Water hammer

1.- Input data Speed of sound in water

Operating pressure and flowrate
p
op
= 13.8 bar
Q = 108.0 m
3
/h c: speed of sound (m/s)
Pipe data K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Material: Carbon Steel : water density (kg/m)
d
n
= 8 in c
(K / )^0.5
sch = 40 - K = 2.1E+09 Pa
L = 1524.0 m = 1000 kg/m
Steel pipe elasticity module c = 1438.2 m/s
E
t
= 2,059,397 bar
s 3.- Celerity
Bulk modulus and density of water
K = 20,684 bar
= 1,000 kg/m
2.- Auxiliary variables
Pipe dimensions a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
d
i
= Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch c: speed of sound (m/s)
d
i
= 202.74 mm d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s = Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
s = 8.18 mm K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a = c / (1 + (K/E
t
) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
Pipe section area c = 1438.2 m/s
A = (pi()/4)*d^2 K = 2.1E+09 Pa
d = 0.2027 m E
t
= 2.1E+11 Pa
A = 0.0323
m
2
d = 202.74 mm
s = 8.18 mm
Fluid velocity a = 1286.9 m/s
v = Q / A
Q= 0.0300
m
3
/s
A = 0.0323 m
2
v = 0.93 m/s
Bulk modulus of water Steel elasticity modulus
K = 2.1E+09 Pa E
t
= 2.10E+06 kp/cm
K = 20,684 bar E
t
= 2.06E+11 Pa
E
t
= 2.1E+06 bar
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
s
d
E
K
c
a
t
1

K
c =
4.- Velocity change 7. Critical time 8.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a Not Sudden
Initial velocity Maximum over- pressure or under- Shutoff "NSS"
v
i
= 0.93 m/s pressure are obtained when the
Final velocity shutoff time "At", is less or equal to For a shutoff time greater than the
v
f
= 0.00 m/s the critical time "t
c
", critical time, the Michaud relation can
Velocity change be used.
Av = vf - vi m/s
Av =
-0.93 m/s
t
c
= 2 * L / a h
NSS
: presure increment in a Non
5.- Pressure increment due to water L = 1,524 m Sudden Shutoff
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff.
a = 1286.9 m/s h
SS
: Pressure increment in a Sudden
t
c
= 2.4 s Shutoff (Joukovsky)
The pressure increment can be t
c
: Critical time
calculated with Joukovsky elasticity Michaud At : Valver closing time
theory, by a Sudden Shutoff "SS"
Valve closing time
h
SS
=
(- a * Av ) / g At =
a = 1286.9 m/s
Av = -0.93 m/s Pressure ncrement (NSS)
h = 122 m h
NSS
=
h
SS
= 12.0 bar h
SS
=
t
c
=
6.- Total pressure developed by a At =
sudden shutoff h
NSS
=
p
tot_SS
= p
op
+ h
SS
p
op
= 13.8 bar 9. Pressure developed due to valve
h
SS
= 12.0 bar shutoff in the time interval At > t
c
p
tot_SS
= 25.8 bar
p
tot_NSS
=
p
op
=
h
NSS
=
p
tot_NSS
=
a
L
c

=
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
A
=
A
=

=
A

=
A

=
=
A
A

A
=
A

A
=
A
A
=
c
SS NSS
c SS NSS
c
SS NSS
SS NSS
SS
NSS
NSS
NSS
h h
h h
a
L
with
a
L
h h
a
L
h h
h
g
v a
a
L
g
v a
h
L
g
v
h
g
v L
h
1
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
t
t
A
=
c
SS NSS
h h
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
8.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a Not Sudden
Shutoff "NSS"
Michad
For a shutoff time greater than the
critical time, the Michaud relation can

h
NSS
: presure increment in a Non Joujovsky
Sudden Shutoff
h
SS
: Pressure increment in a Sudden
Shutoff (Joukovsky)
t
c
: Critical time
At : Valver closing time
Valve closing time
5.0 s E
t
= 2,059,397 bar
s
Pressure ncrement (NSS) Bulk modulus and density of water
h
SS
*( t
c
/ At ) K = 20,684 bar
12.0 bar
2.4 s
5.0 s
5.7 bar
9. Pressure developed due to valve
shutoff in the time interval At > t
c
p
op
+ h
NSS
13.8 bar
5.7 bar
19.5 bar
g
v a
h
SS
A
=
a
L
c

=
2
t
t A
A
=
g
v L
h
NSS
2
t
t
A
=
c
SS NSS
h h
t
t
A
=
c
SS NSS
h h
Water hammer [2] Tyler, page 228
Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
the valve closes in a time "At"?
1. Data, SI Pipe section 3.-Speed of sound in water
Tyler data in Anex A (This page, below) A = (pi()/4)*d^2
d = 0.2027 m
Operating pressure and flowrate A = 0.0323 m
2
p = 15.6 bar Material data c: speed of sound (m/s)
Q = 0.0300 m
3
/s Bulk modulus and density of water K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Pipe data K = 20,684 bar : water density (kg/m)
Material: PEAD = 1,000 kg/m c
d
n
= 8 in Steel pipe elasticity module K =
sch = 40 - E
t
= 2,068,428 bar
=
L = 3000.0 m c =
Valve closing time 2. Fluid velocity
At = 2.8 s v = Q / A
Pipe dimensions Q= 0.0300 m
3
/s
d
i
= Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch A = 0.0323
m
2
d
i
= 202.74 mm v = 0.93 m/s
s = Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch
s = 8.18 mm
5.- Pressure increment due to water 6.- Maximum pressure developed due to 8.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff hammer produced by a Not sudden
shutoff.
The pressure increment can be calculated p
max
= p
op
+ h For a shutoff time greater than the
with Joukovsky elasticity theory p
op
= 15.6 bar critical time, the Michaud relation can
h = 12.0 bar be used.
p
max
= 27.5 bar
h : pressure increment [mwc] p
max
= 399.2 psi
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Av : speed variation [m/s] 7. Critical time AP: presure increment (mwc)
Av =
v
final
- v
initial
L : pipe length (m)
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under-
Av :speed change
The pressure change "h" is pressure are obtained when the g : acceleration of gravity m/s
h =
(- a * Av ) / g shutoff time "At", is less or equal to At: shutoff time interval (s)
a = 1287.5 m/s the critical time "t
c
",
Av = vf - vi m/s AP =
vf = 0 m/s h =
vi = 0.93 m/s L =
Av =
-0.93 m/s t
c
= 2 * L / a a =
g = 9.81 m/s L = 3,000 m
At =
g
v a
h
A
=

K
c =
a
L
c

=
2
t
h = 122 mwc a = 1287.5 m/s AP =
h = 12.0 bar
t
c
=
4.7 s
Anex A
Anex A. Tyler data Data, SI Tyler results
p = 200 psi p = 13.8 bar
d
n
= 8 in d
n
= 8 in 5.- Celerity
sch = 40 sch = 40 a =
L = 5,000 ft L = 1,524 m Calculated value
Q = 2,800 gpm Q = 0.177
m
3
/s
a =
t = 5 s t = 5 s 6.- Pressure increment due to water
Bulk modulus of water hammer produced by a sudden shutoff.
k = 300,000 psi k = 20,684 bar h =
= 1000 kg/m k = 2,068 Mpa Calculated value
Pipe elasticity module h =
E = 30,000,000 psi E = 2,068,428 bar 8. Pressure developed due to valve
E = 206,843 Mpa shutoff in the time interval At > t
c
p
max
=
d
i
= 202.74 mm Calculated value
s = 8.18 mm
p
max
=
g = 9.80665 m/s
Water hammer [2] Tyler, page 228
Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
the valve closes in a time "Dt"?
1. Data, SI Pipe section 3.-Water speed of sound
Tyler data in Anex A (This page, below) A = (pi()/4)*d^2
d = 0.20274 m
Operating pressure and flowrate A = 0.03228262 m2
p = 13.78952 bar Material data c: speed of sound (m/s)
Q = 0.17665256 m3/s Bulk modulus and density of water K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
Pipe data K = 20684.28 bar r: water density (kg/m)
Material: Carbon steel r = 1000 kg/m c
dn = 8 in Steel pipe elasticity module K =
sch = 40 - Et = 2068428 bar r =
L = 1524 m c =
Valve closing time 2. Fluid velocity
Dt = 5 s v = Q / A
Pipe dimensions Q= 0.17665256 m3/s
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch A = 0.03228262 m2
di = 202.74 mm v = 5.47206402 m/s
s = Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch
s = 8.18 mm
5.- Pressure increment due to water 6.- Maximum pressure developed due to 8.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff hammer produced by a Not sudden
shutoff.
The pressure increment can be calculated pmax = pop + h For a shutoff time greater than the
with Joukovsky elasticity theory pop = 13.8 bar critical time, the Michaud relation can
h = 70.5 bar be used.
pmax = 84.2 bar
h : pressure increment [mwc] pmax = 1221.8 psi
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Dv : speed variation [m/s] 7. Critical time DP: presure increment (mwc)
Dv = vfinal - vinitial L : pipe length (m)
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under- Dv :speed change
The pressure change "h" is pressure are obtained when the g : acceleration of gravity m/s
h = (- a * Dv ) / g shutoff time "Dt", is less or equal to Dt: shutoff time interval (s)
a = 1287.476435 m/s the critical time "tc",
Dv = vf - vi m/s DP =
vf = 0 m/s h =
vi = 5.47 m/s L =
Dv = -5.47 m/s tc = 2 * L / a a =
g = 9.80665 m/s L = 1524 m Dt =
h = 718.4 mwc a = 1287.5 m/s DP =
h = 70.45 bar tc = 2.4 s
Anex A
Anex A. Tyler data Data, SI Tyler results
p = 200 psi p = 13.78952 bar
dn = 8 in dn = 8 in 5.- Celerity
sch = 40 sch = 40 a =
L = 5000 ft L = 1524 m Calculated value
Q = 2800 gpm Q = 0.17665256 m3/s a =
t = 5 s t = 5 s 6.- Pressure increment due to water
Bulk modulus of water hammer produced by a sudden shutoff.
k = 300000 psi k = 20684.28 bar h =
r = 1000 kg/m k = 2068.428 Mpa Calculated value
Pipe elasticity module h =
E = 30000000 psi E = 2068428 bar 8. Pressure developed due to valve
E = 206842.8 Mpa shutoff in the time interval Dt > tc
pmax =
di = 202.74 mm Calculated value
s = 8.18 mm pmax =
g = 9.80665 m/s
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
3.-Speed of sound in water 4.- Celerity
c: speed of sound (m/s)
K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
: water density (kg/m) a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
(K / )^0.5 c: speed of sound (m/s)
2.1E+09 Pa d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
1000 kg/m s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
1438.2 m/s K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a = c / (1 + (K/E
t
) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
c = 1438.2 m/s
K = 2.1E+09 Pa
E
t
= 2.1E+11 Pa
d = 202.74 mm
s = 8.18 mm
a = 1287.5 m/s
8.- Pressure increment due to water
AP =
h *( t
c
/ At )
hammer produced by a Not sudden h = 12.0 bar
t
c
= 4.7 s
For a shutoff time greater than the
At =
2.8 s
critical time, the Michaud relation can
AP =
19.91 bar

9. Pressure developed due to valve
shutoff in the time interval At > t
c
At =
2.8 s
AP: presure increment (mwc)
L : pipe length (m) p
max
= p
op
+ h
Av :speed change
p
op
= 15.6 bar
g : acceleration of gravity m/s h = 19.9 bar
At: shutoff time interval (s)
p
max
= 35.5 bar
p
max
= 514.5 psi
AP =
2 * h * L / (a * At) L =
12.0 bar Av =
3000.0 m At =
1287.5 m/s
AP =
2.8 s
AP =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
s
d
E
K
c
a
t
1

K
c =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
s
d
E
K
a
t
1
2 . 1483
t
t
t
t
A
A
= A
A

A
= A
A

A
= A
A
=
A

= A
g
v L
P
L
g
v
P
a
L
g
v a
P
g
v a
h
a
L
h P
2
2
2
2
19.9 bar
1287.9 m/s
Calculated value
1287.5 m/s
6.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Bulk modulus of water
70.5 bar k = 22000 bar
Calculated value
12.0 bar Pipe elasticity module
8. Pressure developed due to valve E = 2068428 bar
shutoff in the time interval At > t
c
44.7 bar Note 1.
Calculated value Tyler error
35.5 bar 484 + 200 = 684 (psi) = 47.16 (bar)
Carlos J. Cruz. Rev.15.01.2012
Maximum pressure developed in a water pipeline with a pressure "p", if a valve is closed nearly instantly or pumps discharging into the line are
all stoped at the same instant. Pipe data is: "steel", "dn", "sch", "L". The water flow rate is "Q". What is the maximum pressure developed if
3.-Water speed of sound 4.- Celerity
c: speed of sound (m/s)
K: water bulk modulus (Pa)
r: water density (kg/m) a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
(K / r )^0.5 c: speed of sound (m/s)
2.068E+09 Pa d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
1000 kg/m s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
1438.203 m/s K: water bulk modulus (bar)
a = c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
c = 1438.203045 m/s
K = 2068428000 Pa
Et = 2.06843E+11 Pa
Note 1
d = 202.74 mm
s = 8.18 mm
a = 1287.5 m/s
8.- Pressure increment due to water DP = h *( tc / Dt )
hammer produced by a Not sudden h = 70.4515348 bar
tc = 2.367421971 s
For a shutoff time greater than the Dt = 5 s
critical time, the Michaud relation can DP = 33.35770227 bar

9. Pressure developed due to valve
shutoff in the time interval Dt > tc
Dt = 5 s
DP: presure increment (mwc)
L : pipe length (m) pmax = pop + h
Dv :speed change pop = 13.78952 bar
g : acceleration of gravity m/s h = 33.35770227 bar
Dt: shutoff time interval (s) pmax = 47.14722227 bar
pmax = 683.8123774 psi
2 * h * L / (a * Dt)
70.45 bar
1524.00 m
1287.48 m/s
5.00 s
33.4 bar
1287.9 m/s
Calculated value
1287.4764 m/s
6.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Bulk modulus of water
70.5 bar k = 22000 bar
Calculated value
70.451535 bar Pipe elasticity module
8. Pressure developed due to valve E = 2068428 bar
shutoff in the time interval Dt > tc
44.67 bar Note 1.
Calculated value Tyler error
47.147222 bar 484 + 200 = 684 (psi) = 47.16 (bar)
Carlos J. Cruz. Rev.15.01.2012

AP = h * 2 * L / (a * At)
h = 122.0 m
L = 3000.0 m
a = 1287.5 m/s
At =
2.8 s
AP =
203.1 m
AP =
19.9 bar
2 * L * Av / (g * At)
3000.0 m/s
0.93 s
2.8 s
203.1 m
19.9 bar
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
s
d
E
K
c
a
t
1
t A
A
= A
g
v L
P
2
t
t
t
t
A
A
= A
A

A
= A
A

A
= A
A
=
A

= A
g
v L
P
L
g
v
P
a
L
g
v a
P
g
v a
h
a
L
h P
2
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
s
d
E
K
c
a
t
1
Pehmco water-hammer [3], page 7.21
1. Data Pipe section
Operating pressure and flowrate A = (pi()/4)*d^2
p
op
= 158.63 mwc d = #VALUE! m
p
op
= 15.56 bar A = #VALUE!
m
2
Q = 30 l/s
Q = 0.030
m
3
/s
3. Material data
Pipe data Bulk modulus and density of water
Material: HDPE PE80 k = 22,000 bar
d
n
= 8 in
=
1000 kg/m
PN 17 bar Pipe elasticity module
L = 3000 m E
p
= 7,845 bar
Valve closing time 784.532 MPa
At = < Tc 4. Fluid velocity
2. Pipe dimensions and section v = Q / A
d
e
= Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dext_Dn Q= 0.0300
m
3
/s
d
e
= N/A mm A = #VALUE!
m
2
s = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Thickness_Dn_PN v = #VALUE! m/s
s = N/A mm
d
i
=
d
i
=
N/A mm
7.- Pressure increment due to water 8.- Maximum pressure developed due to
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. a sudden shutoff (Joukovsky)
For this case, the pressure increment can be P
max_Jouk
= p
op
+ h
Jouk
calculated with Joukovsky elasticity theory p
op
= 15.6 bar
h
Jouk
= #VALUE! bar
P
max_Jouk
= #VALUE! bar
h
Jouk
: pressure increment, Joukovsky #VALUE!
a : wave velocity [m/s]
Av : speed variation [m/s] 9. Critical time
Av =
v
final
- v
initial
g : acceleration of gravity m/s Maximum over- pressure or under-
The pressure change "h" is pressures are obtained when the
h
Jouk
=
(- a * Av ) / g
m
shutoff time "At", is less or equal to
a = #VALUE! m/s the critical time "t
c
",
Av = vf - vi m/s
vf = 0 m/s
vi = #VALUE! m/s
Av =
#VALUE! m/s t
c
= 2 * L / a
g = 9.81 m/s L = 3,000 m
h
Jouk
= #VALUE! mwc a = #VALUE! m/s
h
Jouk
=
#VALUE! bar
t
c
=
#VALUE! s
a
L
c

=
2
t
g
v a
h
Jouk
A
=
Approximate bulk modulus Steel elasticity modulus
E = 2.95E+07
Water 2.2109Pa (value increases at higher pressures) E = 2.03E+11
K = 2.20E+09 Pa E = 2.03E+06
K = 22,000 bar
Water bulh modulus
Air 1.42105Pa (adiabatic bulk modulus) Water
Air 1.01105Pa (constant temperature bulk modulus) K = 2.06E+04
K = 2.2E+09
K = 22,000
g = 9.80665 m/s
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
5.-Speed of sound in water a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
c: speed of sound (m/s)
d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
c: speed of sound (m/s) K: water bulk modulus (bar)
K: water bulk modulus (Pa) a = c / (1 + (K/E
p
) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
: water density (kg/m) c = 1483.2 m/s
c (K / )^0.5 K = 2.20E+09 Pa
K = 2.2E+09 Pa E
p
= 7.8E+08 Pa
= 1000 kg/m d = N/A mm
c = 1483.2 m/s s = N/A mm
6.- Celerity a = #VALUE! m/s

K
c =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
s
d
E
K
c
a
p
1
HDPE elasticity modulus
psi PEEC
Pa E
p
= 8,000 kp/cm
bar
E
p
=
7.8E+08 Pa
E
p
=
7,845 bar
kp/cm
Pa
bar
Slurry hammer [8]
Data
Operating pressure and flowrate Water
p
op
=
158.63 mwc E
L
: 2.2E+09
p
op
=
15.56 bar
L
= 1000
Q = 30 l/s
Q = 0.030 m
3
/s Valve closing time
At =
0.0
Pipe data
Material: HDPE PE80
d
n
= 8 in
PN 10 bar
L = 3000 m
E
P
: 7.8E+08 Pa
Slurry
C
v
= 0.4 -

s
= 1800 kg/m

L
= 1000 kg/m
E
S
: 1.17E+11 Pa
(Copper)
Celerity of slurries Slurry celerity calculation
a = ( ( ( (C
v
/
s
) + ((1-C
v
) / (
L
)) )*E
L
) / (1 - C
v
+ E
L
/E
s
* C
v
+ E
L
* D / (E
P
* e)) )^0.5
Eq. 20, [8], page 340 C
v
= 0.4

s
= 1800

L
= 1000
E
P
: 7.85E+08
E
L
: 2.2E+09
a
m2
: Celerity of an heterog. E
S
: 1.2E+11
C
v
: Solids concentration vol. D : N/A

s
: Solids density e : N/A

L
: Water density a = #VALUE!
E
P
: Elastic modulus pipe mat.
E
L
: Elastic modulus of liquid
E
S
: Elastic modulus of solids
D : Pipe diameter
e : Pipe wall thickness
e E
D E
C
E
E
C
E
C C
a
P
L
v
S
L
v
L
L
v
s
v
m

+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1
1
2

Pressure increment for heterogeneous sluryy, due to suddenly valve shut-off
In engineering practice the initial hammer pressure can usually be used to substitute
the slurry hammer pressure Eq. 33, page 344
P : slurry hammer pressure [Pa]
a
m
: celerity of mixture (slurry) [m/s]
u
m0
: velocity ofmixture (slurrry) before valve closure [m/s]

L
: liquid density [kg/m]

S
: solids density [kg/m]
C
V
: Volume concentration [ - ]
P = a
m
* u
m0
*
L
*
S
/ ( (1 - C
V
) *
S
+ C
V
*
L
)
a
m
= #VALUE! m/s
u
m0
= #VALUE! m/s

L
= 1000

S
= 1800
C
V
= 0.4
P = #VALUE! Pa
P = #VALUE! bar
Maximum pressure developed due to a sudden shutoff
P
max_Jouk
= p
op
+ P
P
op
= 15.56 bar
P = #VALUE! bar
P
max_Jouk
= #VALUE! bar
( )
L V S V
S L m m
C C
u a
P


+

=
1
0
Rev. cjc 30.01.2014
Pipe dimensions and section
Pa
d
e
=
Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dext_Dn
kg/m
d
e
=
N/A mm
s = Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Thickness_Dn_PN
s = N/A mm
s d
i
= Pipe_Imp_HDPE_PE80_Dint_Dn_PN
d
i
= N/A mm
A = (pi()/4)*d^2
d = #VALUE! m
A = #VALUE! m
2
Fluid velocity
v = Q / A
Q= 0.0300 m
3
/s
A = #VALUE!
m
2
v = #VALUE! m/s
( ( ( (C
v
/
s
) + ((1-C
v
) / (
L
)) )*E
L
) / (1 - C
v
+ E
L
/E
s
* C
v
+ E
L
* D / (E
P
* e)) )^0.5
-
kg/m
kg/m
Pa Pipe : HDPE
Pa Liquid: Water
Pa Solids: copper
mm
mm
m/s

[9]
a =
a: wave velocity
C: speed of sound
k: water bulk modulus
E:pipe elasticity modulus
DR: dimension Ratio
c =
k =
E
PVC 12454
=
E
PE 3408
=
a)
Av =
Material
DR =
Celerity
a =
c =
K =
E =
DR =
a =
Surge pressure
Ps =
a =
Av =
g =
Ps =
b)
Av =
Material
DR =
Celerity
a =
c =
K =
E =
DR =
a =
Surge pressure
Ps =
a =
Av =
g =
Ps =
a = c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
a: wave velocity
C: speed of sound
k: water bulk modulus
E:pipe elasticity modulus
DR: dimension Ratio
c = 4,660 fps
k = 300,000 psi
E
PVC 12454
= 400,000 psi
E
PE 3408
= 115,000 psi
a)
Av = 2 fps
Material PVC 12454
DR = 25
Celerity
a = c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
c = 4,660 fps
K = 300,000 psi
E = 400,000 psi
DR = 25
a = 1,091 fps
Surge pressure
Ps = a * AV / (2.31*g)
a = 1,091 fps
Av = 2 fps
g = 32.2 ft/s
Ps = 29.3 psi
( ) 2 1 +
=
DR
E
k
c
a
b)
Av = 2 fps
Material PE 3408
DR = 11
Celerity
a = c / ( 1 + (k/E) * (DR-2) )^0.5
c = 4,660 fps
K = 300,000 psi
E = 115,000 psi
DR = 11
a = 942 fps
Surge pressure
Ps = a * AV / (2.31*g)
a = 942 fps
Av = 2 fps
g = 32.2 ft/s
Ps = 25.3 psi
Tehmco
a
m2
: Celerity of an heterogeneous fluid
C
v
: Solids concentration by volume

s
: Solids density

L
: Water density
E
P
: Elastic moduli of pipe material
E
L
: Elastic modulus of liquid
E
S
: Elastic modulus of solids

T
: tension stress on the pipe wall
D : Pipe diameter
e : Pipe wall thickness
Eq. 20, [8], page 340
[8] http://tech.scichina.com:8082/sciEe/fileup/PDF/98ye0337.pdf
e E
D E
C
E
E
C
E
C C
a
P
L
v
S
L
v
L
L
v
s
v
m

+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1
1
2

Pressure increment for heterogeneous sluryy, due to suddenly valve shut-off
( )
L V S V
S L m m
C C
u a
P


+

=
1
0
( )
w v s v
s w
C C
v a
P


+

=
1
[10]
http://www.plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter06.pdf
Design of PE Piping Systems
Chapter 6, page 161
PE pipes can safely tolerate the commonly observed maximum peak
temporary surge pressure of twice the steady state condition.
Repetead cyclel loads
Long-term strength of PE pipes is not adversely affected by repeated
cyclic load. Thus, PE pipes are very fatigue resistant.
Recurring surge pressures
Negative pressures
Design principles
Recurring surge pressures
Temporary surge pressures
PE pipes can safely tolerate the commonly observed maximum peak
temporary surge pressure of twice the steady state condition.
Repetead cyclel loads
Long-term strength of PE pipes is not adversely affected by repeated
cyclic load. Thus, PE pipes are very fatigue resistant.
Occasional surge pressures
Recurring surge pressures
Negative pressures
Design principles
Occasional surge pressures
Recurring surge pressures
ed _compensat temerature tot
surge sustained tot
2 PR P
P P P
s
+
=
ed _compensat temerature tot
5 . 1 PR P s
[2] Tyler
Power generation calculations reference
Tyler G. Hicks., P.E., Editor
The McGraw-Hill Engineering reference guide series
1985
Water-hammer in liquid pipelines. Page 228
[3] Productos PECC http://issuu.com/rockoicm/docs/catalogo_final_tehmco
Tehmco S.A.
Example page 7.21
[4] Heat ans mass transfer
Anthony F. Mills
Irwin, 1995
[5] Heat transfer
J. P. Holman
McGraw-Hill, 1989
[6] Water Hammer
by Robert Pelikan
April 1, 2005
[7]
[8] http://tech.scichina.com:8082/sciEe/fileup/PDF/98ye0337.pdf
[9]
http://www.plasticengineeredproducts.com/manufacturers/unibell/pubs/uni-tr-7.pdf
[10] http://www.plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter06.pdf
Design of PE Piping Systems
http://issuu.com/rockoicm/docs/catalogo_final_tehmco
Mendiluce
Altura piezomtrica 158.67 m
Velocidad de rgimen del agua 0.93 m/s
Aceleracion de la gravedad 9.81 m/s2
Longitud de la conduccin 3000 m
Coeficiente C 1 adim
Coeficiente K 1 adim
Altura manomtrica 158.714083 m
Tiempo 2.79192461 seg