Chemical Reactions

Chapter 9

A Chemical Change HAS occurred if one of the following occurs:

1. A solid separates from a liquid. 2. A gas is produced. 3. The colors of the chemicals change permanently. 4. The temperature of the substances changes. 5. Light or sound is produced.

Chemical Formulas (Terms)

Chemical changes are represented by chemical formulas and equations Chemical formulas represent the chemical composition of substances (whats in it and how many) Chemical equations represent the changes that take place in those compositions as the substances react (X + Y XY)

Example of a Molecular Formula

Methane (common name)
One carbon bonded with four hydrogen atoms 1st - Use symbols 2nd - Use subscripts (small numbers below the line) If no number is written, 1 is implied

Molecular Models: 3D representation to show the relative sizes of atoms. Molecular Formulas: show ALL atoms in a molecule C6H12O6 Empirical Formulas: show only the relative proportions (lowest ratio) of atoms in a molecule. CH2O

Oxidation Numbers
tell how many electrons an element is likely to gain, lose, or share as it bonds to other atoms. May either be positive (+) or negative (-)

 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Metals : lose / low electronegativity Nonmetals: gain / high electronegativity Alkali metals: +1 Alkaline-earth metals: +2 Noble gases: 0 Halogens: -1 Oxygen family: -2

There are some elements that can have multiple possible oxidation numbers: N, Fe

The Sum of oxidation numbers in a compound MUST be Zero

Writing Formulas
Step 1: Write the symbols next to each other. Always put less electronegative element first. Step 2: Use periodic table to find oxidation numbers (page 190) Write numbers above symbols. SUM OF OXIDATION #s MUST BE 0 Step 3: Criss-cross numbers to subscripts. Example: Magnesium and Chlorine

Practice
Sodium and Sulfur

Iron (III) and Oxygen

Phosphorus (V) and Sulfur

Polyatomic Ions
Ions composed of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and act as a single particle. Refer to page 193

Practice
Magnesium and Hydroxide

Sodium and Bicarbonate

Naming Binary Covalent Compounds

Binary compounds: compounds with only two elements.
First name: parent name Second name: parent name with ending changed to (-ide) If number is different use Greek prefixes to show difference. pg. 195

Examples
CO

P2O5

Binary Ionic Compounds

Same rules apply as before, but NO GREEK PREFIXES ARE USED. Examples
NH4Cl

BaSO4