36\g], afn>dsf]
b/ 36\g], ;kmf kfgLdf dflg;xsf] a9L kx'r x'g],
:jf:Yo ;]jf / cfw'lgs hLjgsf ;'ljwfxdf j[l4
x'g]b]lv lnP/ ;kmf jftfj/0f, ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g, sd
e|i6frf/ / hjfkmb]lxtfdf cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs
;'wf/df ;d]t k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx lg/Gt/ kdf
b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . o;y{, :jtGq ahf/n] /fd|f
glthfx lgsfN5 .
oBlk, ahf/ Joj:yf / o;sf] ljk/Lt cj:yfaLr
/fd|f] / ;Gt'lnt s'g} aLrsf] af6f] 5}g .
ahf/df /fHosf] x:tIf]kn] c:tJo:ttf / ;\s6
lgDTofpb5 / oxL c:tJo:ttf / ;\s6nfO{ g}
yk x:tIf]k ug]{ afxfgfsf kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;n] gLltnfO{ Pp6f lbzfaf6 csf]{lt/ nUb5 .
/fhgLlt1x cfgf] v/fa gLltnfO{ eGbf klg
cy{tGq / c/fi6jfbL tTjxnfO{ bf]if lbP/ pQm
cj:yfdf cfgf] k|ltlqmof JoQm u5{g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{
Oltxf;n] k6sk6s b]vfPsf] 5 . o;sf] kmn:jk
/fHon] d"No lgoGq0f ug{ yfNb5 . o;/L cfk"lt{
/ dfucg';f/ d"NonfO{ ;Gt'lnt x'g] df}sf glbP/
dgf]dfgL 9\un] d"No tf]lslbbf j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf]
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

cefj x'G5 . k|foM d"No lgoGq0f ubf{ pTkfbsxn]

a]Rg ;Sg] d"No jf eg' ahf/efpeGbf sd d"Nodf
j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] cfk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ afWoTds l:ylt
/flvPsf] x'G5 / o;f] x'bf pTkfbsxn] pTkfbg g}
ug{ 5f]8\b5g\ . h:t} pbfx/0fsf nflu /fd gfds
lrgL pTkfbg ug]{ pBdLn] sRrf kbfy{, >d,
;do, 9'jfgLh:tf ofjt s'/fxsf] nufgL Wofgdf
/fvL cfkm"n] a]Rg] lrgLsf] d"No -dfgf}+_ ?=!)) k|lt
s]=hL tf]Sb5 . t/ olb ;/sf/n] lrgL ;j{;'ne
u/fpg] lsl;dsf] gLlt NofOlbP/ lrgLsf] d"No
lgwf{/0f u/L ?=^) k|lt s]=hLeGbf a9Ldf lrgL a]Rg
gkfpg] lgod nufOlbPsf v08df /fd / /fdh:tf
pBdLx pTkfbg ug{ g;Sg] x'G5g\ /
ahf/df lrgLsf] cefj x'G5 . To;dfly, :jtGq
ahf/sf] cefjdf dflg;x sfnf] ahf/tkm{ pGd'v
x'gyfNb5g\, e|i6frf/df ;+nUg x'G5g\ / ljlwsf]
zf;gaf6 qmdzM aflxl/g yfNb5g\ . cefj /
e|i6frf/sf] o:tf] ld>0fn] Psflwsf/jfbL ;Qftkm{
pGd'v u/fpg klg ;Sb5 . o;/L k|dfl0ft kdf
g/fd|f gLltx Nofpg] Joj:yfxsf] ld>0f ug{
vf]Hg' eg]sf] cy{tGqnfO{ cjd"Nog ug'{ xf], e|i6frf/
l;h{gf ug'{ xf] / ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqnfO{ cjd"Nog
ug'{ xf] .
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:jtGq Jofkf/ / ul/aL

zx;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf kdf /x]sf]
ul/aL lgjf/0f, @! cf}+ ztfAbLs} k|d'v ljsf; nIo
xf] . ljutsf] %) jif{df w]/} k|ult eP tfklg, cem}
ljZjsf !=@ ca{ dflg; k|ltlbg Ps cd]l/sL 8n/
eGbf sddf u'hf/f ub{5g\ . ljut w]/} jif{b]lv
;dfhzf:q, cy{zf:q, /fhgLlt, ljZj dfldnf /
cGt/f{li6o ;DaGwh:tf ljleGg If]qsf lj1xn]
;+;f/sf ul/axnfO{ s;/L ul/aLsf] 3]/faf6 dfly
p7fpg] eGg] s'/fdf ax; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
xfn o; k|sf/sf] ax; b'O{ d'Vo wf/df cfP/
;Lldt ePsf] 5 M ljb]zL cg'bfg k7fpg] cyjf
ahf/nfO{ v'nf u/]/ :jtGq Jofkf/ tyf
pBdzLntfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] . o; ax;sf] klxnf]
wf/ ;/sf/nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ cfDbfgLsf] :t/ a9fpg]tkm{
s]lGb|t 5 eg] ax;sf] bf];|f] wf/ JolQmxnfO{ cfkm}+
cfgf] cfDbfgL j[l4 ug]{ df}sf l;h{gf u/]/ ul/aLaf6
pTyfg ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t 5 . ljsf; cy{zf:qdf
ePsf cg';GwfgxdWo] ax';\Vosn] ul/aLsf]
bL3{sfnLg lgjf/0fsf nflu :jtGq Jofkf/ /
pBdzLntf k|j4{g g} Psdfq ljsNk /x]sf] lgisif{
lgsfn]sf 5g\ .
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ahf/sf u'0fx?

ljb]zL cg'bfgsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg],

ljut $) jif{b]lv wgL b]zxn] ul/a b]zxnfO{
lbO/fv]sf] cg'bfgn] ul/axsf] pTyfg ug]{
sfo{df s]xL klg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g . cg'bfg k|fKt
ug]{ k|foM b]zxsf] k|ltJolQm cfo, cg'bfg
kfpg'eGbf cl3s} cj:yfdf l:y/ /x]sf] 5,
cem s]xL b]zxsf] t xfnsf] k|ltJolQm cfo
klxn]sf] eGbf klg sd ePsf] 5 . hals, lrnL,
ci6]lnof, k"jL{ Plzofsf d'n'sxsf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf]
eg] pgLxn] ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq, :jtGq Jofkf/
/ pBdzLntfnfO{ k|j4{g u/]/ ul/aLsf] rqmaf6
d'Qm ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljZjsf cfwfeGbf a9L ul/ax a;f]af; ug]{
b]zx ef/t / rLgn] cfgf] cy{tGq v'nf u/]kl5
dfq pNn]Vo dfqfdf ul/aL 36fpg ;kmntf kfPsf
5g\ . ;g\ !(&* af6 z'? ePsf] pbf/Ls/0fn] rLg
s]jn # bzsdf g} cToGt ul/a, ef]sd/Ln] u|:t
d'n'saf6 ljZjs} bf];|f] 7"nf] cy{tGq aGg ;kmn
ePsf] 5 . To;}ul/ ;g\ !(() af6 cfly{s ;'wf/
;'? u/]sf] ef/t klg xfn;Dd jflif{s cf};t *
k|ltztsf b/n] cfgf] cy{tGq / k|ltJolQm cfo
j[l4 ul//x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&* sf] pbf/Ls/0fn] g}
*) s/f]8 lrlgof ls;fgxnfO{ s]jn ^ jif{df g}
cfgf] cfo b'O{u'0ffn] a9fpg ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
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:jtGq Jofkf/ / ul/aL

:jtGq Jofkf/df ;fdfg, k"hL / >d ljleGg

b]zxaLr :jtGq kdf s'g} /f]s6f]slagf
cfjthfjt ug{ kfpb5g\ . :jtGq Jofkf/n] ubf{
pTkfbsxaLr k|lt:kwf{ a9\g hfG5 . o;n]
ubf{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy}
d"Nodf klg sdL cfpb5 . :jtGq Jofkf/n] ubf{
pkef]Qmfx u'0f:t/ jf d"No /fd|f] geP klg
:jb]zL pTkfbg g} lsGg'kg]{ afWotfaf6 d'Qm
x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{ :jb]zL pTkfbsx klg u'0f:t/
;'wfg{ / d"No 36fpg afWo x'G5g\ . o;afx]s
:jtGq Jofkf/n] pTkfbsxnfO{ gjLgtd vf]hx
ug{ klg k|f]T;fxg lbG5 . :jtGq Jofkf/ / v'Nff
ahf/;u} cfpg] ljb]zL nufgLn] ul/a d'n'sxdf
gof /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ / hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ 7"nf]
dbt u5{ .

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

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ahf/ Joj:yfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{

k"jf{j:yf ljlwsf] zf;g
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/lznf
eg]sf] ljlwsf] zf;g xf] . ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq
sfg"gL kdf ;'4[9 / alnof] Gofo Joj:yf ePsf]
/ t'ngfTds kdf l:y/ ;dfhnfO{ cfjZos
k"j{zt{ dfg]/ rNg] x'bf o; k|sf/sf] cy{tGqdf
ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ;Ddfg x'g' cfjZos /xG5 . t/
ljlwsf] zf;g eGgfn] xfdLn] nf]stGqsf]
lj:t[t kl/efiffeGbf klg a9L a'emg'kg]{ x'G5 .
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf ljlwsf] zf;gn] ;'lglZrt
ug'{kg]{ s'/fx eg]sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkxdf
;/sf/L x:tIf]k lgoGq0f ug]{, pBd ug{sf nflu
gLltut jftfj/0f l:y/ /fVg], :jR5 k|lt:kwf{
;'lglZrt ug]{, ;DklQsf] clwsf/ /fd|/L kl/eflift
/ ;'/lIft ug]{ / s/f/sf] kfngf x'g] ljZjfl;nf
cfwf/x lgdf{0f ug]{ cflb x'g\ .
ljlwsf] zf;gsf oL k"jf{j:yfx k"/f gu/]sf
v08df Tof] jf:tljs kdf ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq
g} x'b}g / sltko cj:yfdf ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq
elgPsf] t/ ljlwsf] zf;gsf k"jf{j:yfx k"/f
67

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

gePsf] cj:yfdf s+}of}+ ljs[ltx b]vf kb{5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfndf b]lvPsf] Jofks ldn]dtf]
/ sf6]{lnsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ljlwsf]
zf;g ;'lglZrt gePsf] v08df ahf/df ;]jf tyf
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] lghL If]qsf JolQmxf/f
g} k|lt:kwf{df /f]s nufpg ldn]dtf] / sf6]{lnxi
ul/G5 . g]kfndf Jofks ldn]dtf] / sf6]{lnsf]
cEof; ePsf sof}+ If]qxdWo] ;fj{hlgs
oftfoftsf] If]q k|d'v xf] . oftfoft Joj:ffoLxsf]
lxtsf nflu vf]lnPsf ljleGg oftfoft Joj;foL
;\3xn] oftfoft Joj;foLxsf] lxtsf gfddf
oftfoft If]qdf cfpg vf]Hg] gof pBdLxnfO{
ahf/ k|j]z ug{ afwf k'ofpg] u/L ef/L z'Ns
lt/fpg], af6f]sf] ?6xdf Psflwsf/ tf]Sg] /
ofq'xnfO{ Pp6} uGtJodf hfg b'O{ tLgj6f ;jf/L
;fwg km]g{'kg]{ afWofTds l:ylt lgdf{0f ug]{h:tf
lqmofsnfkx ljlwsf] zf;g gx'bf ahf/ Joj:yfdf
cfpg ;Sg] g/fd|f ljs[ltsf pbfx/0fx x'g\ .
t;y{, ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGq cufNg] xf] / o;sf
;Defljt nfeaf6 ;d[l4sf] af6f]tkm{ nDsg] xf] eg]
ljlwsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o;/L
ahf/lgb]{lzt cy{tGqnfO{ /fd|/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg]
sfo{tkm{ nfUbf ;dfh ljlwsf] zf;gtkm{ pGd'v
x'G5 .
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;Gbe{;fdu|L
Friedman, M . (1962) . Capitalism and Freedom . Chicago: University of Chicago Press . Chapter 1, The
Relation Between Economic Freedom and Political
Freedom," pp . 7-17 . Extracted from http://www
.mtholyoke .edu/acad/intrel/ipe/friedman .htm
Junior Achievement Inc . (2000) . Junior Aceheivement
Economics . Colorado Springs, Co: One Education Way .
Palmer, T .G . (2009) . Realizing freedom : libertarian
theory, history and practice .Washington, D .C : Cato
Institute .
Samuelson, P . & Nordhaus, W . (2005) . Economics .
New York : Tata McGraw-Hill Edition

cof{n, hL= k|= -@))@_= ;'Id cy{zf:q, sf7df8f} M Go" lx/f

j'S; OG6/k|fOh]h .

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

gf]6
i ahf/;DaGwL s]xL e|dxaf/]sf] hfgsf/L 6d kfnd/sf]
n]v ahf/;DaGwL aL; e|dxaf6 lnOPsf] xf] .
c\u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] o; n]vdf k|:t't ul/Psf aL; e|dxdWo]
oxf bzj6f e|dx 5fg]/ g]kfnLdf kfGt/0f u/L /flvPsf]
5.
ii cj;/ nfut (Opportunity Cost) eGgfn] s'g} klg sfd
ubf{ pQm sfd gu/]sf] eP To;sf] ljsNkdf ul/g] sfdaf6
slt kmfObf x'GYof] jf To;df slt vr{ nfUYof] eGg] s'/fsf]
u0fgf xf] .
iii /]Da|fG6 ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLsf dxfg\ lrqsf/ x'g\ . o'/f]lkog snf
/ g]b/NofG8sf] ;du| Oltxf;d} pgnfO{ Ps dxfg\ x:tLsf
kdf lnOG5 .
iv s'g} sfd ug{ jf k]zfsf] cEof; ug{ ;/sf/af6 lng'kg{]
:jLs[lt .
v o; ;Gbe{df k|ltG eGgfn] s'g} Ps JolQmn] s'g} j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] pkef]u ubf{ csf]{ JolQmsf nflu To;sf] pkof]u ug{
kfpg] df}sf 36\g' xf] .
vi afXo cj:yfx -Externalities_ eGgfn] s'g} cfly{s
lqmofsnfksf] pQm lqmofsnfk;u ;DaGw gePsf afXo
JolQmxdf kg{ hfg] c;/ xf] . of] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
b'j} x'g ;Sb5 .
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vii jfl0fHojfb

(Mercantilism) eGgfn] cfoft lgoGq0f u/L

lgof{t j[l4 ul/of] eg] cy{tGq ;'b[9 x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf
cfwfl/t cfly{s Joj:yf xf] .

viii ;+/If0fjfb (Protectionism) eg]sf] ;/sf/f/f

b]zdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/df lgoGq0f /fvL 3/]n' pBf]u /
Jofkf/nfO{ k|lt:kwf{af6 ;+/If0f lbg] cfly{s gLlt xf] .
ix ;g\ !(## sf] g]zgn l/se/L PS6 (National
n]
cd]l/sfsf
tTsflng
Recovery
Act)
/fi6kltnfO{ cfly{s axfnsf nflu pBf]u lgoGq0f u/L
ldn]dtf] / Psflwsf/ nufpg] cg'dlt lbPsf] lyof] .
x Go" l8n (New Deal) eGgfn] !(@( df ;'? ePsf] cfly{s
dxfdGbLsf] k|ltlqmof:jk !(## b]lv !(#^ ;Dd ;~rfng
ul/Psf ljleGg cfly{s sfo{qmdx eGg] a'lemG5 .
xi l;lG8s]6 / sf6]{lnsf] cEof; eGgfn] s'g} If]qsf
pBdLxn] cfkm"cfkm"df Pp6f u'6 agfO{ pQm pBdsf]
If]qnfO{ u}/sfg"gL kdf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a'emfpb5 .
o:tf] lgoGq0fdf ;a} ldn]/ d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{b]lv lnP/ gof
pBdLnfO{ To; pBddf cfpgaf6 /f]Sg] jf cGo tl/sfaf6
lgoGq0f ug]{h:tf lqmofsnfkx kb{5g\ .

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

;d[l4 M b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfpG8]zg

Ps kl/ro
;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfpG8]zg cfkm}df :jtGq,
u}//fhgLlts, u}/gfkmfd"ns z}lIfs tyf cg';Gwfg ;+:yf
xf] . o; ;+:yfn] g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+nfO{ s]Gb| agfP/
;fj{hlgs gLlt cWoog ug]{ ;+:yfsf kdf cfkm"nfO{ ;lqmo
u/fPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf /fhg}lts :jtGqtf / nf]stGq k'g:yf{kgf
ug{sf nflu ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng -@)^#)^$_
;u} o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; ;+:yfsf]
kl/sNkgf Ps ;d[4 g]kfn xf], hxf ;a} g]kfnLx
;d'Ggt / k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf sfg"gL zf;gsf] ;Ddfg
ub}{ cj;/sf ;dfg kx'r;lxt ;d'Ggt / ;Ddfgk"0f{
hLjgofkg ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
o; ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] cjwf/0ff k|fKt ug{sf nflu :jtGq
cg';Gwfgaf6
;fj{hlgs,
/fhg}lts
/
cfly{s
:jtGqtfsf] ljrf/nfO{ a9fjf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . o;
sfo{sf nflu o; ;+:yfn] z}lIfs sfo{qmd / ;fj{hlgs
;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; ;+:yfn] cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{
kIfsf kdf lghL pBdnfO{ lnG5 . o;sf/0f o; ;+:yfn]
nf]stGqsf] ;'b[l9s/0f / cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cg's"n
jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df cfkm"nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;lqmo / s]lGb|t
u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 .

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jt{dfg ;dodf ;d[l4 ;+:yfn] ;~rfng

ul//x]sf s]xL sfo{qmdx
z}lIfs tyf tflnd sfo{qmd
;d[l4sf] z}lIfs tyf tflnd sfo{qmd, o; ;+:yfn]
/fi6sf o'jfxleq /x]sf] pBdzLntfnfO{ sfo{kdf
Nofpgsf nflu Jofks kdf o'jfx;usf] sfo{ut
Pstfdf hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] xfn;Dd
@ b]lv :gfts tx;Ddsf ljBfyL{xdfem cfkm\gf]
z}lIfs tyf tflnd sfo{qmdxnfO{ s]lGb|t u/]sf]
5 . o:tf sfo{qmdcGt{ut Pslbg] sfo{zfnfsf]
cfof]hgf, cfjf;Lo sfo{qmd, 5nkmn sfo{qmd, pBdzLntf;u
;DalGwt j[Qlrq k|bz{gL / ahf/ tyf cy{tGqnfO{ k|efj
kfg]{ gLltut Joj:yfxdflysf] 5nkmn cflb kb{5g\ .
o; ;+:yfn] lgoldt kdf ;~rfng ug]{ s]xL sfo{qmdx
lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
-s_ cyf{no M cy{tGq tyf pBdzLntf ljBfno
-v_ gLltzfnf M ;fj{hlgs gLlt 5nkmn
-u_ 8s' ;+jfb M pBdzLntf / hLjgofkg;u ;DalGwt

j[Qlrq k|bz{gL / 5nkmn sfo{qmd
-f_ o'jfxsf nflu k|lzIf0f (Intrenship) sf] cj;/

cg';Gwfg tyf k|sfzg

;+d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfpG8]zgn] ;fj{hlgs gLlt;u
;DalGwt cg]s d'2fxaf/] cg';Gwfg ub}{ /
u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts
cy{zf:qnfO{ cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfgsf] s]Gb|df /fv]sf] 5 . To:t}
o; ;+:yfn] gLltut Joj:yfn] hg;fwf/0fsf] hLljsf]kfh{g;u
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ahf/sf u'0fx?
;DalGwt kIfxdfly kfg]{ k|efjsf] cWoognfO{ klg cfkm\gf]
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k|;f/0fdf nflu 5fkfdfWodsf ;fy} OG6/g]6 ;~hfnsf] klg
pkof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|sfzg Towards
Enterprise Building in Nepal klg cg';Gwfg k|sfzgsf] Pp6f
dfWod ag]sf] 5 . xfn cfP/ o; ;+:yfn] g]kfndf
lgolGqt / s]lGb|s[t cfly{s k|0ffnLeGbf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf]
af6f] / d'2fnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;xof]u ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf
cGt/f{li6o:t/df Vofltk|fKt k':tsxsf] g]kfnL efiffdf
cg'jfb / k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{df klg cfkm"nfO{ ;lqmo u/fPsf]
5.

;j{;fwf/0f;usf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

;j{;fwf/0f;usf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdcGtu{t o; ;+:yfn]
tTsflns d'2fxaf/]df ;DalGwt /x]/ 5nkmn
sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{, j}slNks gLlt lgdf{0fsf
nflu
gLlt
lgdf{tfxsf]
Wofg
cfslif{t
u/fpg cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{, pBdLxnfO{
cfkm\gf] cg'ej af8\gsf nflu af]Ng] d~r k|bfg
ug]{ / ;+jfb sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o
;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx kb{5g\ . o;sf
cltl/Qm o; ;+:yfn] /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o ;~hfndfkm{t\
ljleGg If]q;u ;DalGwt / leGgleGg cg'ej af]s]sf
JolQmxnfO{ ljZjJoj:yf;u ;DalGwt cg]s gLltut
d'2fxdflysf] 5nkmnsf nflu Ps 7fpdf pEofpg] sfo{ klg
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
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;j{;fwf/0fdfem ;DkGg ePsf s]xL sfo{qmdx

s= gLltut 5nkmn
v= pBdLx?;u lgoldt cGt{lqmof sfo{qmd
u= ;d;fdlos jfbljjfb -5nkmn_
3= ljleGg cleofgx -h:t}M nf]stGq eg]sf]=== cleofg_
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sfo{qmdxafx]s, o; ;+:yf
u/L vfg kfpg] g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu ;~rflnt
/fli6o cleofg u/L vfg b]pm (www.
livablenepal.org) df cfa4 x'g kfpbf uf}/jflGjt
5 . o; cleofgn] sfg"gsf] zf;g, hLjg / ;DklQsf]
;'/Iff / :jtGqtfnfO{ u/L vfg kfpg] g]kfn lgdf{0fsf
nflu k"j{zt{sf
kdf ln+b} cToGt bogLo /x]sf]
sfg"gljxLg cj:yf / bf]ifLn] sfg"gL b08 kfpg'kg]{
s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm klg o; ;+:yfn]
/fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] If]qdf cg';Gwfg / cWoogsf nflu
k|f]T;fxg / 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{sf nflu Political Economic
Resource Center, (PERC) sf] klg :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 .

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ahf/sf u'0fx?
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu

;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfpG8]zg

$!^, eLd;]guf]nf dfu{, dLgejg, vl/af]6
Kff]:6 aS; g+= M *(&#, Pg= lk= ;L= ^&*
sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]g
km\ofS;

M -(&& !_ $$^ $^!^$$* $)!^

M -(&& !_ $$* %#(!

Od]n
M
j]a;fO6 M

info@samriddhi.org
www.samriddhi.org

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cGo k|sfzgx?
1. Towards Enterprise Building in Nepal
2. Towards Enterprise Building in Nepal (Vol.II)
3.
4.

cfly{s :jtGqtf
pBdzLntf ljsf;df ahf/sf] e"ldsf

5. Role of Rule of Law in Enterprise Building

pNn]lvt k|sfzgx? ;d[l4, b k|f]:k]l/6L kmfp08]zgdf

pknAw 5g\ .

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ahf/sf u'0fx?

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