Islamic Banking

2
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb cKvkbvq mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k 55/we, cyivbv cb (12 Zjv), wRwcI e 940, XvKv-1000 MKvi c_g cKvk t Ryb 2007 cybgy`Y t Avei 2008 wZxq msiY t RyjvB 2010 gy`Y eevcbvq myifx GUvicvBR gy`Y niv wcUvm 30/2, ng` `vm ivW, myvcyi, XvKv1100 g~j t 200 UvKv
Islami Bankbabostha (Islamic Banking System) Written by Muhammad Abdul Mannan Managing Director Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb
Published by
Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh 55/B, Purana Paltan (11th Floor), GPO Box 940, Dhaka-1000 Phone # 880-2-7161693, Fax # 880-2-7161761
e-mail : csbibinfo@yahoo.com http://www.csbib.org
mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k
Publishing at July 2010 Price : BDT. 200
ISBN : 984-300-000685-3
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKeev
wZxq msiY jLKi K_v

Bmjvgx evsKeev MwU 2007 mvj cKvwkZ nIqvi ci mswk mKj gnji evcK mgvì jvf KiQ Ges BZvga GKvwaKevi gyw`Z mKj Kwc wbtkwlZ nqQ Rb Avwg Avjvn iveyj Avjvgxbi ìevi Kwiqv Av`vq KiwQ|
evsjv`k Bmjvgx A_bxwZi AbZg ^c iPbvKvix gvIjvbv gynvv` Ave`yi inxg (i)-Gi cwe wZi Dk|
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi MZ KqK eQi AbK BwZevPK DbwZ NUQ| bZzb bZzb evsK Bmjvgx cwZ AbymiYi evcvi GwMq GmQ| weklZt `ki c_g cRbi evsK wnme mvbvjx evsK, AMYx evsK I c~evjx evsK Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg ii D`vM wbqQ| Aviv ek KwU evsK Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv Lvjvi cwiKbv KiQ| mcwZ evsjv`k evsK Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Rb Avjv`v wb`kbv Rvwi KiQ| G meB Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Dbqbi avivq GKKwU Zvrchc~Y NUbv| GUv LyeB Avkvi K_v h, Avwk I beB-Gi GKK `kK evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi h AMMwZ NUQ, mvcwZK GKKwU eQi m Abyic DbwZ Avgiv j KiwQ| Avgiv hviv evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi hvv iZ G Av`vjb kixK nIqvi myhvM cqwQjvg Zvì Rb Gme Lei KZUv Avbì Zv fvlvq cKvk Kiv me bq| evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi cmvii mv_ mv_ Bmjvgx evsKvi I Zvì MvnKì Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welq Aaqb I PPv evovZ ne| G KviY DchvMx eBqi Pvwn`v gB evoQ| wK m Pvwn`v c~iYi DchvMx eBqi GLbv h_ NvUwZ iqQ ej gb Kwi| m cUf~wgZ Bmjvgx evsKeev cvVKì Pvwn`v c~iY wKQzUv f~wgKv cvjb KiQ GUv AekB Avbì K_v| eZgvb msiY mswk evsKmg~ni h_vme mekl Z_ msMn Ki MwU cwigvRb Ki cKvk Kiv njv| G KvR Askx`vi mKji KjvY Kvgbv KiwQ| 02 RyjvB 2010 gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb eevcbv cwiPvjK Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKeev
wZxq msiY cKvkKi K_v

Bmjvgx evsKeev wbq wekevcx h evcK MelYv Kvhg cwiPvwjZ nQ m Zzjbvq evsjv`k ek wcwQq| ZvwK w`K _K G wcwQq _vKvi AbZg cavb KviY GZ`msv cvgvY I MnYhvM eBcyKi Afve| evsjv fvlvq Bmjvgx evswKsqi Dci jLv gwjK I cvgvY eB-cyKi msLv wbZvB Kg| G w`Ki cwZ j iLB Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni mUvj kixqvn& evW cKvk KiwQj gvnv` Avyj gvbvb iwPZ Bmjvgx evsKeev kxlK MwU| Avjnvg`ywjjvn&! cKvki eQiLvbKi ga MwUi mKj Kwc kl nq hvIqvq Gi cybgy`Y Kiv nqwQj| MwU h evcK cvVKwcqZv cqQ GUv ZviB cgvY enb Ki| MwU Bmjvgx evswKsqi MelK, wkv_x, evsKvi, MvnKmn Abymwrmy cvVKeMi KvQ mijcvV I mnReva wnme ^xKwZ cqQGUvB Avgvì mv_KZv| cvVKeì AevnZ Pvwn`vi cwZ j iL h_vme mekl Z_ mshvRb Ki MwUi wZxq msiY cKvk Kiv njv| AvkvKwi G _K Zuviv Bmjvgx evswKs mK mgK vb ARb KiZ mg neb| gnvb Avjvn& iveyj Avjvgxb G M _K Avgvì mKjK c~Y dvq`v nvwmj Kivi ZvIdxK `vb Kib Ges Avgvì mKj wL`gZK `qv Ki Keyj Kib| Avgxb ! gvt gyLjQzi ingvb mUvwi Rbvij mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k
fwgKv
wewk Bmjvgx evsKvi gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb wjwLZ Bmjvgx evsKeev eBqi f~wgKv jLvi myhvM cq Avwg weklfve Avbw`Z| wbZw`bi e iwUb Ave _KI eB wjL Bmjvgx evsKeevq ckv`vix Ae`vb ivLvi Rb Rbve Ave`yj gvbvbK RvbvB gyeviKev`| eBwUi mwVK cwZ Dcvcbi ^v_ iZB jLK mK `yPviwU K_v ejv cqvRb eva KiwQ| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb egyLx cwZfvi AwaKvix GK weij ewZ| mvsevw`KZv, BwZnvm-HwZn, evswKs, mvwnZmeB Zuvi Aeva wePiY| Avgvì wkKo mvb Zuvi AvMn mxgvnxb| Rxebeva Ges Gi eve cqvM wZwb GKRb GKwb gymwjg| Bmjvgx evswKsqi GKwb meK wnme wZwb `k-we`k evcK AwfZv ARb KiQb| egvb cyK Zuvi m AwfZvi h_ cwZdjb NUQ| MZ Pvi `kK Bmjvgx evswKs GKwU mvbRbK, UKmB, mvebvgq, hyMvchvMx Ges mdj evswKs eev wnme mvivwek weklKi gymwjg wek mgv`Z nQ| Bmjvgx Dvni avb-aviYv, wekRyo Bmjvgx evswKsqi Dveb Bmjvgi cybRvMiYiB GKwU dmj| Bmjvgx Dvn G evcvi MweZ Ges Zvi eZgvb Pvwn`v nQ G evswKs hb ay cwZ cwieZb mxgve bv _K Bmjvgi Av_-mvgvwRK Dk evevqbi c`c bq| KviY evswKs GKwU gvag gv, kl Me bq| wK ip eveZv nQ Bmjvgx evsKeev hZw`b RvZxq my`x eevi cvkvcvwk GKwb Askx`vi wnme KvR Kie ZZw`b Bmjvgi Av_-mvgvwRK cvMvg evevqb ne bv| mwVK cwiek mwi c_g Ges cavb kZ nQ gymwjg wek evsKeevi mvweK BmjvgxKiY| Zvi Rb cqvRb evcK MYmPZbZv Ges MYmg_b| m j Avgvì Ggb ckv`vix mvwnZi cqvRb hv cwZme^ ne bv| mwVK cqvMi Rb cwZi cqvRb wbqB AvQ, Ze Zv h_ bq| cwZi cvkvcvwk AvgvìK iZ w`Z ne Bmjvgx evswKsqi `kb, gwjK g~jeva, Z Ges Gi Pov ji
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKeev
cwZ| AvjvP eBwUi cavb ewk nQ m iKgB GKwU `wfw| eBwUZ jLK mB AvjvPbv wbQK cwZZ mxgve bv iL Zv cQb Ges mvgb cmvwiZ KiQb| eBwUi iUv nqQ wkKoi AvjvPbv w`q| AvaywbK A_bxwZ I evswKs Pvjy nIqvi ec~e Avgvì h mKj c~em~ix A_bxwZZ Ae`vb iL MQb Zvì cwiPq Kwiq `qv nqQ Ges m AvjvPbv avivevwnKfve wbKU-AZxZ ch Uvbv nqQ| Gici mvwZKKvj Bmjvgx evswKsqi Z iPbv I cqvM hviv wewk Ae`vb iLQb ZvìKI cwiPq Kwiq `qv nqQ| eBwUZ Bmjvgx evsKeevi GKwU egvwK wP cvIqv hvq| evsjv`k cwZ GZ cvavb cjI AvRvwZK cwZ DcwZ nqwb| mnReva Kivi Rb AbK cPwjZ evsKeevKI cvkvcvwk Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| eBwUZ AbK Bmy, Z I Z_i DjL AvQ hvi m~ ai MelKMY Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evsKeevq g~jevb Ae`vb ivLZ cvieb| msc ejZ nq, eBwUi fvlv AZ cvj Ges mvejxj| eBwU mgqi Pvwn`vi m mwZc~Y| KgiZ evsKviMY GZ cveb Zvì KvRi mwVK Zvrch Ges w`Kwb`kbv, Avi mvaviY cvVKiv cveb Zvì AbK cki hywMvn Di| GB eB Bmjvgx evswKsqi cwZ mKj kYxi cvVKi AvMn evove Ges Gi AbyKj RbgZ mwZ mnvqK ne| Avjvn ZvAvjv MKviK G welq AviI Ae`vb ivLvi ZvIwdK `vb Kib| Avgxb! Gg Avhxhyj nK
cwZvZv I c_g mUvwi Rbvij evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsKvim& Gmvwmqkb I Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUWi c_g cavb wbevnx
gyLe
wek kZKi klva `ywbqvq cvq AakZ ^vaxb gymwjg ivi Afz`q NUQ| Gi ga w`q wewfb gymwjg `k wbR^ cwZZ Av_-mvgvwRK eev cwiPvjbvi AvKvv Rvi`vi nqQ| GB cZvkvi AbZg dmjic Bmjvgx evswKs welq wewfb `k AbK g~jevb MelYv Ges AvjvPbv-chvjvPbv nqQ| wewfb fvlvq e eBcI cKvwkZ nqQ| gymwjg wek MelYvi h aviv wwgZ nq cowQj mB aviv GLb GKwU bZzb MwZ jvf KiQ| RbMYi wecyj mvov I mg_bi dj weki Abvb vbi gZv evsjv`kI A mgqi ga Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Kvhg AvkvZxZ wewZ jvf I mdjZv ARb KiQ| gv `yB hyMi ga Bmjvgx evswKsqi `Z cmvi Ges Av_-mvgvwRK G evsKeevi ewj Ae`vb G `ki A_bxwZi avivq GK bZzb w`Mi DbvPb KiQ| Bmjvgx evsKeevK evsjv`ki RbMY LyeB mgvìi mv_ MnY Kivq Bmjvgx evswKs GLb GKwU `Z weKvkgvb eev wnme weewPZ nQ| Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi dj Bmjvgx A_bxwZi AbK welq mK RvbZ RbMY AvMnx nq DVQb| Bmjvgx A_eevi AbK bxwZ ew`b AcPwjZ _K AZvi AKvi nvwiq hZ emwQj| mme welq mK GLb Avevi Rvbvi myhvM mw nqQ| mv_ mv_ G mK AbK wRvmviI Rb nqQ| G meB Avgvi weePbvq AZ BwZevPK w`K| Bmjvgx evswKs mK evsKvi I MvnKì I ^Q aviYvi Ici G eevi mdjZv ejvsk wbfikxj| Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni KgKZv-KgPvix I Zvì mKj chvqi MvnK Ges mvaviYfve evsKvi, A_bxwZwe`, bxwZwbaviK, wkK, MelK, QvQvx, Bgvg, IqvqR I mgvRKgxmn mKj ii gvbyli aviYv my Kivi Rb mKj kYxi cvVKi DchvMx Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqK chv eBc cqvRb| G ZvwK I cvqvwMK vb I AwfZvmb evsKviMY meP ewk Ae`vb ivLZ cvib|
XvKv, 28 Ryb 2007
Bmjvgx evsKeev
10
Bmjvgx evsKeev
AvaywbK evsKeev wKfve Bmjvgx cwZZ MwZkxj f~wgKv cvjb Ki mgKvjxb mgvRi cqvRb gUvZ cvi m welq cqvRbxq Mi Afve c~iY Ges Bmjvgx evswKs mK RbMYi aviYv Dbqb gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvbi jLv Bmjvgx evsKeev GKwU g~jevb Ae`vb wnme weewPZ ne| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb GKKvji GKRb LvwZgvb mvsevw`K| eZgvb bZvbxq evsKvi| Zuvi mePq eo cwiwPwZ GKRb wkKomvbx MelK, wewk BwZnvmwe` I cvewK wnme| evsjv`ki RvZxq BwZnvm-HwZn, mgvR-mswZ I ivRbxwZ-A_bxwZ welq wZwb `xNw`b hver e gvvq KvR KiQb| Zuvi KqKwU MelYv M Avgvì RvZxq BwZnvmi Mw DbvPb AZ iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqI Zuvi ek wKQy Z_ej ce BZvga wewfb Rvbvj I c-cwKvq cKvwkZ nqQ| GLb Bmjvgx evswKs welq Zuvi GKwU c~Yv M cKvwkZ nIqvq Avwg LyeB Lywk nqwQ| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb Zuvi M `wLqQb, gvbemfZvi Rvbv BwZnvmi Kvb chvqB my`wfwK jb`bK mgvR-mswZi Kvb BwZevPK w`K wnme weePbv Kiv nqwb| cvPxbKvj _K mKj hyMi mKj ag I wewfb gvbweK `kb my`K mgvRi Rb wZKi I cwiZvR weePbv Kiv nqQ| evsjv`k Ges wekevcx my`gy A_bxwZ I Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjbi BwZnvm mK G eB _K msc GKwU Avbyc~weK aviYv cvIqv hve| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb Zuvi M myì msv, ewk, my` mK gZev` I gbvfve, my` I gybvdvi gaKvi cv_K cfwZ welq AZ mnRfve Dcvcb KiQb| Gi dj my` I eemvi gaKvi cv_K mKji KvQ my ne| Bmjvgx evsKi j, Dk, KgbxwZ, iZ I cqvRbxqZv, Bmjvgx A_bxwZi KjvYgyLx j ARb Bmjvgx evsKi f~wgKv, m` mw I eb my`x evsKi mv_ Bmjvgx evswKsGi cv_K cfwZ welq G eBZ PgrKvifve Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| Gi dj Avkv Kiv hvq cvVKì KvQ GUv my ne h, ay my`gy nIqv bq eis A_bxwZZ weKwZ I fvimvgnxbZvi KviYmg~n `~i Ki mvgwK KjvYi Av`k cwZvi RbB Bmjvgx evsK mK Rvbv Ges G j KvR Kiv cqvRb|
Bmjvgx evsKi gy`vivev I Avj Iqvw`qv Rgv-bxwZ Ges G evsKi wewfb aibi wewbqvM cwZ mK G eBZ aviYv cvIqv hve| Bmjvgx evsKi Rgv I wewbqvMi bxwZ I cwZ mK my aviYvi Afve, weklZ Bmjvgx evsKi Askx`vix, ePvKbv I fvovGB wZb cwZi wewbqvMi cv_K mK AbKi KvQ aviYv bv _vKvq Bmjvgx evswKs mK AbK fzj aviYv mgvRi wkwZ jvKì gaI Pvjy iqQ| G msv h ckjv hZ DcvwcZ nq, Zvi Ici GKwU c~Yv ^Z Aavq G eBZ mshvRb Ki mme cki Reve `qv nqQ| eBwU G fyj aviYv wbimb h_ mnvqK ne ej gb Kwi| eZgvb weki Bmjvgx evsKeev Ges weklfve evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~n hme evav I mgmv gyKvwejv KiQ jLK mjv G eBZ wPwZ KiQb Ges G mK wKQy mycvwik ck KiQb| `ki Bmjvgx evsKjv wbRì ga HK I wewfb welq mg^q mvabi Rb MVb KiQ mUvj kixqvn& evW| G evWi wewfbgyLx Kvhgi Ask wnme gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvbi Bmjvgx evsKeev eBwU cKvki wmv LyeB mgqvchvMx I h_v_ nqQ ej gb Kwi| G eBwU mUvj kixqvn& evW _K cKvki D`vM bqvi gZv `~i`kx wPv Kivi Rb Avwg Gi mUvwi Rbvij gvt gyLjQyi ingvbi cksmv Kwi| cvkvcvwk kixqvn&i AvjvK wiwfD Ki eBwU cKvki c gZ e Kivq mUvj kixqvn& evWi wdKn KwgwUi Pqvigvb I m`meì KvQ KZZv vcb KiwQ| Avwg gb Kwi gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvbi AZ cwikgj GB MwU Bmjvgx A_bxwZ Ges evswKs eevi e weZ welqi GKwU egvwK Z_wP wnme cvVKì KvQ mgv`Z ne| G eBqi Rb Avwg jLKK gyeviKev` I abev` RvbvwQ Ges Bmjvgx evswKsqi mv_ hy mKji mvdj I KjvYi Rb `yAv KiwQ| kvn Ave`yj nvbvb Pqvigvb, wbevnx KwgwU mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k
Bmjvgx evsKeev
11
12
Bmjvgx evsKeev
mUvj kixqvn& evWi wdKn KwgwUi AwfgZ

gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb cYxZ Bmjvgx evsKeev Mi cvywjwc mUvj kixqvn& evWi wdKn KwgwUi mfvq ck Kiv nj Gi mvwbZ m`me` iZi mv_ Zv wiwfD KiQb| wdKn KwgwU KZK wPwZ wU mskvab I mycvwik evevqb mvc cvywjwcwU MvKvi cKvki c AwfgZ e KiQ| KwgwUi gZ, cvywjwcwU MvKvi cKvk Kiv nj Zv mvaviYfve Bmjvgx A_bxwZi Ges weklfve Bmjvgx evswKs Ab GKwU iZc~Y mshvRb wnme weewPZ ne| G cvywjwci iPwqZv Rbve gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb `xN `yB hyMiI AwaKKvj ai evsjv`ki c_g I mevwaK mdj Bmjvgx evsK KvR Kivi AwfZvq mg| Z`ycwi Zuvi Abymwrmy gb Ges vbvRbi A`g AvMn ZuvK Bmjvgx evswKsqi GKRb wekli i DcbxZ KiQ| G Mi cYZv evswKs eevi cvPxb BwZnvm _K i Ki Bmjvgx hyM Gi MwZ I cKwZ, gymwjg cwZeMi A_bwZK wPv I Zuvì Ae`vb mK GKwU my aviYv w`Z Pv KiQb| G cvywjwci mePq DjLhvM ewk nQ GZ MKvi Zuvi my`xN eve AwfZvi AvjvK Bmjvgx evswKs cwZi KgKkj I evevqb cwZ, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKsqi mgmv I mvebv wbq wevwiZ AvjvKcvZ KiQb| G M Afy mKj welq I Z_i mv_ mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k cyivcywi GKgZ bv-I nZ cvi| mnZz Kvb welq ev Z_ fyj cwijwZ nj A_ev Kvb cvVKi gZi mv_ bv wgjj Zvi `vqfvi GKvfve jLKi| mUvj kixqvn& evWi wdKn KwgwU cZvkv Ki MwU Bmjvgx evswKsqi mKj ii wkv_x, cvVK, MelK, evsKi MvnK I evsKviì Rb GKwU UUeyK I HwZnvwmK `jxj wnme weewPZ ne, BbkvAvjvn&| gnvb Avjvn& myenvbv Iqv ZvAvjv G Mi iPwqZv Ges cKvkbvi mv_ mswk mKjK Dg cwZdj `vb Kib| Avgxb!
jLKi wbe`b
1983 mvji 30 gvP| evsjv`ki avb-cvU-mwilv Zi AvBj eq DV Avmv KlK-mvbì kg-Nvg eo IVv cvPi inm bMix XvKvi BwZnvm GKwU gvBjdjK DbvwPZ njv| gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKvi GKwU mvaviY feb GKv Nivqv GKwU Qv Abyvbi gvag hvv i Kijv `wY-c~e Gwkqvi c_g Bmjvgx kixqvwfwK evsK Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| Gi mvo Pvi gvm ci 1983 mvji 12 AvM gwZwSj cavb moKi Ici wekvj mvwgqvbvi wbP `kx-we`kx wKQy wekl gngvb Ges `ki cZ GjvKv _K AvMZ nvRvi nvRvi DrmyK gvbyli DcwwZZ iwWI evsjv`ki GKRb fvlKvii PgrKvi NvlYvi ga ZrKvjxb evwYRgx Gm Gg kwdDj AvRg AvbyvwbKfve Dvab NvlYv Kijb Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUWi c_g kvLv XvKv gBb ev| HwZnvwmK G Abyvbi ^QvKgx wnme bvbvw`K mvgvj w`jb XvKvi wewfb evsKi kZ kZ Drmvnx KgKZv I KgPvix| Abyvb DcwZ mKjB wQjb Avb` DwjZ| AbKi PvL wQj AveMi Ak| KD KD KZZvi wmR`vq gnvb iei Kwiqv Av`vq Kijb| AvMi 12 ZvwiL Avgvì A_bwZK BwZnvmi GKwU Zvrchc~Y w`b| cjvkxi ci 1765 mvji evi hyi weqvMv cwiYwZi ga w`q 219 eQi AvM G ZvwiLB BsiR B Bwqv Kvvbx w`jxi mgvU wZxq kvn Avjgi KvQ _K evsjvi Avw_K ckvmbi KZZ bq| ZLb _K G`ki gvbyl wbRì wekvm I g~jevai wfwZ ^vaxbfve Zvì eemv-evwYR I A_bwZK jb`b cwiPvjbvi myhvM _K ewZ nq| cvq mvqv `yk eQi ci 1983 mvji 12 AvM Bmjvgx evsKi AvbyvwbK Dvabi ga w`q G`ki A_bwZK Kvq-Kvievi Avevi RbMYi cZvwkZ my`gy avivq wdwiq Avbvi m~Pbv nq|
gydZx Avyi ingvb Pqvigvb, wdKn KwgwU mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k
Bmjvgx evsKeev
13
14
Bmjvgx evsKeev
1983 mvji 12 AvM Bmjvgx evsKi AvbyvwbK Dvabi w`b `wbK BdvK, evsjvi evYx, `wbK msMvg, evsjv`k AeRvifvi I evsjv`k UvBgm cwKvq Pvi cvi GKwU wekl voc cKvk Kiv nq| voc Bmjvgx evsK mK KwU K_v wkivbvg GKwU wbe jLb `ki A_bxwZwe`ì `v`v-cxi XvKv wekwe`vjqi cexY cdmi W. Gg Gb `v| G wbe wZwb ejb t Bmjvgx evsK-eev ZvwK hy Rqx nqQ| Gevi jvf-wZi kqvii wfwZ my`wenxb evswKs eevi cwiPvjbMZ hy Rqx nZ ne| ... Avgiv gymjgvb wnmve my`gy evsK-eevi DchvwMZvq wekvm Kwi| Zey AvgvìK wKQy Kvj Acv KiZ ne Ges Zvi mvdji Rb cZxv KiZ ne| evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi ci cvq `yB hyM cvi nqQ| G mgqi ga Bmjvgx kixqvwfwK my`gy evsKeevi cwiPvjbMZ hy-Rq KZ`~i mb nqQ, my`gy evsK-eevi kZ cgvY Bmjvgx evsK KZUzKz mdj nqQG cki Reve AvgvìK cZ ne| Bmjvgx evsKeev evsjv`ki Rb-Rxeb I A_bxwZZ BZvga Zvi Aevb my`p KiQ| RbMYi wecyj AvMn I mg_bi ga weKwkZ nq Bmjvgx evsKjv weMZ eQijvZ Rgv msMn, wewbqvM, Avg`vwbidZvwb evwYR, cevmxì iwgUv AvniY Ges cwiPvjbMZ gybvdv ARb cPwjZ avivi evsKmg~ni Zzjbvq ewk cew ARb KiQ| `ki c_g Bmjvgx evsKwUi mvweK cwiPvjbMZ mdjZv G`k bZzb Aviv Bmjvgx evsK cwZvK DrmvwnZ KiQ| KqKwU we`kx evsKmn cPwjZ my`wfwK evsKjvI Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv LyjZ GwMq GmQ| GKwU my`wfwK evsK BZvga wbRìK Bmjvgx cwZi evsK wnme icvwiZ KiQ Ges Aviv KqKwU evsK GB j KvR KiQ| 2006 mvj ch `ki gvU 7wU Bmjvgx evsKi 311wU Ges my`wfwK 6wU evsKi 17wU kvLv wgwjq `k gvU 328wU Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv Pvjy nqQ| Gme evsK I kvLvq gvU 9,757 Rb Kgx Bmjvgx evsKvi wnme hy nqQb| `yB hyMi Kg mgqi ga `ki gvU Rgv I wewbqvMi cvq GK lvsk Bmjvgx evswKs cwZi AvIZvq GmQ| `ki evswKs LvZi gvU cewi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx evswKs DcLvZ weMZ eQijvZ wYi ewk cew nqQ|
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs GLb Avi ay ZvwK AvjvPbvi welq bq| gy`vivev, gykvivKv, gyivevnv, evB-gyqvvj, evB-mvjvg cfwZ cwifvlv GLb `ki weivU RbMvxi `bw`b eve Avw_K jb`bi fvlv wnme Pvjy nqQ| Bmjvgx evswKs `ki mKj ii RbMYi gvS bZzb Avv I AvZwekvm mw KiZ mg_ nqQ| Gw`K _K ejv hvq, MZ `yB hyMi ga evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsKeev cwiPvjbvMZ AbKLvwb mvg_ I mdjZv `LvZ mg nqQ| GB mdjZvi cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx evsKjv my`gy evsKeevi cwZMZ kZ cgvY KZUv mdj nqQ Zv-I iZ mnKvi weePbv KiZ ne| Kbbv Bmjvgx evsKeev cwZMZfve Zvi DchvwMZv I kZ cgvYi gvagB Zvi AwZi hwKZv Zzj aiZ cvi| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j njv Av_-mvgvwRK mywePvi cwZv| mB j nvwmji Dk Bmjvgx evsK Avw_K jb-`b I m` eb cwqvq Ges eemv-evwYR I wk bvqbxwZ cwZv, elg `~ixKiY, Av_mvgvwRK AeKvVvgv wbgvY I Kgmsvbi myhvM mwi Rb KvR Kie| evsKeevq ew^v_Kw`K fveavivi g~jvrcvUb Ki mvgwK ^v_ I mvgvwRK KjvY wbwZ Kie| wbQK gybvdvi e`j mgvRi gwjK Pvwn`vi AMvwaKvii wfwZ Zvi Rgv msMn I wewbqvM LvZi AMvwaKvi wbicY Kie| Zjv gv_vq Zj `qvi cwieZ mgvRi mvaviY gvbylK A_bwZK Kvhg Askx`vi Kie| A_bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbqbi ga G eev Ggbfve mg^q NUve, hb abm` aygv weevbì ga cyxf~Z (AvewZZ) bv nq| (m~iv nvki t 7) GUv Bmjvgx evsKeevi bwZK I KvVvgvMZ evaevaKZv| cPwjZ cyuwRZvwK my`wfwK A_bxwZZ Kvb bwZK ev KvVvgvMZ evaevaKZv ev mvgvwRK `vqeZv bB| dj my`wfwK jb`bK Aej^b Ki evsK-eemvqxiv GKPwUqv cyuwRi gvwjK nq RbMYi cKZ ^vaxbZvK wbqY KiQ| my`wfwK A_bxwZ Av_mvgvwRK wekLjv, AwiZv I fvimvgnxbZvi Rb w`q mgvRK Akv mvMii eyK nvjwenxb RvnvR-Gi gZv wecb Ki ZzjQ| G Aev _K gywi Dcvq LuyRQb AbK wPvkxj gvbyl| cvk I lvUi `kK ch Dbqb ejZ RvZxq A_bxwZi mvg_-KB weePbv Kiv nZv| mgvRi `kZjv Avi MvQZjvi jvKì gv_vwcQy Mo
Bmjvgx evsKeev
15
16
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Avqi wfwZ Dbqbi GKUv Aeve wP AuvKv nZv| mwZ AbK A_bxwZwe` mB aviYv _K mi Gm ejQb t m` KZUzKz Drcvw`Z njv mUvB kl K_v bq| mì myz eb njB Dbqb wbwZ ne| `vwi` I `ywfi KviY evLv Ki bvej weRqx A_bxwZwe` AgZ mb ejQb t `ywfi Rb mì mxgveZv `vqx bq, mì Dci gvbyli AwaKvinxbZvB `ywfi KviY| wewk A_bwZK MelK Avy nKvi `wLqQb, cw_exi gv KqKk en`vqZb Kcvikb GLb hyiv, KvbvWv, Rvcvb I wewfb BDivcxq `ki wmsnfvM m` KzwMZ Ki iLQ| hyivi Avwk fvM Avw_K KvR-Kvievi wbqY KiQ gv `k fvM eemvcwZvb| Avq I m` ebi G AvKvk-cvZvj cv_Ki KviY cw_exi wecyjmsLK gvbyl cKU `vwiì ga evm KiQ| gywgq jvKi nvZ ab-m` cyxf~Z Kivi cwiYvg mK GKRb A_bxwZwe` ejQb t emiKvix cyuwRcwZì FY`vbi gZv Zvì nvZ GZ ewk m` I gZv Zzj `q h, Zv KVvifve wbqY KiZ bv cvij Aewk RbMYi ^vaxbZv g~jnxb nq co| wekevcx we`gvb A_bwZK AbvPvi I AivRKZvi dmj GB `vwi`K GK aibi `vhL AvLvwqZ KiQb A_bxwZwe` Wwbk MjU| GB `vhL _K gywi Rb wZwb GKwU egyLx cwqv Aej^bi ZvwM` w`qQb, hv eZgvb mgvR-KvVvgvi Lvj-bPv cv è, RbMYi `wfwZ Avg~j cwieZb Avbe Ges cwZvbmg~ni j I Dki evcK cwieZb wbwZ Kie| Avgiv weq I Avbì mv_ j KiwQ, AvaywbK bZvbxq A_bxwZwe`ì wPv gB Bmjvgx A_bwZK `kb, wPv I KvVvgvi wbKUeZx nQ| wPvi GB Avjvob Avevi bZzb Ki GB cZqKB RvMZ KiQ h, Bmjvgx A_bxwZB we`gvb mvgvwRK KvVvgv, RbMYi `wfw Ges Av_-mvgvwRK cwZvbmg~ni j I Dki ga KvwZ Avg~j cwieZb wbwZ KiZ mg| myì wejvc mvab, mì bvqwfwK eb I mvjb, Avw_K eevi cybwebvm, mvgvwRK KvVvgvi cybMVb Ges Bmjvgx A_bxwZi wdvi gKvwbRg ev bwZK kLjvi weavb evevqbi Dk G Bmjvgx evswKsB njv ej cZvwkZ mB egyLx cwqv, hv wekevmxK `vwi` mswZ I `vwiì `vhL _K gy nIqvi ivW gvc Dcnvi w`Z cvi|
weLvZ cwgv mvgwqKx BKbvwg 1994 mvji 6 AvM msLvq mvf Ae Bmjvg bvg GKwU `xN cwZe`b cKvk Ki| cwZe`bwUi GKwU ge ejv nq t AZxZ Avgiv gymwjg b I Av`vjywmqv _K AvaywbK wkv-mswZ welq RbwQjvg| Bmjvgi KvQ _K Avgiv BDwbfvwmwU mK aviYv cqwQjvg| Avi GLb Avgiv Zvì KvQ _K Bmjvgx evswKsqi AvBwWqv MnY KiZ cvwi| BKbvwg-Gi `wZ gymjgvbì AZxZ Mie njv Zvi wkv-cwZ| Avi `xNKvj ci gvbeRvwZi cwZ Zvì eZgvb Dcnvi njv Bmjvgx evswKs| hvi hvv gv wKQyw`b AvM i nqQ| cwgv AvaywbK evswKsqi msKxYZv I mxgveZv AbK AvM _KB A_bxwZwe`ì AvjvP welq cwiYZ nqQ| Zvi gyKvwejvq Bmjvgx evswKs GK bZzb w`M DbvwPZ KiQ| Gw`K _K Bmjvgx evswKs njv G hyMi GK Abb wece| G eBq Bmjvgx evsKeevi Drmg~j, HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, G eevi AcwinvhZv Ges cwiPvjbMZ I cwZMZ bvbv w`K mK AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| wgmii wgUMvgvi 1963 mvj cwZwZ c_g Bmjvgx evsK _K i Ki G hverKvji weKvkaviv Zzj aiv nqQ| MZ `yB hyM evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs wKfve bvbv cwZK~jZv gyKvwejv Ki Zvi AevbK eZgvb i msnZ KiQ m mK AvjvKcvZ Kiv nqQ| mBmv_ G eevi AwgZ mvebvi cwZ BswMZ Kiv nqQ| G eBZ ZvwK welqjvKI h_vme cvqvwMK AwfZvi wfwZB Dcvcbi Pv Kiv nqQ| evsjv`k Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I Bmjvgx evswKs welq h AvjvPbvchvjvPbv I Av`vjb, Zvi mv_ G jLKi mK lvUi `kK _K| mii `kKi gafvM GKRb `~i`kx gbxlx gvIjvbv gynv` Ave`yi inxgi bZZ evsjv`k BmjvwgK mUvii GKwU QvU K BmjvwgK BKbvwgKm wimvP eyivi D`vM hLb evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjbi cv_wgK AvbyvwbK cwZ i nq, ZLb Zuvi GKv nv` Qv wnme mB HwZnvwmK gyn~Zjv cZ Kivi Ges G cwZvbi Kvhgi mv_ hy nIqvi myhvM nq jLKi| Gici 1983 mvj Bmjvgx evsKi AvbyvwbK hvv ii cvvj ò hyMi mvsevw`KZv ckv Qo jLK G evsKi RbmshvM KgKZv wnme hvM`vb Ki A`vewa evswKs ckvq hy| ejv wbqvRb, Bmjvgx evsKB jLKK mvsevw`K _K evsKvi evwbqQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
17
18
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evswKs welq mB ZLb _K wKQy wKQy wjLwQ| G evcvi AvgvK meP ewk Dy KiQb evswKs Rxeb Avgvi k wkK, G`k Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjbi AbZg cvYcyil Rbve Gg Avhxhyj nK| Avi huvì f~wgKv AvgvK weklfve cfvweZ KiQ Zuvì ga Avjnv Gg Lvjì K_v G gyn~Z Avwg weklfve iY KiwQ| evsjv`k BmjvwgK evsKvm Gmvwmqkbi cwZvZv mfvcwZ, evsjv`k evsKi mveK WcywU Mfbi, c~evjx evsK I Bvb gvKUvBj evsKi mveK eevcbv cwiPvjK Avjnv Gg Lvj` cPwjZ evswKsqi Pwjk eQii AwfZv wbq evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi Av`vjb AbZg Kvvixi fwgKvq AeZxY nqwQjb| ^vMZ KviY wZwb Bmjvgx evsKi cavb wbevnx wnme `vwqZ bv wbq Dc`v wnme f~wgKv cvjb KiQb| Avjnv Gg Lvjì AveMNb n Avgiv Bmjvgx evsKi ZiY Kgxe` ZLb AvcyZ nqwQ| Bmjvgx evsKi cwZvZv Pqvigvb Avjnv Ave`yi ivvK ji, fvBm Pqvigvb Rbve gwdRyi ingvb, Rbve gyn` BDbyQ, kixqvn& KvDwji c_g mUvwi gvIjvbv mvBq` gynv` Avjx, evsKi c_g GwwKDwUf cwmWU Gg G Kwig-Gi AbyciYvi K_v iY KiwQ, eZgvb Zuviv KDB G `ywbqvZ bB| Avjvn G`ki Bmjvgx evswKs KvhgK Zuvì Rb mv`Kvq Rvwiqv wnme Keyj Kib| Bmjvgx evswKs welq GKwU eB jLvi evcvi AbK w`b _KB ZvwM` Abyfe KiwQ| BmjvwgK evsKm& KbmvjUwUf dvivg-Gi D`vM wewfb evsK Bmjvgx evswKs welq AvjvPbv Abyvb Ask wbq mswk evsKmg~ni kxl I EaZb wbevnxì KvQ _K Bmjvgx evswKs welq eBci Afvei welqwU AwaKZi Dcjw KiwQ| mUvj kixqvn& evWi D`vM AvqvwRZ KqKwU Uwbs cvMvgI AvgvK Bmjvgx evswKs welq GKwU eB jLvi Rb Abyiva Rvbvbv nq| weklKi mUvj kixqvn& evWi D`vM `ki bZvbxq Bgvg I gynZvwggì Rb AvqvwRZ GKwU Abyvb AvjvPbvKvj Avwg Bmjvgx evsKeev mK h_vme mnR fvlvq GKwU M iPbvi ZvwM` Aviv Mfxifve Abyfe Kwi| GLb mUvj kixqvn& evWi mUvwi Rbvij Rbve gvt gyLjQyi ingvbi Dchycwi ZvwMì KviY G eB cvVKì L`gZ nvwRi Kivi Pv KiwQ|
G welq BZvga hviv wjLQb, Avwg Zuvì AbKi KvQ FYx| Bmjvgx evswKs welq wewfb AvwK eBc cKvki geagvb Pvwn`vK mvgb iL hvM jLK I MelKMY Ges Awf evsKviMY GwMq Avmj G aviv Aviv kwkvjx ne Ges Bmjvgx evswKs mK RbMYi vbi fvvi Aviv mg ne| G eB jLvi evcvi Rbve Ave`yj gyKxZ Payix, Rbve AvwZKzi ingvb Lvb Lv`g, Rbve gvnv` mvjvnDxb I mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm&-Gi KgKZv Rbve gyn` gybxij nK bvbvfve mnhvwMZv KiQb| evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjbi `yB cw_KZ Rbve kvn Ave`yj nvbvb I Rbve Gg Avhxhyj nK GB eBqi Rb gyLe I fwgKv wjL eBwUi ghv`v ew KiQb| AvRvwZK Bmjvgx wekwe`vjq PMvg-Gi cv-fvBm Pvji I Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi kixqvn& KvDwji m`m mwPe cdmi Wt Avey eKi idxK I Bmjvgx evsKi GwwKDwUf fvBm cwmWU I wdbvwqvj AvWwgwbkb wWwfkbi cavb Rbve gvt nvweeyi ingvb fuBqv eBwU AvMvMvov `L g~jevb civgk w`qQb| Avwg Zuvì mKji KvQ KZ| mUvj kixqvn evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k eBwU cKvki `vwqZ bqvq Avwg ZuvìK AvwiK abev` RvbvB| Avjvn Avgvì mKj mr cPv Keyj Kib| XvKv, 30 Ryb, 2007 gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb
Bmjvgx evsKeev
19
20
Bmjvgx evsKeev
cKvkKi K_v
eZgvb wek Bmjvgx evswKs Avi bZzb Kvb aviYv bq| Bmjvgx evswKsqi aviYv evevqbi gvag, Gi KjvYMZ w`K cgvYi gvag Ges Kbfbkbvj wmgi mv_ cwZhvwMZvi gvag Bmjvgx evsKeev eZgvb wek A_eevi iZc~Y Ask cwiYZ nqQ| gymwjg `kmg~ni cvkvcvwk cvP I cvvZi `kmg~nI Bmjvgx evswKsqi evcK RbwcqZv mw nqQ| evsjv`kI Gi ewZg NUwb| Bmjvgx evsKeev cPjb ewnwek h aibi MelYv Kvhg cwiPvwjZ nqQ Ges eZgvbI Zv mgvb Zvj PjQ m Zzjbvq Avgvì `k ek AbKUv wcwQq AvQ| evcK Rbmg_b _vKv mI G`ki Bmjvgx evswKs cmvi AbZg cwZeK nQ GZ`msv cvgvY I MnYhvM eB-cyKi Afve| weklKi evsjv fvlvq G aibi eB-cyKi msLv AcZzj| eemvevwYR, evswKs I A_vqbi Bmjvgx cwZi AvjvPbv GLb ch G`ki wkveevq vb cvqwb ejjB Pj| dj G welq RbMYi ga GK aibi wav-mskq GLbI we`gvb iqQ| GgbwK eZgvb hviv Bmjvgx evswKsqi mv_ RwoZ AvQb, evsKvi wnme nvK ev MvnK wnmeB nvK, Zvì gaI AbK Bmjvgx evswKs welqK aviYvi Afve cwijwZ nQ| hZw`b bv G mwKZ aviYv Kiv me ne ZZw`b G Aev PjZB _vKe| Avkvi K_v, BZvga `ki AbK jLK I MelK Bmjvgx evswKs wbq wPv-fvebv i KiQb| Zuvì ek wKQz MI evRvi GmQ| wK mvaviY cvVKi Pvwn`v c~iY KiZ mgGgb gvbmZ eBqi Afve iqB MQ| mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k cwZvi AbZg Dk njv Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqK eB-cyK iPbv, Abyev`, mv`bv I cKvkbvi gvag RbMYK Dy Kiv Ges Gme welqi wevw wbimb GwMq Avmv| mRb mUvj kixqvn& evW cKvkbvi evsjv fvlvK AMvwaKvi w`q AvmQ| `k-we`ki Bmjvgx evswKs msv Z_ cwiekbi Rb BmjvwgK dvBbv bvg GKwU eyjwUb mgq mgq cKvwkZ nq AvmQ| MelYvg~jK ce cKvki Rb GKwU Rvbvji cKvkbvI i nqQ| evsK I Avw_K cwZvb kvixAvn& evW bvg GKwU eBI cKvk
cqQ| AviI ek KqKwU eB we`kx fvlv _K Abyev` Ki cKvki welqwU P~ov chvq iqQ| Rbve gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb G`ki Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjbi GKRb wbew`ZcvY ewZ| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUWi WcywU gvbwRs wWii (eZgvb gvbwRs wWii ev GgwW) wnme `vwqZ cvjb KiQb| mUvj kixqvn& evWi c _K `ki Bgvg-LZxe, KjR-wekwe`vjqgvìvmvi wkK I evsKviì Rb wbqwgZfve Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqK cwkY w`q AvmQ| Bmjvgx evswKsqi eve AwfZvmb I `xNw`b hver RwoZ Ave`yj gvbvb mvnei vbMf AvjvPbv cwkY Kvm AskMnYKvixì Bmjvgx evsKeevi aviYvK ^Q I ewj Kivi iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki AvmQ| cwkYv_xì ga weZiYi Rb wZwb h ccviwU Zwi KiwQjb Zv wQj Z_mg I cvj| mUvj kixqvn& evWi Rvbvj cKvki Rb m ccviwUi AvjvK GKwU MelYvg~jK ce wjL `qvi Rb Avwg ZuvK Abyiva RvbvB| Avgvi Abyiva mvov w`q wZwb h cewU wjL `b Zv GKwU cywKvKvi Qvwcq Avgiv wewfb KIgx gvìvmvi gynZvwggì Rb AvqvwRZ cwkY Kgkvjvq weZiY Kwi| mviv`k _K AakZvwaK KIgx gvìvmvi gynZvwgg (Aa) G Kgkvjvq Ask wbqwQjb| QvU njI m cywKvwU gynZvwggì mvgb Bmjvgx evswKsK GZ mnRfve Dcvcb KiZ mg nqwQj h, Zuvì ga evcK mvov RvwMqwQj| ZLb Avwg Ges Ave`yj gvbvb mvne AvjvPbv Ki wVK Kwi h, AviI wKQz Z_ mshvRb Ki GwUK GKwU c~Yv M ic w`j MwU G`ki Bmjvgx evswKsqi cmvi GKwU DjLhvM Ae`vb ivLZ mg ne| G wPv _KB Zuvi mB cewU mUvj kixqvn& evWi c _K eB AvKvi cKvki wmv MnY Kiv nq| Bmjvgx evsKeev MwU Kgb njv Zvi wePvii fvi cvVKeMi nvZB Zzj w`wQ| Ze, wewk evsKvi, Bmjvgx wPvwe`, MelK I mymvwnwZK gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb mvnei jLv Bmjvgx evsKeev MwU cvV Ki evsjv fvlvfvlx cvVKMY evcKfve DcKZ neb Ges G welq Rbgbi mKj wevw, wav-mskq `~ixKiY hyMvKvix f~wgKv ivLe ej Avgvi `pwekvm| MwU cKvkbvi DchvMx Ki Zvjvi mUvj kixqvn& evWi KgKZve` h_ cwikg KiQb| wewk mvwnwZK Rbve we. Gg. gvkviid nvmvBb mvMi hZmnKvi eBwUi cd `L w`qQb| Zvì mKjK AvwiK gyeviKev` RvbvB| mBmv_ Avjvn myenvbv ZvAvjvi wbKU cv_bv, wZwb hb mKjK Dg cyivi `vb Kib| Avgxb! gvt gyLjQzi ingvb
Bmjvgx evsKeev
21
22
Bmjvgx evsKeev
mUvwi Rbvij mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k
welq webvm
c_g Aavq Bmjvgx mfZvq evswKs I A_bwZK wPv
cvPxbKvj evswKs, Bmjvgx mfZvq evswKs I A_bwZK wPv, Bmjvgx A_bwZK wPvi KRb w`kvix,Ave~ BDmyd, Avj-kvqevbx, Ave~ DevB`, Avjgynvwmex, Avj-gvIqv`x, Beb nvhg, Avj-Mvh&hvjx, bvwmiDxb Zmx, Beb ZvBwgqv, Bebyj KvBwqg, Avj-kvwZex, Beb Lvj`yb, kvn IqvjxDjvn, gymwjg mfZvi cZb I my`wfwK evsKeevi Dvb, Z_m~
2549
wZxq Aavq
Bmjvgi `wZ my`
my` GKwU cyibv mgmv, Bmjvg wiev ev my`, my`x jb`bi ewk, wievi cKvif`, wiev bvwmqv, wiev d`j, Bmjvg my` kZnxbfve wbwl, mij I wbnvii my`, fvM FYi my` ebvg Drcv`b FYi my`, KyiAvb gRx` my` cm, my` mK gnvbex mv.-Gi KqKwU nv`xm, my` mK wewfb hyMi gbxlxì AwfgZ, GK bRi my` I gybvdvi cv_K, Z_m~
5061
ZZxq Aavq
Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjb
lvUi `kK t fvii Avfvm, mii `kK t bZzb m~hv`q, Avwki `kK t msnZ ivxq D`vM, beB `kK t `p wfw, GK bRi Bmjvgx evswKs weKvki gaviv, G ch hmKj `k Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ, AvRvwZK msvi g~jvqb, Z_m~
6271
PZz_ Aavq
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs
HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, cvwKvb Avgj, evsjv`k Avgj t cwZi c_, evsjv`k c_g Bmjvgx evsK Dvab, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi evevqb
7280
cg Aavq
Bmjvgx evsKi cwiPq 8184
Bmjvgx evsKeev
23
24
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKi msv, Bmjvgx evsKi iZ I cqvRbxqZv, Bmjvgx evsKi j I Dk, Bmjvgx evsKi KgbxwZ, Z_m~
hvKvZeevi evevqb, KR nvmvbv, Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb, Abvb evswKs Kvhg, RbKjvYg~jK cK, RbKjvYg~jK wekl Kvhg, Z_m~
l Aavq
Bmjvgx evsKeevi AwbwnZ kw 85100
ew^v_ bq, mvgvwRK KjvYi Av`k, mvgvwRK Dbqbi mv_ A_bwZK Dbqbi mg^q, A_bxwZZ bwZK kLjvi weavb AbymiY, wewbqvM Kvhg Askx`vwiZi bxwZ, UvKvi Kvievi bqcYi eemv, gy`vxwZi KviY `~i Kiv, eKviZ `~ixKiY I AwaK Kgmsvb, m` mw I eb RbKjvYi Av`k, MvnKì mv_ Askx`vwiZi mK, kixqvi bxwZ AbymiY, ewZ I Afvex gvbyli cwZ `vwqZ cvjb
mg Aavq
my`wfwK evsK ebvg Bmjvgx evsK
GK bRi Bmjvgx evsK ebvg my`wfwK evsK
101105
Ag Aavq
Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j ARb Bmjvgx evsK 106112
wekRbxb vZZ, m` GKwU AvgvbZ, mij I webxZ Rxebhvcb, gvbyli ^vaxbZv, Pvwn`v c~iY, mvbRbK DcvRbi Drm, Avq I mì mgZvwfwK eb, Z_m~
beg Aavq
Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkj 113125
Bmjvgx evswKs eevi KgKkj, Rgv MnY, FY ebvg wewbqvM, FYc (Letter of Credit ev L.C.) Lvjv, e`wkK gy`v ePv-Kbv, gy`vevRvi `wjj, gvPU evswKs, jKvi fvov, iwgUv Kvhg, evsK MvivwU, wej evvKiY, Kjgvwb gvKU AskMnY, miKvix URvwi wej q, GmGjAvi (SLR) I wmAviAvi (CRR) msiY, Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkji ^vZ, myì wejvc, eemv-evwYR AskMnY, cZ AskMnY, Askx`vwiZi PzwZ AskMnY, eemv-evwYR bxwZ-bwZKZv I nvjvj-nvivgi `wfw, kixqvn KvDwj,
Bmjvgx evsKeev
25 126131
26
Bmjvgx evsKeev
`kg Aavq
Bmjvgx evsKi Rgv MnYi bxwZ I cwZ
Rgv MnYi bxwZ, Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve, Bmjvgx evsKi Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve I my`wfwK evsKi PjwZ wnmvei ga cv_K, Avj Iqvw`qv I Avj Avgvbvni cv_K, gy`vivev wnmve, gy`vivev wnmvei evcvi kixqvi bxwZ, gy`vivev bxwZZ evsKi gybvdv eb, wnmvemg~n jvf ebi IqUR cwZ, IqUR-Gi GKwU bgybv
qv`k Aavq
Bmjvgx evswKs t mgvjvPbv I eveZv
170188
Bmjvgx evsK mK mvaviYi `wfw, Bmjvgx evswKs mK AwfhvM I mgvjvPbv, Bmjvgx evsK mwKZ AwfhvM Lb, Bmjvgx evsK RgvKvixì h gybvdv `q Zv KZUzKz ea? Bmjvgx evsK I my`x evsKi RgvbxwZi cv_K, c~e wbavwiZ my` ebvg cvwjZ jvf, Bmjvgx evsK RgvKvixì me mgq jvf `q wKfve? m`nRbK Avq wK Kiv nq? Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM Kvhg KZUv Bmjvgx? c~ewbavwiZ nvi jvf Av`vq wK ea? Bmjvgx evsK wK ay jvf AvQ, jvKmvb bB? gykvivKv wewbqvM jvKmvb fvM nq g~jabi AvbycvwZK nvi, gy`vivev wewbqvM evsK GKvB jvKmvb enb Ki, kZKiv nvi jvf avh cm, mKj cY GKB nvi jvf wbaviY wK ea? Ljvcx MvnKi Ici wZc~iY Avivc Kiv wK kixqvn&mZ? wewbqvM MvnKì mw eK bqv Ges abxì Aviv abx evbvbvi AwfhvM cm, K`xq evsK I Abvb my`x evsKi mv_ jb`b, AwbQvKZfve cv my`-Gi evcvi kixqvi dqmvjv, mskvabi Dk mgvjvPbv KjvYKi, Z_m~
GKv`k Aavq
Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM c`vbi bxwZ I cwZ
132151
wewbqvM bxwZ, wewbqvM cwZ, Askx`vwi cwZ, gy`vivev, evswKs wewbqvM gy`vivevi ewk, gykvivKv, evswKs Kvievi gykvivKvi ewk, gy`vivev I gykvivKvi ga cv_K, fvovq q cwZ, nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K (HPSM), wkiKvZzj wgj&K ev gvwjKvbvq kixKvbv, BRviv, wew, wZb Pzwi mgvnvi, nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K-Gi ewk, MnwbgvY wewbqvM GBPwcGmGg, ePv-Kbv cwZ, evB-gyivevnv, evswKs Kvievi gyivevnv wewbqvMi ewk, evB-gyqvvj, evB-gyqvvji ewk, evBgyqvvj I evB-gyivevnvi ga cv_K, evB-mvjvg, evB-mvjvgi ewk, evBBmwZmbv, BmwZmbvi ewk, evB-mvjvg I BmwZmbvi ga cv_K, Z_m~
PZz`k Aavq
Bmjvgx evswKsqi Pvj I mgmv
189195
cvwZvwbK I eevcbv KvVvgv, Bmjvgx vb I ckvMZ `Zvmb evsKvii NvUwZ, Bmjvgx evswKs welq MvnKì aviYv Dbqb, ZvwK MelYv I vbi mg^q, wbqYKvix cwiek, m` eevcbv, Zvij eevcbv, AMvwaKvi LvZ wbaviY e_Zv, DbZ chywi eenvi, cPvi Kvhg I wgwWqvi eenvi
v`k Aavq
evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi g~jvqb
152169
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi msw wP, Rgv msMn Bmjvgx evsKi mvdj, Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM Kvhgi A_bwZK weePbv, Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvMi DcKvifvMx Kviv, mvgwK A_bwZK wwZkxjZv ARb Bmjvgx evsKi f~wgKv, `vwi` wegvPb I cjx Dbqb, wkweKvk Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Ae`vb, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi wkLvZ wewbqvMmsLv (2006 ch), Abvb Bmjvgx evsKi wkLvZ wewbqvMmsLv (2005 chZ), mxwgZ Avqi gvbyli Rxebgvb Dbqb Bmjvgx evsK, Bmjvgx evsKi mvgvwRK wewbqvM, Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Avw_K `Zv I mvg_ g~jvqb, GKwesk kZKi evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs, Z_m~
c`k Aavq
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKsqi wekl mgmvewj
196198
Bmjvgx A_evRvii AbycwwZ, wbqYg~jK I Zveavbg~jK ^Z KvVvgvi Afve, mnhvMx I gaZvKvix cwZvbi Afve
lvok Aavq
wKQz mycvwik
Z_cx mUvj kixqvn& evW t cwiwPwZ I Kvhg
199200
201-202 203-208
Bmjvgx evsKeev
27
28
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx mfZvq evswKs I A_bwZK wPv

1.1. cvPxbKvj evswKs
1.
ivg mvgvRi A_bwZK I mvswZK Aeq Ges ivRbwZK cZbi mv_ mv_ Cmvqx cg kZvxZ wekevcx A_bwZK I ivRbwZK AwiZv I AwwZkxjZvi m~Pbv nq| G AwwZkxj wek cwiwwZZ evswKs eemvqi AvRvwZK hvMm~ wQb nq| ivgi cZbi ci _K Bmjvgi Afy`qi c~e ch mgqwU BwZnvmi AKvi hyM| ZrKvjxb wek bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK `ybxwZi cwj AveZ wbw nqwQj| 1.2. Bmjvgx mfZvq evswKs I A_bwZK wPv Bmjvgi Afy`qi dj Akv wek `Z wbivcv I wwZkxjZvi cwiek wdi Avm| G cwiek eemv-evwYR, A_bwZK jb`b I evswKs Kvhg weKvki mnvqK nq| ivm~j mv.-Gi AvwefveKvj ZrKvjxb gvq A_ AvgvbZ I wewbqvMi wZbwU cwZi cPjb j Kiv hvq t7 1. wek jvKi KvQ AvgvbZ ivLv 2. Askx`vixwfwZ eemvq g~jab wewbqvM 3. my` UvKv jwM Kiv gvq wekZg ewic ivm~j mv. beyIqvZ jvfi AvMB Avj-Avgxb wnme mvwbZ wQjb| e jvK Zvì abm` Zuvi KvQ Rgv ivLZb| g`xbvq wnRiZ Kivi mgqI ivm~j mv.-Gi KvQ e jvKi A_m` MwQZ wQj| mjv h_vh_ gvwjKì KvQ wdwiq `qvi Rb ivm~j mv. nhiZ Avjx (iv)-K `vwqZ w`qwQjb| jvKì A_Kwo wekZvi mv_ msiY Kiv QvovI ivm~j mv. beyIqvZi AbK AvMB nhiZ Lvw`Rv (iv)-Gi mv_ gy`vivev cwZZ Askx`vix Kvievi wbqvwRZ nqwQjb|8 g`xbvq Bmjvgx iv cwZvi ci Bmjvgi ivRbwZK, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK wewaweavbmg~n ceZb Kiv nq| RbMYi wekvmi mKj wePzwZ mskvab, bvq I Bbmvd cwZv Ges kvlY e Kivi j G mgq mKj cKvi my`x Kvievi m~Yic wbwl Kiv nq| Bmjvgi c_g A_bwZK cwZvb wnme ivm~j mv.-Gi mgq cwZwZ nq evqZzj gvj| KvVvgvMZfve evqZzj gvj Kvb gaZvKvix cwZvb wQj bv| eis GK ivxq KvlvMvi ev Exchange ejv hZ cvi| cvPzhmb
cvq mvo cuvPnvRvi eQi AvM wLc~e 34 kZvxZ cvPxb BivK mygixqiv Zvì DcvmbvjqjvK K` Ki wewfb aibi evswKs jb`b cwiPvjbv KiZb| m hyM Kwl, wk, eemv-evwYR gvUvgywU msMwVZ icjvf KiwQj| dj wewbgq gvagic gy`vi cPjb nqwQj|1 ewejbxq mfZvq evswKs Kvhg cPwjZ wQj| G mK Rvbv hvq wLc~e 20 kZvxi cvPxb `wjj _K| wLc~e 18 kZvxZ evswKs eemvqi c_g AvBb-wewa iwPZ nq ej MelKMY gb Kib| ewejbxqiv Zvì DcvmbvjqjvK A_Kwo Rgv ivLvi myiwZ, wbivc` I wbfihvM vb gb KiZb|2 cvPxbKvj MxKì evswKs Kvhg ewejbxqì cvq Awfb wbqg cwiPvwjZ nZv| ZvìI agxq DcvmbvjqjvB wQj evswKs jb`bi cavb K`| Ze miKvix msv Ges emiKvix D`vvMYI RvgvbZ MnY, FY `vb, PK c`vb, wewfb knii ga gy`v wewbgq I vbvi cfwZ KvR wbqvwRZ wQjb ej Rvbv hvq|3 ivgxqiv Zvì evswKs Kvhg MxKì Abyic cwZ AbymiY KiZb| ivg-mfZvi weKvk I cfvei dj ZrKvjxb weki wexY GjvKvq Zvì AbybZ evsKeevi cmvi NU| wLc~e 600 A Pxb kvx evsK cwZwZ nq| 105 wLv Pxb KvMR Avwevi evsKeevi DbwZZ wekl Ae`vb ivL| c_g I wZxq Cmvqx kZvxZ wgmixqiv evswKs eemvq cf~Z DbwZ mvab Ki|4 cvPxb Avgji evswKs Kvievi myì Av`vb-c`vb wbwl wQj| wLvb RMZ wL agi i _K msvi Av`vjbi Afy`q Ges ivg cvcwbqwZ PvP _K Abvb PvPi wewQb nIqvi c~e ch my` wbwl wQj|5 Ag kZvx _K i Ki PZz`k kZvx ch gymjgvbì bZZ weki ZrKvjxb meP kwkvjx A_bxwZ my` QvovB cwiPvwjZ nqQ|6
Bmjvgx evsKeev
29
30
Bmjvgx evsKeev
ewiv evqZzj gvj mvnvh cvVvZb Ges AfveM jvKì gvS Zv eb Kiv nZv| my` wbwl nIqvi dj cPwjZ eemv-evwYR wKsev Rxeb I mgvR Kvbic evav ev RwUjZv mw nqwb| eis mg kZvxi gafvM my` wbwl nIqvi ci _K Bmjvgx mfZv gvbeRvwZK cvq nvRvi eQi ai A_bwZK wbivcv I mgw Ges mvgvwRK wwZkxjZvi c_ cwiPvwjZ KiZ mg nq| KziAvb, mybvn& Ges AbymiYxq Bgvg I gbxlxì BRgv I wKqvmi gvag cv bxwZgvjv gvbeRvwZi A_bwZK KgKvK mywbqwZ I mywebfve KjvY I bvqi c_ cwiPvwjZ Ki| Bmjvgi cv_wgK hyMi evswKs jb`bi wewk mvnvex nhiZ hyevBi Bebyj AvIqvg (iv)-Gi `v weklfve DjLhvM| eyw`x I cv G mvnvex Zuvi wekZvi Rb mycwiwPZ wQjb| e jvK Zvì A_Kwo ndvhZ Kivi ^v_ Zuvi KvQ Rgv ivLZ AvmZb| nhiZ hyevBi (iv) mme A_ AvgvbZ wnme MnY bv Ki KR wnme wbZb| Gi dj wZwb (1) m A_ eenvi Kivi AwaKvi jvf KiZb Ges (2) m A_i gvwjKi RbI Zv AwaKZi wbivcvi KviY nZv| ZLbKvi w`bB nhiZ hyevBi (iv)-Gi KvQ wewfb jvKi evBk jvL wìnvg Rgv nqwQj|9 Lyjvdv-B-ivk`xbi hyM nhiZ Beby Avevm (iv) wìnvg Rgv MnY Ki Kzdvq Zv fvOvbvi ^xKvic wjL w`Zb| GKBfve nhiZ hyevBi (iv)-Gi cy Ave`yjvn gvq wìnvg Rgv MnY Ki BivK Zv fvOvbvi ^xKvic wjL w`Zb| Ave`yjvni fvB gymAve BivK m ^xKvic fvwOq bM` A_ c`vb KiZb| DgvBqv kvmbvgj gymjgvbì evswKs jb`bi h_ DbwZ nq| G nvvR web BDmydi mgqwU weklfve DjLhvM| wnRix PZz_ kZvxZ Avjvi Avgxi mvBd-Av`-`jvn nvgv`vb-Gi mgq wi wfwZ jb`bi evcK cPjbi Z_ Rvbv hvq| wnRix cg kZvxi m~PbvjM 1010 wLv emivq evwYwRK Dk wi jb`b Ges gy`v wewbgq eemvqi evcK cmvi NU| wLxq GMviv kZvxi gafvM cvim `kxq chUK bvmi Lmi emivq evswKs jb`bi evcK cPjbi K_v Zuvi mdibvgvq DjL KiQb|10
Bmjvgx mfZvi weKvki i _K cvq nvRvi eQievcx Bmjvgi mycwZwZ cfveKvj A_bwZK wPv I KgKvi gymjgvbì bZZ AevnZ wQjv| 1.3. Bmjvgx A_bwZK wPvi KRb w`kvix Bmjvgx A_eevi KjvYagx Av`ki wfwZ RbMYK A_bwZK Rxeb cwiPvjbvq c_ `LvZ Bmjvgi c_g chvqi mvnvexMY QvovI Avevmxq hyMi wewk `vkwbK I wPvwe`MY Ag~j Ae`vb iLQb| wnRix wZxq kZvxi Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd (731-798 wL.), Avj-kvqevbx (750-804 wL.), Ave~ DevB` (766-838 wL.), Bqvn&Bqv Beb Av`g (752-818 wL.), Avj-gynvwmex (781-857 wL.) Ky`vgv web Rvdi (gZz 948 wL.), Be&b Avj gyKvd&dv, Avj hvwni, Avj gvIqv`x (974-1058 wL.), Beb nvhg (994-1064 wL.), Avj dvivex (950 wL.), Avj nvixi (1054-1122 wL.), Mvh&hvjx (1055-1111 wL.), bvwmixb Zmx (1201-1274 wL.), Beb ZvBwgqv (1262-1328 wL.), Bebyj KvBwqg (1292-1350 wL.), Avj kvwZex (gZz 1388 wL.), Avj-w`gvkKx, Beb Lvj`yb (1332-1406 wL.), Avngv` Avjx Avj-`vjvhx (gZz 1421 wL.) _K i Ki Av`k kZvxi kvn IqvjxDjvn `njfx (17031763 wL.) ch Bmjvgx wPv, `kb I gbxlvi weivU msLK Dj RvwZ A_bwZK wPvi wewfb kvLvq iZc~Y Ae`vb iLQb| miKvix eq, Mvn A_bxwZ, wewbgq evwYR, Ki, kg wefvRb, GKPwUqvev`, g~j wbqY Z_v A_-wevbi wewfb kvLvq Zuvì Ae`vb mswk wekevmxK c_ `wLqQ| Zuvì Pv I Ae`vb cwZMZ A_bwZK wPvi nvRvi eQii GKwU AevnZ aviv iPbv KiQ| AbKvb mfZvq A_bwZK wPvi Ggb HwZnvwmK avivevwnKZv `Lv hvq bv| GLvb KqKRb c~em~ix wPvwe` mK AwZmsc wKQyUv aviYv ck Kiv njv t 1.3.1. Ave~ BDmyd
Bmjvgx evsKeev
31
32
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bgvg Ave~ nvwbdv (i)-Gi hvM Qv evM`vì cavb wePvicwZ Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd (731-798 wL.) Bmjvgx A_bwZK wPvi BwZnvmi GK AweiYxq bvg| KziAvb I mybvni AvjvK A_bwZK weavb iPbvi wZwb AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Kib| Zuvi wKZveyj-LvivR wewae A_bwZK BwZnvmi GKwU mycvPxb g~jevb `wjj| mvgwK A_bxwZZ (Macro Economics) wZwb meP iZc~Y Ae`vb ivLb| Ave~ BDmyd (i) RbMYi gwjK cqvRb c~iY, Ki Avivc I Av`vqi bvqwePvi I mgZv iv, Kwl Dbqb Ges Kwl f~wgi Ici Ki Avivci evcvi g~jevb mycvwik ck Kib| wZwb meP gwjK Ae`vb iLQb miKvix A_vqbi | èg~j wbqY welqI Zuvi AvjvPbv iZc~Y| wKfve g~j wbavwiZ nq, g~ji Dci Ki wKic cfve dj Gme welq wZwb weklY Ki `wLqQb| Bgvg Ave~ BDmydi A_bwZK wPv cieZxKvji Bmjvgx MelKì Rb AvjvKewZKv wnme c_ `wLqQ| 1.3.2. Avj-kvqevbx Bgvg gynv` Bebyj nvmvb Avj-kvqevbx (750-804 wL.) Zuvi M wKZveyj-BKwZmve wdi&-wih&K Avj-gymZvZe-G mr DcvRb mK AvjvPbv KiQb| BRvivn& (fvov), wZRvivn& (eemv), whivAvn& (Kwl) Ges wmbvAvn& (wk) cfwZ mK Zuvi cwZMZ AvjvPbv I mycvwik iZc~Y| kvqevbx gb Kib, GKRb gymwjg Zvi Avq-eqi RbKjvYi bxwZ AbymiY Kieb| wZwb neb AgyLvcx| wZwb cigyLvcx neb bv| Zuvi gZ, KwlKvRB mevg ckv| mgvRi Rb GwU meP Acwinvh I KjvYagx| GB KviY mgKvjxb Bgvg I dKxnì ga wZwb gwjKZi `vwe`vi| kvqevbx jvKìK msmviZvMx bv nq wbR msmvii eq wbevni Rb hZUzKz cqvRb Kgc ZZUzKz Avq Kivi Rb Pv Pvjvbvi civgk w`qQb| wZwb Zuvi wKZveyj-Avmj bvgK M Ges Abvb iPbvq mvjvg (AwMg q), wkiKvZ (Askx`vwiZ) I gy`vivevn (gybvdvq Askx`vwiZ) BZvw` jb`b mK g~jevb AvjvKcvZ Kib| 1.3.4. Ave~ DevB`
Ave~ DevB` Avj-Kvwmg Beb mvjvg (766-838 wL.) Zuvi wKZveyj AvgIqvj bvgK eBZ ivi bvMwiK I kvmKi ga mK wbicY Kib| wZwb kvmK I RbMYi ciii AwaKvi I KZe mK g~jevb AvjvPbv Kib| wZwb hvKvZ, Dki, Lygm&, dvB (LvivR I wRwhqv) BZvw` mKI wevwiZ AvjvPbv I weklY ck KiQb| Bmjvgi c_g `ykZvxi A_bwZK BwZnvm wnme Zuvi M wekl iZc~Y| 1.3.5. Avj-gynvwmex Ave~ Avew`jvn nvwim Beb Avmv` Avj-Avbvhx Avj-gynvwmex (781857 wL.) fvM I eenvi kixqvn& cwicx me wKQy eRb Kivi Avnvb Rvbvb| Rxeb hvcb wZwb hyn` ev wgZvPvix nZ ejb| KviY, Zuvi gZ fvMi jvjmv gvbyli ga nvjvji mxgvjNbi AvksKv mw Ki| Zuvi gZ, ewi mv_ mì mK ne wbqwZ I mZKZvg~jK| G aibi mK vcbK wZwb DrmvwnZ KiQb| wZwb fvMi jvjmv cwinvi I m` eenvi ^v_ciZv ZvM Kivi civgk `b| Zuvi gZ, KR nvmvb evcKfve DrmvwnZ Kivi gvag mgvR cviwiK mnhvwMZvi wevi NUvZ ne| GfveB GKwU `vwqZkxj ì`x mgvR cwZwZ ne| Avj gynvwmex Zuvi wimvjvn Avj-gvKvwme Iqvj Iqviv kyeynvn bvgK M Gme gwjK welq wevwiZ AvjvPbv KiQb| 1.3.6. Avj-gvIqv`x Aveyj nvmvb Avjx Beb gynv` Beb nvexe Avj-emix Avj-evM`v`x Avj-gvIqv`x (974-1058 wL.) BivKi emivq RbMnY Kib| Rxebi `xN mgq wZwb evM`v` Aevb Kib| wZwb evM`vì cavb wePvicwZi `vwqZI cvjb Kib| kvmKi KZe, miKvix Avq I eq, miKvix Rwg, Lvm Rwg BZvw` welq wZwb Zuvi Avj-AvnKvgyj-myjZvwbqv bvgK M g~jevb AvjvPbv KiQb| Zuvi gZ, GKRb Av`k kvmKi `vwqZ ne t 1. evRvi Z`viwK Kiv
Bmjvgx evsKeev
33
34
Bmjvgx evsKeev
2. mwVK IRb wbwZ Kiv 3. cZviYv iva Kiv 4. eemvqx I KvwiMiì jb`b kixqvni wbqg-Kvbybi AbymiY wbwZ Kiv| A_bwZK AvPiY mK wZwb Zuvi wKZve Av`vey& `xb Iqv`& `ywbqv bvgK M wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kib| Zuvi gZ, mr DcvRbi PviwU cavb Dcvq njv KwlKvR, c cvjb, eemv I wk| 1.3.7. Beb nvhg Ave~ gynv` Avjx Beb Ave~ Dgi Avng` Beb mvC` Beb nvhg AvjKziZyex Avj-Av`vjymx (994-1064 wL.) bi KWvfvq RbMnY Kib| Zuvi iPbvi ga Avj-gynvwj kvin Avjv wgbnvwRZ& Zvwjexb wekl iZc~Y| gvbyli gwjK Pvwn`v I Afve, f~wg^Z eev, Ki I hvKvZ cfwZ welq Zuvi iPbvq cvavb cqQ| Bgvg Beb nvhg m`nxb gvbyli Afve `~i KiZ weevb jvKì f~wgKvi Ici wekl iZ Avivc Kib| Zuvi gZ, Mixe gvbyli gwjK Pvwn`v c~iYi `vwqZ abxì wbZ ne| G `vwqZ abxiv Gwoq hZ PvBj Zvì mì Ask GB KvR eq KiZ eva Kiv ivi `vwqZ| f~wg^Z Ges Kwl A_bxwZ mK Zuvi AvjvPbv LyeB iZc~Y| Ki Av`vq cwZ mK wZwb g~jevb AvjvPbv KiQb| cxob I kvlYg~jK ev Rei`w Ki Avivc I Av`vqi wei wZwb mvPvi wQjb| Zuvi gZ hvKvZ Av`vqi `vwqZ ivi| KD hvKvZ cwikva bv Ki gviv Mj Zvi m` nZ ivK hvKvZ Av`vq KiZ ne ejI wZwb gZ w`qQb| 1.3.8. Avj-Mvh&hvjx Ave~ nvwg` gynvv` Beb gynv` Avj-Zzmx Avk-kvwdC Avj-Mvh&hvjx (1055-1111 wL.) G Dcgnv`k g~jZ GKRb Bmjvgx `vkwbK wnme cwiwPZ| Bn&Bqv Djywgxb Zuvi AweiYxq I KvjRqx M| Zuvi A_bwZK wPvI AZ g~jevb| wZwb ejb, GKRb eemvqx Ggbfve Zvi `vwqZ cvjb Kieb hvZ Zvi mvgvwRK evaZvg~jK KZe ev dih-B-wKdvqv cvwjZ nq|
Mvh&hvjx ejb, kixqvi Dk nQ RbMYi KjvY mvabi gvag Zvì AvKx`v-wekvm, Rxeb, eywew, mvb-mwZ I mì msiY Kiv| Zuvi gZ, hv wKQy GB cuvPwU welqi msiYi wbqZv weavb Ki Zv-B Rb^v_ ej MY Ges mUvB Kvg| Zuvi gZ, mvaviYfve Lv`, e I evmvbi Rb hZUzKz Avq Kiv ìKvi, ZviP ewk ev Kg Avq Kivi Pv Kiv DwPZ bq| ewi gwjK cqvRbi ga _vKe Avmevec, weq I mvb cvjb Avi wKQy mw| ivm~j mv. I Zuvi mvnvexMYi RxebavivB wQjv Mvh&hvjxi KvQ Av`k| Zuvi gZ, cqvRbi AwZwi DcvRb Ki Zv gRy` ivLv, Mixe fvBì mnvqZv bv Kiv hyjygi bvgvi| Bgvg Mvh&hvjx bvMwiKì mvnvh Kiv, Zvì cqvRbi w`K bhi Ìqv, `ybxwZ e Kiv Ges kixqvn&weivax Ki Avivc bv Kivi Rb kvmKìK civgk w`qQb| RbMY A_bwZK wechqi wkKvi nj Lv`-e QvovI miKvix KvlvMvi nZ Avw_K mvnvh `qvi RbI wZwb miKviK ZvKx` `b| kg wefvM I gy`vi gweKvk Mvh&hvjxi Ae`vb g~jevb| wiev Avjd`j cm wZwb ejb, GwU gy`vi cKwZ I Dki cwicx| wZwb hyw `Lvb h, gy`v AvweKZ nqQ wewbgqi gvag wnme KvR Kivi Rb| gy`v MwQZ ivLvi dj mB cwqv evnZ nq| 1.3.9. bvwmiDxb Zmx bvwmiDxb Zmx (1201-1274 wL.) Zuvi wimvjv-B-gvwjqvZ M Kii evSv Kgvbvi civgk w`qQb| kixqvi Abygv`b bB Ggbme Kii wZwb weivwaZv Kib| ckv wnme Kwl Zuvi weePbvq meP ewk iZc~Y| eemv I Abvb ckvi Ae`vb m Zzjbvq Kg| Zuvi gZ, Dbqbi Rb mqi f~wgKv wekl iZc~Y| wZwb ^Yvjvi I Avev`hvM Rwg Kbvi weivwaZv KiQb| wZwb Zuvi wewfb iPbvq Avoîc~Y fvMeq Z_v eev`x I fvMev`x Rxebavivi KVvi mgvjvPbv KiQb| mwVK A_bwZK wfw ARb I RbKjvY wbwZ Kivi gaB RbMYi mgw Ges kvmKì mvdj wbwnZ ej wZwb gb Kib|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
35
36
Bmjvgx evsKeev
1.3.10. Beb ZvBwgqv ZvKxDxb Ave~ Avevm Avng` Beb Ave`yj nvwjg Beb Ave`ym mvjvg Beb Ave`yjvn Beb gynvv` Beb ZvBwgqv Avj-nviivbx Avj-nv^jx (1262-1328 wL.) wQjb wekweLvZ gyRvw` ev hyMmv msviK| Beb ZvBwgqvi wPv I KvRi cfve Ziv I P kZKi Zuvi mgqK AwZg Ki `ywbqvi vbi cwimiK AvRv AvjvwKZ Ki PjQ| eZgvb wek h A_bwZK KvVvgvi Rb AvWvg x_i KvQ KZZv ^xKvi Ki| AbKi gZ AvWvg x_i cuvPk eQi c~eB Bgvg Beb ZvBwgqv m mK aviYv ck KiQb| Beb ZvBwgqvi AvjvPbvi K`we`y wQj mgvR| Zuvi iZc~Y eB Avj-wnmevn wdj Bmjvg| G M wZwb Pzw I Zvi evevqb, `vg I bvh `vg, evRvi Z`viKx, miKvix A_eev, RbMYi cqvRb c~iY miKvii f~wgKv BZvw` welq g~jevb AvjvPbv KiQb| wZwb `ybxwZM miKvi Ges Revew`wni Abyf~wZnxb RvMwZK KvRKg wj ewì wb`v KiQb| mgvR _K `ybxwZ `~i Kivi Dcvq wnme wZwb A_bwZK KgKvi mxgvbv wPwZ Kib| Zuvi gZ, GKwU mgvR wbqgi ga Pjj mLvb AbwZK KvR e ne| Beb ZvBwgqv A_bwZK cwZvbmg~ni c~Y ^vaxbZvi myiv Ges ewMZ m` bwZKfve eenvii ZvKx` w`qQb| wZwb jb`bi mKj Pzw bvq-bxwZi wfwZ mv`bi civgk `b| Pzwe Askx`viMY ^Qvq me kZ gb Pjeb| G Kvb iKg Rvihyjyg ev Rei`w _vKe bv| Gic bxwZ gb PjjB evRviì bvh ne Ges evRvi ^QZv wbwZ ne| bvh evRvi-`vgi Ici Beb ZvBwgqvB c_g wevwiZ AvjvKcvZ Kib| wZwb wewfb aibi Askx`vwiZ mKI iZc~Y AvjvPbv KiQb| A_bwZK wPvi Bgvg Beb ZvBwgqvi `wfwi KqKwU welq t 1. bvMwiKì b~bZg gwjK Pvwn`v c~iY I Kgmsvbi eev Kiv ivi AbZg cavb `vwqZ I KZe| evqZzj gvj nZB GB D`vM wbZ ne| Kgmsvbi myhvM Qvov eKviZ `~i ne bv| GRb miKviK Kgm~Px wbZ ne| 2. iv hvKvZ Av`vq Kie| Av`vqKZ hvKvZ Ges Ki I _K RbMYi b~bZg gwjK Pvwn`v c~iY bv nj miKvi abxì Ici Aviv Ki Avivc Kie| ZvZI eq msKzjvb bv nj Zvì KvQ _K FY be| ZviciI NvUwZ _K Mj abxì D m` 3. 4.
5. 6.
evRqv Kie| m~iv Avj-Rvwiqvn&i 19Zg AvqvZ Avjvn ZvAvjv miKviK GB AwaKvi w`qQb| iv Zvi bvMwiKì KgKv nc KiZ cvie wK-bv, Kvb& Aevq KZUzKz nc cqvRb, Zvi mxgv mK wZwb AvjvPbv KiQb| evRvi Z`viwK Z_v fvvi Rb g~jwbqY Ges mBmv_ eemvqxi bvh gybvdv wbwZ Kiv miKvii GKwU iZc~Y `vwqZ| evRvi bvqmZ cwZhvwMZv eRvq ivLvi `vwqZI miKvii| RbMYi eni ^v_ g~jwbqY KiZ ne| gybvdvLvix e KiZ ne| mBmv_ eemvqxì bvh gybvdvi w`KI bhi ivLZ ne| wekl Aevq miKvi Rb^v_ ewi Kvb Kvb AwaKvi Le ev evwZj KiviI GLwZqvi ivL| cwZvb wnme Avj-wnmevni aviYv A_bxwZi BwZnvm Beb ZvBwgqvi gwjK wPvi dmj| GKPwUqv Kvievi, gRy``vix, gybvdvLvix, dUKvevRvix, IRb KviPzwc cfwZ Rb^v_weivax KvR KVvifve wbqY KiZ Avj-wnmevn cwZv KiZ ne| Avjwnmevn cwZvb miKvii GKwU iZc~Y A wnme Acwinvh èmvgMxi hvMvb wbwZ Kie, wk, eemv I Abvb mev Z`viwK Kie, èi gvb I cwigvc hvPvB Kie Ges gRy``vix, gybvdvLvix, Ryqv I myì Kvievimn A_bwZK Acivamg~n `gb Kie|
7. Beb ZvBwgqv mì gvwjKvbvi aviYv mKI wevwiZ AvjvPbv KiQb| 1.3.11. Bebyj KvBwqg kvgmDxb Ave~ Ave`yjvn gynvv` Beb Ave~ eKi Bebyj KvBwqg (1292-1350 wL.)-Gi weLvZ M Avj-ZziK Avj-Kwgqvn| wZwb bvqmZ g~j, hywmZ wZc~iY, Dchy gRywi Ges mZ gybvdvi cev wQjb| GKPwUqv Kvievi A_ev `yej evRvi-eevcbv gyKvwejv Kivi Dcvq wbq wZwb AvjvPbv Kib| evRviì wbqYi GKwU bxwZgvjvI wZwb ck Kib| Beb ZvBwgqvi gZv wZwbI cwZvb wnme wnmevn msvi mg_K wQjb|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
37
38
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Zuvi gZ, kixqvi Dk nQ gvbyli vbMZ DrKl mvab Ges Zvi BnRvMwZK I ciKvjxb KjvY-mvab| mvweK bvqwePvi, `qv, mgw I vbi ga GB KjvY wbwnZ| Kvb mgvR bvqwePvii cwieZ hyjyg, `qvi cwieZ KVviZv, KjvYi cwieZ KvcY Avi vbi e`j g~LZv cej nj mLvb kixqvi Dk evnZ nq| Zuvi A_bxwZ-wPvi cavb j wQjv t 1. mywePvi (Av`j) cwZv Kiv 2. Rb^v_ (Avj-gvmjvnv Avj-Avg&gvn) msiY Kiv 3. Rb^v_ I mywePviweivax KvR (mv` Avj-hvwiAvn) cwZnZ Kiv Zuvi gZ, ew Zvi m` eni mgvRi ^v_i wei eenvi Kij iv AekB ZvZ nc Kie| 1.3.12. Avj-kvwZex Ave~ BmnvK Avj-kvwZexi (gZz 1388 wL.) mevwaK AvjvwPZ I iZc~Y M Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ wd Dmyj Avj-kvixAvn| kixqvi cKZ Dk (gvKvwm` Avj-kixqvn) wKfve nvwmj ne, Zvi cwZ I KgKkj mK wZwb g~jevb AvjvPbv KiQb| kixqvi Dk evevqbi `wZB wZwb ivi f~wgKv wbicY Kib| Zuvi gZ, ivi Rb meP iZc~Y I AMvwaKvig~jK PviwU KvR njv t 1. hvKvZ cwZv Kiv 2. Rxebi cuvPwU gwjK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv 3. mw msiY, mì AcPq iva I Abi mw Abvqfve Mvm Kiv _K weiZ ivLv 4. bkv RvZxq hveZxq DcKiY Ges wePvieva webKvix me èi Drcv`b, wecYb I fvM wbwl Kiv| Bgvg kvwZex gvbyli Pvwn`v ev cqvRbK AMvwaKvi Abyhvqx wZbwU kYxZ fvM Kib t 1. Acwinvh (hiwiqvZ) 2. cqvRbxq (nvwRqvZ) 3. DrKlg~jK (ZvnwmwbqvZ)
Bgvg kvwZexi gZ, mKj bvMwiKi Riwi ev AZvekKxq cuvPwU Pvwn`v wbwZ Kiv ivi meP iZc~Y I mevP AMvwaKvig~jK `vwqZ| gvbyli GB cuvPwU gwjK cqvRb wbwZ I wndvhZ Kivi gaB cvw_e Rxebi kvw I mdjZv Ges AvwLivZi gyw I KjvY wbwnZ| GB cuvPwU gwjK Pvwn`v I AwaKvi njv t 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. wekvm (Avj-xb)-Gi msiY Rxeb (Avj-bdm)-Gi msiY eskai (Avj-bmj)-Gi msiY mw (Avj-gvj)-Gi msiY eywgv (Avj-AvKj)-Gi msiY|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
39
40
Bmjvgx evsKeev
1.3.13. Beb Lvj`yb IqvjxDxb Ave`yi ingvb Beb gynv` Beb gynv` Beb Ave~ eKi gynv` Bebyj nvmvb Beb Lvj`yb (1332-1406 Lx.) g~jZ GKRb mgvRwevbx wnme wekLvZ| A_bxwZ welq Zuvi Ae`vb wbq MelYvI eZgvb hyMi GKwU AvKlYxq welq| `xNKvj ci GLb ZuvK AbKB A_bwZK wPvi AbZg Avw` wcZv wnme ^xKvi KiQb| Beb Lvj`ybi meP weLvZ M Avj gyKvwgv| GB eBZ wZwb 1. kg wefvRb, 2. g~j cwZ, 3. Drcv`b I eb, 4. g~jab msMVb, 5. Pvwn`v I hvMvb, 6. gy`v, 7. RbmsLv, 8. evwYRP, 9. miKvix A_eev, 10. Dbqbi i Ges Ggwb AbK iZc~Y A_bwZK welq g~jevb AvjvPbv KiQb| kgwefvRb I Gi BwZevPK dj m^ Beb Lvj`ybi AvjvPbv wekl iZc~Y| wZwb `wLqQb, GKRb Mg Drcv`bKvixK Zvi Drcv`b cwqvq Qq _K `k aibi mev wbZ nq| Gfve Abi mev wbq wbR cqvRbi Pq wZwb ewk Drcv`b Kib| D dmji wewbgq wZwb Ab è msMn Kib| GfveB cii wbfiZvi ga w`q cvPzh Avm| GB w`K w`q WwfW wiKvWvi Comparative Advantage Theory-K Zvi mg_K gb nq| Beb Lvj`yb wewfb ckv mK Ges Gme ckvi mvgvwRK DchvwMZv mK AvjvPbv KiQb| Drcv`bi mvgvwRK msMVb gvbexq kgi iZ wZwb Zzj aiQb| gvbexq kgeev eZgvb GKwU AbZg AvjvP welq| `vwiì wfw I Zvi KviY wbqI wZwb AZ iZc~Y AvjvPbv KiQb| Gme KviY Kvb Kvb wPvwe` ZuvK cuav, gvKm, Gj&m cgyLi AMeZx I c~emyix gb Kib| Beb Lvj`ybi gZ, RbmsLv I A_bwZK Dbqb cii mKhy| AvRvwZK evwYR RbmsLv GKwU iZc~Y Dcv`vb| RbmsLv ewk nj kgwefvRb I weklxKiY mnR nq| GZ AvRvwZK evwYRi cmvi NU| dj wejvmèi Pvwn`v evo I wk ewP Avm| Zuvi GB iZc~Y gWjwU cieZxZ AbK MnY KiQb|
Beb Lvj`yb gb Kib, cvKwZK m` bq; eis wewfb Aji kwgKì `Zvi Ici wfw KiB kgi AvRvwZK wefvRb NU| evjvwKqvi gZv AvaywbK A_wevbxMY Beb Lvj`ybi GB aviYvi cksmv KiQb| Beb Lvj`ybi wKZve Avj-Bevi wek BwZnvm mK weLvZ M| G M wZwb ivReski Dvb-cZbi KvhKviY weklY KiQb| `vwi` I cvPzhi aib mKI wZwb Af`x AvjvKcvZ KiQb| wZwb ivmg~ni abx wKsev `wi` nIqvi KviY wPwZ KiviI Pv KiQb| Beb Lvj`yb abx I Mixe `kjvi ga wewbgqi nvi, Avg`vwb I idZvwbi ceYZv, Dbqbi Ici A_bwZK KvVvgvi cfve cfwZ weklY Ki e iZc~Y Z Dcvcb KiQb| Zuvi GmKj ZK KD KD AvaywbK AvRvwZK evwYRZi Avw`m~ gb Kib| Beb Lvj`yb mvbv I icvK h A_ iZc~Y weePbv KiQb Ges Zv eenvii K_v ejQb, Zvi mv_ cieZx hyMi evwYRev`xì wPvi wgj `Lv hvq| G KviY ZuvK evwYRev`xì c~em~ix wnmeI MY Kiv nq| kgi g~jZ mKI wZwb AvjvPbv KiQb| Kviv Kviv gZ Beb Lvj`ybi kgi g~jZ kwgKi iZc~Y K`xq f~wgKv ^xKZ nqQ| Kvj gvKm& AbK ci Gm G welq K_v ejQb| G w`K _K ZuvK gvKmi c~em~ix weePbv Kiv hvq| mfrjvbv gb Kib, A_bxwZwe`ì ga Beb Lvj`ybB c_g g~ji inm f` KiZ mg nb| Beb Lvj`ybi gZ, ivRbwZK wwZkxjZv I A_bwZK Dbqb cii wbfikxj| BwZnvm evLvq A_bwZK welqmg~ni Ici wZwbB c_g iZ w`qQb| G I wZwb AMcw_K| Beb Lvj`ybi mfZvi PZ-K jvi Zzjbv KiQb R Avi wnK&mi evwYR PZi mv_| Kvb Kvb AvaywbK A_bxwZwe` Beb Lvj`ybK Kxbmi c~em~ix gb Kib| Kxbmi e kZvx AvM Beb Lvj`yb A_bwZK Dbqb AevnZ ivLZ I eemvqi g`v KvwUq DVZ miKvix eqi cqvRb Abyfe Kib| Ki I miKvix eq mK Beb Lvj`ybi gZ njv, Kii cwigvY Kg nj RbMY mfZvi myweavw` fvM Kivi myhvM cvq| dj Zviv DrmvwnZ
Bmjvgx evsKeev
41
42
Bmjvgx evsKeev
eva Ki| Gfve Kg nvii Ki mfZvi weKvk Ae`vb ivL| Kg nvii Ki A_bwZK cvPzh AvbZ I Kii wfw cmvi mnvqZv Ki| dj miKvii Avq evo| Gi wecixZ Kii DuPz nvi miKvii Avq Kwgq `q| eemv-evwYR MwZkxj ivLZ ZvB miKvix eq evovbv Ges Kii nvi Kwgq ivLv cqvRb| eZgvb weki wewfb `k cPwjZ Progressive Taxation aviYvq Beb Lvj`ybi KiZi cfve cZxqgvb nq| A_bwZK Beb Lvj`ybi gwjK Ae`vbi cwZ AvaywbK A_bxwZwe`ì `w c_g AvKlY Kib k~gcxUvi| mvcwZKKvj evwi MWb Zuvi BKbvwgK Avbvwjwmm wedvi AvWvg x_ bvgK M Beb Lvj`ybi A_bwZK weklYx gZvi K_v iZi mv_ DjL KiQb| R jvi, dv ivRb_vj, wU we Aviwfs I evjvwKqvmn e BDivcxq MelK Beb Lvj`ybi A`w I weklY gZvi Rb ZuvK AvaywbK A_bxwZi AbZg cyivav wnme weePbv Kib| Beb Lvj`ybK A_wevbi AbZg wcZv wnme AwfwnZ Ki evjvwKqv wjLQb t
Ibn Khaldun discovered a great number of fundamental economic notions a few centuries before their official birth. He discovered the virtue and necessity of a division of labour before (Adam) Smith and the principle of labour value before (David) Ricardo. He elaborated a theory of population before Malthus and insisted on the role of the state in the economy before Keynes. But much more than that, Ibn Khaldun used these concepts to build a coherent dynamic system in which the economic mechanism inexorably led economic activity to long-term fluctuations. ... His name should figure among the fathers of economic science.
11
PvBZ AMYx| Kxbmi AvMB wZwb A_bxwZZ ivi f~wgKv mK iZc~Y AvjvKcvZ KiQb| ZviP eo K_v, Beb Lvj`yb Zuvi Gme Zi wfwZ GKwU mvgmc~Y I MwZkxj eevi KvVvgv ùvo Kivb, h eevi A_bwZK KgKkj Zvi A_bwZK KvhgK `xNgqv`x bgbxqZvi ga w`q AevnZfve GwMq bq| ... Beb Lvj`ybi bvg A_wevbi RbKì ga Afy nIqv evbxq| 1.3.14. kvn IqvjxDjvn kvn& IqvjxDjvn& `njfx (1703-1763 wL.) Zuvi vZzjvwn&j evwjMv bvgK weLvZ M ewMZ AvPiY I mvgvwRK msMVbi cKwZ mK kixqvi `wKvY _K hywc~Y evLv ck KiQb| Zuvi gZ, mvgvwRK Rxe wnme gvbyli mvweK KjvY Zvì cviwiK mnhvwMZvi ga wbwnZ| wewbgq, Pzw, gybvdv, fvM, fvMPvl BZvwì gvag GB mnhvwMZv weKwkZ nq| my` I Ryqvi gZv welqjv mgvR mnhvwMZvi cwiek b Ki| ZvB Gjv kixqvn&weivax| RbMYi AZv, jvf I AvkvK KvR jvwMq Ryqv _K A_ Avq Kiv nq| Gi mv_ gvbweK mnhvwMZv ev mfZvi mK bB| my` wbwl nIqvi evcviI wZwb GKB iKg evLv w`qQb| Zuvi gZ, mfZvi myz weKvki Rb gvbweK mnhvwMZvi KvVvgv Dbqb cqvRb| GB mnhvwMZvi iPbvi Rb mg cvKwZK m`, wekl Ki Avev`x Rwg fvM Kiv DwPZ| gmwRì gZvB mg Rwg gYKvixì Avkqj| AvM Avmj AvM cve bxwZi wfwZ mevBK Gme m` Ask w`Z ne| gvwjKvbvi A_ njv m` eenvii AMvwaKvi| miKvix A_eev mK Zuvi gZ njv, cwZwU mf mgvRi Rb GKwU miKvi _vKe| miKvi `kiv, AvBb-kLjv cwZv, bvqwePvi Kvqg BZvw` `vwqZ cvjb Kie| RbMYi ^v_ Ni-evwo, ivvNvU I cyjweR wbgvY Kie| G aibi KvR Kivi Rb miKviK AekB mvg_evbì Ici Ki Avivc KiZ ne| wZwb gb Kib, wejvmx Rxeb mgvR asm WK Avb| Bgvg kvwZexi gZv wZwbI gvbyli Pvwn`vK cqvRbxq, Avivg`vqK I wejvmg~jK GB wZbwU gAMvwaKvi fvM Kib| wZwb ejb, GKkYxi jvKi wejvm
A_vr A_wevbi gwjK Zi c_vwm Rbi KqK kZvx AvM Beb Lvj`yb mjv Avwevi Kib| kgwefvRbi bxwZMZ gvb I Gi eve cqvRb mwKZ aviYv wZwb Dcvcb Kib (AvWvg) x_iI AvM| (WwfW) wiKvWvi AvMB wZwb kgi g~jZ Avwevi Kib| RbmsLv mK wevwiZ ZMZ aviYv Dcvcb wZwb gvj_vmi
Bmjvgx evsKeev
43
44
Bmjvgx evsKeev
I fvMi Pvwn`v wgUvZ cw_exi m` wejvmè Drcv`b eenvi Kivi dj mvaviY gvbyli Pvwn`v DcwZ nq| kvn IqvjxDjvn fviZel `k Rb gyNj kvmKi kvmbKvj cZ Kib| gyNj kvmbi cZbi Rb wZwb cavb `ywU welqK `vqx Kib| c_gZ Abyrcv`bkxj KvR eq Ges wZxqZ Pvlx, eemvqx I KvwiMiì Ici DuPznvi Ki Avivc| kvn IqvjxDjvn wQjb mgKvjxbZvi cfvegy GKRb hyMvxY wPvbvqK| GB gbxlx mgmvgwqK gZev`mg~ni wevwi Ea _K wbRi gy wPv I wePvi-eywK KvR jvwMq Dvi cavb cavb `yejZvjv wPwZ Kib| kvn IqvjxDjvn mgvjvPbvi gvag Dvi gwjK Mj`jvK Ki Zvjb Ges RvwZi wPvi cybMVb Zuvi mg kw wbqvwRZ Kib| wZwb Dcjw Kib h, Bmjvgi g~j mZ _K wePzwZB gymjgvbì cZbi KviY| wZwb Bmjvgx Av`k, fveaviv I Rxebweavbi wfwZ gymwjg mgvR cybMVbi cwiKbv Kib| gymwjg kvmK, Avgxi-Igivn, mwbK, Avwjg, m~dx, eemvqx, kgRxex Z_v mKj i I ckvi gvbylK wZwb Bmjvgi g~j mZi w`K cZveZbi Avnvb Rvbvb| kvn IqvjxDjvn Dcjw Kib h, Zuvi mgqB hyMi GKwU wefvRb NUQ| wZwbB c_g DjL Kib h, gahyMi Aemvb nqQ Ges AvaywbK hyMi i nZ hvQ| G hyM ay Zjvqvii gvag bq, Kjgi mvnvh gyKvwejvi Kkj cqvM KiZ ne| Zuvi G `~i`wB ZuvK AvaywbK hyMi cev I GKRb mvPv Kjg mwbK wnme Mo DVZ Dy KiwQj| wZwb Bmjvgx vb I wPvi cybMVbi KvR i Kib| BRwZnvì cqvRbxqZvi Ici wZwb wekl Rvi `b| BRwZnv`K wZwb mKj hyMi Rb dih wKdvqv ej DjL Kib| BRwZnvì wbqg-weavb I kZvejx iPbv Ki G wZwb GKwU kLjvi c_-wb`k Kib| kvn IqvjxDjvn Zuvi wewfb M cwe KziAvbi Rxebeev I Bmjvgx Rxeb`kb mK AvjvPbv Kib| Bmjvgi bwZK, ZvgyywbK I AvBbMZ eevK wZwb wjwLZ AvKvi ck Kivi D`vM bb| vZzjvwnj evwjMv, BhvjvZzj wLdv cfwZ g~jevb M iPbv QvovI KziAvb-nv`xmi vbi mv_ RbMYi cZ hvMvhvM Mo ZyjZ wZwb ZLbKvi mvgvwRK fvlv dvmxZ Avj-KziAvb ZiRgv Kib| cwe
KziAvb gRxì G ZiRgv wQj m mgqi Rb GKwU ecweK c`c| wZwb nv`xmi c_g msKwjZ M gyqvv Bgvg gvwjK-Gi ZiRgv Kib Ges ZvZ UxKv mshvRb Kib| Gfve KziAvb-nv`xmi wkvcwZZ wZwb evcK cwieZb Avbb| kvn IqvjxDjvn I Zuvi myhvM cyMYi Pvq fviZel KziAvb I nv`xmPPv evcKfve i nq| kvn IqvjxDjvn cvwievwiK Rxeb msMVb, mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, wePvi-eev, Ki-eev, `k-kvmb, mvgwiK msMVb cfwZ w`K wbq wevwiZfve AvjvPbv Kib| mgvR-mfZvi wechq I weKwZi KviYmg~ni Ici wZwb Mfxifve AvjvKcvZ Kib| wZwb Bmjvg I RvwnwjqvZi HwZnvwmK i GKUv aviYvI ck Kib Ges wLjvdZ I ivRZi cv_K fve Zzj aib| Rvwnjx iv I Bmjvgx ivi cv_K Zzj ai wZwb ejb, Bmjvgx iv cwZv bv Kiv ch Kvb Cgvb`vii cB wb em _vKv me bq| kvn IqvjxDjvn BmjvgK g~j-wfwK wecex Av`kicB ck Kib| Zuvi gZ, GKwU K`xq cwZvbi gvag G Av`k mviv cw_exZ cPvwiZ nIqv DwPZ| GfveB wZwb cvb-BmjvwgK aviYvi exRI ecb Kib| kvn IqvjxDjvn mgvR-mfZvi wechqi KviYjv wPwZ Ki vZzjvwnj evwjMvq wjLQb t Kvb gvbeMvxi ga mfZvi weKvkaviv AevnZ _vKj Zvì wkKjv c~Yic weKwkZ nq| Zvici kvmKMvx fvM-wejvm, Avivg-Avqk I Hkhi gvn AvQb RxebK eQ wbj mB Avqkx Rxebi evSv Zviv kwgKkYxi Ici Pvcvq| dj mgvRi AwaKvsk jvK gvbeZi Rxeb-hvcb eva nq| RbMYK A_bwZK Pvci ga Rxeb-hvcb eva Kij mgvR-Rxebi bwZK KvVvgv wech nq| gvbyl ZLb iwR-iwUi Rb ci gZv KVvi cwikg KiZ eva nq| G Pig wbhvZb I A_bwZK `yfvM _K gvbylK gy KiZ Avjvni c _K c_i wb`k Avm| A_vr mwKZv wbRB wecei AvqvRb Kib| RbMYi eyKi Ici _K Aea kvmK-Pi evSv mivbvi eevI wZwb Kib| ivg I cvimi kvmKiv m hyjygevwRi c_B GwMqwQjv| Zvì
Bmjvgx evsKeev
45
46
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Hkh I wejvwmZvi hvMvb w`Z wMq RbmvaviYK ci i bg AvmZ nqwQjv| G hyjygkvnxi cwZKvii RbB Aviei RbMYi ga nhiZ ivm~jyjvn& mv.-K ciY Kiv nqwQjv| wgmi wdivDb ev dvivIì asm Ges ivg I cvim mgvUi cZb G bxwZ Abymvi beyqvZi AvbylwK KZeic Zvwgj nqQ| kvn IqvjxDjvn Dcjw Kib h, w`jxi mgvU I Avgxi-Igivn Ges wn`yvbi Abvb kvmKi bwZK `DwjqvZ cvim I ivgmgvUì KvQvKvwQ chvq wMq cuQwQjv| kvn IqvjxDjvni egyLx Ae`vbi KqKwU w`K t 1. kvn IqvjxDjvn Bmjvgi BwZnvm I gymjgvbì BwZnvmi m~ cfìLvwU Dvi mvgb Ki Zvjb| wZwbB c_g GUv `Lvb h, gymwjg BwZnvm I Bmjvgi BwZnvm g~jZ GK bq| 2. wLjvdZ I ivRZi gaKvi bxwZMZ I cvwifvwlK cv_KK wZwb nv`xmi AvjvK fve evLv Kib| mgKvjxb ivRZvwK miKviK wZwb AwMDcvmK miKvii mv_ Zzjbv Ki ejb, GB `yB miKvii ga cv_K njv gymwjg ivRZx miKvii jvKiv bvgvh co, gyL Kvjgv DPviY Ki| 3. wZwb Rvwnjx iv I Bmjvgx ivi gaKvi cv_KI fve Zzj aib| Rvwnjx iv LZg Ki Bmjvgx iv cwZvi Acwinvh `vwqZ mKI wZwb DvK mZK I mPZb Kivi Pv Kib| 4. kvn IqvjxDjvn gvhnvex AbKK mgKvjxb gymjgvbì wZxq eng gwjK wU I `yejZv wnme wPwZ Kib| wZwb ejb, wmixq (DgvBqv) kvmKì cZbKvj ch KD wbRK nvbvdx ev kvwdqx ej `vwe KiZb bv| Zviv mKjB wbR wbR Bgvg I wkKì `Lvbv cwZZ kixqZi cgvY MnY KiZb| wK BivKx (Avevmxq) kvmKì mgq _K cZKB wbRi Rb GKwU gvhnvex cwiPq wbw` Ki bq| Zviv wbR gvhnvei eo eo bZvì Abygv`b Qvov KziAvb I mybvni `wjji wfwZ Kvb wmv wbZI ivwR nZv bv| ZzKx (Imgvbxq) kvmbvgj jvKiv wewfb `k wew nq co| Zviv wbR wbR wdK&nwfwK gvhnve _K hv wKQy iY KiZ cvi, mUvKB xb wnme MnY Ki| AvM hme welq KziAvb I nv`xmi Drm _K D~Z gvhnve wQj, GLb Zv-B vqx mybZ cwiYZ nq|
5. kvn IqvjxDjvn BRwZnv`K mKj hyMi Rb dih wKdvqv wnme DjL Kib| wZwb BRwZnvì wbqg-bxwZ, msweavb I kZvewj myfve eYbv Kib| BRwZnv` cm wZwb ejb, Avgvì hgvbvi wbeva ewiv BRwZnvì bvg c IVb| Gì bvK DUi gZv `wo euvav AvQ| Giv Rvbb bv h Zviv Kvb w`K hvQb| 6. kvn IqvjxDjvn Bmjvgi mgM wPv, bwZK eev, ZvgyywbK eev I kixqZ wjwce AvKvi ck Kivi Pv Kib| wZwb Zuvi Mmg~ni gvag Bmjvgx `kb wjwce Kivi wfw vcb Kib| bwZK `kbi Ici wZwb GKwU mgvR `kbi BgviZ wbgvY Kib| 7. fviZi Z`vbxb miKvii cwieZ GKwU ^vaxb Bmjvgx cwZi miKvi cwZvi Dk wZwb Zuvi wewfb iPbvq `xN-gqv`x MY-wecei Kgm~Px ck Kib| Avj-KziAvbi dvmx ZiRgv dZi ingvb-Gi UxKvZ Zuvi GB Kgm~Px AwaKZi fve weaZ nqQ| kvn IqvjxDjvn mK `yk eQi ci mvBq` Aveyj Avjv gI`~`x (1903-1979 wL.) wjLQb t GKw`K Zuvi hgvbv I cwiek Ges Abw`K Zuvi Ae`vb mvgb ivLj nZevK nZ nq h, m hyM Ggb Mfxi `w, wPv I eywewmb ewZi Rb wKfve me njv! ...m AKvi hyM wkv jvf Ki Ggb GKRb gy wePvi-eywmb wPvbvqK I fvlKvi Rbmg Avwef~Z njb, whwb hgvbv I cwieki mKj eb _K gy nq wPv Kib| AvQb I wei vb Ges kZvxi RgvUevav weli eb wQb Ki cwZwU Rxeb-mgmvi Ici Mfxi Abymvbx I gyRZvwnì `w wbc Kib| wZwb Ggb mvwnZ mw Ki hvb, hvi fvlv, eYbvfw, wPv, Av`k, MelYvj welq I wmvmg~ni Ici mgKvjxb cwieki Kvb Qvc cowb| GgbwK Zuvi iPbv cvV Kivi mgq gb GZUzKz m`niI D`q nq bv h, Gjv Ggb GKvb em jLv nqQ hvi Pviw`K wejvwmZv, Bw`qc~Rv, nZv, jyUZivR, Ryjyg, wbhvZb, Akvw I wekLjvi Aeva ivRZ PjwQjv| 12
Bmjvgx evsKeev
47
48
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gahyM I AvaywbK hyMi vwKvj kvn IqvjxDjvni DPviY Zuvi kZel cii wPvbvqK Kvj gvKmi PvBZI AwaK wecex gb nq| wK Rvgvwbi Bw` cwievii mvb Kvj gvKm KvR KiQb Zuvi mgqi mfZvi cvYK` jb| Zuvi wPvK wZwb m hyMi meP AvaywbK MYgvagi mvnvh mviv `ywbqvq Qwoq w`Z ciwQjb| dj `k `k wece mw nqwQj| Abw`K kvn IqvjxDjvn KvR KiQb GKwU cZbgyLx mfZvi ivRavbx w`jxZ em| Kvb MYgvag `~i _vK, Zuvi Avkcvk Zuvi aviYvK nRg Kivi gZv jvKiI h_ Afve wQj| GgbwK Zuvi g~jevb Mmg~n gyw`Z nq cKvwkZ nqQ Zuvi gZzi cvq òk eQi ci| kvn IqvjxDjvn AvVviv kZK Bmjvgx wPv-PZbvi weKvk h f~wgKv cvjb Kib, AbK ci njI Zv Dcgnv`ki Bmjvgx wPvPZbvK cfvweZ KiQ| Dcgnv`k Ewbk kZKi wRnv` Av`vjb, divqRx Av`vjb, wmcvnx wece, gymjgvbì ^vaxbZv msMvg I Bmjvgx RvMiYK Zvi wPv c_ `wLqQ| ZviB avivevwnKZvq Kzwo kZKi gafvM _K Bmjvgx A_bwZK wPv I Bmjvgx evsKeevi weKvk Dcgnv`ki wPvwe`MY wewk I AMYx f~wgKv cvjb KiQb| Avjvgv wndhyi ingvb, mvBq` Aveyj Avjv gI`~`x, Wi BDmyd Dxb, Wi Avbvqvi BKevj Kvikx, kL gvngy` Avng`, gvIjvbv gynv` Ave`yi inxg, Wi bRvZzjvn wmwKx, cdmi Lyikx` Avng`, Wi Dgi Pvciv, wePvicwZ ZvKx Dmgvbxmn Dcgnv`kxq gbxlxMY Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs-Gi w`MK AvjvwKZ KiQb| 1.4. gymwjg mfZvi cZb I my`wfwK evsKeevi Dvb gahyM cwgv `ywbqv hLb AKvivQb, cvP wQj ZLb Bmjvgi AvjvK-cfvq DvwmZ| mg kZvxZ Avwef~Z nq gv GKk eQii ga Bmjvg Aa cw_exZ AvavwZK, bwZK I eMZ DrKli Rvqvi mw KiwQj| P I lvj kZK BDivc h ibmuv mw nq, Zvi cQb wQj gymwjg weki ^YhyMi mvdjiB ciYv| Ugvm KvjvBj, GBP wR Iqjm, GBP jvgbm, db gvi, RR evbvW k, wdwjc K wnw, DBwjqvg Wcvi, GWIqvW wMeb, GBP Avi wMe, Avb Uqbwemn emsLK cwgv cwZ Ges cvPi Gg Gb ivqmn e
MelK wekmfZvq Bmjvgi GB Ae`vbi K_v ^xKvi KiQb| Zuvì AbK DjL KiQb h, gymjgvbì KvQ _K wkv MnY KiB BDivc AvaywbK mfZvi bZZ MnY mg_ nq| gymjgvbMY vb-wevb-wkv-mswZ-mfZvi gahyM h DrKl mvab KiwQjb, Avj-KziAvb I ivm~jzjvn& mv.-Gi Av`k wQj Zvi wfw I ciYv| cieZxZ Bmjvgx mswZ I Rxebavivi cavb Drm Z_v Avj KyiAvbi wkvi mv_ gymjgvbì ivxq I mvgvwRK mK wQb nq| Gi dj D~Z bvbv AfixY `yejZvi KviY Ges evwnK AvMvmbi wkKvi nq gymjgvbMY mfZv-mswZ weKvk bZZ`vbi hvMZv nvivb| Av`kPzZ gymjgvbì Ggwb AmsnZ, wqz I wew Aevi gaB Ziv kZKi gafvM evM`v` I ga Gwkqv nvjvKz Lvbi nvZ asm nq| evM`vì ci KWvfv, w`jx, Bv^yj gk cZbi myLxb nq| GKi ci GK gymjgvbì K`wji cZb Bmjvgi cZb wQj bv| G wQj KziAvb-wePzZ, mw^Znviv, w`Kv gymjgvbì cZb| P I lvj kZKi BDivcxq ibmuvi ci cwgv bev~Z mvgvRev`x kw gymjgvbì gvS AbK I wef` mw Ki Ges KziAvbi cfvegy weKZ Av`ki cmvi NUvZ mg_ nq| gymjgvbMY Bmjvgi D`vi ewkK `wfw ev Dvn&-PZbv I vZZeva nvwiq dj| KziAvb gRx` Avjvn ZvAvjvi wb`k I mveavbevYx t Zvgiv mevB Avjvni iy `pfve AvuKo aiv Ges cii wewQb nqv bv...| (m~iv Avj Bgivb t 103) Zvgiv Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~ji AvbyMZ Kie I cii Kjn-weev` Kvi bv; Kij Zvgiv mvnm nvive Ges Zvgvì kw wejy ne...| (m~iv Avbdvj t 46) Zvgiv Zvì gZv nqv bv hviv Zvì wbKU wb`kb Avmvi ciI wewQb nqQ I wbRì ga gZvi mw KiQ| (m~iv Avj Bgivb t 105) HK I msnwZi wb`k Ges wewQbZv I Kjn-weevì cwiYvg mK cwe KziAvbi Gme mveavbevYxi ciI gymjgvbiv AbK I
Bmjvgx evsKeev
49
50
Bmjvgx evsKeev
AvZweasmx Nivqv nvbvnvwbi wkKvi nb| fMvwjK RvZxqZvi aviYv I Bmjvgcwicx mvswZK g~jevai KvQ Zviv AvZmgcY Kib| ZvMwZwZv, msMvg I mvnmi HwZn fyj Zviv fvMev`x Rxebavivq AvQb nq cob| mevcwi `k `k gymwjg kvmKMY mvgvRev`xì nvZi cyZzj cwiYZ nb| gymjgvbMY Bmjvgx Av`k AbymiYi KviYB GKmgq mgwi DPwkLi AvivnY KiwQjb| wK Av`wkK wePzwZ Zvì cZbi c_ ck Ki| wLjvdZi Av`k Qo gymwjg kvmKMY ivRZi c_ aib| G c_ Zvì ivRbwZK cZb Zivw^Z nq| wPvi evZ bg Avm| Bmjvgi bwZK ciYv _K ewZ nIqvi dj eMZ DbwZi mKj PvweI Zvì nvZQvov nq| gymjgvbì G cZbhyM Zvì Pviw`K GK bZzb mfZvi Dvb NU| m mfZvi j, Av`k I evYx wQj gymjgvbì mfZv-mswZi mv_ mvsNwlK| Zvì BwZnvm, HwZn, Rxebeva, Rxebaviv I Av`wkK KvVvgvi mv_ AmwZc~Y| cwgv G bZzb Roev`x I fvMev`x mfZvi meP kwkvjx nvwZqvi I kvlYhic nvwRi njv my`wfwK evsKeev| BwìvB c_g evsK eemvq myì ceZb Ki| wLvbiv MvovZ Gi weivwaZv Ki| wK ci ZvivI kvlYg~jK GB my`x Kvievi Rwoq co| myì KvwmKvj Zi cev AvWvg x_ I wiKvWv| Zvì gZ, my` njv wewbqvMKZ g~jabi Dci wbavwiZ nvi Avq| GB Z myì hwKZv weklY Ki `Lvbv njv, Rwgi Dci LvRbv avh Kiv Mj g~jabi DciI my` _vKv DwPZ| Zvi wecixZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZwe`ì ee njv g~jab wewbqvM bv Ki ay UvKvi Dci my` avh Kiv Bbmvdi cwicx| Zvì gZ, A_ wewbqvM bv Kiv ch Gi Kvb eenvwiK DchvwMZv _vK bv| A_ wewbqvM Kiv njB Gi mv_ AwbwnZ SuywKi ck Pj Avm| ZvB SuywKZ AskMnY bv Ki ay A_i evwnK g~ji Dci AwZwi `vwe Kiv hywMvn nZ cvi bv| KvwmKvj w_IwiZ aiB bIqv nq h, FYMnxZv FYi UvKvq jvfevb nq| wK AbK B G aviYv Aeve nZ cvi| cZK FYMnxZvB FYi UvKvq gybvdv jvf Ki bv| gwjK cqvRb c~iYi
FYi gvag jvfi w`KwU Aevi| eemvqI me mgq jvf nq bv| jvf njI me mgq Zvi cwigvY mgvb bq| wK jvf nvK ev bv nvK, myì nvi wbw`| jvKmvb nvK wKsev jvf nvK, me my` cvqkB AcwiewZZ _vK| GRb GwU ^fve I cKwZi weivax| m KviY Zv eBbmvdx I hyjygi bvgvi| myì nvi mqi cwigvY wbaviK nIqvi aviYvwUI fzj| Kbbv, myì nvi bq, Avqi cwigvYi DciB mq wbfikxj| G Qvov, mKj mq wewbqvM bv-I nZ cvi| KvwmKvj my`Z g~jabK evRvii Abvb DcKiYi gZv weePbv Kiv nq Ges mieivn I Pvwn`vi wfwZ Gi g~j wbaviY Kiv nq hv myì nvi ej weePbv Kiv nq| GB gZev` myì nviB mqK DrmvwnZ Ki Ges mqi cwigvY wbaviY Ki| Rb gvbvW Kxb&m GB aviYvi weivwaZv Ki ejb, myì nvi bq, eis Avqi cwigvYB mqi cwigvY wbaviY Ki| myì Gewbv w_Iwii cev DBwjqvg wmwbqi| Zuvi gZ, FY`vZv FYMnxZvK UvKv w`q wbR fvM weiZ _vK ev ZvM ^xKvi Ki| G KviY FY`vZvK FYMnxZvi my` `qv DwPZ| gvkvj ejQb, FY w`q Acvq _vKvi Rb G my`| myì Drcv`bkxjZv Zi (Productivity Theory) cev envg eIqvK-Gi gZ, g~jabi Drcv`b-gZvi Rb my` `qv DwPZ| envg eIqvK-Gi wPvavivcm~Z Awqvb ev IwMq w_Iwi Abymvi mgKvjxb Drcv`b, hv cieZx Drcv`bi Rb wbw` Ki ivLv nq Zv-B g~jab| my` nQ GB g~jabi AeZx mgqcYi g~j| fwelZi Pq eZgvbB gvbyli AwaK cQ` I fvebvi welq ej wZwb my`K GKwU A_bwZK cqvRb ej DjL KiQb| Zvi gZ, eZgvb cY me mgqB fwelZ cY _K AMvwaKvi cvc| KvRB fwelZ cYK eZgvb icvii Rb AekB GKwU abvZK myì nvi _vKv DwPZ| Drcv`bkxjZv Zi wecixZ ejv nqQ, kg I Qvov g~jabi Kvb GKK Drcv`b-gZv bB| m KviY g~jabi Rb wbw` nvi my` wbawiY AhwK| myì cvwK ZI myì nvi wbaviY KiZ Amg_| eis g~jabi cvwK Drcv`bkxjZv myì nvi vivB wbYxZ nq|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
51
52
Bmjvgx evsKeev
G w_IwijvZ myì nvi wbaviYi PvBZ myì KviY mvb AwaK gbvhvM `qv nqQ| ZvB GjvK Agy`v Z (Non Monetary Theory) ejv nq| Abw`K iqQ myì KqKwU gy`v Z (Monetary Theory)| Gme Z my`K GKwU cqvRbxq Avw_K welq gb Kiv nq| Gjvi cwZcv` myì AwZi KviY ev hwKZv wbaviY bq; eis myì nvi wbaviY| jW Kxb&mi wPvavivcy FYhvM Znwej I Zvij AMvwaKvi Z G wekl DjLhvM| Kxb&m KLbI my`K eenvwiK welq ejQb| Avevi KLbI gbvwZK welq ejQb| G `vjvPji ga wZwb myì GKv A nvii c gZ cKvk KiQb| wZwb my`nxb A_eevi mveZvI ^xKvi KiQb| A_bxwZZ wewbqvM mevwaK Kivi Dcvq wnme wZwb myì k~b nviK wPwZ KiQb| wfb wfb Avqmb wewfb ii gvbyli fvM weiZ _vKv, Acv Kiv ev ZvMi cwigvY wbaviY me nqwb ej cvMmi A_bxwZwe`ì wbKU Gewbv w_Iwi MnYhvMZv cvqwb| Awqvb ev IwMq w_Iwii wecixZ cvMmi A_bxwZi cevì gZ nQ, AwaKvsk jvKB wkv, evaK ev weqi Rb fwelZi cqvRb mq Drmvnx| myZivs G gZI vwi Ici wfwkxj| G gZi cevMY myì nvi wbaviYi Pv KiQb; wK my`K bvqmZ I hwK ej cgvY KiZ cvibwb| Agy`v Zev` gy`vZ my`K cqvRbxq Avw_K welq gb Kiv njI GwU MnYhvM weewPZ nqwb| KviY myì hwKZv mK wbwZ nZ bv cvij Zvi nvi wbaviYi ckI Avm bv| Kbbv, myì welqwUB A_bxwZwe`ì KvQ gxgvswmZ bq| hvnvK, agwbicZvev`x wPvi DblhyM v`k kZvxi gafvM 1157 wLv fwbm c_g AvaywbK evsK cwZwZ nq| Gici 1401 mvj evmjvbvq `xN cvq AvovBk eQi ci cwZwZ evsK Ae wWcvwRU AvaywbK evsKi ZvwjKvq GKwU DjLhvM bvg| ^xKZ c_g AvaywbK evsKic 1587 mvj fwbm cwZwZ nq evsK Wjv wcRv ` wiqvjUv|13
Gici 1609 mvj cwZwZ nq WvP AvgvWvg evsK| GwU BDivc AvaywbK evswKs-Gi gWj wnme KvR KiQ|14
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Z_m~ 1.
53
54
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Lv`Kvi G G gvnZveDwb, AvaywbK evsKi weKvk I BwZnvm (1988), Bmjvgx evsK Uwbs Av wimvP GKvWgx, XvKv; gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg; Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW; Glyn Davis, A History of
Money From Ancient Times to the Present Day, 3rd ed., Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2002|
Bmjvgi `wZ my`

2.1. my` GKwU cyibv mgmv my` A_bxwZi meP cyibv I RwUj GKwU welq| wgmi, Mxm, ivg, fviZel cfwZ GjvKvq cvPxbKvj my` mK AvBb iPbvi cqvRb nq| e`, ZvIivZ I BbwRj my`K GKwU mgmv wnme AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| mwUm, cUv I GwiUji gZv cvPxb MxK `vkwbK Ges wn`y I Bw` msviKMY my`x Kvievii wb`v KiQb| Avj-KziAvb PviwU chvq my` mK AvjvKcvZ Kiv nqQ| AvaywbK A_bxwZZI my`x Kvievi GKwU mgmv| myì nvi wbq A_bxwZwe`ì ga h weZK we`gvb iqQ, A_bxwZi Avi Kvb Ggb gZcv_K `Lv hvq bv| dj A_bxwZZ myì AwZi welqwUI ckwe| 2.2. Bmjvg wiev ev my` wiev Aviex fvlvi k| Gi A_ njv ew, AvwaK, AwZwi, xwZ, mcmviY BZvw`| FYi wecixZ mgqi mv_ hKvb ewB nQ wiev| KziAvb gRx` G A_B wiev kwU eenvi Kiv nqQ| Gi cvwifvwlK A_ nQ my`| hvK BsiwRZ ej Interest ev Usury| Zvdmxi Zvevixi ZZxq L ejv nqQ t wiev nQ mB evowZ A_ hvi wewbgq FY`vZv FY cwikvai mgqUv Aviv wKQy w`bi Rb evwoq `q| Bebyj Avivex AvnKvgyj KziAvb-Gi c_g L ejQb t wiev nQ m evowZi `vg, hv Kvb gvji wewbgq bq|1 2.3. my`x jb`bi ewk myì msv _K my`x Kvievii 3wU ewk cvIqv hvq t 1. FYi Avmj ew cvIqv,
2.
2. 3. 4. 5.
cv| cv| cv| Wi gynv` BDm~dzxb, Bmjvgi A_bwZK gZv`k (wZxq L), cv 29-32, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, Gwcj, 1983| AvdRvjyi ingvb, BKbvwgK WKwUbm Ae Bmjvg, 3q L, cv-11; Wi Avng` Ave`yj AvRxR Avj bvvi, gvnv` mvwgi Beivwng I gvngy` bvgvb Avj Avbmvix, Bmjvgx evsK wK I Kb?, cv-34, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW, 1983| kvn Ave`yj nvbvb, Bmjvgx A_bxwZ : `kb I KgKkj, cv 32, Avj Avgxb cKvkb, XvKv, 2002| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| cv| cv|
Jean David Boulakia, Ibn Khaldun : A Fourteenth Century Economist, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 79, No. 5, September-October 1971, P.P. 1105-1118|
6. 7. 8. 9. 11.
10. cv|
12. Bmjvgx ibmuv Av`vjb, kZ`j cKvkbx wjwgUW, 1988, cv-62| 13. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW;
Glyn Davis, A History of Money From Ancient Times to the Present Day, 3rd ed., Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2002|
14. cv|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
55
56
Bmjvgx evsKeev
2. mgqi mv_ mv_ FYi Avmj ewi mxgv ev cwigvY ev nvi cwieZb nIqv, 3. D `ywU Dcv`vbK kZ wnme MnY Kiv| FY msv Kvb jb`b G wZbwU ewk cvIqv Mj Zv my`x jb`b wnme wPwZ ne| FYi Dk wKsev FYMnxZvi Av_mvgvwRK Aevbi KviY ZvZ Kvb ewZg ne bv| 2.4. wievi cKvif` Bmjvgx kixqvn& Abyhvqx wiev ev my` `yB aibi| h_v t 1. wiev bvwmqv I 2. wiev d`j| 2.4.1. wiev bvwmqv mvaviYZ FYi wiev bvwmqvi De nq| FYi Ici mgqi eeavbi cwZ c~ewbavwiZ AwZwi wKQy MnY Kij Zv ne wiev bvwmqv| FY`vZv Kvb A_ ev cY FY wnme `qvi wewbgq FYMnxZvi KvQ _K mgqi eeavb c~ewbavwiZ nvi ev cwigvY FY eve` `qv A_ ev cYi AwZwi wKQy MnY Kij ZvK ejv nq wiev bvwmqv| aiv hvK, K L-K 100 UvKv GK eQii Rb GB kZ avi `q h, GK eQi ci L D 100 UvKvi mv_ AwZwi AviI 20 UvKv diZ è| Zvnj GB AwZwi Kzwo UvKv ne wiev bvwmqv| Gfve FY`vZv hw` FYMnxZvK 100 KwR jeY GB kZ avi `q h, Qq gvm ci FYMnxZv 120 KwR jeY diZ è, Zvnj GB AwZwi 20 KwR jeY ne wiev bvwmqv| 2.4.2. wiev d`j mgRvZxq è nvZ nvZ wewbgqi wiev d`j-Gi De nq| Kvb èi mv_ GKB RvZxq è evowZ cwigvY wewbgq Kij èi D AwZwi cwigvYK wiev d`j ejv nq| hgb, GK KwR DbZgvbi LRyii mv_ `yB KwR wbgvbi LRyi wewbgq Kiv nj wbgvbi LRyii H AwZwi GK KwRB ne wiev d`j| G evcvi bex Kixg mv.-Gi GKwU nv`xm GLvb DjL Kiv njv t Ave~ mvC` Avj-Lyìx (iv) _K ewYZ, ivm~jyjvn mv. ejQb t mvbvi mv_ mvbv, icvi mv_ icv, Mgi mv_ Mg, hei mv_ he, LRyii mv_ LRyi Ges jeYi mv_ jeY
wewbgqi mgvb mgvb Ges nvZ nvZ wewbgq nIqv DwPZ| Gic wewbgq h ewk ev Kg `q ev bq, m my`x Kvievi Ki| G `vZv I MnxZv DfqB mgvb| nhiZ Ave~ mvC` Avj-Lyìx (iv) AviI eYbv KiQb t nhiZ wejvj (iv) GKevi ivm~j Kixg mv.-Gi KvQ wKQy DbZ gvbi LRyi wbq Gjb| ivm~jyjvn mv. ZvuK wRm Kijb, Zzwg Kv_v _K G LRyi Avbj? wejvj (iv) Di ejjb, Avgvì LRyi Lvivc wQj| ZvB Avwg wY cwigvY Lvivc LRyii cwieZ fvj LRyi e`wjq wbqwQ| ivm~j mv. ejjb, Avn! GUv Zv myì gZB njv, GUv Zv myì gZB| KLbI Gic Kiv bv| fvj LRyi cZ PvBj c_g Zvgvi LRyi evRvi Ab èi wewbgq wew Kie| Zvici m cYi wewbgq fvj LRyi wKb be| Kvb Kvb dKxni gZ, aygv nv`xm DjwLZ QqwU cYi evcviB wiev d`j-Gi mxgv wbavwiZ| wK AwaKvsk kixqvn& wekl gb Kib nv`xm DjwLZ KwU cY D`vniY wnme DjL Kiv nqQ| nvZ nvZ Ab hKvb cY e`ji G bxwZ chvR ne| DjL h, wiev d`ji welqwU nv`xmi gvag wbwl nqQ| 2.5. Bmjvg my` kZnxbfve wbwl kixqvn weklMY memZfve GKgZ h, Bmjvg me aibi my` wbwl| kixqvi chvjvPbv I Mfxi Abykxjbi ci Zuviv GB wmv DcbxZ nqQb| G evcvi Bmjvgx vb I MelYv RMZi mKj ii weklì Abygv`b iqQ| kixqvn weklì mKj AvRvwZK msv G evcvi Awfb I _nxb ivq ev dvZIqv w`qQb| mvaviYfve Zuviv myì msvq ejQb, g~j FYi Ici c~ewbavwiZ jvfB my`| my` wbwl nIqv mK KyiAvb I nv`xmi wb`k | Kvb Kvb gnj AZvi KviY G evcvi wKQy wevw iqQ| KziAvb-nv`xmi Abymvix ej `vwe Kivi ciI hviv my` mK ck Zvjb Zvì ee g~jZ `ywU K`xf~Z| 2.5.1. mij I wbnvii my` wKQy jvKi aviYv, mij I wbnvii myì evcvi Bmjvg wblavv bB| Zvì gZ, Bmjvg ay Pew ev DPnvii my` wbwl KiQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
57
58
Bmjvgx evsKeev
GB DP my` ^ mgqi ga g~ji Ici wY PviY nvi eo hvq| GB hywi c Zviv KziAvb gRxì m~iv Avj Bgivbi 130 bî AvqvZ DZ Kib| GB AvqvZ ejv nqQ t n Cgvb`viMY, GB Pew nvi my` LvIqv ZvM Ki Ges AvjvnK fq Ki; Avkv Kiv hvq Zvgiv KjvY jvf Kie| GB kYxi jvKiv Avj-KziAvbi GKLvbv gv AvqvZ DZ bv Ki mgM KziAvb mvgb ivLj `Leb, gv I g`xbv gybvIqvivq mgqi eeavb PviwU i my` mwKZ AvqvZ bvwhj nqQ| cwZwU mgqi GKwU Zvrch iqQ| cwZevi AvqvZ bvwhji iqQ ^Z cUf~wg I cvcU| mvgwMK welq GKmv_ bv `L, KziAvb _K weavb AbymiYi mwVK bxwZ I cwZ AbymiY bv Ki wewQbfve Kvb AvqvZ ev Zvi Ask DZ Kij wevw mw nZ cvi| my` mwKZ mKj AvqvZ mvgb ivLj Zviv G aibi wevw _K gy nIqvi myhvM cveb| GQvov DZ AvqvZ vivI G K_v cgvY Kiv hve bv h mij my`K GLvb ea Kiv nqQ| Kvb g`LviK KD hw` ejb gì ga Wye _Kv bv, Zvi A_ GB bq h gì Ici fm _vKv hve| cwe KziAvb NvlYv Kiv nqQ t ...wK cviwiK mwZZ eemv-evwYR (ea)| (m~iv wbmv t 29) ...A_P Avjvn q-weq nvjvj I my` nvivg KiQb|... (m~iv evKviv t 275) G AvqvZ Pew cvmwK bq; eis mvaviYfve myì wbwlZv NvlK| myZivs GUvB my` nvivgi wfw Ges Pew my` Zv fqven kvlY I elgi wbgvZv wnme Aviv NY, cwiZvR| 2.5.2. fvM FYi my` ebvg Drcv`b FYi my` KD KD GK_v ejZ Pvb h, eenvh cY msMn ev fvM FYi ejvq my` cyivcywi wbwl njI eemvwqK KgKv cwiPvjbvi Rb FY MnY ev Drcv`b FYi ejvq my` wbwl bq| GB aviYvi cQb Zvì hyw njv, c_gZ evwYwRK FYMnxZv FYi UvKv w`q eemv Kib jvfi Dk| KvRB Zvi DcvwRZ jvf _K GKwU wbw` nvi my` `qvZ Avcwi KviY bB| Zvì wZxq hyw njv, ivm~jyjvn mv.-Gi hyM g~jZ fvM-eqi DkB FYi jb`b nZv| eZgvb hyM eemv-evwYRi Rb bqv FYi ejvq my` MnY I c`vb ZvB Zvì
gZ Aea bv nIqvB hywhy| eemvwqK my` ev evswKs my`K Zviv ea ejZ Pvb| Zvì G hyw mwVK bq G Rb h, eemvq jvfi mvebvi cvkvcvwk jvKmvbiI SzuwKI _vK| myì Kvievi jvKmvbi SzuwK cyivUvB D`vvi gv_vq Pvwcq w`q g~jabi hvMvb`vZv c~ewbavwiZ wbwZ jvfi myhvM fvM Kib; GUv bvq wePvi nZ cvi bv| 2.6. KyiAvb gRx` my` cm my` mK KziAvb gRxì c_g AvqvZ bvwhj nq ivm~jyjvn mv.-Gi gx hyM 615 wLv| G AvqvZ ejv nqQ t gvbyli ab ew cve ej Zvgiv h my` w`q _vKv, Avjvni `wZ Zv abm` ew Ki bv, wK h hvKvZ Zvgiv Avjvni mw jvfi Rb w`q _vKv, Zv-B ew cvq; ZvivB mgwkvjx| (m~iv ig t 39) G AvqvZ my` I hvKvZ mK gvbyli fyj aviYvi Ici AvNvZ Kiv nqQ| mKvj my`Lvi cyuwRcwZiv gb KiZ h, myì gvag Zvì m` evoQ Ges hvKvZ w`j ev `vb-LqivZ Kij Zvì m` Kg hve| FYMnxZviv gb KiZ h, Zvì KvQ _K my` Lq abxiv Zvì m` evovQ| Dcii AvqvZ my` I hvKvZ mK cPwjZ mvaviY aviYvi cwZev` Kiv nqQ| wZxq AvqvZ PZz_ wnRix mb ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ mgq Bw`ì AZxZ KxwZKjvc DjL cm wbzi A_jvfx Bw`ì my`Lvixi K_v DjL Ki Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb t Ges Zvì my` MnYi Rb, hwÌ Zv Zvì Rb wbwl Kiv nqwQj Ges Abvqfve jvKi ab-m` Mvm Kivi Rb, Avi Avwg Zvì ga Awekvmxì Rb K`vqK kvw Zwi iLwQ| (m~iv wbmv t 161) ZZxq AvqvZ my` mK Ab weavb bvwhj nq m~iv Avj Bgivb| ivm~j Kixg mv.Gi gv`vbx hyM D` hyi ci G AvqvZ ejv nqQ t
Bmjvgx evsKeev
59
60
Bmjvgx evsKeev
n Cgvb`viMY, Zvgiv GB Pew my` Lqv bv Ges AvjvnK fq Ki, hvZ Zvgiv mdjKvg nZ cviv| (m~iv Avj Bgivb t 130) j Kivi welq, my` msv c_g AvqvZ bvwhji cvq GMvi eQi ci G mK Dchy ZZxq AvqvZ bvwhj nq| G mgq g`xbvi bvMwiKì mnhvwMZvq GKwU Bmjvgx ivi Mvovcb nqQ| Bmjvgx mgvRi DchvMx AvBb-Kvbyb, A_bxwZ I iveev evevqbi KvR ZLb i nqQ| mekl AvqvZ my` mK Avj-KyiAvbi mekl AvqvZ bvwhj nq gv weRqi ci ivm~jyjvn mv.-Gi Rxeb wgkb hLb m~Y nZ PjQ, m mgq| Dgi (iv) wiev msv m~iv evKvivi AvqvZK ivm~j mv.-Gi Ici bvwhjKZ mekl AvqvZ ej DjL KiQb| Beby Avevm ejb, kl h AvqvZ ivm~j mv.-Gi Ici bvwhj nqwQj Zv wQj AvqvZ wiev|2 KziAvb gRx` Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb t hviv my` Lvq, Zviv mB ewiB gZ ùvove hvK kqZvb Zvi k viv cvMj Ki| GUv GRb h, Zviv ej : qweq Zv myì gZvB| A_P Avjvn q-weqK nvjvj I my`K nvivg KiQb| hvi KvQ Zvi iei G wb`k GmQ Ges m weiZ nqQ, Ze AZxZ hv nqQ Zv ZviB; Ges Zvi evcvi Avjvni GLwZqvi| Avi hviv Avevi Avi Kie, ZvivB Rvnvbvgx| mLvb Zviv vqx ne| (m~iv evKviv t 275) Avjvn my`K wbw Kib Ges `vb-LqivZK evwoq `b| Avi Avjvn Kvb AKZ cvcxK fvjevmb bv| (m~iv evKviv t 276) hviv Cgvb Avb, bK KvR Ki, mvjvZ Kvqg Ki I hvKvZ `q, Zvì cyivi Zvì iei KvQ iqQ| Zvì Kvb fq bB I Zviv `ytwLZI ne bv| (m~iv evKviv t 277) n gywgbMY, Zvgiv AvjvnK fq Ki; Avi myì hv eKqv AvQ, Zv Qo `vI, hw` Zvgiv gywgb nI| (m~iv evKviv t 278)
hw` Zvgiv bv Qvov, Ze Avjvn Ges Zvui ivm~ji mv_ hyi Rb cZ nI| wK hw` Zvgiv ZIev Ki, Ze Zvgvì g~jab ZvgvìB| GZ Zvgiv AZvPvi Kie bv Ges AZvPvwiZI ne bv (m~iv evKviv t 279) Gfve GKwU AwZ cyibv I RwUj AmyL _K mgvRK gy Kivi evcvi Avjvn ZvAvjv G ^vfvweK cwqv I mnR cwZB Aej^b KiQb| 2.7. my` mK gnvbex mv.-Gi KqKwU nv`xm
nhiZ Ave`yjvn Beb gvmD` (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvn mv.
my``vZv I my`MnxZvDfqi Ici jvbZ w`qQb| (gymwjg, Ave~ `vD`, wZiwghx, Beb gvRvn)
nhiZ Rvwei Beb Ave`yjvn (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvn mv.
my``vZv, my`MnxZv, myì Pzwci jLK I mvx mKji Ici jvbZ w`qQb Ges ejQb, Zviv mKj mgvb Acivax| (gymwjg) mv. ejQb, my`wfwK gy`v eemvqxì Rvnvbvgi Lei cuQ wÌ|
nhiZ Ave`yjvn Beb Ave~ AvIdv (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvn
(Zvevivbx)
nhiZ Ave`yjvn Beb gvmD` (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvn mv.
ejQb, myì 70wU i iqQ| Zvi ga mevcv wbii Acivai cwigvY njv gvqi mv_ Rbvq (ewfPvi) wj nIqv| (Beb gvRv)
nhiZ Ave~ ivqiv (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvnmv. ejQb, Zvgiv
7wU wbwZ asmKvix welq _K AvZiv Kie| Zvi ga ZZxqwU njv my`| (eyLvix, gymwjg, Ave~ `vD`, bvmvqx) 2.8. my` mK wewfb hyMi gbxlxì AwfgZ my` nQ A_bxwZi mePq cvPxb I RwUj mgmv| my` kvlYi nvwZqvi, cyuwRev`x A_eevi gi`| gvbe RvwZi A_bwZK gywi c_ my` cavb evav| myì Awfkvc _K Av_-mvgvwRK eevK gy Kiv Ges weK eevi ceZb Bmjvgx evsKi cavb bxwZ I iZc~Y KgKkj|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
61
62
Bmjvgx evsKeev
myì wei Bmjvgx evsKi msMvg bZzb Kvb evcvi bq| gvbyli A_bwZK BwZnvmi m~PbvKvj _KB G jovB Pvjy iqQ| wgmi, Mxm, ivg I fviZeli gZ cvPxb mf `kjvZ eKvj AvMB my` welqK AvBb-Kvbyb cYxZ nq| `ywbqvi mKj cavb ag my`K wbwl Kiv nqQ| e`, ZvIivZ, BbwRj cfwZ agM my` mK AvjvPbv iqQ| ivgvb AvBbkv Ges wn`y ag-`kb myì wb`v Kiv nqQ|3 B`x msviKMY my`K wbwl gb KiZb|4 Cmvqx agev I cv`xMY ZvIivZ I hve~ii weavb Abymvi my` wbwl KiQb|5 mwUm, cUv I GwiUji gZv cvPxb MxK `vkwbKMY my`K NYvi PvL `LQb| A_K cYi gZv ePvKbv KivK Zuviv Kwg RvwjqvwZ Kvievi ej wb`v KiQb|6 Aviei Rvwnjx hyMI myì A_K mvaviYfve Acwe gb Kiv nZv| BDivcxq `kjvZ ag I AvBbi PvL my` wbwl I bxwZwei MY nZv| jbi Awaevmxiv my`Lvi Bw`ì kvlY w nq gahyM e Bw`K nZv KiwQj| RbMYi Pvc eva nq c_g GWIqvW 1290 wLv weUb _K Bw`ì weZvwoZ KiwQjb| mB mv_ myì eemvK wZwb m~Y wbwl KiwQjb|7 AvaywbKKvji GKwU bZzb A_bwZK `kbi mv Kvj gvKm myì eemvqxK weKU kqZvb bvg AwfwnZ KiQb|8 my`LviK wZwb Zzjbv KiQb WvKvZ I wmu`j Pvii mv_| mgvRZi `wZ my` kwgK mgvRi Ici GKwU Amnbxq evSv| GwU abxK Aviv abx Ges MixeK Aviv Mixe cwiYZ Ki| wewUk mvgvRi A_bwZK Dc`v jW Kxbm 1933 mvji A_bwZK g`v gyKvwejvi Rb myì nvi k~bi KvVvq bvwgq Avbvi cve Kib|9 G cve evevqbi mveZv cgvY Ki wZwb ejQb, GfveB cyuwRev`x mgvRi AbK `vl-wU `~i Kiv me| my`wfwK wewbqvMi cwieZ Drcv`bgyLx D`vM MnYi Rb wZwb Avnvb RvwbqQb| G Dcgnv`k my`x Kvievii g` cfve mK fviZi GKwU miKvix Kwgkbi (evjyn Kwgkb) wicvU ge Kiv nqQ t AwaKvsk gvbyl FYx nq Rbvq, FYM Aevq Rxeb KvUvq Ges FYi evSv gv_vq wbqB cicvi cvwo Rgvq|
GgbwK gZzi ciI DivwaKvixì gv_vq m FYi evSv Pvwcq ivL|10 evsjv`ki gvbyl HwZnMZfveB myì weivax| myì wei Zviv hyM hyM ai msMvg KiQ| myì wei Zvì vf I NYvi cwiPq G`ki bvbv cyivY I DcvLvb cKvk cqQ| G`ki bvbv jwKK wekvm I AvPiY RbMYi my`weivax gbvfve fve dzU DVQ| G`ki wewfb GjvKvi gvbyl wekvm Kib h, mvZ Rb my`Lvii bvg wjL Mii Mjvq Szwjq w`j m Mii Nvqi cvKv co hvq|11 m`n bB, my` mK RbMYi Gic gbvfve Zvì wekvm, HwZn, g~jeva I AwfZvi wfwZ Mo DVQ| myì wnsm _vev ZvìK evievi Z-weZ, wi-wbt^ I wecb KiQ| G AwfZv my` mK Zvì eva I wekvmi wkKo `p KiQ| G`ki e RbbvqK gnvRbx myì wei hyM hyM ai RbMYi msMvg bZZ w`qQb| AvaywbKKvji cvwZvwbK myì wei Ges my`wfwK jb`bi evcvi G`ki gvbyli bwZevPK gbvfve vqx I AwePj| myì Awfkvc cw_exi gvbyl AvR wechqi myLxb| AvaywbK `ywbqvi kwkvjx evsKeevi cvwZvwbK my` mgvR Avqi elgK `Z evwoq ZzjQ| m` I `vqi ga fvimvgnxbZv mwZ my`wfwK evsKeev cvjb KiQ ` I Kzkjx f~wgKv| ZZxq weki `kjvZ myì ifvi KwVb `yievi mw KiQ| myì G Awfkvc gyKvwejvq wekevsK I Zvi AmsMVbjv weK eev Dvebi Pv PvjvQ| 1984 mvj IqvwksUb AvRvwZK gy`v Znwej (AvBGgGd)Gi evwlK mvaviY mfvq ^xKvi Kiv nqQ h, myì DPnviB weki me Dbqb cwqvK gvivZKfve evnZ KiQ| AvaywbK cyuwRev` I mgvRevì weKvki AbK AvM Bmjvg myì AcKvwiZv mK _nxb ewj ee DcwZ KiQ| my`K AvjKyiAvb nvivg NvlYv Kiv nqQ| G eevi wei Avjvn I ivm~j mv.-Gi c _K DPviY Kiv nqQ hyi NvlYv|12 my` wbwl Kivi mv_ mv_ Bmjvg Avw_K Kvq-Kvievii nvjvj weKeev Zzj aiQ| Bmjvgx evsKeev Bmjvgi G wb`kbvi AvjvK Avw_K myì weK eev ceZbi cvwZvwbK `vwqZ cvjb KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi Kvb jb`b my` MnY ev c`vb Ki bv| myì weK wnme eemv-evwYR cwiPvjbv Ki q-weq I jvf-
Bmjvgx evsKeev
63
64 my`
Bmjvgx evsKeev
jvKmvb Askx`vix bxwZi wfwZ| Av_-mvgvwRK eevK my`gy Kivi j myì weK eev ceZb Bmjvgx evsKi GKwU cavb bxwZ I iZc~Y ewk| Bmjvgx wewbqvM eevi dj Drcv`b, eb I fvMi fvimvg cwZwZ nq| Abw`K my`wfwK eevq jvf-jvKmvb weePbv Kiv nq bv| c~e-wbavwiZ nvi my` Av`vq Kiv nq| my`mn Avmj Av`vq bv nIqv ch Zv Pew nvi evoZ _vK| G cwqvq FYMnxZv myì Rvj Av-c Rwoq co| Gfve m wi, wbt^ I me^v nq| my`wfwK cwZ mgvRi Avqi AmgZv mw Ki| m`-eb cwqvq mw Ki wekLjv| m` I `vqi ga fvimvgnxbZv evwoq Zvj| mvgvwRK AMMwZi avivK Ki Zvj wech| RbMYi ^fvecKwZ, Pvwn`v, Zvì wekvm, HwZn I g~jevai cwicx G eev gvbeRvwZi Rb e AKjvYi Rb w`qQ| G Aevi gyKvwejvq Bmjvgx evsK my` m~Y wejvc Kivi gvag A_bwZK gywi w`M DbvPb KiQ| 2.9. GK bRi my` I gybvdvi cv_K my` gybvdv
gybvdv
Znwej eenviKvixi SzuwK

g~jabx Znwej FYi cwigvY ewk jvf-jvKmvbi wfwZ wewbqvMi cwigvY evovi KviY cwZvbi nj cwZvbi SzuwK evo| Avw_K SzuwK evo bv| dj G cwZZ bZzb wewbqvM DrmvwnZ nq|
djvdj
myì dj FY`vZv GKv fvM Ki| gybvdv fvM nq cyuwRi hvMvb`vi I eenviKvixi ga|
wbqZv
myì nvi Ges my` I Avmj diZ wewbqvM _K gybvdv cvIqvi `qvi mgq AvM _K wbavwiZ| wbqZv bB| eis G g~jab dj myì jMxZ AwbqZvi Kvb Kg hvIqvi AvksKvI _vK| Dcv`vb _vK bv|
gew
GKB FYPzwi wecixZ FY`vZv Kbv-ePvi Kvievi Kvb cYi `vg wbw` cwigvY my` evievi cZ cvi| GKevi wbavwiZ nq| m Kbv-ePv G PewiI myhvM _vK| _K gybvdv GKeviB cvIqv hvq| Kvb KviY mgq eo MjI gybvdv evo bv|
msv
mgqi mv_ FYi AwZwi Kvb wKQy eemvq g~jab LvUvbvi gvag MnY Kij Zv nq my`| g~jabi AwZwi Avq njv gybvdv|
Dcv`vb
myì Dcv`vb njv mgq, myì nvi gybvdv wbfi Ki eq-mvkq I AbyK~j I FYi cwigvY| evRvi-Pvwn`vi Dci|
my` I gybvdv wbaviYi Kkj

Avmj I my` hvM Ki my`-Avmj wbaviY Kiv nq| mgq ewi mv_ my` PvKvi eo hvq| my` GKwU wbavwiZ eq wnme g~ji duvwcq Zvj Ges g~jxwZi myhvM mw Ki| Bmjvg my` P~ovfve wbwl| Kvb aibi myì eemvq gvU weqg~j _K hveZxq LiP ev` w`j gybvdv ei nq|
Drm
myì Drcw nq FY _K| FY gybvdvi Drm mw nq eemvq mivmwi my`gyI nZ cvi| Ze FY Qvov g~jab wewbqvMi gvag | myì Drcw Ame|
`vg I gy`vxwZi Dci cfve

gybvdv nQ eemvqi LiPi AwZwi Avq| dj G g~jii ew NUvi myhvM bB| gybvdv Bmjvg Abygvw`Z| ^vfvweK gybvdv ARbi gvag
g~jab wewbqvM SzuwK

myì jMxZ FY`vZv cyuwR nvivbvi gybvdvi Kvievi g~jabx wZi SzuwK SzuwK enb Ki bv| _vK| cyuwRi hvMvb`vi G SzuwK enb Ki|
kixqvni Abygv`b
Bmjvgx evsKeev
65 gybvdv
66
Z_m~ 1. 2. 3.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Wi gynv` BDm~dzxb, Bmjvgi A_bwZK gZv`k, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, c. 36| mnxm eyLvix, Zvdmxi Zvevix| Wi gynv` BDm~dzxb, Bmjvgi A_bwZK gZv`k (wZxq L), c 29-32, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, Gwcj, 1983; AvdRvjyi ingvb, BKbvwgK WKwUbm Ae Bmjvg, 3q L, c. 11; Wi Avng` Ave`yj AvRxR Avj bvvi, gvnv` mvwgi Beivwng I gvngy` bvgvb Avj Avbmvix, Bmjvgx evsK wK I Kb?, c 33-34, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW, 1983| cv| cv| GwiUj, cwjwU; Wi gynv` BDm~d y xb, Bmjvgi A_bwZK gZv`k (wZxq L), c. 29-32, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, Gwcj, 1983;, Wi Avng` Ave`yj AvRxR Avj bvvi, gvnv` mvwgi Beivwng I gvngy` bvgvb Avj Avbmvix, Bmjvgx evsK wK I Kb?, cv-33, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW, 1983| Wi gynv` BDm~dzxb, Bmjvgi A_bwZK gZv`k (wZxq L), c 23-32, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, Gwcj, 1983; gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| cv|
J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, London, Macmillan, P-166, 334, 351;
my`
kixqvi Abygv`b bB|
Kvievi cwiPvjbvK DrmvwnZ Ki|
Bmjvg
g~jab myiv
my`x Kvievi g~jab mevevq myiwZ _vK| eemvq jvKmvb nj g~jab Kg hvq|
4. 5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
AavcK gynv` kixd mvBb, my` mgvR A_bxwZ, c 7, BmjvwgK BKbvwg wimvP eyiv, 1992
10. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs eev, gvwmK `vim mvjvg, Bmjvgx evswKs msLv, mî, 1999 11. eZgvb jLK GKRb mvsevw`K wnme Ges cieZxZ Bmjvgx evsKi RbmshvM KgKZv I kvLv eevcK wnme `ki cZ GjvKv mdiKvj my`K wNi G aibi AbK jwKK wekvmi mv_ cwiwPZ nqQb| 12. Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avj evKviv, AvqvZ bî 279|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
67
68
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gvnv` DRvqi Zuvi An outline of interestless banking kxlK ce Bmjvgx evsKi KgcwZZ gy`vivev g~jbxwZ mshy Kivi K_v ejb|
Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjb

Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjbi BwZnvmK `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| c_g chvq G Av`vjb Kej wPv I Zi ga mxgve wQj| wZxq chvq G eev Kv_vI emiKvix D`vM Ges Kv_vI Avevi ivxq AvBbi gvag eve ic bq| civaxb gymwjg `kjvZ gymjgvbì ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv `vwei mv_ Zvì wekvmwfwK wbR^ wewa-weavbi wfwZ iv cwZvi AvKvv hy wQj| Bmjvgx Av`ki wfwZ gymwjg mgvR cybMVbi GB AvKvv wesk kZvxi iZ Gm AwaKZi msnZ ic jvf Ki| G kZvxi wk I Pwjki `kK Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I mgvR iPbvi gymjgvbì wPvi ivR So Zvjb Avjvgv BKevj, nvmvb Avj evbv I gI`~`xi gZv KqKRb wekeiY gbxlx| Pwjki `kK JcwbewkK kvmbi Aemvb Ges Avhv`x nvwmji dj wewfb gymwjg `ki ivxq KvVvgvq Bmjvgx A_eev I evsKeev Mo Zvjvi `vwe DPwKZ nZ _vK| cvki `kK gymwjg weki wewfb vb Bmjvgx evsKeev Mo Zvjvi j wPv I MelYv Kvhg AwaKZi Rvi`vi nq| Kzwo kZKi KwZcq weLvZ Bmjvgx gbxlx I A_bxwZweì `xN MelYvi ga w`q Bmjvgx evswKs eveZv jvf KiQ| G wngvjqvb Dcgnv`ki Bmjvgx wPvwe` Avjvgv wndhyi ingvb I mvBq` Aveyj Avjv gI`~`x Pwjki `kKi ii w`K cKvwkZ Zuvì M iZc~Y AvjvKcvZ Kib| Pwjki `kKi kli w`K weLvZ A_bxwZwe` Avbvqvi BKevj Kvikx Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi GKwU KvVvgvMZ aviYv ck Kib| 1952 mvj kL gvngy` Avng` Zuvi Economics of Islam bvgK ce RqU K Kvvbxi wfwZ Bmjvgx evswKs eev cwZvi welq Dvcb Kib| 1955 mvj
3.
gvnv` Avj-Avivex (1966) I Gm G Bikv` (1964) Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkj wnme gy`vivev bxwZ AbymiYi civgk `b| 1968 mvj AvjxMo gymwjg wekwe`vjqi A_bxwZ wefvMi AavcK Wt bRvZzjvn wmwKx gy`vivev bxwZi wfwZ Bmjvgx evswKsqi w-i wewk gWj Dcvcb Kib| cieZxZ wZwb gykvivKv bxwZ Afy Ki dv eevcbvi w-i wewk gWj AwaKZi mcmviYi cve Kib| 1982 mvj Gg gvnwmb AvaywbK cwZZ Bmjvgx evswKs eev Pvjyi evcvi GKwU weZ KvVvgvMZ aviYv Dcvcb Kib| 3.1. lvUi `kK t fvii Avfvm lvUi `kKi iZ 1961 mvj wgmi Bmjvgx MelYvi mevP Kìc KjR Ae BmjvwgK wimvP Kvqg Kiv nq|1 1964 mvji 7 gvP G KjRi c_g AvRvwZK mjb 40wUiI ewk gymwjg `ki kZvwaK bZvbxq Bmjvgwekl hvM`vb Kib| Zuviv my`wfwK cPwjZ evsKeevi weKic Bmjvgx evswKs cwZ Mo Zvjvi Dcvq wbq AvjvPbv Kib| G mjb memZ AwfgZ NvlYv Kiv nq h, fvM ev Drcv`b hKvb Dk FYi Ici avhKZ evowZ A_, cwigvY Kg nvK ev ewk nvK, Zv wbwl wievi chvqfy| mjb evswKs Kvhgi KwZcq Bmjvgx cwZI Abygv`b Kiv nq| AwaKZi cixv-wbixvi Rb Aviv KwZcq welq MnY Kiv nq| G mjb cPwjZ evsKeevi Bmjvgx weK Dvebi evcvi gymwjg gbxlx I A_bxwZwe`MYi gZvgZ Avnvb Kiv nq|2 1962 mvj gvjqwkqvq wKwZ ni A_ Rgv MnYi Dk wcjwMgm mwfsm Kcvikb bvg my`gy GKwU msv Kvqg Kiv nq|3 Gici 1963 mvj Wi Avng` Avj bvvii D`vM wgmii Kvqiv _K GKk wKjvwgUvi `~i wgUMvgvi bvgK GK Mvg AvaywbK weki c_g my`gy Bmjvgx evsK cwZv Kiv nq|4 1969 mvj gvjqwkqvi cvjvgU AvBb cvm Ki Bmjvgx kixqvn&wfwK mq cwZvbic Zveys nvRx cwZv Kiv nq|5 miKvix
Bmjvgx evsKeev
69
70
Bmjvgx evsKeev
chvq Bmjvgx evswKs eev cwZvi G D`vM Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Rb GK avc AMMwZ wnme weewPZ nq| Gfve lvUi `kK Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi eve cixv-wbixvi `kKic wPwZ nq| 3.2. mii `kK t bZzb m~hv`q 1974 mvj Bmjvgx mjb msvfy `kjv kixqvn&wfwK Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK cwZvi mb` ^vi Ki|6 G Dcj m`m `kmg~ni gx chvqi cwZwbwaì mjb GK AveMc~Y fvlY mw` Aviei ZrKvjxb ev`kvn dqmj web Ave`yj Avhxh gymjgvbì AevK gif~wgZ nvwiq hvIqv mB DUi mv_ Zzjbv Kib, hvi wcV gkKfwZ cvwb _vKv mI m DU wccvmvZ Aevq gZzeiY Ki|7 gymwjg Dvni cwZwbwaZkxj Pwi wbq 1975 mvj Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (AvBwWwe) hvv i Ki| AvBwWwe cwZvi gv cuvP eQii ga mii `kKi kl bvMv` `ywbqvi wewfb `k KzwowUiI ewk Bmjvgx evsK cwZv jvf Ki|8 Zvi ga kL mvC` Avng` jyZvn-Gi D`vM `yevB BmjvwgK evsK cwZwZ nq 1975 mvj| wgmi I my`vb dqmvj BmjvwgK evsK bvg 1977 mvj Aviv `ywU emiKvix Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| GKB eQi KzqZ kL Avng` evwR Avj Bqvwmbi bZZ cwZv jvf Ki KzqZ dvBbv nvDR| wewfb gymwjg `k QvovI WbgvK, jygevM, myBRvijv I hyivR G mgq KqKwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| Gfve mi `kK Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi `kKic wPwZ nq| 3.3. Avwki `kK t msnZ ivxq D`vM wnRix P kZKK ^vMZ Rvbvbvi cw Zi ga w`q Avwki `kKi m~Pbv nq| bZzb wnRix kZK gymwjg Dvi Rb bZzb Avkv Avi ZvRv D`g wbq nvwRi nq| gymwjg `ywbqv G kZvxK Bmjvgx ibmuvi kZvxicI wPwZ Ki| G cUf~wgZ Avwki `kKi i _K wewfb `k Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi Av`vjb MwZ I AveM mvwiZ nq| miKvix I emiKvix chvq RvZxq I AvRvwZK dvivg G `kK Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi evcvi Rvi`vi cPv PjZ _vK| G eevi cwiPvjbMZ mvdj ARbi j G mgq bvbvgyLx eve c`c MnxZ nq| 1980 mvji g gvm Bmjvgx ciivgxì GKv`k mjb Bmjvgvev` AbywZ nq| evsjv`ki ciivgx cdmi gynv` kvgm-
Dj-nK G mjb Bmjvgx AvaywbK evsKeev cwZvi Avnvb Rvbvb, hvi kvLv mKj m`m `k mcmvwiZ ne| wZwb BmjvwgK Kgb gvKU cwZviI cve Kib|9 1981 mvji RvbyqvwiZ gv I Zvqd ZZxq Bmjvgx kxl mjb AbywZ nq| evsjv`ki ZrKvjxb cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb kxl mjbi c~Yv Awaekb c` fvlY gymjgvbì wbR^ I ^Z evsKeev Mo Zvjvi cve `b| wZwb ejb t
The Islamic countries should develop a separate banking system of their own in order to facilitate their trade and 10 commerce.
1979 mvj Bivb ivRZi DrLvZ Ki AvqvZzjvn Lvgwbi bZZ Bmjvgx wece msNwUZ nevi ci 1981 mvj _K m`ki MvUv evsKeev Bmjvgx cwZZ Xj mvRvbvi c`c bqv nq| 1981 mvj cvwKvbI ivxqfve Bmjvgx evswKs Pvjyi wmv bq|11 1981 mvj Bmjvgx mjb msvi m`m `kmg~ni K`xq evsK I gy`v wbqY msvi cavbì LvZyg AbywZ mjb Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi evcvi GKwU memZ KvVvgv Dvebi cve MnxZ nq|12 1983 mvj gvjqwkqvq I Zzi Bmjvgx evswKs AvBb cvm Kiv nq|13 1984 mvj _K Bivb Zvi mvweK evsKeev Bmjvgx kixqvi AvjvK cybMVb Ki|14 cvwKvbi mvweK evswKs LvZ chvqwgKfve cybMVbi wmvI G mgqB MnxZ nq| 1985 mvji 1 RyjvB _K cvwKvb my`wfwK evswKs jb`b m~Yic wbwl Kiv nq| my`vbi evsKeev kixqvi AvjvK cybMVbi RbI G mgq D`vM bqv nq|15 Avwki `kKi c_g mvZ eQi bZzb 56wU Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| gymwjg-Agymwjg wbwekl `ywbqvi wewfb `k Avwki `kKi kl bvMv` GKkwUi ewk Bmjvgx evsK cwZv jvf Ki|16 wewfb `k Bmjvgx evsKi kvLv msLv G mgq `knvRvii KvVv Qvwoq hvq| 3.4. beB `kK t `p wfw beB `kK mvivwek Bmjvgx evsKjv `p wfw jvf Ki| G mKj evsKi cwiPvjbMZ mvdj Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi cwZ weki evsKvi I
Bmjvgx evsKeev
71
72
Bmjvgx evsKeev
A_bxwZwe`ì ga BwZevPK mvov mwZ mg_ nq| dj `k `k Bmjvgx evsK Z_v my`wenxb evsKi cmvi ew cvq| Bivb, cvwKvb I my`vbi mvgwMK evswKs eev BmjvgxKiYmn mvivwek Kzwo kZKi kl bvMv` wZbki ewk Bmjvgx evsK I Abvb Avw_K cwZvb AwZ jvf Ki|17 Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (AvBwWwe) I BUvibvkbvj Avmvwmqkb Ae BmjvwgK evsKm& (AvBGAvBwe)-i D`vM Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni ga cviwiK mK I mnhvwMZv G mgq ew cvq| bxwZ I cwZMZ wewfb welq cviwiK mg^q I mshvM `pZi nq| Bmjvgx evsKeev BZvgaB AvRvwZK icjvf mg nqQ| ay Zjmg `kjvZB bq, AbK ^vbZ `kI Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ| ZvQvov gymwjgweki evBiI Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ| Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni ZvwjKvi w`K j Kij `Lv hve, G hveZ Zjmg gymwjg `kmg~n h KqwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ, ZviPq ewk msLK Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ Abvb `k| D`vniYîc my`vb, wgmi, cvwKvb, R`vb, jygevM, hyivR GgbwK evsjv`ki K_v DjL Kiv hZ cvi| Gme `ki Av_mvgvwRK Aevq iqQ evcK ewP I emv`k| G _KB GUv cgvwYZ nq h, Bmjvgx evswKs gWj mveRbxbZv I wekRbxbZv jvf mg_ nqQ| GKvWwgK MelYv I Aaqbi w`K _KI Bmjvgx evswKs welq BZvga h_ AMMwZ nqQ| weki wewfb wekwe`vjq Bmjvgx evswKs GLb GKwU ^Z welq wnme cwVZ nQ| G welq DPZi MelYv I wWcvgv mb` c`vb Divi ew cvQ| 3.5. GKbRi Bmjvgx evswKs weKvki gaviv Bmjvgx bxwZgvjvi AvjvK 1962 mvj gvjqwkqvq Pilgrims Savings Corporation' cwZwZ nq| wgmii wgUMvgvi 1963 mvj mwfsm evsK cwZwZ nq| 1969 mvj gvjqwkqvq Zveys nvRx bvg GKwU weklvwqZ Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| 1970 mvj IAvBwm `kmg~ni ciivgxMY gymwjg `kmg~n Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi wmv MnY Kib| 1971 mvj wgmii KvqivZ bvmi mvmvj evsK cwZwZ nq| 1973 mvj IAvBwm `kmg~ni A_gxMY GKwU AvRvwZK Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi wmv MnY Kib|
1974 mvj IAvBwm `kmg~ni A_gxMY AvBwWwe PvUvi ^vi Kib| 1975 mvj Rvq Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (AvBwWwe) cwZwZ nq|

1975 mvj mshy Avie AvwgivZ `yevB Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| 1977 mvj my`vb dqmvj BmjvwgK evsK cwZwZ nq| 1977 mvj KzqZ KzqZ dvBbv nvDm cwZwZ nq| 1977 mvj mw` Avie Banks (IAIB) MwVZ nq|
International Association of Islamic
1978 mvj R`vb R`vb BmjvwgK evsK di dvBbv Av BbfgU cwZwZ nq| 1978 mvj cvwKvb Zvi mgM evsK eevK BmjvgxKiYi NvlYv `q| cvwKvb 1978 mvj mvgwMK evsK eevK Bmjvgx cwZZ Xj mvRvbvi c`c bqv nq|18 G j K. cv_wgKfve wZbwU miKvix Avw_K cwZvbK my`gy Kiv nq| mjv njv, The House Building Corporation of Pakistan, National Investment Trust Ges Mutual Trust
Funds of Investment Corporation of Pakistan.
L. jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vwiZiwfwZ (Profit-Loss Sharing ev PLS) Rgv MnYi Rb evwYwRK evsKmg~n Avjv`v KvDUvi Lvjv nq| M. Avg`vwb-idZvwb I AfixY evwYRi my`gy wewbqvM c`vbi AbygwZ w`q U evsK Ae cvwKvb-Gi c _K evwYwRK evsKjvK avivevwnKfve wKQy wb`kbv `qv nq| N. 1984 mvji GK NvlYvi gvag cvwKvb miKvi GK eQii ga `k `yB avivi evswKs-Gi cwieZ aygv Bmjvgx cwZZ evswKs Kvhg cwiPvjbv wbwZ Kivi wb`k `q|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
73
74

Bmjvgx evsKeev
O. evsKviMY `xNw`b my`wfwK MZvbyMwZK evswKs cwZZ Af _vKvq miKvi KZK AvbxZ Gme cwieZb gb wbZ gbvwKfve cZ wQjb bv| Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKsGi evcvi aviYvMZ I gvbwmK cwZi Afvei KviY Dci _K AvivwcZ G bZzb eevi cwZ evsKviì gvS weic cwZwqv `Lv hvq|
1983 mvj `wY-c~e Gwkqvi c_g Bmjvgx evsK wnme evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW cwZwZ nq| 1983 mvj Zzi I gvjqwkqvq Bmjvgx evsK cwZv jvf Ki| 1991 mvji 27 gvP evnivBb
The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions' (AAOIFI) ev
Bivb miKvi 1979 mvj _K Zvi mvgwMK evsK eev Bmjvgx cwZZ icvii j avivevwnK c`c MnY Ki| G evcvi Zviv wZbwU avc AMmi nq|19 K. c_g avc - 1979-1982 t MvUv evswKs eev RvZxqKiY, KvVvgvMZ cybwebvm I cybMVb| L. wZxq avc - 1982-1986 t G ce Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Rb cqvRbxq AvBb KvVvgv Zwi Kiv nq Ges G bZzb wmgK aviY Kivi Rb cqvRbxq ckvmwbK c`c bqv nq| M. ZZxq avc - 1986 mvj _K Bmjvgx miKvii AweQ` `vwqZ wnme Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j ARb evsKmg~ni f~wgKv wbwZ Kivi c`c wnme G LvZ KvVvgvMZ cybwebvm Kiv nq|
AvIBwd GKwU ^vaxb AvRvwZK AjvfRbK cwZvb wnme wbewZ nq| Gi AvM 1990 mvji 26 deqvwi AvjwRqvm ^vwiZ Pzw gyZveK Bmjvgx evsK I Avw_K cwZvbmg~ni Rb AvKvDwUs, AwWwUs, Mfbm, Bw_Km& Ges kixqvn& welqK vvW cYqbi j AvIBwd cwZwZ nq|20 kixqvn g~jbxwZi mv_ mvgmc~Y we`gvb AvRvwZK vvW Pvjy Ges bZzb bZzb vvW cYqbi gvag GKwU `~i`kx I ^Q Bmjvgx Avw_K mevwki weKvk NUvbvi j gvjqwkqvi Kzqvjvjvgcyi cwZwZ nq International Financial Services Board ev IFSB| AvBwWwe, AvBGgGd Ges AvIBwdi mnhvwMZvq wewfb `ki K`xq evsKi Mfbi I gwbUvwi A_wiwUi kxl wbevnxeì D`vM 2002 mvji 3 bfî Kzqvjvjvgcyi AvbyvwbKfve IFSB hvv i Ki|21 wekevcx RvwZ, ag, eY wbwekl mKji Rb Bmjvgx A_bxwZi agxq I bwZK w`Kwb`kbv c`vb mg bjR wjWvi Zwi Kivi j gvjqwkqvi K`xq evsK evsK bMviv gvjqwkqvi ccvlKZvq 2006 mvj gvjqwkqvi ivRavbx Kzqvjvjvgcyi cwZwZ nq BUvibvkbvj mUvi di GWyKkb Bb BmjvwgK dvBbv ev BbmBd (INCEIF)| gvjqwkqvi 19Zg emiKvix wekwe`vjqi ghv`vcv BbmBd wkv_xì Bmjvgx A_bxwZ welq cv_wgK vb`vbi cvkvcvwk gvvm Ges wcGBPwW wWwM c`vbiI eev MnY KiQ|22 1. AvdMvwbvb, 2. AvjRwiqv, 3. Avjewbqv, 4. AvRwUbv, 5. Awjqv, 6. evnvgv, 7. evnivBb, 8. evsjv`k, 9. ebB, 10. KBgvb xccy, 11. mvBcvm, 12. WbgvK, 13. wReywZ, 14. wgmi, 15. Rvgvwb, 16. wMwb, 17. Mvw^qv, 18. fviZ,
evswKs KvVvgvi cybwebvmi j Bivb miKvi mev I fvM LvZ _K Avw_K m`mg~n Drcv`b LvZ vbvii Rb PviwU c`c MnY Ki, h_v t 1. ^gqv`x wewbqvM mcmviY wMZ Ges gagqv`x wewbqvMi AvKwZ Kwgq Avbv| 2. KlKì Rxebgvb Dbqbi Rb exR, mvi, Kwlmivg I kmexgv Pvjy Kivi miKvix fZywK c`vbmn KwlLvZ evsKi wewbqvM mcmviY| 3. Kwl, wk I evwYR LvZ mnhvwMZv ewi Rb mgevq LvZK DrmvwnZ KiZ evsK-eevK KvR jvMvbv| 4. miKvii mv_ Askx`vwiZi wfwZ eo wk I mvgvwRK LvZ wewbqvM evsKmg~ni AskMnY|
3.6. G ch hmKj `k Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ
Bmjvgx evsKeev
75
76
Bmjvgx evsKeev
19. B`vbwkqv, 20. Bivb, 21. BivK, 22. R`vb, 23. KvRvwKvb, 24. wKewiR ZzKx cRvZ, 25. KzqZ, 26. jevbb, 27. wjPUbwb, 28. jygevM, 29. gvjqwkqv, 30. gwiZvwbqv, 31. giv, 32. bvBRvi, 33. cvwKvb, 34. cvjvBb, 35. wdwjcvBb, 36. KvZvi, 37. ivwkqv, 38. mw` Avie, 39. mbMvj, 40. `wY AvwdKv, 41. my`vb, 42. myBRvijv, 43. _vBjv, 44. wZDwbwmqv, 45. Zzi, 46. mshy Avie AvwgivZ, 47. hyivR, 48. hyiv, 49. Bqgb Ges 50. emwbqv| 3.7. AvRvwZK msvi g~jvqb mvBcvmwfwK GKwU AvRvwZK g~jvqb msv KvwcUvj BUwjR GK MelYv Rwic Gfve Dcmsnvi UbQ h, mvcwZK wek Bmjvgx evsK-eev gk AwaKZi wWwewjwU ARb Ki PjQ| e `ki Dbqb Kvhg G eev iZc~Y Ae`vb ivLZ mg nQ Ges AvRvwZK evRviI evcKZi MnYhvMZv ARb KiQ|23 jbi wdbvwqvj UvBgm-Gi wmwKkb mvwfmi cwZe`K gvK nvme GK g~jvqb `wLqQb, weki Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni wewbqvM g~jabi kZKiv 56 fvM hvMvb w`qQ gacvPi `kmg~n| Zvi ga DcmvMixq `kmg~ni Askx`vwiZ 18%| GiciB `wY Gwkqvi `kjvi Askx`vwiZ 14%, BDivc 7%, AvwdKv 3% Ges `wY c~e Gwkqvi 2%|24 Bmjvgx evswKs eemvqi geagvb RbwcqZvi KviY e my`wfwK AvRvwZK Avw_K cwZvbI BZvga Bmjvgx cwZi cwZ SuyKQ| weki KZZkxj wmwU Mci Mvevj BmjvwgK wdbv Mc, w` BDGm Mc-Gi BmjvwgK dv, GBPGmwewm-Gi Mvevj BmjvwgK wdbv wWcvUgU Zvì MvnKì mvgb kixqvn& Abygvw`Z bvbv cwZ I mev nvwRi Ki PjQ|
Z_m~ 1. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| 2. cv| 3. cv| 4. cv| 5. cv| 6. cv| 7. Aaybvjy XvKv WvBR-Gi cavb mv`K, BmjvwgK BKbvwg wimvP eyivi AbZg msMVK, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi AbZg D`vv Rbve Gg G ikx` Payix GK mvvZKvi eZgvb jLKK G Z_ Rvbvb| G Z_ AwaKZi hvPvB-Gi myhvM nqwb| 8. The International Association of Islamic Banks : Directory of Islamic Banks and
Financial Institutions-1997; Bankers' Almanac : Directory of Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions M. Azizul Huq (Editor), Readings in Islamic Banking, Bangladesh Islamic Bankers Association (BIBA), Vol-1, 1983 & 1984
9.
10. cv| 11. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW; 12. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| 13. cv| 14. cv| 15. cv| 16. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW;
The International Association of Islamic Banks : Directory of Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions-1997 List published in the Diary of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited in 2003 referring to the sources of IAIB & Bankers Almanac
M. Kabir Hasan Ph.D (Chief Editor), Text Book on Islamic Banking, Islamic Economics Research Bureau, 2003
17.
18. M. Kabir Hasan Ph.D (Chief Editor), Text Book on Islamic Banking, IERB, 2003 19. cv| 20. BmjvwgK dvBbv, mUvj kixqvn& evW KZK cKvwkZ eyjwUb, wZxq msLv, g 2005, cv 6| 21. IqemvBU t http//:www.ifsb.org 22. BmjvwgK dvBbv, mUvj kixqvn& evW KZK cKvwkZ eyjwUb, cg msLv, RyjvB 2008, cv 10-11| IqemvBU t http//:www.inceif.org 23. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs eev, gvwmK `vim mvjvg, Bmjvgx evswKs msLv, mî, 1999| 24. cv|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
77
78
Bmjvgx evsKeev
evsjv`ki KevRvi I hkvimn GKvwaK GjvKvq my`gy evsK cwZv I cwiPvjbvi cPvi K_v Rvbv hvq| wK ZrKvjxb Av_-mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK cUf~wgZ mme D`vM vqx wfw ARb KiZ cviwb|2
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs

4.1. HwZnvwmK cUf~wg
4.
4.2. cvwKvb Avgj 1947 mvj wewUk mvgvRevì AaxbZv wQb Ki ^Z RvwZmv I wekvmi wfwZ ^vaxbZv jvfi ci _KB G f~LwUZ gRwiwU RbMYi Av`wkK g~jevai wfwZ Zvì Av_-mvgvwRK eev cwZvi Av`vjb gk msnZ I Rvi`vi nq IV| 1948 mvji 1 RyjvB U evsK Ae cvwKvbi Dvabx Abyvb evsKi c_g Mfbi Rbve Rvwn` nvmb `ki evswKs eevK kixqvi bxwZgvjvi wfwZ cybMVbi Avnvb Rvbvb| G Abyvb cavb AwZw_i fvlY cvwKvbi Mfbi Rbvij gvnv` Avjx wRbvn my`gy evswKs eev ceZbi c gZ `b|3 1949 mvji 12 gvP cvwKvb MYcwil` cvwKvbi kvmbZi Rb KziAvb-mybvnwfwK Av`wkK g~jbxwZ cve MnxZ nq| G cve `ki A_eev Bmjvgx Av`ki wfwZ cybMVbi wfw cwZwZ nq| Gici 1951 mvj cvwKvbi Dfq Aski 31 Rb wewk Avwjg KivwPZ Pvi w`bi mjb kl memZfve Bmjvgx kvmbZi Rb 22 `dv kvmbZvwK g~jbxwZ cYqb Kib| Gi PZz_ `dvq KziAvbmybvn gyZvweK gvid (mr) Kvhvewj Rvwi Kiv, wbwl Kvhvewj iwnZKiY, Bmjvgx ixwZ-c_v I AvPvi-AvPiYi cybixeb ... Bmjvgx ivi KZe ej DjL Kiv nq|4 cvwKvb Avgji cvq meUzKz mgq RyoB kvmbZvwK weZK AevnZ _vK| GB mgq Bmjvgx wewa-weavb evevqbi `vwe gk Rvi`vi nq| my`gy A_bxwZ I evsK-eev Mo Zvjvi `vwe Zvi Ask wQj| GKvWwgK XvKv wekwe`vjqi A_bxwZ wefvMi cdmi Wi Gg Gb `v, cdmi Wi K wU nvmb, ivwevb wefvMi Wi nvmvb Rvgvb, fvlv mwbK wcwcvj Aveyj Kvmg cgyL G mgwaK mvPvi wQjb| ivRbxwZi gq`vb LjvdZ ievbx cvwU, bRvg Bmjvg cvwU, RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx cfwZ msMVb Bmjvgx A_bxwZi evcvi RbMYi `vweK Rvikvi DPviY Ki|
eZgvb evsjv`k nQ cw_exi gvbwP Ggb GK ^vaxb iv, hv 1947 mvj ch `xN beB eQi wewUk mvgvRevì Kjvbxic kvwmZ nqQ Ges ZviI AvM cyiv GKk eQi G f~L B Bwqv Kvvbx bvgK GKwU wejvwZ eemvqx Kvvbx I Zvì KjKvZvKw`K `vjvj mnhvMx kYxi wgwjZ kvlY I jybi wQj| G mgq my`Lvi gnvRbì wbzi wbhvZb G Aji `wi` gvbyli wbZw`bi fvMwjwcZ cwiYZ nq| G`ki gvbyl `xNw`b Dcwbekev`x mvgvRev`x kwi wei Ges Zvì `kxq jyUiv mnhvMxì wei jovB KiQb| Zvì G jovB-G ivRbwZK Avhv`x nvwmji AvKvvi mv_ Rwoq wQj Zvì eva I wekvmi wfwZ wbR^ eevcbv Mo Zvjvi ^c| wekvmMZ KviY Ges eve AwfZvi wfwZ myì wei Zvì cwZev` I cwZivag~jK gbvfve Mo DVQ| myì wei Zviv hyM-hyM ai msMvg KiQb| evsjv`ki dKxi we`vn, KlK we`vn, divqhx Av`vjb Ges ki evsjv dRjyj nKi KlK-cRv cvwUi Av`vjb my` DQì `vwe wQj mgyPvwiZ|1 myì wei RbMYi HwZnMZ vf I NYvi cwiPq G`ki bvbv Kvwnbx I DcvLvb cKvk cqQ| myì wei cP NYvi KviY G`k G wekvm cPwjZ nqQ h, mvZRb my`Lvii bvg wjL Mii Mjvq Szwjq w`j m Mii Nvqi cvKv co hvq| gnvRbx myì gZv cvwZvwbK myì evcviI RbMYi gbvfve Awfb| my`gy evsK cwZv ZvB G`ki gvbyli e cyibv cZvkv| m AvKvv c~iYi j wesk kZvxi Mvovi w`K wewUk kvmbvaxb
Bmjvgx evsKeev
79
80
Bmjvgx evsKeev
RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxi c _K gvIjvbv mvBq` Aveyj Avjv gI`~`xi my` I AvaywbK evswKs, Bmjvg I AvaywbK A_bwZK gZev` cfw Z eB evsjvq Abyev` Ki cKvk Kivi dj G evcvi myax RbMYi gbvhvM AwaKZi AvK nq| Gme eB QvovI gvIjvbv gynvv` Ave`yi inxgi jLv Bmjvgx A_bxwZ G`k Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs Av`vjbi Zxq wfw wbgvY iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| G wfwi DciB G jLvjwL, AvjvPbv, mwgbvi-wmvwRqvg cfwZi gvag RbmPZbZv gkt Rvi`vi nq IV| Djvgvq wKivgi ga G mwq f~wgKv cvjbKvixì ga gvIjvbv b~i gvnv` AvRgx I kvqLyj nv`xm Avjvgv AvwRRyj nKi bvg weklfve DjLhvM| 4.3. evsjv`k Avgj t cwZi c_ gymwjg wek Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjb kwkvjx nq evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv DiKvj| 1974 mvji AvM gvm evsjv`k Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK ev AvBwWwei PvUvi ^vi Ki Ges wbR `k Bmjvgx kixqvi wfwZ A_bxwZ I evswKs Kvhg chvqg cybMVbi cwZkwZ e Ki| 1976 mvj cLvZ Bmjvgx wPvbvqK gvIjvbv gynvv` Ave`yi inxgi bZZ XvKvq BmjvwgK BKbvwgKm wimvP eyiv cwZwZ nq| G msMVb evsjv`k Bmjvgx A_bwZK wPvi weKvk I Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi Av`vjb cw_KZi f~wgKv cvjb Ki| 1978 mvji Gwcj gvm mbMvji ivRavbx WvKvi AbywZ BmjvwgK ciivgx mjb Bmjvgx evsKi msv Abygv`b Kiv nq| evsjv`k G mjb mwqfve Ask wbq G mycvwik Abygv`b Ki|5 1979 mvji bfî mshy Avie AvwgivZ wbhy evsjv`ki iv`~Z Rbve gvnv` gnwmb `yevB Bmjvgx evsKi Abyic evsjv`k GKwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi Rb ciiv mwPei KvQ jLv GK wPwVZ mycvwik Kib|6 Gi ciciB wWmî gvm A_ gYvjqi evswKs DBs evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi evcvi evsjv`k evsKi AwfgZ RvbZ Pvq| evsjv`k evsKi cwZwbwa wnme ZrKvjxb MelYv cwiPvjK Rbve G Gm Gg dLij Avnmvb 1980 mvj Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Kvhg cheY I chvjvPbvi Rb `yevB Bmjvgx evsK, wgmii dqmj Bmjvgx evsK, bvmi mvkvj evsK Ges BUvibvkbvj
Gmvwmqkb Ae BmjvwgK evsKm-Gi Kvqiv Awdm cwi`kb Kib| 1981 mvj wZwb evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi mycvwik Ki GKwU cwZe`b ck Kib|7 1980 mvj cvwKvb AbywZ IAvBwmfy `kmg~ni ciivgxì mjb evsjv`ki ciivgx AavcK kvgmyj nK m`m `kmg~ni Rb GKwU AvRvwZK Bmjvgx evswKs eev cwZvi mycvwik Kib|8 1980 mvji 15-17 wWmî BmjvwgK BKbvwgKm wimvP eyivi D`vM XvKvq Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Ici GKwU AvRvwZK mwgbvi AbywZ nq| evsjv`k evsKi ZrKvjxb Mfbi Rbve b~ij Bmjvg D mwgbvi Dvab Kib| wZwb Zuvi fvlY evsjv`k GKwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZvq mKjK GwMq Avmvi Avnvb Rvbvb|9 1981 mvji gvP IAvBwm `kmg~ni K`xq evsKmg~ni Mfbiì mjb my`vbi LvZzg AbywZ nq| mjb ckKZ GK cwZe`b evsjv`k evsKi Mfbi Rvbvb h, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi evcvi BwZevPK wmv MnY Kiv nqQ|10 1981 mvji Gwcj gvm A_ gYvjqi c _K evsjv`k evsKi KvQ jLv GK c cvwKvbi Abyic evsjv`ki ivvq evsKmg~ni mKj kvLvqI cixvg~jKfve c_K Bmjvgx evswKs KvDUvi Pvjy Ki G Rb c_K jRvi ivLvi civgk `qv nq|11 1981 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm gv Ges Zvqd AbywZ ZZxq Bmjvgx kxl mjb c` fvlY evsjv`ki cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb mycvwik Kib t gymwjg `kmg~ni DwPZ Zvì wbR^ avb-aviYvi AvjvK GKwU ^Z evsK eev cPjbi gvag eemv-evwYRi cmvi Kiv|12 G NvlYv evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK I Avw_K cwZvb cwZvi miKvii BwZevPK I mwq gbvfvei ewntcKvk NUvq| 1981 mvji 26 Avei _K mvbvjx evsK vd KjR Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Ici GK gvm vqx GK mvewYK AvevwmK cwkY Kvm AbywZ nq| G Kvm evsjv`k evsK, mKj ivvq evsK, weAvBweGg I cvweZ BUvibvkbvj BmjvwgK evsK Ae XvKv wjwgUW (eZgvb Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW)-Gi 37 Rb KgKZv Ask bb| mvbvjx evsK vd KjRi ZrKvjxb wcwcvj Gg Avhxhyj nK G evcvi wekl D`vMx f~wgKv cvjb Kib|13
Bmjvgx evsKeev
81
82
Bmjvgx evsKeev
1982 mvji 18 Rvbyqvix _K evsjv`k BbwwUDU Ae evsK gvbRgU (weAvBweGg)-Gi D`vM Bmjvgx evswKs welq wZxq cwkY Kvm AbywZ nq|14 miKvix D`vMi cvkvcvwk 1977 _K 1982 mvj ch wewfb Av_mvgvwRK cwZvbi D`vM Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Ici mwgbvi AbywZ nq| GB cwZvbjv njv, BmjvwgK BKbvwg wimvP eyiv, IqvwKs Mc di Bmjvgx evswKs Bb evsjv`k, evqZzk kid BmjvwgK wimvP BbwwUDU, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k BZvw`| wnRix P kZKi m~PbvjM gyniig gvmi 1 ZvwiL (22 bfî 1979) evsjv`k evsKi mveK WcywU Mfbi Avjnv Gg Lvjì bZZ XvKvq evsjv`k BmjvwgK evsKvm Gmvwmqkb (weev) KvR i Ki| BZvc~e mvbvjx evsK vd Uwbs KjR cwkY MnYKvix wewfb evsKi evsKviì AbK weev-Gi Kvhg mwqfve Ask bb| 1982 mvj G msMVb evsKvi, AvBbRxex, mvsevw`K, evwYwRK D`vvmn wewfb ii jvKì Rb cuvPwU cwkY Kvm mb Ki| 1982 mvji bfî gvm Bmjvgx Dbqb evsKi GKwU cwZwbwa`j evsjv`k mdi Kib| G mgq Zuviv evsjv`k emiKvix LvZ h_ D`vM GKwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZvq AvBwWwei AskMnYi AvMn cKvk Kib| cwZwbwa `j mvl cKvk Kib h, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Ici cPzi KvR nqQ Ges kxNB G`k Bmjvgx evswKs Pvjy Kivi evcvi cwqv PjQ|15 evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi cZ Kivi evcvi BmjvwgK BKvbvwg wimvP eyiv (AvBBAviwe) Ges evsjv`k BmjvwgK evsKvm Gmvwmqkb (weev) AMYx I iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| Zviv evsjv`k cwZwZe Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Rb ` evsKvii k~bZv c~iYi Dk wewfb chvqi evsKvi I A_bxwZwe`K Bmjvgx evswKs welq cwkY c`vb Ki| GQvov G`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi c RbgZ MVb I mPZbZv mwi j Zviv mwgbvi, wmvwRqvg Ges IqvKkci AvqvRb Ki| gymwjg weRbmgb Gmvwmqkb (eZgvb gymwjg Bvwqvwjm Av weRbmgb Gmvwmqkb) Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi Rb D`vv-g~jab msMn AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
4.4. evsjv`k c_g Bmjvgx evsK Dvab egvwK `xN cPvi dmjic 1983 mvji 30 gvP `wY-c~e Gwkqvi c_g my`gy evsK Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW cwZv jvf Ki| G 19 Rb evsjv`kx ewZ, 4wU evsjv`kx cwZvb Ges AvBwWwemn gacvP I BDivci 11wU evsK, Avw_K cwZvb I miKvix msv Ges mw` Aviei `yRb wewk ewZ evsjv`k Bmjvgx evsK cwZvq D`vvic GwMq Avmb| 1983 mvji 28 gvP ch BUvibvkbvj Bmjvgx evsK Ae XvKv wjwgUW bvg evsjv`ki c_g Bmjvgx evsKi cwZg~jK KvR Kiv nq Ges GB bvgB ZLb ch evsKi mvBbevW I cPvi cywKv eenvi Kiv nq| Avjnv gwdRyi ingvb 29 gvP ch evsKi cK cwiPvjK wQjb| Gici G evsK Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW bvg Kvhg i Ki| evsKi GKwU PgrKvi gbvMvg Zwi Ki `b `ki LvwZgvb wkx I KvwjMvdvi Rbve mwenDj Avjg| 1983 mvji 30 gvP eyaevi mKvj bqUvq Abvoî cwiek jvBmi kZ c~iYi Rb 75 bs gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKvq evsKi iwRvW Awdm Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi Kvhg Dvab Kiv nq| evsKi Dvabx Abyvb Dcj Kvb AvbyvwbK `vIqvZc Qvcv nqwb| ay cwKvq Lei `L AbK jvK G Abyvb ^ZzZfve AskMnY Kib| Dvabx Abyvb wewk eweMi ga evqZzk kid-Gi cxi mvne gvIjvbv Avyj Revi, gvIjvbv `jvIqvi nvmvBb mvC`x, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k-Gi WvBii Rbvij Rbve GGdGg Bqvwnqv, A_ gYvjqi cvb mwPe I Gkxq Dbqb evsKi wbevnx mn-mfvcwZ Rbve KwdjDxb gvngy`, evsjv`k evsKi MelYv cwiPvjK Rbve GGmGg dLij Avnmvb, evsjv`k evsKi mveK WcywU Mfbi Rbve Gg Lvj`, XvKvi Kvji Ae Kvgm Rbve kvn Avyj nvbvb, `wbK `k-Gi mv`K Rbve mvbvDjvn b~ix Ges `wbK BdvKi mnKvix mv`K Rbve AvLZvi-Dj-Avjgmn e MYgvb ewZ DcwZ wQjb| evsKi cwZvZv Pqvigvb Avjnv Avyi ivvK jii mfvcwZZ Abyvb Abvbi ga Rbve GGdGg Bqvwnqv, Rbve GGmGg dLij Avnmvb, Rbve KwdjDxb gvngy`, evsKi mveK cK cwiPvjK I fvBm Pqvigvb Rbve Avjnv gwdRyi ingvb eZv Kib| Abyvb
Bmjvgx evsKeev
83
84
evsKi bvg cvBg evsK wjwgUW XvKv evsK wjwgUW mvD_B evsK wjwgUW w` wcwgqvi evsK wjwgUW hgybv evsK wjwgUW w` wmwU evsK wjwgUW Gwe evsK wjwgUW GBPGmwewm vvW PvUvW evsK gvU kvLvi msLv t
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gvU kvLvi msLv (wWmî 2009) 84 50 56 38 54 97 77 10 27 2502 Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvi msLv 05 02 05 02 02 01 01 01 01 20 Bmjvgx evswKs i 1995 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004
Dcvcbvi `vwqZ wQjb evsKi fvicv GwwKDwUf cwmWU I c_g cavb wbevnx Rbve Gg Avhxhyj nK| 30 gvP evsKi AbvbyvwbK Dvabx w`b 48wU wnmve Lvjv nq Ges ZvZ Rgvi cwigvY wQj 35 jvL UvKv| evsKi c_g wnmvewU Lvjv nq BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k-Gi bvg| dvDkbi gnvcwiPvjK Rbve GGdGg Bqvwnqv dvDkbi c cuwPk jvL UvKv Rgv w`q evsjv`k Bmjvgx kixqvn& gyZveK cwZwZ evsK Avj-Iqvw`qv bxwZi wfwZ c_g wnmvewU Lvjvi HwZnvwmK `vwqZ cvjb Kib| 30 gvP _K 11 AvM ch ay Avj-Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve UvKv Rgv bqv nq| Gici 1983 mvji 12 AvM mKvj gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKvi cavb moK wekvj cvji wbP evsKi Dvabx Abyvbi AvqvRb Kiv nq| 12 AvM _K PjwZ wnmve QvovI gy`vivev cwZZ cwdU-jm kqvwis wWcvwRU AvKvDU ev wcGjGm mqx wnmve Lvjv i nq| 4.5. evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi evevqb Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi mdj AMhvvi c_ ai cieZxZ G`k AviI KqKwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| 1987 mvj Avj evivKv evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW cwZv jvf Ki| cieZxZ IwiqUvj evsK Ges eZgvb AvBwmwe BmjvwgK evsK wjwgUW bvg evsKwU cwiPvwjZ nQ| 1995 mvj evsjv`k Avj-Avivdvn& Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW Ges mvmvj BbfgU evsK wjwgUW cwZwZ nq| 1997 mvj evsjv`k dqmvj BmjvwgK evsK cwZwZ nq| cieZxZ Gi bvg nq kvwgj evsK Ae evn&iBb (Bmjvgx evsKvm)| eZgvb G`k GB Bmjvgx evsKwUi Kvhg bB| 2001 mvj cwZwZ nq kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW | 2004 mvji 1 RyjvB _K my`wfwK Gwg evsK Zvi Kvhg Bmjvgx cwZZ icvwiZ Ki| 2009 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi dv wmwKDwiwU evsK my`wfwK evswKs cwinvi Ki Bmjvgx evsK icvwiZ nq dv wmwKDwiwU Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW bvg aviY Ki| DwjwLZ 7wU c~Yv Bmjvgx evsK QvovI 9wU my`wfwK evsKi gvU 20wU c_K Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv eZgvb KvR KiQ|16
GK bRi Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvavix Kbfbkbvj evsKi kvLv msvZ Z_
2008 mvj evsjv`k evsK Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg cwiPvjbvi
Rb c_K Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvi cwieZ Kbfbkbvj kvLvi gaB BmjvwgK evswKs DBv Lvjvi jvBm c`vb i Ki|
GK bRi Bmjvgx evswKs DBvavix Kbfbkbvj evsKi Z_ evsKi bvg gvU kvLvi msLv Bmjvgx evswKs (wWmî 2009) DBv msLv
1184 867 386 41 41 42 2561 05 05 02 02 04 05 23
Bmjvgx evswKs i
29 Ryb 2010 28 deqvwi 2010 23 deqvwi 2010 15 wWmî 2009 24 wWmî 2008 02 RyjvB 2008
mvbvjx evsK wjwgUW AMYx evsK wjwgUW c~evjx evsK wjwgUW vvW evsK wjwgUW evsK Gwkqv wjwgUW w` Uv evsK wjwgUW gvU msLv t
mdjfve Bmjvgx evswKs evevqbi c`c wnme evsjv`k evsKi wb`kbvq Bmjvgx evsKjv mwwjZfve 2001 mvji 16 AvM cwZv Ki mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k| evsjv`k evsKi evswKs cwewa I bxwZ wefvM MZ 09 bfî 2009 Cmvqx ZvwiL kixAvn&wfwK Bmjvgx evsKjvi Rb MvBWjvB di BmjvwgK evswKs kxlK weAviwcwW mvKzjvi bs 15/2009 Rvwi Ki|
85 evsjv`k 1983 mvj Bmjvgx evswKs cwZwZ njI K`xq evsKi c nZ Bmjvgx evsKjvi Rb c` GUvB c_g MvBWjvBb|
Z_m~ 1. 2. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Avgvì RvwZmvi weKvkaviv, wZxq msiY, `vim mvjvg cvewjKk, 1998| Kzwo kZKi Mvovi w`K KevRvi my`gy GKwU ^Kvjvqx Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nq| KevRvii `vqiv RR Av`vjZi cavb cvewjK cwmwKDUi AvWfvKU wdivR Avng` Payix Bmjvgx evsK KevRvi kvLvi Dvab Dcj 1986 mvji 26 AvM ZvwiL Bmjvgx evswKs welq AbywZ mwgbvi c` eZvq G Z_ DjL Kib| Kzwo kZKi ii w`K hkvii òvUvbv gvo (hLvb gyx gnijvni `wRi `vKvb wQj, Zvi cvk) GKwU ^Kvjvqx Bmjvgx evsK cwZv Kiv nq ej G jLKK 1989 mvj Rvbvb hkvii cexY ivRbxwZwe` I mvgvwRK ewZ Rbve Iqvn` Avjx Avbmvix| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW; viKM, Gwcj 2003, Ijvgv-gvkvqL cwZwbwa mjb-2003, K`xq Ijvgv-gvkvqL KwgwU, 505 GwjdvU ivW, XvKv| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW| cv| cv|
M. Azizul Huq (Editor), Readings in Islamic Banking, BIBA, Vol-1, 1983 & 1984 Thoughts on Islamic Economics, IERB, Special Issue on Banking, February, 1982 M. Azizul Huq (Editor), Readings in Islamic Banking, BIBA, Vol-1, 1983 & 1984
Bmjvgx evsKeev
86
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Also see Islami Bank : 18 Years of Progress, Public Relations Department, Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd., 2001.
16. evsKmg~n _K msMnxZ I mUvj kixqvn& evW KZK c` cwimsLvb|
3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
11. cv| 12. cv| 13. Gg KvgvjDxb Payix, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi 21 eQi c~wZ Dcj `wbK msMvg 23 RyjvB 2004 ZvwiL cKvwkZ mvvZKvi| 14. cv| 15. gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, Bmjvgx evswKs : HwZnvwmK cUf~wg, Bmjvgx evswKs, 8g msLv, RyjvB 1989, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW;
Bmjvgx evsKeev
87
88
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Moreover, the bank which is functioning in this way must reflect Islamic principles in real life. The bank should work towards the establishment of an Islamic Society; hence, one of its primary goals is the deepening of the religious spirit among the people.
Bmjvgx evsKi cwiPq

5.1. Bmjvgx evsKi msv Bmjvgx evsK Ggb GKwU Avw_K cwZvb hvi Dk nQ evswKs Bmjvgi A_bwZK I Avw_K bxwZgvjvi evevqb Kiv| Bmjvgx mjb msv (OIC) Bmjvgx evsKi h msv c`vb KiQ t
Islami Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and procedures expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic shariah and to the banning of the 1 receipt and payment of interest on any of its operations.
5.
A_vr Bmjvgx evsK g~jZ GKwU bZzb evswKs aviYvK eve ic `q, hvZ Zv dvBbv Ges Abvb Kvhgi Bmjvgx kixqvi wewaweavb KVvifve gb Pj| AwaK, Bmjvgx evsK Gfve Kvhg cwiPvjbv KiZ wMq eve Rxeb Bmjvgx wewaweavbK AekB cwZwew^Z Kie| evsKK GKwU Bmjvgx mgvR wewbgvY Kivi j KvR Kiv DwPZ Ges m Rb Gi AbZg cv_wgK j njv RbMYi ga agxq PZbv Mfxifve cvw_Z Kiv| Wi kvIKx BmgvCj mvnZv Bmjvgx evswKs mK ejb t
It is therefore,... imperative for an Islamic bank to incorporate in its functions and practices commercial investment and social activities, as an institution designed to promote the civilized mission of an Islamic economy.
A_vr Bmjvgx evsK Ggb GKwU Avw_K cwZvb, hv Zvi Dk, g~jbxwZ Ges KgcwZi mKj i Bmjvgx kixqvni mKj bxwZgvjv gb Pj Ges Zvi mKj Kvhg myì jb`b m~Yic eRb Ki| gvjqwkqvi Bmjvgx evswKs AvBb 1983 Abymvi Bmjvgx evsKi msv t
Islamic Bank is a company which carries on Banking business... Islamic Banking business banking business whose aims and operations involve any element which is not approved 2 religion Islam. Islamic means do not by the
A_vr KvRB Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg I cqvM ixwZZ evwYwRK wewbqvM Ges mvgvwRK Kvhvejxi mg^q mvab AZ Riwi, hb GwU (Bmjvgx evsK) Bmjvgx A_bxwZi mykxj j evevqbi GKwU cwZvb ic KvR KiZ cvi| Wi wRqvDxb Avng`-Gi gZ t
Islamic banking is essentially a normative concept and could be defined as conduct of banking in consonance with the ethos of the value system of Islam.
A_vr Bmjvgx evsK nQ Ggb GKwU Kvvwb hv Bmjvgx evswKs eemvq wbqvwRZ; ... Bmjvgx evswKs eemv nQ Ggb GK aibi eemv hvi j Ges Kvhgi Kv_vI Ggb Kvb Dcv`vb bB hv Bmjvg Abygv`b Kiwb| International Association of Islamic Banks Zvì msvq ejQ t
The Islamic Bank basically implements a new banking concept, in that it adheres strictly to the ruling of the Islamic Shariah in the fields of finance and other dealings.
A_vr Bmjvgx evswKs njv GKwU bxwZMZ aviYv Ges GwUK Bmjvgx g~jevai wfwZ cwiPvwjZ evswKs wnme msvwqZ Kiv hvq| Dcii msvmg~n _K GUv h, Bmjvgx evswKs Avw_K gaZvi Ggb GKwU cwZ hv Zvi jb`b my` MnY I c`vb Ki bv Ges Gi Kvhvejx Ggbfve cwiPvjbv Ki hvZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZi Dk ARb me nq| GwU Ggb GK evswKs cwZ hv jb`bi Bmjvgx bxwZi Ici cwZwZ Ges GB jb`bi cavb ewk njv jvfjvKmvb Askx`vwiZ cwZv Ges A_bxwZZ bvqwePvi wbwZ Kiv|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
89
90
Bmjvgx evsKeev
5.2. Bmjvgx evsKi iZ I cqvRbxqZv cavb `ywU w`K _K Bmjvgx evsKi iZ Abyaveb Kiv hvq| c_gZ Avjvn ZvAvjv cwe KziAvb eemvK nvjvj Avi my`K nvivg NvlYv KiQb| Kvb gymjgvb GK_v Rvbvi ci Zvi c my`wfwK jb`bi mv_ RwoZ _vKv Cgvbi cwicx| wg_v ejv hgb nvivg, k~Kii MvkZ LvIqv hgb nvivg, Lyb-RLg hgb nvivg, my` Zgwb nvivg| myZivs my`wfwK jb`bi weK wnme Bmjvgx evsKeev cwZv GKwU Cgvbx `vwqZi cwZdjb| wZxq weeP welq njv my`wfwK evsKi mvgvwRK I A_bwZK wZ| my`wbfi cwZvb myì gvag mgvRi gvbylK kvlY Ki| myì KviY eemvqxi bwZKZv b nq| cYi Ici myì evowZ g~j hvM nIqvq evRvi cYi `vg eo hvq| dj kwgKi cKZ gRywi Kg hvq| G mKj Aeevi gyKvwejvq Bmjvgx evsKi iZ Acwimxg| 5.3. Bmjvgx evsKi j I Dk Bmjvgi Av_-mvgvwRK g~jbxwZi AvjvK GKwU bvqwfwK mgvR Mo Zvjvi ZvKx` _K Bmjvgx evswKs PZbvi Dbl NUQ| cPwjZ avivi evsK-eevi mv_ G evsKi cv_K bxwZMZ| G evsKi KgavivI m~Y ^Z| Bmjvgx kixqvi Ici cwZwZ G evsKi mKj jb`b my`gy| bvqvbyM gybvdv G evsKi Avw_K jb`bi wfw| Av_-mvgvwRK mywePvi Kvqg G evsKi Dk| Bmjvgx evsK A_bxwZ, Avw_K jb`b I m` eb Ges eemvevwYR I wk elg `~ixKiY, bvqbxwZ cwZv Ges Av_-mvgvwRK AeKvVvgv Zwi I Kgmsvbi myhvM mwZ cwZkwZe| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n Bmjvgx bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx jvf-jvKmvb AskMnY Ges Bmjvg Abygvw`Z Abvb cwZZ wewbqvM Kvhg cwiPvjbv Ki| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n my`K meZvfve cwinvi Ki, hv mKj kvlYi Drm Ges evcK gy`vxwZ I eKviZi Rb `vqx| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi bxwZ, Kgm~Px I Kgavivi gvag hme gwjK Av_mvgvwRK j nvwmj KiZ Pvq t 1. mì bvqwfwK eb wbwZ Ki A_bwZK Abvq, AwePvi, hyjyg, kvlY I elg `~i Kiv| 2. A_bxwZZ, eemv-evwYR I jb`bi Ab me bvqbxwZ I mywePvi cwZv Ki Av_-mvgvwRK eevq fvimvg Avbqb|
3. gvbe m` I eMZ mì myz I KvhKi eenvi wbwZ Ki gvbyli gwjK cqvRb c~iY, Zvì `ytL gvPb I Rxeb-gvbi Dbqb| 4. myì mebvkv Kzdj _K gvbyli A_bwZK RxebK gy Kiv Ges Avqi Drm wnme kgi ghv`v cwic~Yfve cwZv| 5. evsK eevq ew^v_Kw`K fveavivi g~jvrcvUb Ki ewK I mvgwK KjvYi Av`k Kvqg| 5.4. Bmjvgx evsKi KgbxwZ 1. kixqvn& gyZveK mKj KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv| 2. Avw_K KgKv m~Yfve my`gy Kiv| 3. evswKs KvhgK RbKjvYi j cwiPvwjZ Kiv| 4. wewbqvM Kvhg Bmjvgx bxwZi AbymiY Kivi KviY Kejgv gybvdvK AMvwaKvi `vbi cwieZ mgvRi mvaviY Pvwn`vi AMvwaKvii wfwZ wewbqvM LvZi AMvwaKvi wbicY Kiv| 5. eemv-evwYR I A_bxwZZ bvqbxwZ I Bbmvd cwZv Kiv| 6. ^ Avqi jvKì Rxebhvvi gvb DbZ Kiv| 7. gvbe m` Dbqb Ges Kgmsvb I AvZKgmsvbi eev Kiv| 8. A_bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbqbi ga mg^q mvab Kiv| 9. Bmjvgx A_eevi j ARb mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Kiv|
Z_m~ 1. Definition
by the General Secretariat of the Organization of the Islamic Conference accepted in the Foreign Ministers Conference held in Dakar in 1978; cited in many books & journals including in different publications of IBBL & in the Text Book on Islamic Banking, IERB, 2003
2.
Islamic Banking Act 1983 of Malaysia (Act No. 272); cited in many books & journals including the Text Book on Islamic Banking : IERB, 2004
Bmjvgx evsKeev
91
92
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKeevi AwbwnZ kw
6.
gywgq gvbyli gvSB ay abm` hvZ AvewZZ bv nq, A_m` KzwMZ nZ bv cvi, m Dk `wi`, ^we I wenxbì Rb wewbqvMi eev Kiv Ges Gfve Zvì Avw_K Aevi Dbqb Kiv Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi ewk| Bmjvgx evsK mgvRi myweavewZ gvbyli gav I KggZv KvR jvwMq ZvìK Drcv`b RwoZ Ki| Zvì Rb Avq-ivRMvii bZzb bZzb myhvM mw Ki| Abw`K hKvb g~j gybvdv ARb I ew^v_ PwiZv_ KivB my`wfwK eevi mviK_v| 6.2. mvgvwRK Dbqbi mv_ A_bwZK Dbqbi mg^q Bmjvgx evsK ay GKwU Avw_K cwZvb bq, Bmjvgx A_bxwZ cwZvi mnvqK GKwU mvgvwRK Av`vjb| Dbqb mK Bmjvgx evsKi wbR^ aviYv iqQ| cPwjZ A_bwZK aviYvi Zzjbvq Zv evcKZi A_ enb Ki| Bmjvgx evsK Dbqb ejZ ay gywgq gvbyli Dbqb gb Ki bv| ay A_bwZK DbqbKI G evsK gvbyli cKZ Dbqb ej MY Ki bv| gvbyli mvweK Dbqb G evsKi Av`k| mB Dbqb g~jeva mgw^Z, egyLx I MwZkxj| Dbqbi GB mgw^Z j ARbi gvagB GKwU fvimvgc~Y mgvR wbgvY me| GB jB Bmjvgx evsK KvR Ki| Bmjvgx evsKi weePbvq mvgvwRK DbqbB njv A_bwZK Dbqbi wfw| mvgvwRK Dbqb Qvov A_bwZK Dbqb me bq| Bmjvgx evsK ZvB A_bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbqbi `yB avivK mgw^Z KiZ Pvq| A_bwZK I mvgvwRKGB Dfq cwimi G evsK KvR Ki| Bmjvgx evsK GfveB mvgvwRK ^v_ I bvqwePvii ga mvgm weavb Ki| Abw`K my`wbfi evsK ew^v_ I ewMZ gybvdvi ckwUB ay weePbv Ki| 6.3. A_bxwZZ bwZK kLjvi weavb AbymiY A_mì bvqwfwK eb I Av_-mvgvwRK mywePvi Kvqg Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j| G j wbaviYi gvag A_bxwZZ gvbeKjvYi GKwU evaevaKZv Avivc KiQ Bmjvg| GB bwZK evaevaKZv ev bwZK kLjv Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi wfw| Abw`K cyuwRev`x eevq A_m`, gvbe m` I eyMZ m` eenvii bwZK kLjvi weavb AbycwZ| dj A_bxwZ I Av_-mvgvwRK wekLjv I AwiZv `Lv `q| mgvR AbvPvi I elg mw nq| Gfve mgvRi
Bmjvgx evsK GKwU Avw_K cwZvb, hv Zvi gwjK weavb I KgcwZi mKj i Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZgvjv gb PjZ ecwiKi Ges KgKvi mKj chvq my`K eRb KiZ `pcwZ| Bmjvgx mjb msvi MnxZ GB msv cw_exi mKj `ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Kvhgi wfw| GB msvi ga Bmjvgx evsK eevi cwiPqI mgKic weaZ| Bmjvgi Av_-mvgvwRK g~jbxwZi AvjvK GKwU bvqwfwK mgvR Mo Zvjvi PZbv Bmjvgx evsK cwZvi ciYvic KvR KiQ| Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZi Ici cwZwZ nevi KviY G evsKi mKj jb`b myì bwZevPK cfve _K gy Ges mBmv_ Av_-mvgvwRK mywePvi I gvbyli mvweK Dbqb G evsK eevi j| Bmjvgx evsK eevi j I Dki mv_ cPwjZ my`wfwK evsK eevi cv_K bxwZMZ Ges gwjK| Bmjvgx evsKi KgavivI m~Y ^Z| ^Z j I Abb KgKkji ga w`q G eevi AwbwnZ kwi cKvk NU Ges kZi cwiPq dzU IV| Bmjvgx evsK eevi kw I kZi ewkvcK KqKwU w`K GLvb cPwjZ avivi evsK eevi mv_ Zzjbvg~jKfve AvjvPbv Kiv njv| 6.1. ew^v_ bq, mvgvwRK KjvYi Av`k eemv-evwYR I Avw_K KgKv bvqbxwZ cwZv Ges bvqwfwK GKwU A_bwZK eev Kvqgi j Bmjvgx evsK KvR Ki| ew^v_ bq, mvgvwRK KjvY Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi g~j K_v| ay Drcv`b ew bq, mylg eb wbwZ Kiv Bmjvgx evsKi Av`k| ay Avqi mw bq, m Avqi mylg ebi cwZ mZK `w ivLv Bmjvgx evsKi AbZg bxwZ| Bmjvgx evsKi G bxwZi g~j iqQ cwe KziAvbi wb`k, ...hvZ Ki abm` ay weevbì ga cyxf~Z bv _vK (AvewZZ bv nq)| (m~iv nvki t 7)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
93
94
Bmjvgx evsKeev
myweavewZ gvbyli Aevi Aviv AebwZ NU| AbK cvvZ A_bxwZweÌ ^xKvi KiQb h, bwZKZvnxb A_bxwZ Akv mvMii eyK nvjwenxb RvnvRi gZB wecb| Bmjvgx eevi Dk ay GKwU evswKs cwZvb Kvqg Kiv bq, GwU gvag eU| mvgvwRK KjvYi Av`ki wfwZ A_bwZK ksLjv cwZvI GB eevi j| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi bwZK weavb AbymiY Ki Bmjvgx evsK Zvi Av_-mvgvwRK j ARb KiZ Pvq| Bmjvgx A_eevi bwZK weavbi mviK_v njv t K. mKj mì wbizk gvwjK Avjvn| gvbyl Uvw wnme Avjvni Av`k I wblai AbyeZx nq m m` ARb I eenvi Kie| Avjvn&i gvwjKvbv mK KziAvb gRxì NvlYv t Avmgvb I hgxb hv wKQy AvQ, mg AvjvniB| (m~iv evKviv t 284) ...AvKvkgjx I cw_exi gvwjKvbv Zv AvjvniB| (m~iv nv`x` t 10) AvjvnAvKvkgjx I cw_exZ hv wKQy AvQ, Zv ZuviB| (m~iv Beivnxg t 2) AvKvkgjx I cw_exZ hv wKQy AvQ, Zv ZuviB...| (m~iv n t 64) ...Avmgvb I hgxbi ^ZvwaKvi GKgv AvjvniB| (m~iv Avj Bgivb t 180) Avi Avwg Zv P~ov gvwjKvbvi AwaKvix| (m~iv Kvmvm t 58) ...hgxb Zv Avjvn&iB| wZwb Zuvi ev`vì ga hvK BQv Zuvi DivwaKvix Kib...| (m~iv Avivd t 128) Avjvni gvwjKvbv Avmj gvbyliB Rb| m Rxei ga mylg ebi gvag KjvYi j t wZwb cw_ex vcb KiQb m Rxei Rb| (m~iv ivngvb t 10) wZwb cw_exi mewKQy Zvgvì Rb mw KiQb...| (m~iv evKviv t 29)
L. gvbyl m` eenvi Kie BnKvjxb I ciKvjxb nvmvbvn ev myì Ges dvjvn ev KjvYK AvniY Kivi Rb| mì eq I eenvi mK KziAvb gRx` ejv nqQ t ...Avi Avjvn ZvgvìK hv wKQyi DivwaKvix KiQb, Zv _K eq Kiv (kixqvi weavb Abymvi)| ...(m~iv nv`x` t 7) GB AvqvZi Zvdmxi Bgvg KziZzex (i) ejQb, AvjvnB wbizk gvwjK Ges ev`vi ay eq-eenvii AwaKvi| Zvgiv mvjvZ Kvqg Ki Ges hvKvZ `vI| (m~iv evKviv t 43) Zvgiv mvjvZ Kvqg Ki Ges hvKvZ `vI| (m~iv evKviv t 110) c_ wb`k I mymsev` gywgbì Rb hviv mvjvZ Kvqg Ki Ges hvKvZ `q....| (m~iv bvgj t 2-3) n gywgbMY, Avwg hv Zvgvì w`qwQ, Zv _K Zvgiv eq Ki| (m~iv evKviv t 254) ...Avjvn Zvgvì h m` w`qQb, Zv _K Zvgiv ZvìK `vb Kie... (m~iv b~i t 33) n gywgbMY, Zvgiv hv DcvRb Kiv Ges Avwg hv f~wg _K Zvgvì Rb Drcv`b Ki `B, Zvi ga hv DrK Zv eq Ki...| (m~iv evKviv t 267) Avjvn hv wKQy ZvgvK w`qQb Zvi gvag AvwLivZi Avevm Abymvb Kiv...| (m~iv Kvmvm t 77) ...Avi dmj Zvjvi w`b Zvi nK c`vb Kie...| (m~iv AvbAvg t 141) Zvgiv Avjvni c_ Kb eq Kie bv?.. (m~iv nv`x` t 10) K AvQ h Avjvn ZvAvjvK è Dg FY? ... (m~iv nv`x` t 11) Zvgiv KLbv cyY jvf Kie bv, hZY bv Zvgiv hv fvjevmv Zv _K eq bv Kiv|... (m~iv Avj Bgivb t 92)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
95
96
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Zvgiv Avjvni ivvq eq Kiv Ges wbRì nvZ wbRìK asmi ga wbc Kiv bv| (m~iv evKviv t 195) Avwg Zvgvì h wih&K w`qwQ, Zvgvì Kviv gZz Avmvi c~e Zv _K eq Kie| (m~iv gybvwdKzb t 10) jvK wK eq Kie m m^ AvcbvK ck Ki| ejyb h abm` Zvgiv eq Kie, Zv wcZv-gvZv, Avxq-^Rb, BqvZxg, wgmKxb I gymvwdiì Rb| (m~iv evKviv t 215) M. Av`j ev bvqwePvi Ges Bnmvb ev `qv cwZv Bmjvgi A_bwZK Kvhgi gvag| Bnmvb Ges Av`j ev bvqwePvi cm cwe KziAvb gRx` t n gywgbMY! Zvgiv bvqwePvi `p cwZwZ _vKe Avjvni mvxîc .....| (m~iv wbmv t 135) wbqB Avjvn Zvgvì wb`k w`Qb AvgvbZ Zvi nK`viK cZcY KiZ| Zvgiv hLb gvbyli ga wePviKvR cwiPvjbv Kie, ZLb bvqcivqYZvi mv_ wePvi Kie ...| (m~iv wbmv t 58) wbqB AvjvnZvqvjv Pzw fKvixK cQ` Kib bv| (m~iv Avbdvj t 58) ...Avi hw` wePvi-wbw Ki, Ze Zvì ga bvqwePvi Kie, wbqB Avjvn bvqcivqYì fvjevmb| (m~iv gvwq`v t 42) ...Avjvn hv AeZxY KiQb, m Abymvi hviv weavb `q bv, ZvivB hvwjg| (m~iv gvwq`v t 45) ...Avjvn hv AeZxY KiQb m Abymvi hviv weavb `q bv, ZvivB dvwmK| (m~iv gvwq`v t 47) Zviv eje, Avgiv gymjxì ga Afy wQjvg bv, Avgiv wgmKxbK Lvevi `vb KiZvg bv|.. (m~iv gyvmwmi t 43-44)
...AZGe Avcwb BqvZxgi cwZ KVvi neb bv Ges cv_xK frmbv Kieb bv| (m~iv `ynv t 9-10) m Zv m-B, h BqvZxgK ipfve Zvwoq `q Ges wgmKxbK Lv` `vb Drmvn `q bv| (m~iv gvDb t 2-3) ...m gnvb Avjvni cwZ Cgvb`vi wQj bv Ges wgmKxbK Ab`vb DrmvwnZ KiZv bv| (m~iv nvv t 33-34) Zzwg wK Rvbv ezi wMwic_wU wK? GUv nQ `vmgyw ev `ywfi w`b Avnvh`vbBqvZxg AvxqK ev `vwi` wbwlZ wgmKxbK| (m~iv evjv` t 12-16) Ges Mnvjxi cqvRbxq QvU-LvU mvnvh`vb weiZ _vK| (m~iv gvDb t 7) n gywgbMY! Zvgiv GK Acii mw Abvqfve Mvm Kiv bv; wK Zvgvì cviwiK mwZZ eemv Kiv ea Ges GK AciK nZv Kiv bv| wbqB Avjvn Zvgvì cwZ `qvjy| (m~iv wbmv t 29) ....Ges gvZv-wcZv, Avxq-^Rb, BqvZxg, AfveM, wbKU cwZekx, `~i cwZekx, mx-mv_x, gymvwdi I Zvgvì AwaKvifz `vm-`vmxì cwZ menvi Kie| (m~iv wbmv t 36) ...mrKg I ZvKIqvq Zvgiv GK Acii mvnvh Kie Ges cvc I mxgvjNb cii mvnvh Kie bv| (m~iv gvwq`v t 2) A_bwZK mylg eb ne Av`j I Bnmvbi avivq| wfb ag wekvmx I Ab agi AbyymvixivI Gi Afy| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi evevqb ckvmb ne mveRbxb cwe KziAvb G mK iqQ megvbweK `wKvY t AvjvnK Qo hvìK Zviv WvK, ZvìK Zvgiv Mvwj wÌ bv| Kbbv Zviv mxgvjNb Ki AvbZvekZ Avjvn&KI Mvwj wè|... (m~iv AvbAvg t 108) n gywgbMY! Avjvni Dk bvq mv`vb Zvgiv AwePj _vKe; Kvb mc`vqi cwZ wel ZvgvìK hb KLbv
Bmjvgx evsKeev
97
98
Bmjvgx evsKeev
mywePvi eRb civwPZ bv Ki, mywePvi Kie, GUv ZvKIqvi wbKUZi...| (m~iv gvwq`v t 8) gvbweKZv I mZZv mK ivm~j mv.-Gi evYx t weaev I wgmKxbi mvnvhi KvR PvKvix I D`vM MnYKvix Ges eevKvix ew Avjvni c_ wRnv`Kvix ewi mgghv`vmb| (eyLvix I gymwjg) mr I AvgvbZ`vi eemvqxì nvki ne wmxK I knx`ì mv_| (wZiwghx) N. Zviv gvid ev KjvYg~jK BbwwUDkb Kvqg Kie Ges wbRì RxebK gybKvi ev mKj evSv-eb I K-hvZbvi kLj _K gy Kie| gvbyli RxebK fvigy I mnR Ki Zvjv Bmjvgx eevi j| gvid I gybKvi mK Avj-KziAvb ejv nqQ t GB KziAvb gyvKxì Rb AekB GK Dc`k| (m~iv nvv t 48) GUv Zv ay wekRMZi Rb Dc`k| (m~iv ZvKfxi t 27) Zzwg gvbylK Zvgvi cfzi w`K Avnevb RvbvI wnKgZ I m`yc`ki gvag Ges Zvì mv_ msjvc (gZwewbgq) Ki Dg cvq| (m~iv bvnj t 125) ZvìK Dc`k `vI, hvZ KD wbR KZKgi Rb asm bv nq, ...| (m~iv AvbAvg t 70) ...Dc`k hw` djcm~ nq, Ze Dc`k `vI| (m~iv Avjv t 9) AZGe Avcwb Dc`k`vZv| Dc`k w`b, Avcwb Zv GKRb (m~iv Mvwkqv t 21)
ZvgivB k DZ, gvbeRvwZi Rb Zvgvì Avwefve nqQ| Zvgiv mrKvRi wb`k `vb Ki, Amr KvR wbla Ki Ges Avjvn-Z wekvm Ki| (m~iv Avj Bgivb t 110) ....Ze Dc`k Ìqv Zvì KZe hvZ ZvivI ZvKIqv Aej^b Ki| (m~iv AvbAvg t 69) G bwZK weavbi AvjvK wek-A_eevK gvbexq KjvYv`ki wfwZ cybMVbi Rb Bmjvgx evsK KvR KiQ| cPwjZ my`wbfi evsK eev GB bwZK evaevaKZv _K m~Y gy| dj Zvi c Av_-mvgvwRK kLjv weavb Kiv me bq| my`wfwK cwZvbjv G wekLjv evwoq Zvjv I Av_-mvgvwRK elg ewZB mnvqZv KiQ| 6.4. wewbqvM Kvhg Askx`vwiZi bxwZ Bmjvgx evsK gykvivKv ev jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vwiZ bxwZi wfwZ wewbqvM Ki| G aibi eemvq jvf nj evsK Zvi Ask cvq| jvKmvb nj Zvi AskI evsK enb Ki| eZgvb A_bwZK KgKv Ges evswKs GwU GKwU ecweK wPv| Gi dj evsK MvnKi mv_ GKvZ nq eemvqi DbwZi Rb me aibi Pv Pvjvq| Gaibi Kvievi evsK MvnKi mvdjK Zvi wbRi mvdj gb Ki| MvnKi e_ZvI evsKi e_Zv wnme MY nq| MvnK I evsKi gaKvi GB GKvZZv Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi GKwU Dj ewk| Askx`vix wfwK I DbqbgyLx KjvYagx G eev cPwjZ my`wbfi cwZ _K m~Y ^Z| 6.5. UvKvi Kvievi bqcYi eemv gykvivKv cwZ QvovI gyivevnv, evB-gyqvj, evB-mvjvg, BRviv, fvovq q cfwZ cwZZ Bmjvgx evsK wewbqvM Ki _vK| my`gy Gme cwZi GKwU cavb ewk njv, evsK KvDK mivmwi UvKv jwM Ki bv| cYi gvag evsK Gme wewbqvM cwiPvjbv Ki| UvKv jwM Ki wewbgq evowZ UvKv MnY myì ga MY nq| wK cY q-weqi eemv Ki h A_ AwRZ nq, Zv jvf| UvKvi wbR^ Kvb Drcv`b gZv bvB| gvbyli Kvb cqvRbB UvKv cZ f~wgKv cvjb KiZ cvi bv| GwU GKwU gvag, GKwU cwigvc, GKwU gvb` Ges GKwU fvvii f~wgKv cvjb Ki gv| ZvB Bmjvg A_K cY wnme MY
...ivm~jMYi KZe Zv Kej my evYx cuQ Ìqv| (m~iv bvnj t 35) AZci Zviv hw` gyL wdwiq bq, Ze Avcbvi KZe Zv Kej fve evYx cuQ Ìqv| (m~iv bvnj t 82)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
99
100
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Ki bv| UvKvi wewbgq UvKv ewk ev Kg MnY-c`vbKI Bmjvg Abygv`b Ki bv| my`wfwK evsKjvi Avmj cwiPq njv, Zviv UvKvi eemvqx| UvKvKB Zviv cYi gZv ePv-Kbv Ki| Zvì GB KvhgK mwUm AvLv w`qQb RvwjqvwZ| Avi Kvj gvKm-Gi fvlvq G aibi evsKviiv njv WvKvZ, wmu`j Pvi, weKU kqZvb| evswKs eemvqi bvg cwiPvwjZ G aibi cvwZvwbK RvwjqvwZ I Phewi g~jvrcvUbi Rb Bmjvgx evsK Avcvmnxb hy wj| 6.6. gy`vxwZi KviY `~i Kiv gy`vxwZ AvaywbK A_bxwZi GKwU cavb mgmv| gy`vxwZ mvgvwRK mywePvi I A_bwZK kLjvi weivax| A_i g~jgvb wwZkxj ivLv ZvB Bmjvgi A_bwZK bxwZgvjvi GKwU gwjK ewk| cavb wZbwU KviY gy`vxwZ `Lv w`Z cvi t K. A_i gewi mv_ Drcv`b cewi Amvgm; L. Abyrcv`bkxj I AcqvRbxq LvZ eq ew; M. miKvix FYi cwigvY ew| my`wfwK eevq cYi mv_ UvKvi cZ mK bv _vKvq A_bwZK Kvhg QvovB GKwU wbw` nvi gy`vi cew NUZ cvi| dj gy`vi mvgwMK mvcvb eo wMq èg~j ew cvq| my`wbfi A_jwMi dj evRvi A_i mieivn eo hvq| m A_ Drcv`b wbqvwRZ bv nj gy`vxwZ `Lv w`Z eva| Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg bvbv Dcvq gy`vxwZ wbqY mnvqZv Ki| c_gZ Bmjvgx evsK A_i jwM Ki bv| cYi ePvKbvB Bmjvgx evswKs cwZi g~j wfw| Drcv`bi mv_ G cY cZfve hy| cYwfwK GB wewbqvM Kvhgi gvag gy`vxwZi KviY `~i nq| jwMKZ UvKv AbK mgq wbavwiZ LvZi evBi mwiq bqvi ceYZv `Lv `q| Gi dj evsKi FY c`vbi Drcv`bg~jK j evnZ nZ eva| cYwfwK wewbqvM G wU _K m~Y gy| wZxqZ Bmjvgx evsK eevq AZvekKxq, Drcv`bg~jK, kgi mv_ hy, mvgvwRKfve jvfRbK Ges ea LvZ wewbqvM Kiv nq| G wewbqvMbxwZ mgvRi gvbyli Pvwn`vi mv_ cyivcywi mwZc~Y| G bxwZ gy`vxwZi meKwU KviY `~i KiZ mnvqZv Ki|
ZZxqZ Bmjvgx evsK gvbylK ay evswKs-Gi cwZ AvK Ki bv, mvgvwRK `vwqZ cvjbI ZvìK Dy Ki| Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg mgvR Aea AvqK wbirmvwnZ Ki| mì mywePvig~jK eb Ges bvqwb jb`bi myhvM cmvwiZ Ki| Bmjvgx eevq bwZK ksLjvi bxwZ cvavb cvq| dj mì AcwiwgZ eenvi I AcPq wbirmvwnZ nq| G eev KvhKix nevi dj AcqvRbxq I Abyrcv`bkxj LvZ eq nvm cvq| ewaZ miKvix FY MnYi cqvRbI Kg Avm| 6.7. eKviZ `~ixKiY I AwaK Kgmsvb Bmjvgx evsKi j, bxwZ I Kvhg mvgwMKfve Drcv`bi mv_ hy| Drcv`bg~jK Kvhg Kgmsvbi c_ ck Ki| Bmjvgx evsK ay m`kvjx jvKì gvS Zvi wewbqvM mxwgZ ivL bv| mgvRi ^we I wenxb jvKì Kgmsvbi Dk wewfb cK I D`vM MnY Ki| GwU Bmjvgx evswKs eevi Av_-mvgvwRK j ARbi GKwU Acwinvh KgKkj| Abw`K Kgmsvb myì f~wgKv bwZevPK| Kgmsvbi myhvM msKzwPZ KiZ my` kwkvjx Dcv`vbic KvR Ki| myì BwZevPK nvi c~Y Kgmsvbi i mq I wewbqvMi ga mgZv ivLZ e_ nq| Bmjvgx evsKeev G `vl _K m~Y gy| eKviZ `~ixKiY I AwaK Kgmsvb Bmjvgx evsKi f~wgKv BwZevPK, cZ I mwq| 6.8. m` mw I eb RbKjvYi Av`k mq msMn Ges Zv wewbqvMi evcvi Bmjvgx evsKi bxwZ I Kgcv my`wfwK evsK _K Avjv`v| RbMYi KvQ _K mq msMn Ki Zv ZvìB fvMvbqbi KvR LvUvbv Bmjvgx evsKi AbZg cavb ewk| G bxwZ Bmjvgx evsKi Av_-mvgvwRK ji mv_ mwZc~Y| Abw`K A_jwMi gvag m` KzwMZ Kivi DkB my`wfwK evsKi Rb| dj cavbZ A_kvjx jvKivB my`wfwK evsKi Kvhgi AvIZvfy| Avevi weevb mKj jvKi iZ Gme evsKi KvQ mgvb bq| my`wfwK evsKi bRi eo eo mqi cwZ wbe| KgmsLK jvKi KvQ _K ewk mq msMn Kiv Zvì KvQ ewk jvfRbK I Kg Svgjvc~Y| Gme mqKvixi UvKv jwM Kiv nq AwaKZi m`kvjx gywgq jvKì gvS| Zjv gv_vq Zj `qvB Zvì G Kvhgi ewk| GUvB Zvì j ARbi Rb myweavRbK| Gfve my`wfwK eev mgvRi A_-m` gywgq jvKi nvZ
Bmjvgx evsKeev
101
102
Bmjvgx evsKeev
cyxf~Z Kivi GKwU cwqvic KvR Ki| G cwqvq mgvR abelg eo hvq, mvgvwRK fvimvg f co| Bmjvgx evsKi Aev Gi _K m~Y wfb| G evsK mgvRi mvweK ^v_i K_v weePbv Ki _vK| mgvRi mKj ii gvbylK evsK Zvi Kvhgi AvIZvfy Ki Ges RbMYK Bmjvgx mq bxwZi cwZ AvK KivB ewk Riwi MY Ki| Bmjvg A_i gRy` ew wbirmvwnZ KiQ, wK mq mw Ki Zv Drcv`b ewi KvR wbqvwRZ KiZ Drmvn w`qQ| Bmjvgx evsK ZvB RbMYi z` z` mq msMn Ki Zv wbR^ cwZZ wewbqvMi gvag `ki Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb Ae`vb ivL| Gme z` AvgvbZ MnYi dj wnmve iv msv KvRi Pvc Ges ckvmwbK eq ew cvq| Zv mI G mqbxwZ AbymiYK Bmjvgx evsK mgvRi Rb jvfRbK Ges evsKi Av_-mvgvwRK j ARbi Rb Acwinvh weePbv Ki| mgvRmsMVb-cwqvq mwq Askx`vi Bmjvgx evsK RvwZi cwZwU m`mK mqi KvR Af Ki ZzjZ AvwiKfve AvMnx| mqi G AfvmK Bmjvgx evsK mgvRi mKj m`mi gvMZ Afvmic Mo ZzjZ Pvq| mgvR mqi Afvm evoj m` mwi Rb Zv mnvqK ne, Avi m` mwi mdjZvi DciB `ki mgw wbfikxj| mgvR mqi Afvm hZ ewk ne, Zv m` ZwiZI mnvqK ne| mgvR Bmjvgi `vwe c~iY mg_ jvKì msLvI m AbycvZ eo hve| Bmjvgx evsKi j ay m` ZwiZ mvnvh Kiv bq, mì myz eb wbwZ KivI evsKi iZc~Y weeP welq| Ab_vq m` cyxf~Z nq Zv mgvR elg I fvimvgnxbZvK cKU Ki Zzje| Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg Drcv`b ew Ges m Drcv`bi mylg ebi mv_ hy| G cwqv RvZxq Avq ew Ges m Avqi eb wbwZ Kivi mnvqK| RbMYi mqKZ A_ gywgq jvKi nvZ KzwMZ bv Ki ^we Ges wenxbì gvS Qwoq `qv Bmjvgx evsKi Av`k| Gfve Drcv`bg Rbkwi mv_ wewbqvMi mwjb NwUq mgvRi A_bwZK eywbqv` kwkvjx Kiv me| G bxwZ mvgvwRK bvqwePvi Ges `ki cKZ DbwZ I mgwi mnvqK| Bmjvgx evsKi bxwZ njv A UvKv ewk jvKi KjvY wbqvwRZ Kiv| Abw`K ewk jvKi UvKv A jvKi ^v_ eenvi Kiv my`wfwK evsKi j| 6.9. MvnKì mv_ Askx`vwiZi mK
my`wfwK evsK eevq mqKvix, evsKvi I FYMnxZvi ga cviwiK mK bewK| FYMnxZvi eemvwqK jvfwZi Aev hvB nvK, myì nvi c~ewbavwiZ| Zvi jvfwZi mv_ evsKi ^v_ RwoZ bq| mqKvixi myì nviI c~ewbavwiZ| evsKi wewbqvM Kvhgi fvjvgì mv_ Zvi jvf-wZi Kvb mK bB| Gfve `Lv hvq, G eevq Kvb cB Abi fvjvgì mv_ hy bq| KD Kviv `vwqZ enb Kib bv| mKj c c~ewbavwiZ my` MnY ev c`vb Kivi KviY Zvì gvS cviwiK mg^v_eva ev GKvZZv Mo IVvi myhvM _vK bv| Bmjvgx evswKs eevq mqKvixì jvf-jvKmvb evsKi jvfjvKmvbi mv_ hy| Avevi evsKi jvf-jvKmvb wewbqvMMnxZvì eemvwqK djvdji Dci wbfikxj| dj G mqKvix, evsKvi I wewbqvM-MnxZv cviwiK eb Ave| GLvb cviwiK mK Askx`vwiZi, `vZv-MnxZvi bq| ZvB Bmjvgx evsK eevq mKj c Zvì AwfZv, cv, `Zv I Dvebx kwK mgw^Z Ki mwwjZfve KvR KiZ Dy nb| MvnK mZvi GB Av`k Bmjvgx evsKi AbZg cavb kwic weewPZ| 6.10. kixqvi bxwZ AbymiY Bmjvgx evsK Zvi Rgv MnY I wewbqvM Kvhg Ges Ab mKj KgKv kixqvi bxwZ AbymiY Ki| G evsK my` MnY wKsev c`vb Ki bv| myì DQ` Ges cKZ eemvqi cPjb G evsKi AbZg g~jbxwZ| G evsK kgK Avqi Drmic weePbv Ki| Bmjvgx evsK kixqvi `wZ ea jb`bB ay Ask bq| gybvdv bq, mvgvwRK jvfi ckwUK wewbqvM Kvhg AMvwaKvi `q| Avw_Kfve jvfRbK Kvb eemv mvgvwRK weePbvq AKjvYKi nj Bmjvgx evsK ZvZ Ask bq bv| kixqvi `wZ wbwl Kvb LvZ jb`b _K G evsK weiZ _vK| Bmjvgx evsK UvKvi eemv Ki bv, cYi Kvievi wbqvwRZ _vK| kixqvi Avj-Iqvw`qv bxwZi wfwZ PjwZ wnmve cwiPvwjZ nq| jvfjvKmvb Askx`vix Rgv wnmve (mqx wnmvei weK) I jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vix gqv`x Rgv wnmve (vqx Rgv wnmvei weK) cwiPvwjZ nq gy`vivev bxwZi wfwZ| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wewbqvM Kvhg kixqvi gy`vivev, gykvivKv, gyivevnv, evB-gyqvvj, evB-mvjvg, wkiKvZ-Dj-
Bmjvgx evsKeev
103
104
Bmjvgx evsKeev
wgjK cfwZ bxwZ AbymiY Ki| K`xq evsKmn my`wfwK Abvb evsKi mv_ GgbwK AvRvwZK my`wfwK evsKmg~ni mv_ jb`bI Bmjvgx evsK my` cwinvi Ki| RbMYK evswKs jb`b Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZ AbymiY Bmjvgx evsK Dy I mvnvh Ki| Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg kixqvi weavb gyZveK cwiPvwjZ nQ wK bv Zv Z`viK Kivi Rb iqQ kixqvn& KvDwj| cLvZ Avwjg, dKxn, A_bxwZwe` I AvBbRxexMYi mg^q DPgZvmb GB kixqvn& KvDwj MVb Kiv nq| weki cwZwU Bmjvgx evsK kixqvn& KvDwji Z`viwKi Aaxb| evsKi mKj cKvi Pyw mv`b I KgKv cwiPvjbvi c~ev kixqvn& KvDwji Abygv`b wbZ nq| kixqvn& KvDwj evsKi mKj Kvhg Bmjvgx kixqvn& msv h_v_Zv Z`viK Ki Ges G evcvi wbqwgZ civgk I wb`kbv c`vb Ki| Bmjvgx evsK kixqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nQ wK bv Zv `Lvi Rb kixqvn& KvDwj mivmwifve wbixv Kvhg (AwWU) cwiPvjbv Ki| my`wfwK evsKjvZ c_gZ mswk evsKi wbR^ AwWU Uxg wbixv cwiPvjbv Ki| wZxqZ `ki K`xq evsK Zvi AwWU Uxgi gvag wbixv Ki| G `yaibi AwWUi AwZwi Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg my` Ab Kvb nvivg Dcv`vb hy nqQ wK bv, A_ev evsKi jvfi mv_ Kvb bv Kvbfve my` ev m`nRbK Avqi mswgkY NUQ wK bv, kixqvn& KvDwj Zxfve Zv cixv-wbixv Ki `L| kixqvn& KvDwji cZqbc Qvov Bmjvgx evsKi evwlK cwZe`b cKvwkZ nZ cvi bv| evsKi mswewae wbixKì cwZe`bi cvkvcvwk Zvì cZqbc evwlK cwZe`b Afy _vK| kixqvi g~jbxwZmg~n gvbyli mv I cwZcvjKi c _K DrmvwiZ| dj G eev gvbyli gbvwK I RweK Pvwn`vi mv_ c~Yic mwZc~Y Ges gvbyli cviwiK Av_-mvgvwRK AvPiYi fvimvg I kLjv weavb c~Yic mg I ^qsm~Y| Abw`K my`wfwK evsKeevi Rb I weKvk NUQ gvbe-gw-cm~Z ew^v_Kw`K wPvi wfwZ, hLvb GK `j KZK AviK MvxK kvlYi dw` DvebB KvR KiQ g~j PZbvic| 6.11. ewZ I Afvex gvbyli cwZ `vwqZ cvjb
Bmjvgx evsK mgvRwewQb Kvb cwZvb wnme wbRK fvevi Da| mgvRi mv_ my`p mshvM-mK iv Ki mgvR KjvYi Dk mgvRi Afvex jvKì Avw_K DbwZi cwZI Bmjvgx evsK wekl gbvhvMx| RbMYi AevnZ DbwZ I mvgvwRK mvg ARbi j Bmjvgx evsK wewfbgyLx cwiKwZ RbKjvYg~jK KvR Ki _vK| G Dk mvaviYZ hvKvZ I mvaviY `vbi A_ c_K wnmvei wfwZ evsKi RbKjvYg~jK Znwej MwVZ nq| G aibi RbKjvYg~jK KvhgK Bmjvg wekl iZ `q| Avj-KziAvb ejv nqQ t Zvgiv mvjvZ Kvqg Ki Ges hvKvZ `vI...| (m~iv evKviv t 43) wK Avjvn ZvAvjvi mw jvfi Rb h hvKvZ Zvgiv w`q _vKv Zv-B ew cvq; ZvivB mgwkvjx|(m~iv ig t 39) hviv ^Y I ic cyxf~Z Ki Ges Zv Avjvn&i c_ eq Ki bv, Zvì K`vqK kvwi msev` `vI| (m~iv ZIev t 34) ...jvK AvcbvK wRm Ki, wK Zviv eq Kie? ejyb, hv D| (m~iv evKviv t 219) hvKvZi AvUwU LvZ mK my Ki ejv nqQ t mv`vKv Zv Kej wbt^, AfveM I (msMn I weZiYi mv_ mswk) KgPvwiì Rb, hvì wP AvKlY Kiv nq Zvì Rb, `vm gywi Rb, FYMì, Avjvni c_ Ges gymvwdiì Rb| GwU Avjvni weavb| Avjvn me, cvgq| (m~iv ZvIev t 60) Zv abx jvKì wbKU _K Av`vq I MnY Kiv ne Ges Zv mB mgvRiB `wi` jvKì ga eb Kiv ne| (eyLvix) Ave~ ivqiv (iv) _K ewYZ, wZwb ejb t ivm~jyjvn mv. ejQb, gnvb Avjvn ejb, n Av`g mvb| Zzwg (Avgvi AfvMv ev`vì Rb) LiP Ki| Avwg Zvgvi Ici LiP Kiev| (eyLvix, gymwjg)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
105
106
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKi G aibi cvwZvwbK RbKjvYg~jK D`vM wfzKi nvZK Kgxi nvwZqvi icvii c LyeB mnvqK| Afvex A_P hvMZvmb cwievijv hvZ vqx I ^vaxbfve wbRi cvq ùvovZ cviG Znweji A_ cavbZ mw`K j iLB eq Kiv nq| AwZ `vwi` cxwoZ Av_-mvgvwRK cUf~wgZ mxwgZ msLK kvLv wbq evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evsKjv MZ KqK eQi RbKjvYg~jK LvZ evcK Kvhg cwiPvjbv Ki AvmQ| mgvRi wbt^ I ewZ gvbyli gvS Zvì G Kvhgi evcK cfve coQ| G`ki mvweK evsKeev Bmjvgi wfwZ cybMwVZ nj Ges nvRvi nvRvi kvLv wbq MwVZ G`ki weivU evswKs bUIqvK `ki Afvex gvbyli KjvY wbqvwRZ I wbew`Z nj `ki Av_-mvgvwRK `n _K AmyZvi mKj wP LyeB `Z gyQ djv me, GUv evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evsKjvi RbKjvYg~jK Kvhg _K | my`wfwK evsKjvi G aibi RbKjvYg~jK Kgm~Px bB| evswKs jb`bi AvIZvewnf~Z mgvRi wmsnfvM gvbyli mv_ mshvMmK iv ev Zvì cwZ Kvbic `vwqZ cvjbi cqvRb Zviv Abyfe Ki bv| Dcii GB msw Zzjbvg~jK AvjvPbv _K GUv h j, Dk, Av`k, bxwZ, cwZ, KgKkj I Kgavivi hKvb weePbvqB Bmjvgx evsK eev Ab hKvb evsK-eevi Zzjbvq k| Bmjvgx evsK bvqvbyM, mylg, fvimvgc~Y mgvR-wbgvYi nvwZqvi Ges cvqvwMK GB nvwZqviwU AwaKZi `Zvi Yi AwaKvix| Bmjvgx evsK vb-Kvj-cv wbwekl mKj gvbyli Avkv-AvKvv I Pvwn`vi mg^q mvab mg D`vi wek-`wfwi AwaKvix eev| AvaywbKKvji RvwZmsN mb` ev wek ^v msvi mb` Dbqb ejZ GKUz fvjv _vKvi mbvZbx `wfwi cwieZ gvbm RMZi DbwZmgw^Z h mvweK DbwZi aviYv ck Kiv nqQ, Zv Kejgv Bmjvgi Dbqb aviYviB wbKUeZx| Bmjvg ewi Ici mevcv iZ Avivc KiQ| wK ewi DrKli mv_ mvgvwRK Abykvmbi mshvM mvab Ki fvimvg I ksLjvi weavb Avivc KiQ; hv mvgwMK Dbqbi Rb Acwinvh| gvbyl Zvi A_bwZK j ARbi bxwZK bwZK g~jevai wfwZ cybMwVZ bv Kij fvimvgnxbZv I
AwwZkxjZv `~i Kiv hve bv| Bmjvgx evsK-eev bwZK ksLjv cwZvi mB wdvi gKvwbRg cqvM KiQ| cyuwRev`x evsK eevi gvwUfkbi g~j K_v njv, ew^v_B ewK mevwaK `fve KvR KiZ Dy Ki| Abw`K Bmjvgi gvwUfkb njv, gvbyli j nZ ne ay G cw_exZ Zvi Aev fvjv Kiv bq; eis ciKvjxb RxebK myì Kivi gaI Zvi ew^v_ RwoZ| mvgvwRK ^v_ wewNZ Ki ew^v_ ARb Kiv Bmjvgi `wZ mxgv jsNbi chvqfy| Cgvb Avbv Avjvn&i I Zuvi ivm~ji cwZ| Avi eq Kiv mB abm` _K, hvZ wZwb Zvgvì DivwaKvix wbhy KiQb| ... (m~iv nv`x` t 7-8) Avj-KziAvbi D AvqvZi Zvdmxi Bgvg KziZzex (i) ejb, AvjvnB wbizk gvwjK Ges ev`vi ay eq eenvi AwaKvi| Avjvn&i gvwjKvbv, gvbyli AvgvbvZ`vix I cwZwbwaZ Ges mgvRKjvY Kvh cwiPvjbvB G weavbi evZv| G cm AvjvKbvf ejQb, h mgvR ay gybvdv wbq e, Zvi cZb NUe| A_B mvdji GKgv wbqvgK weewPZ nj m mgvR `ybxwZ e Y eo hve| hvkd mygwcUvi ejQb, cwZwU gvbyl hw` Zvi GKck ^gqv`x ^v_ vivB cwiPvwjZ nq, Ze Kvb mgvRB PjZ cvi bv| m`n bB, gvbeiwPZ gZev`mg~n wekgvbeZvK GK APjvqZb e`x Ki iLQ| Bmjvgx evsK eev mme mbvZbx avb-aviYvi wfwg~j AvNvZ Ki ecweK wPv DcwZ KiQ| G aviYv AvaywbK weki gvbmRMZ Avjvob I wece mw KiZ mg| eZ gvbyli whwb mv I cwZcvjK, Bmjvgx evsK eev Zuvi weavb _KB DrmvwiZ| m KviY G eev gvbexq wPvi Am~YZv _K gy| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi m~YZv I mbZv wbq gv AvovB `kKi ga wek A_evRvi Ges mswk `kjvi mvweK A_bwZK avivq Zvi BwZevPK I mnvqK AevbK msnZ Ki wbZ mg nqQ| AwZ A mgq Bmjvgx evsKeev Qwoq coQ Zjmg gacvP, `wY I `wY-c~e Gwkqvi ^ g~jabx `kjvZ, wgmi I my`vb Ges Zvi cvk AvwdKvi keZx
Bmjvgx evsKeev
107
108
Bmjvgx evsKeev
`kmg~n Ges weki A_bwZK mvgvRi ivRavbx ej Kw_Z BDivc I AvgwiKvi KqKwU GjvKvq| hKvb Av_-mvgvwRK cwiwwZZ Bmjvgx evsK KvR KiZ mgGB AvRvwZK DchvwMZv cgvY G eev BZvga mg_ nqQ| MZ KqK `kKi Dchycwi A_bwZK g`v mI DcmvMixq Aji Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Kvhg me ew cqQ Ges cPwjZ cwZi evsKmg~ni Zzjbvq AwaKZi cvi`wkZv `wLqQ| Gkxq `kmg~ni ga cvwKvb I Bivb wbR wbR `ki evswKs eevK Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZi wfwZ cybMVb Ki cgvY KiQ h, GKwU `ki mvgwMK A_bxwZ I evsK-eev Bmjvgx bxwZi gvag cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges RbMYi KvQ AwaKZi mydj cuQ `qv me| cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwK eevi e_Zvi cUf~wgZ AvR GK_v wavnxb wP ejv hvq, GKyk kZKi cw_ex Bmjvgx evsK eevK mvMn eiY Ki wbqQ|
my`wfwK evsK ebvg Bmjvgx evsK
7.
kixqvi bxwZ AbymiY Kivi KviY Bmjvgx evsKi j, Dk I cwZ Ges KvRi djvdj my`wfwK evsK _K ^Z| Bmjvgx evsK ay gybvdv ARbi Rb KvR Ki bv, A_bwZK mywePvi I mvgvwRK bvq wePvi cwZv Gi AbZg iZc~Y j| GKwU KjvYgyLx cwZvb wnme Bmjvgx evsK A_bwZK kvlY, elg I AwePvi _K gvbeZvK gyw`vb Ges gvbyli hveZxq A_bwZK KgKv bvqbxwZ cwZvi j h_vh_ Ae`vb ivLZ mP| my`x evsKi g~j KvR UvKvi KbvePv Kiv| my`wfwK evsK RbMYi KvQ _K Rgv MnYi bvg Zvì KvQ _K c~ewbavwiZ myì wfwZ Kg `vg UvKv wKb cybivq c~ewbavwiZ myì wfwZ mB UvKv Z_vKw_Z FYMnxZvì KvQ ewk `vg weq Ki| G my`wfwK evsKi mv_ Zvi MvnKi mK LvZK I gnvRb ev `vZv I MnxZvi| Abw`K Bmjvgx evsK UvKvK KbvePvi cY MY Ki bv| UvKv wbR Kvb cY bq| UvKvi f~wgKv njv wewbgqi gvag, cwigvY, gvb I fvvii| Bmjvgx evsK RbMYi KvQ _K eemvq Askx`vwiZi bxwZi wfwZ gy`vivev cwZZ Rgv MnY Ki| Bmjvgx evsKi gybvdvi mK q-weqi mv_| gybvdv njv weZvi cyuwR, kg I mgq wewbqvMi dj| gybvdv AwbavwiZ I AwbwZ; wK my` c~ewbavwiZ I wbw`| GZ GKci jvf wbwZ, wK Abci jvfi Kvb wbqZv _vK bv| gybvdvq jvKmvbi SzuwK enb KiZ nq, wK my` Kvb SzuwK bB| my`wfwK evswKs eev mgvRi wecyjmsLK ^we gvbyli m` gywgq nvZ cyxf~Z Ki| cwikl Aviv Kg msLK gvbyli KvQ mB mì mydj K`xf~Z nq| Aci w`K Bmjvgx evsKi mvgb
Bmjvgx evsKeev
109
110 Bmjvgx evsK
Bmjvgx evsKeev
iqQ m` AveZbi evcvi myiv nvkii 7g AvqvZi mB g~jbxwZ, hLvb ejv nqQ, m` hb ay Zvgvì abxì gvS AvewZZ bv nq| my`wfwK evsKjv hKvb g~j Avw_K gybvdv AvniYKB Zvì mKj Kvhgi j evbvq| Aci w`K Bmjvgx evsK mì mvgvwRK ebi bxwZK cvavb w`q KvR Ki| my`wfwK evsKi mv_ Bmjvgx evsKi j I Dki gwjK cv_K Ges Gi ^Z Kgavivi KqKwU w`K t 1. ew^v_ bq, mvgvwRK KjvY Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhgi mvi K_v| ay mì Drcv`b bq, Zvi mylg eb wbwZ Kiv Bmjvgx evsKi AbZg bxwZ| Abw`K hKvb g~j gybvdv ARb I ^v_PwiZv_ Kiv my`wfwK eevi g~j j| 2. Bmjvgx evsK ay GKwU Avw_K cwZvb bq, Bmjvgx A_bxwZ cwZvi mnvqK GKwU mvgvwRK Av`vjb| Bmjvgx evsK A_bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbqbi `yB avivK mgw^Z KiZ Pvq| 3. bwZKZvnxb A_bxwZ Akv mvMii eyK nvjwenxb RvnvRi gZvB wecb| Bmjvgx eevi Dk ay GKwU evswKs cwZvb Kvqg bq, mvgvwRK KjvYi Av`ki wfwZ A_bwZK bwZK kLjv cwZvI G eevi j|
my`wfwK evsK
mì cevn
myweavewZ RbMvxi w`K mì my`wfwK evsKeevq mì cevn avweZ Kiv Bmjvgx evsKi cevn cuywRcwZ kYxi ^v_i w`K AbZg KgKkj| avweZ nq|
AMvwaKvi
Avq I mì elg Kgvbv Ges mKj ii gvbyli cqvRb c~iYi j Bmjvgx evsK AMvwaKvi LvZ wewbqvM Ki| my`wfwK evsK weevbì ^v_ mKj cwiKbv cYqb Ki| A_vqbi Rb cK wbevPb Kvb bwZK I mvgvwRK KjvYi gvb` KvR Ki bv| dj my`wfwK evsKi Kvhg Avq I mì elg evwoq Zvj|
kixqvi wewa-wbla
Bmjvgx evsK nvjvj cwZZ Rgv my`wfwK evsKi Rgv msMn I msMn Ki Ges nvjvj LvZ I nvjvj jwMmn Kvb Kvhg nvjvj-nvivgi cwZZ m Znwej wewbqvM Ki| weavb AbymiY Kiv nq bv|
SzuwK MnY
Bmjvgx evsK gy`vivev cwZZ my`x evsK RgvKvix Kvb SzuwK enb RgvKvixMY wewbqvMi SzuwK enb Ki bv| g~j Rgv c~ewbavwiZ my`mn Ki| diZ cvIqvi wbqZv fvM Ki|
GKbRi Bmjvgx evsK ebvg my`wfwK evsK

Bmjvgx evsK my`wfwK evsK
Drm
Bmjvgx evswKs Bmjvgx A_bxwZi my`wfwK evsK cyuwRev`x A_eevi AweQ` A| evB-cvWv|
cyuwRi weKvk
Bmjvgx evsK Zvi mq I Rgv MnYi bxwZ Ges wewbqvM Kvhgi gvag cyuwRi ^vfvweK weKvk mnvqZv Ki| GB eevq c~ewbavwiZ my` cyuwRi ^vfvweK weKvk evavM Ki Ges A_bxwZZ fvimvgnxbZv I wekLjv mw Ki|
Dk
gvKvwm` Avj-kixqvn& A_vr Bmjvgi kixqvi Dk ARb G evsKAv_-mvgvwRK mywePvi I KjvY eevi Kvb wPv, D`vM ev wbwZ Kiv Bmjvgx evsKi Dk| Kgm~Px bB| evsKi gvwjKì cuywR evovbvB my`wfwK evsKi Dk|
mvgvwRK `vqeZv
Bmjvgx evsK-eevq eemvqi bxwZ eemvqi mvgwMK AvqvRb KwZcq I KgKkj AbMmi mgvRi Av_- cuywR`vii gybvdv evovbvi j mvgvwRK Dbqb cvavb cvq| wbew`Z|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
111 my`wfwK evsK
112 Bmjvgx evsK
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsK
my`wfwK evsK
evsK-MvnK mK
Bmjvgx evsKi mv_ MvnKi mK my`x evsK evsK I MvnKi gaKvi gy`vwie I mvwneyj gvj, gyqvv BjvBwn mK njv FY`vZv I FYMnxZvi| I gyqvw, Zv I weZv, Kvievii Askx`vi wKsev fvov`vZv I fvovMnxZv wnme Mo IV|
wewbqvM cwZi egywLZv

Bmjvgx evsK-eevq egyLx my`wfwK eevq wewbqvM cwZ wewbqvM cwZ iqQ| BRwZnvì mxwgZ| G bZzb cwZ Dvebi dj gk Gi msLv evoQ| myhvM Kg|
cK g~jvqb
Kvb cK KZUv mdj I jvfRbK ne Zv g~jvqb Kivi Ici Bmjvgx evsK ewk iZ `q| dj cKi evevqb, g~jvqb I `Zv Dbqb wbwZ nq| Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM cwZ mivmwi cYi mv_ hy Ges G cwZZ evsKi Z`viwK ewk| dj GK LvZi g~jab Ab mwiq bqvi myhvM Kg| dj cvIbv Abv`vqx nIqvi AvksKv Kg| Bmjvgx evsK mgvRi KjvYK wbwZ Kivi j MvnKi ewPwi, bxwZ-bwZKZv Ges Zvi mvgvwRK I agxq g~jevai Ici Rvi `q| fvjv gvbylì hvMZv I gZv evoj mgvR msnZ ne ej gb Ki Ges G j G evsK KvR Ki| kixqvn& Abbygvw`Z LvZ _K cvIqv Kvb A_ Bmjvgx evsKi Avqi Afy Kiv nq bv| kixqvn& KvDwj/evWi civgkg Zv eq Kiv nq| my`wfwK eevq cK evevqb, g~jvqb I `Zv Dbqbi PvBZ mnvqK RvgvbZi Ici ewk Rvi `qv nq|
kixqvn& evW
Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg kixqvnmZ Kvb aibi kixqvn& evWi cqvRb fve cwiPvwjZ nQ wK-bv Zv Abyfe ev ^xKvi Kiv nq bv| Z`viwKi gvag wbwZ Kivi Rb kixqvn& evW _vK|
g~jabi Aceenvi
my`wfwK evsK UvKv ePv-Kbvi cwZZ UvKvi jb`b nq| GK LvZi jwMi UvKv Ab LvZ mwiq bqvi myhvM AevwiZ nq| dj Abv`vqx cvIbvi cwigvY eo hvq|
bwZKZv
evsK I MvnKi mK vZZg~jK| evsKvi-MvnK ev wWUi I WUidj cviwiK mnhvwMZv I Avvi Gi gaKvi mK cviwiK `vwqZkxjZvi Abyf~wZ mw Ki bv| cwiek mw nq| GK Abi `ytmgq mnhvwMZvi nvZ evovZ Dy Ki bv| cii Abvv I wekvmnxbZvi Rb `q|
eemvqxi bwZKZvi iZ
cPwjZ evsK MvnK KZK my` diZ `qvi mvg_i w`KB j ivL| Zjv gv_vq Aviv Zj Xvj| D`vv ev MvnKi bxwZ-bwZKZv, mvgvwRK ev agxq g~jeva weePbv Ki bv|
hvKvZ c`vb
Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wbR^ AebhvM hvKvZ c`vbi Kvb Abyf~wZ ev eev Znweji Ici evwlK 2.58% nvi my`wfwK evswKs-G bB| hvKvZ `q| MvnKìKI evsK hvKvZ c`vb DrmvwnZ Ki|
Drcv`bkxjZv
Bmjvgx evsK Abyrcv`bkxj LvZ my`x evsK my` cvIqvK mevP wewbqvM wbirmvwnZ Ki Ges iZ `q| cKi Drcv`b-mvg_ Drcv`bK DrmvwnZ Ki| dj G ev Gi dj mvgvwRK Pvwn`v c~iYi evRvii ^vfvweK Pvwn`v I welq GLvb Kg iZ cvq| mieivni Avtcwqvq jvfjvKmvb wbavwiZ nq|
Avq
hKvbfve ev hKvb Drm _K cvIqv A_ evsKi Avqi Ask nq| GLvb nvjvj-nvivg ev ea-Aeai Kvb evQ-wePvi bB|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
113
114
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j ARb Bmjvgx evsK

GKwU DbZZi I ^Z evswKs eev wnme Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi m`h I Ave`b eySZ nj g~jZ Bmjvgx A_bwZK wPv Ges Gi j mK ^Q aviYv jvf AvekK| GKwU c~Yv I MwZkxj Rxebeev wnme Bmjvgi evw Rxebi mKj w`K I wefvMK k Ki Ges Rxebi GKwU evcK Zvrch evLv Ki| G Aevb _K Bmjvgx evswKs Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j evevqbi Dk KvR Ki| hKvb Rxeb`kbi GKwU eo AvqvRb njv gvbyli A_bwZK cqvRbK K` Ki| G j ARb gvbyli cqvRb c~iYi wbwg Mo DVQ bvbv A_bwZK gZev`| AwaKvsk gZevì g~j ee cvwZKZvq AvQb, GK`k`kx I gvbyli cKZ cqvRbmxgvi evBi Aevb Ki A_bwZK ^vQì wewaweavb KiZ mP| GRb BDivcxq wkwecei ci _K bvbv weeZbi ga w`q abZvwK A_eevi weKvk I Dbqb mvwaZ nqQ| G A_eevq gvbyli bwZK Ave`bi Kvb iZ bB| Lye mnRfve ejv hvq, A_bwZK welqvw` _K `qv, fvjevmv, mngwgZv, civcKvi BZvw` gvbexq I bwZK welqjv cwiZvM KijB Zvi djîc cyuwRZvwK A_eev cvIqv hvq| G A_eevi bvgKiY Kiv nqQ Z_vKw_Z positive economics wnme| G A_eevi weKvk I cwicywZ cPwjZ my`wfwK evsK eev wbii kw hywMqQ| Abfve ejv hvq, cuywRev`x A_eevi evB-cvWv njv my`x evsK eev| Abw`K, mgvRev`x A_eev my`wfwK cyuwRev`x kvlY _K gvbeZvK Dvi KiZ hq wbRB cieZxZ GK `vbevKwZi cyuwRev` Kvqg Ki Ges bvbv cixv-wbixvi ci Avevi Z_vKw_Z bgbxq cyuwRev`x eevi mv_ wgk MQ| G `yB cvwK A_eevi gvS Bmjvgx A_bwZK `kb ew I gvbyli KjvYK mevP iZ w`q GK evcK, wfbagx I fvimvgc~Y A_bwZK cvebv ck Ki| Bmjvgx A_bwZK `kbi g~j K_v njv
8.
gvbyl Dknxbfve m Kvb cvYxwekl bq, eis wekRvnvbi gnvb gvwjKi GK mvwbZ cwZwbwa ev Ljxdv| G Ljxdv cw_exZ GKwU wbw` j ARbi Dk cwiZ| Zvi A_bwZK cqvRb c~iYI G Dki mv_ mvgmc~Y nZ ne| Bmjvgx evsK-Gi mKj cPv g~jZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZi G Dk ARb wbew`Z| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi DkK Wi Igi Pvciv msvwqZ KiQb gvKvwm` Avj kixAvn wnme| hv kixqZi mxgvi ga _K dvjvn ev KjvY AvniY Ges nvqvZ ZvBqev ev cwe Rxeb evZevqbi Rb hv wKQy Kiv cqvRb Zvi mewKQyK Afy Ki| Bgvg Mvh&hvjxi gZ gvKvwm` nQ Cgvb, Rxeb, eywew, eskai I mì msiY I DbwZ mvabi Rb hv wKQy cqvRb Zvi meB|1 Rxebi gvKvwmì gaB g~jZ A_bwZK `kbmg~ni wfw cvw_Z| cvvZi A_bwZK `kb g~jZ gvbyli Afve I mì mxgveZvi ga mvgmweavb KiZ mP| Abw`K Bmjvgx A_-`kbi cevì ee njv, Cgvb nQ gvbyli mecavb gwjK cqvRb| dj cvvZi gweewZZ A_bwZK KgcwiKbvi mv_ Bmjvgx A_bxwZi cv_KwU gwjK I bxwZMZ| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi wek-`kb I KgKkji mv_ m gwjK welqjv wbgic t 8.1. wekRbxb vZZ gvbeRvwZi cZK m`mB Avjvni cwZwbwa ev Ljxdv wnme wek gvbegjxi AweQ` Ask| Zvi cwiPq Kvb `k, `j ev wekl Kvb RvwZi m`m ev Kvb wekl myweavfvMxkYxi m`m wnme bq| cZKB Avjvn ZvAvjvi wbavwiZ mxgvi ga ^vaxb| GKi Ici Abi ghv`vi gvb` ab-m` ev cvPzh bq| ivm~jyjvn mv. ejQb, MvUv mwKzj Avjvni cwievi| AZGe h ew Avjvni cwievii mv_ menvi Ki m Avjvni mevwaK wcq mw|2 vZZi G aviYvMZ KvVvgvi AvIZvq Abvb gvbemvi mv_ ì`x AvPiY Bmjvgx A_bxwZZ m` AveZbi AbZg gvag I AbyNUK wnme KvR Ki| 8.2. m` GKwU AvgvbZ mì gvwjKvbv msv Bmjvgx AvKx`v Abyhvqx mg mì gvwjK nQb Avjvn ZvAvjv| gvbyl G mì AvgvbZ`vi gv| G AvgvbZ`vixi A_ njv gvbyl Zvi AvIZvaxb mKj Dcvq-DcKiY Avjvni wewae wbqg eq I fvMi KvR
Bmjvgx evsKeev
115
116
Bmjvgx evsKeev
eenvi Kie| m` Ggbfve KvR jvMvZ ne hb Zv gywgq jvKi bq eis mKji DcKvi Avm| Abw`K hveZxq AvqDcvRbI nZ ne ea| eafve DcvwRZ mÌ AvgvbZi kZi evBi eq ev eenvi Kiv hve bv| 8.3. mij I webxZ Rxebhvcb mij I webxZ RxebvPiY Bmjvgx gvKvwmì GKwU Abb mvaviY ewk| gvbylK cw_exZ Aevb I AvPiY KiZ ne webxZfve| Kvb cKvi JZ, RuvKRgK, Avoî I AbwZK PvjPjb Bmjvg Abygv`b Ki bv| Ggb Kvb Rxeb-hvcb cwZ AbymiY Kiv hve bv, hv AcPq I AceqK DrmvwnZ Ki| Bgvg kvwZex (i) gvbyli Pvwn`v c~iYK wZbwU AMvwaKvii Aaxb fvM KiQb t3 K. hiwiqvZ L. nvwRqvZ M. ZvnwmwbqvZ cw_exi mKj gvbyli Riwi cqvRb (hiwiqvZ) c~iYK AMvwaKvi w`Z ne| mKji Riwi cqvRb c~iY wbwZ nevi ciB jvKiv Zvì wbRì nvwRqvZ ev Avivg eabg~jK Pvwn`v c~iYi KvR AMmi ne| Gi cieZx chvq ZvnwmwbqvZ ev m`heabg~jK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv hve| 8.4. gvbyli ^vaxbZv gvbyli ^vaxbZv wbizk, GKQ ev Aeva bq| kixqvi wewae wbqgi ga _K GKRb gvbyl Zvi A_bwZK cqvRb gUvZ hveZxq Dcvq-DcKiYi mgvek Kie| G m ^vaxb| kixqvi j nQ cZKK myksLj Rxebi Aaxb Ki mKji KjvY wbwZ Kiv| GfveB cZKi ga Revew`wnZvi Abyf~wZ mw nZ cvi| dj cZKB Zvi hvMZv Abyhvqx A_bwZK cqvRb c~iY Ae`vb ivLZ mg_ ne| 8.5. Pvwn`v c~iY m` hvZ cZKi Pvwn`v c~iY Ae`vb ivLZ cvi m j mì eb I eenvi wbwZ KiZ ne| Pvwn`v c~iY AekB Ggb nIqv PvB hv mnR, mij I webxZ Rxeb-hvcb mvnvh Ki| GRb Bmjvg hKvbv Pvwn`vK Pvwn`v wnme ^xKwZ `q bv|
Bmjvgx kixqvq gì eenvi, Drcv`b I wecYb wbwl| G KviY GKRb wekvmx ewi KvQ gì Kvb Pvwn`vB mw nZ cvi bv| A_vr Pvwn`v RvMZ nIqvi AvMB Bmjvg GKwU Moral filter ev bwZK QuvKzwbcwZ Aej^b Ki, hvZ cZKi Pvwn`v cKZ Pvwn`v wnme A_bwZK weePbvq Avm|4 8.6. mvbRbK DcvRbi Drm cZK ew Zvi hvMZv Abyhvqx Pvwn`v c~iY wbRi cPvK KvR jvMve| wbRi I cwievii Rb mvavbyhvqx Pv Kiv cZK gvbyli Rb dih AvBb| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi GKwU DjLhvM w`K njv, hvMZv I D`vMi m mwZ iL cZKi Rb G A_bwZK eevq Kgmsvb I AvZKgmsvbi myhvM iqQ| GZ`mI mgvRi wKQy jvK _vKb hviv kvixwiK AgZvi KviY wbR^ D`vM Avq KiZ cvib bv| G RvZxq jvK hvZ KvbiKg ebvi wkKvi bv nb Ges A_bwZK `xbZvq bv fvMb, Zv wbwZ Kiv mKji Bmjvgwb`wkZ mvgvwRK `vwqZ| 8.7. Avq I mì mgZvwfwK eb gymwjg mgvR mì mgZvwfwK eb Acwinvh| KziAvb gRx` Avjvn Zvqvjv ejb, m` hb aygv Zvgvì abxì gaB AvewZZ bv nq| (m~iv nvki t 7) Zvgvì m` AwaKvi iqQ cv_x I ewZì (m~iv hvwiqvZ t 19)| nv`xm DjL iqQ, Pvlwenxb Aevq Kvb Rwg AbwaK wZb eQi dj ivLv hve bv| hvKvZ I Dki Av`vqi gvag `vwi` `~ixKiYmn Amnvq `wi` jvKì Av_-mvgvwRK Aevi Dbqb Bmjvgx A_bxwZi hme weavb iqQ, `ywbqvi AbKvb A_bwZK gZv`k Gi Kvb DjL bB| dj mme gZv`k Abyic weavbi K_v wPvB Kiv hvq bv| DjwLZ A_bwZK `kbi AvjvK mgvRi Avw_K jb`b Xj mvRvZ Bmjvgx evswKs eev KvhKi f~wgKv ivLZ mg| GRb Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni mKj Kvhg Bmjvgx A_bxwZi Dki mv_ mvgmc~Y I mgw^Z nZ ne| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j ARbi AbZg GKwU A wnme Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg ay weevbì Avq-DbwZi mv_ mwKZ bq| mgvRi meii gvbyli Av_-mvgvwRK Aevi mvweK Dbqb Bmjvgx evsKi j| Bmjvgx evsK mgvRi mKj gvbyli mvgwMK Dbqbi j KvR KiQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
117
118
Bmjvgx evsKeev
wesk kZvxi cvk I lvU-Gi `kK ch A_bxwZwe`MY Dbqb ejZ RvZxq A_bxwZi mvg_KB eySvZb| Avi G mvg_ weePbv Kiv nZv RvZxq gv_vwcQy Mo Avqi wbwiL| A_vr mgvRi `kZjv Avi MvQZjvi jvKì gv_vwcQy Mo Avqi wfwZ Dbqbi GKUv Aeve aviYv jvf Kiv nZv| wK AvaywbK A_bxwZwe`MY mB aviYv _K mi Gm ejQb t m` KZUzKz Drcvw`Z njv mUvB kl K_v bq| mB mì myz eb njB Dbqb wbwZ ne| `vwi` I `ywfi KviY evLv Ki bvej cyivi weRqx A_bxwZwe` AgZ mb ejQb t `ywfi Rb mì mxgveZv `vqx bq| mì Dci gvbyli AwaKvinxbZvB `ywfi KviY| 5 my`wfwK evsKjv m` ebi cwqvK ay evnZ KiQ bv, m`K gywgq msLK jvKi nvZ cyxf~Z Kivi GK mevZK muvovwk-hic f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| wewk A_bwZK MelK Avy nKvi `wLqQb, cw_exi gv KqKk en`vqZb Kcvikb GLb hyiv, KvbvWv, Rvcvb I wewfb BDivcxq `ki wmsnfvM m` KzwMZ Ki iLQ| hyivi 80% Avw_K KvR-Kvievi wbqY KiQ m`ki gv 10 fvM eemv cwZvb| Avq I m` ebi G AvKvk-cvZvj cv_Ki KviY cw_exi weivU msLK gvbyl GLb cKU `vwiì ga evm KiQ|6 wmsnfvM gvbylK `vwiì ga iL gywgq jvKi nvZ ab-m` cyxf~Z Kivi G cwiwwZ mK GKRb `vkwbK ejQb t 7 emiKvix cyuwRcwZì FY`vbi gZv Zvì nvZ GZ ewk m` I gZv Zzj `q h, Zv KVvifve wbqY KiZ bv cvij Aewk RbMYi ^vaxbZv g~jnxb nq co| gywgq jvKi nvZ m` cyxf~Z Kivi gyL f~wgKv cvjb KiQ my`wfwK evsK-eev| GKPwUqv cyuwRi mw nQ my`wfwK evswKsK Aej^b Ki| cw_exi eo eo evswKs Mc ev evsK-eemvqxiv GKPwUqv cyuwRi gvwjK nq RbMYi cKZ ^vaxbZvK wbqY KiQ| Avgvì `k RMrkV-DwgPuvìv AZxZ hfve cyuwRi gvwjK nq iv I mgvRi wbqvgK kwic f~wgKv cvjb KiQ, GLbKvi cvwZvwbK my`x Kvievixiv Zvi _K AbK ewk msMwVZ|
my` ew-eemvqxì nvZB nvK ev miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb evsKi gvagB nvK, RbMYi Rb Kvb KjvY eq AvbZ cvi bv| evsjv`k my`wfwK evsKi Wvj-cvjv hZ weZ nqQ `ki `vwiì ic ZZB cKU nqQ| wekevcx we`gvb `vwi` cwiwwZK GKaibi `vhLic AwfwnZ KiQb A_bxwZwe` Wwbk MjU| Zuvi gZ, GB `vhL _K gvbylK gy Kivi Rb Aej^b KiZ ne GKwU egyLx cwqv, hv we`gvb mvgvwRK KvVvgvi Lvj-bjP cv è, RbMYi `wfwZ Avg~j cwieZb Avbe Ges cwZvbjvi j I Dki eo iKgi cwieZb wbwZ Kie|8 Bmjvgi A_bxwZB Wwbk MjUi G wecex cZvkv c~iY KiZ cvi| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi bwZK ksLjv ev wdvi gKvwbRg-Gi weavb m` nvjvj-nvivgi mxgv wbaviY Ges AcPq I Aceq ivai gvag gvbyli Amxg Pvwn`vi aviYvK cv `q| Bmjvg GKPwUqv KZZ Ges m` Rgv Ki ivLvi wei wblavv Avivc Ki Ges m` eb I weK`xKiYK hvKvZ, Dki, mv`vKv, Kvddviv I IqvKdmn wewfb Uvdvi cgU I Abvb Avw_K Kvhgi gvag wbwZ Ki| civ_ AvZ`vbi Rb Bmjvgi h gvwUfkb, Zv gvbylK Mvcb I cKvk wbRi m` Abi cqvRb wewjq w`Z Dy Ki| A_bxwZZ fvimvg eRvq ivLvi gvag gvbyli RxebK evSv-eb _K gy Kiv Bmjvgx A_bxwZi GKwU j| GRb mvgvwRK KvVvgvi cybMVb Kivi j Bmjvg my` wbwl KiQ| Bmjvg myì Kvb Avw_K f~wgKv ^xKviB Ki bv| wiev ev myì wejvc Avw_K eevi cybwebvmi ay BwZB Ki bv, eis gwjKfve mvgwMK A_bwZK eevK Bmjvgx Av`ki QuvP cybMVb eySvq| myì wejvc mvabi cvkvcvwk Bmjvg hvKvZ I Abvb Uvdvi cgUi gvag m` RbMYi gvS mvwjZ I cevwnZ Kivi h eev KiQ, Zvi gyKvwejvq Ggb AviKwU eev cw_exi AbKvb gZev`, wPv ev `kb LyuR cvIqv hve bv| Bmjvgx evsK-eev myì wejvc mvab, hvKvZeevi gWj vcb Ges m` ebi Ggb GKwU cwqv, hv wekevmxi mvgb GK Amvgvb mvebvi `yqvi Dby KiQ| Bmjvgx evswKs njv wekevmxi Rb Bmjvgi KjvYi gvS cek Kivi GKwU mì ìvRv| Bmjvgx evsK wekevmxi Rb Ges weki A_bwZK wPvwe`ì Rb Ggb GKwU g, hLvb ùvwoq Zviv wekevmxK `vwi` mswZ I `vwiì `vhL _K gywi j wbwZ Avkvm I Avkvi evYx kvbvZ cvib|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
119
120
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Z_m~
1. 2. 3. Gg. Dgi Pvciv, Bmjvg I A_bwZK Pvj, c 33, evsjv`k BbwwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U, XvKv1000| evqnvKx| Bgvg Avk& kvwZex, Avj gvKvwm`yk& kixqvn e`yBj wKZve Iqv mybvn& (Objectives of Islamic Shariah translated by Akram Khan & Fahim Khan); gynv` b~ij Bmjvg, Bmjvgx A_bxwZ: GKwU Dbqb gWj, A_bxwZ MelYv, RyjvB 2003| Gg. Dgi Pvciv, Bmjvg I A_bwZK Pvj, c 33, evsjv`k BbwwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U, XvKv1000| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs eev, gvwmK `vim mvjvg, Bmjvgx evswKs msLv, mî 1999| cv| cv| cv|
Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkj
9.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
my`wfwK evswKs Kvhg kZ kZ eQii AwfZvi ga w`q weKwkZ nqQ| dj Gi mevi I cwimi gkt weZ, mcmvwiZ I evcKZi nqQ| egvwK Kvhgi KviY GB evsKeev evswKs mycvi gvKU ev 360 wWwM evsK-ic LvwZ ARb KiQ| Abw`K wfb j I Dk Ges ^Z ewk I KgKkj wbq MZ KqK `kK eo IVv Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg my`wfwK evsKi PvBZI evcKZi| mevcwi Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg ^fvemZ, cZ I eve| Bmjvgx evsK kixqvn& Abygvw`Z cwZZ Rgv MnY I wewbqvM Ki| mBmv_ Bmjvgx evsK mKj cKvi ewMZ, mevg~jK, A_bwZK I Avw_K Kvhg cwiPvjbv Ki| my`wfwK evsKi Kvhgi gyKvwejvq Bmjvgx evsK myfve ewZgx KjvYgyLx weKaviv wbgvY KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi MvnKì Pvwn`v mvgb iL Bmjvgx kixqvi mxgvi ga bZzb bZzb cvWv Dbqb KiQ| Bmjvgx evsKeev weKvki mv_ mv_ G BRwZnv` Z_v MelYvi ga w`q bZzb bZzb cvWv Dbqb nQ| 9.1. Bmjvgx evswKs eevi KgKkj 9.1.1. Rgv MnY MvnKi KvQ _K Rgv MnYi gvag evsKi Znwej Mo IV| evsK m Znwej wewbqvM Ki| Rgv MnY I wewbqvM GB Dfq B my`wfwK I Bmjvgx evsKi ga cv_K gwjK| my`x evsK PjwZ wnme Rgv MnY Ki m UvKv my` LvUvq| GQvov c~e wbavwiZ nvi my` `qvi AvMvg AxKvii wfwZ mqx, ^gqv`x, vqx BZvw` wewfb aibi Rgv MnY Ki|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
121
122
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsK kixqvn& Abygvw`Z Avj-Iqvw`qv cwZZ PjwZ wnmve Rgv bq| GQvov kixqvn&wfwK gy`vivev cwZZ wewfb aibi jvfjvKmvb Askx`vix Rgv MnY Ki| G `yB cwZi mv_ myì Kvb mK bB| Bmjvgx evsK wewfb aibi Rgv AvK Kivi Rb kixqvn& Abygvw`Z bxwZ I cwZi wfwZ Rgvi aib I cKwZZ ewP Avb| ewPc~Y cvWv Dveb I cqvM Ki| Bmjvgx evsKi Znwej Bmjvgx kixqvn& Abygvw`Z cwZZ kixqvn& Abygvw`Z wewfb LvZ wewbqvM Kiv nq| wewbqvMi gvag cv jvf gy`vivev Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx ewZ nq| 9.1.2. FY ebvg wewbqvM mbvZb cwZi evsK myì wfwZ (Zvì cwifvlvq) FY I AvMvg c`vb Ki| Gme jMx Kvievii ga meP Pvjy cwZjv njv bM` FYmyweav (Cash Credit ev CC), Ifvi Wvd&U (Over Draft ev OD), eKx FY (Pledge), nvBcvw_Kkb (Hyphothecation) BZvw`| jMxi aib Abyhvqx Gme FY I AvMvg wewfb iKg nq| hgb fvv-FY (Consumer Credit), eemvwqK FY (Commercial Credit), wk FY (Industrial Loan) BZvw`| FYi aib, gqv` I cKwZZ cv_K mI my` AvniYB my`x evsKi Kvhgi cavb j|
(Loans & Advances)
9.1.3. FYc (Letter of Credit ev L.C.) Lvjv AvRvwZK jb`bi Dk FYc Lvjv evsKi GKwU iZc~Y KvR| FYci gvag Avg`vwbKZ cYi wecixZ A_-jMx Ki my`x evsK my` bq| evK-Uz-evK FYci wej^ wej cwikvai RbI my`x evsK wbavwiZ nvi my` Av`vq Ki _vK| Bmjvgx evsK Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZ gb FYc Lyj AvRvwZK jb`b Ask bq| FYci wecixZ Avg`vwb Kiv cY evsK kixqvn& Abygvw`Z wewfb wewbqvM cwZi Aaxb MvnKi KvQ wew Ki A_ev fvov `q wKsev MvnKi mv_ Askx`vwi Kvievi wbqvwRZ nq| wej^ wej c`vb wKsev idZvwb wej wWmKvDwUs-Gi gZv cwiwwZi De nj Ges ZvZ my` hy nj Bmjvgx evsK m my` Zvi Avqi ga mvwgj Ki bv| hKvb aibi Aea ev m`nRbK Avq kixqvn& KvDwji civgk Abyhvqx AbKvb KvR eq Kiv nq| 9.1.4. e`wkK gy`v ePv-Kbv e`wkK gy`v Kbv-ePv my`wfwK evsKi GKwU ^vfvweK KvR| bM` I AvMvg digvqki (Forward Booking) gvag G RvZxq jb`b nq| SuywK GovZ I Avqi cwiwa evovZ my`wfwK evsK e`wkK evwYRi bZzb bZzb cvWv Dbqb KiQ| GB `Zv I mvg_ evsKi eemvwqK mdjZvi wbqvgK wnme weewPZ nq| Bmjvgx evsK `bw`b AvRvwZK `bv-cvIbv gUvbvi Rb kixqvn&mZ bM` wfwZ (Spot basis) GK gy`vi mv_ Ab cKvi gy`vi wewbgq ev Kbv-ePv Ki| e`wkK gy`v-evRvi diIqvW eywKs wKsev wWivBfwUf cWv Bmjvgx evsK Ask bq bv| Bmjvgx weklì gZ, gy`vi ePv-Kbvi gvag dUKv jvf ARbi ceYZv gy`v evRvi AwwZkxjZv I Kwg msKU Zwi Ki| 9.1.5. gy`vevRvi `wjj A_bwZK ZrciZvq AMmi `kjvZ gy`vevRvii wewfb `wjj (Money Market Instrument) KbvePv nq| gy`vevRvi `wjj jb`bi myì nvi cavb PvwjKv kw wnme KvR Ki| gy`vevRvi `wjji ga URvwi wej (T-Bill), nvihvM mvwUwdKU (Negotiable Certificate), evwYwRK c (Commercial Paper),
FYi wecixZ my` bqvi myhvM Bmjvgx evsK-eevq bB| Bmjvgx evsK MvnKìK Bmjvgx kixqvn& Abygvw`Z wewfb cwZZ wewbqvM myweav `q| Bmjvgx evsKi Znwej wewbqvMi Rb kixqvn& Abygvw`Z AbK cwZ iqQ| Gmei ga iqQ K. gy`vivev I gykvivKvwfwK Askx`vwi cwZ, L. gyivevnv, evB gyqvvj BZvw` ePv-Kbv cwZ Ges M. BRviv I jxwRsmn kixqvn& Abygvw`Z wewbqvM cwZ| Bmjvgx evsK UvKvK cYi gZv ePv-Kbv Ki bv| K. cKZ èi ePv-Kbv Ki| L. MvnKi mv_ Askx`vwi cwZZ eemv Ki| M. MvnKì KvQ Kj-KviLvbv, hvbevnb, evwo BZvw` fvov w`q Zv _K fvov eve` Avq Ki| G aibi wewbqvM Kvhgi cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx evsK Zvi mvg_ Abyhvqx Kvb MvnKK mxwgZ chvq webv my` FY c`vb KiZ cvi| my`gy G FY KR nvmvbv bvg cwiwPZ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
123 BZvw` ewk
124
Bmjvgx evsKeev
evsKvii MnYhvMZv-c cPwjZ|
(Bankers
Acceptance)
my`wfwK gy`vevRvi `wjj-Gi weK wnme Bmjvgx evsKmg~n BZvga ekwKQy AvKlYxq Bmjvgx `wjj (Instrument) Dveb KiQ| Zvi ga AskMnYg~jK gqv`x mvwUwdKU (Participatory Term Certificate), gy`vivev e, gy`vivev mvwUwdKU, gykvivKv mvwUwdKU weklfve DjLhvM| Gme Bmjvgx Avw_K `wjj cKZ m` (Real Asset)-Gi wecixZ Bmy Kiv nq| GB jb`b cKZ m` Zvi h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki| G KviY Avw_K evRvi wwZkxjZv ARb I ^vfvweKZv iv Kiv mnR nq| Bmjvgx evsK Gme cvWvi mdj cPjbi gvag gy`vevRvi Zvi cwZMZ kZ cgvY KiZ mg ne ej Avkv Kiv hvq| 9.1.6. gvPU evswKs gvPU evswKs mev evswKs RMZ Zzjbvg~jKfve bZzb aviYv| Ze BZvgaB Gi Kvhcwiwai evw NUQ| eZgvb gvPU evswKs-Gi DjLhvM KvR njv wWU KvW Bmy Kiv, g~jab evRvi cyuwR wewbqvM, AejLb (Under Writing) BZvw`| evsKi ^vfvweK Kvhcwiwai evBi gvPU evswKs-Gi gvag evsKi gybvdvi mcmviY I Zvij ewi myhvM mw nq| Bmjvgx evsK-eevq WweU KvWi mnR I evcK cPjb nqQ| G QvovI wewfb Bmjvgx evsK wWU KvWi Dbqb I cqvM KiQ| wWU KvW eenvi kixqvn& cwicvjb wbwZ Kivi j Accounting
& Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI)
Bmjvgx evsK Bmjvgx kixqvi Avj-Avgvbvn bxwZi wfwZ MvnKi èmvgMx wbivc` ndvhZ Kivi `vwqZ cvjb Ki| Abw`K my`wfwK evsK jKvi fvov c`vbi kixqvi wewaweavb AbymiYi K_v wPv Ki bv| 9.1.8. iwgUv Kvhg iwgUv njv GK vb _K Ab A_ ev Znweji vbvi| GRb evsK MvnKi KvQ _K Kwgkb ev wd Av`vq Ki| mevi wewbgq Kwgkb ev wd Av`vq Kiv kixqvn&mZ| Ze Bb~gU ev WvdU evvKiY ev qi myì De nZ cvi| ZvB Bmjvgx evsK evvKiYi KvR RwoZ nq bv, Kwgkb ev wd-Gi wewbgq aygv A_ vbvi Ask bq| 9.1.9. evsK MvivwU evsK MvivwU njv Kvb `vq-`bv ev cwZkwZ c~iY MvnKi AcviMZvi dj D~Z cwiwwZZ evsK KZK ZZxq ci mve wZ c~iYi AxKvi ev wbqZv c`vb| MvivwUi kZ c~iY mswk MvnK e_ nj Zvi c evsK ZZxq cK MvivwUi A_ cwikva Ki| evsK G MvnKi KvQ _K wbavwiZ Kwgkb Av`vq Ki| Bmjvgx evsKjvi evsK MvivwU msv Kvhg m~Y kixqvn&mZ| 9.1.10. wej evvKiY idZvwb wej evvKiY (Discounting) my`wfwK evsK-eevq GKwU ej cPwjZ A_vqb Kvhg| MvnKK AvMvg Zvij gZv ARb mnvqZv `vbi Rb evsK MvnKi idZvwb wej evvKiY Ki A_vr Kg `vg wKb bq| my`wfwK evswKs jb`b G aibi wej evvKiY evcKfve cPwjZ| wej evvKiYi gvag wejw^Z mgqi Rb my`x evsK my` Av`vq Ki| Bmjvgx evsK my`wfwK GB evvKiYi KvR Ask bq bv| Gi weK wnme Bmjvgx evsK idZvwbKviKì evB-mvjvg ev gykvivKv cwZZ cvK-RvnvRxKiY (Pre-shipment) wewbqvM myweav c`vb Ki| G Bmjvgx evsKi AviI bZzb bZzb cvWv Dbqbi myhvM iqQ| 9.1.11. Kjgvwb gvKU AskMnY my`wfwK evsKeevq AvtevsK jb`b Kjgvwb gvKU AZ iZc~Y| Kvb evsKi Zvij NvUwZ `Lv w`j m evsK AwaK Zviji AwaKvix evsKi KvQ _K my` UvKv avi wbq Zvi NvUwZ
kixqvn& vvW wbaviY KiQ| cyuwRevRvi g~jab wewbqvMi evcviI kixqvi Avcw bB| Ze evRvi wwZvcKZv eRvq ivLvi ^v_ G Bmjvgi bwZK gvb msiY wekl mZKZv Aej^b Riwi| 9.1.7. jKvi fvov g~jevb mvgMxi wbivc` ndvhZi Rb jKvi fvov `qv evswKs mevi GKwU iZc~Y Dcv`vb| G myweavi wewbgq evsK gvwmK ev evwlK wfwZ wbavwiZ wd Av`vq Ki _vK|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
125
126
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gyKvwejv Ki| G Zvij msKU cwZZ evsKi wecì myhvM wbq AwaK Zviji AwaKvix evsK BQvgZv Pov nvi my` Av`vq Ki| wec`vcb evsKi msKU hZ Mfxi ne, myì nvi Zvi mv_ cvjv w`q evoe| KLbv KLbv Kjgvwb gvKU myì nvi ^vfvweK evRvii myì nvii Pvi-cuvP Y eo hvq| G kwgvb cwZekx Zvi Nii cvki `yej cowkK evM cq Nvo gUKvZ GKUzI jveva Ki bv| Bmjvgx evsKeevq myì wfwZ AvtevsK jb`bi myhvM bB| Gi Bmjvgx weK njv KR nvmvb A_ev kixqvn& Abygvw`Z `wjji gvag AvtevsK jb`b| eZgvb AwaK Zviji AwaKvix Bmjvgx evsK Zvij msKU cwZZ Bmjvgx evsKi Zvij NvUwZc~iY mnhvwMZv KiZ Zvì gy`vivev AvKvDU UvKv Rgv ivL| RgvKvix Bmjvgx evsK Rgv MnYKvix Bmjvgx evsKi gy`vivev Kvievi ^vfvweK wbqg mvwne Avj gvj wnme Ask bq| G aibi Rgvi gvag AwaK Zviji AwaKvix evsK Zvij msKU cwZZ evsKi mvgwqK ZvijPvc gyKvwejvq mnvqZv Ki| G mnhvwMZvi ga w`q m Zvi evowZ g~jab wewbqvMi myhvM cvq| GKi wec` Abi mnvqZv I mngwgZvI cKvk cvq| wecì myhvM wbq BQvgZv AwZwi gybvdv jyU bqvi gybvdvLvwi ceYZv Gic AvtevsK jb`b mw nq bv| 9.1.12. miKvix URvwi wej q myì wewbgq miKvix URvwi wej (T-Bill) Kbv-ePv my`wfwK evsKi GKwU ^vfvweK eemv| Bmjvgx evsK my`hy miKvix wU-wej Kbv-ePv Ki bv| evsjv`k miKvi mcwZ Bmjvgx kixqvn& Abygvw`Z gy`vivev e Pvjy KiQ| Bmjvgx evsKjv GLb GB e wewbqvM Kivi myhvM cvQ| 9.1.13. GmGjAvi (SLR) I wmAviAvi (CRR) msiY AvBbMZ evaevaKZvi KviY Zdwmjfy mKj evsK wbavwiZ nvi K`xq evsK wewae Zvij mwwZ (Statutory Liquidity Reserve ev SLR) msiY Ki| mwwZi wKQy Ask bM` AvKvi (Cash Reserve Requirement ev CRR) Ges Aewk Ask Abygvw`Z `wjj AvKvi msiY KiZ nq| mgq mgq GB Zvij mwwZi nvii cwieZb Kiv nq| G aibi mwwZi Ici my`wfwK evsK K`xq evsK _K evsK nvi (Bank Rate) Abyhvqx my` cvq| SuywK gyKvwejvi AwbwnZ eev Ges cwZMZ cv_Ki KviY Bmjvgx evsKi Rb GmGjAvi msiY hywmZ bq ej Kvb Kvb wekl
gb Kib| Ze AvBbMZ evaevaKZvi KviY Bmjvgx evsKI GB wewae mwwZ Znwej msiY Ki| evsjv`k miKvii gy`vivev e ceZbi AvM Bmjvgx evsKK Zvi cyiv mwwZ Znwej bM` AvKvi ivLZ nZv| GLb Zvi kZKiv cuvPfvM mwwZ kixqv Abygvw`Z GB e ivLvi myhvM mw nqQ| mwwZ LvZi bM` Rgv _K Kvb my` AwRZ nj Zv Bmjvgx evsKi ^vfvweK Avqi Ask nq bv| 9.2. Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkji ^vZ 9.2.1. myì wejvc my` mvgvwRK mvg I A_bwZK fvimvg web Ki| Bmjvgi `wZ me aibi my` nvivg| Bmjvgx evsK A_bxwZZ fvimvg cwZvi j KvR Ki| eemv-evwYR cwiPvjbv, wk-Kj-KviLvbv vcb, e`wkK jb`bmn mKj A_bwZK KvR-Kvievi GB evsKi bxwZ I Kkj nQ my` eRb Kiv| Bmjvgx evsKi msvZB G welqwU Kiv nqQ| 9.2.2. eemv-evwYR AskMnY Bmjvgx evsK bxwZMZfve eemv-evwYR mivmwi Ask wbZ cvi| GZ eemvqi hveZxq SzuwK evsK I MvnKi gvS fvM nq hvq| Bmjvgx evsK Zv `yfve wbwZ Ki _vK t (K) cZ AskMnY Ges (L) jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vwiZi PzwZ AskMnY| K. cZ AskMnY Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wbR Znwej Ges RgvKvixì AbygwZg Zvì Znwej nZ g~jab wbq wbR D`vM I gvwjKvbvaxb kixqvn& Abygvw`Z eemv-evwYR I wk-KviLvbv cfwZ cwZv I cwiPvjbv KiZ cvi| evsK aygv RgvKvixi Znwej eenvi KiI wewbqvM Kvhg PvjvZ cvi| `ki cPwjZ AvBb G evcvi evav _vKj Zv Avjv`v K_v| my`wfwK eevq evsK njv ga^ZfvMx ev mivmwi eemvq AskMnYi myhvM Zvi bB| L. Askx`vwiZi PzwZ AskMnY Bmjvgx evsK wewfb Dbqbg~jK cK, Kj-KviLvbv cfwZ vcb cuywR wewbqvM Ki ZvZ Askx`vi nZ cvi| evsK G D`vvi mv_ Askx`vix Pzw Abyhvqx AvswkK ev m~Y cyuwR
Financial Intermediary.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
127
128
Bmjvgx evsKeev
mieivn KiZ cvi| eemvq jvf nj Zv Pzwi kZ DjwLZ nvi eb nq Ges jvKmvb nj Zv g~jab AbycvZ evsK I MvnK enb Ki| A_vr jvf nj evsK c~ewbavwiZ nvi Abyhvqx Ask cvq| jvKmvb nj Zv cyuwRi AvbycvwZK nvi evsK enb Ki| my`wfwK evsK-eevq Askx`vix wewbqvMi myhvM bB| ZvB Gme Kvievii jvf-jvKmvb ev mvdj-e_Zvi evcvi my`x evsKi Kvb `vq-`vwqZI bB| eemvq g`v `Lv w`j ev jvKmvbi AvksKv mw nj my`x evsK Zvi MvnKK `Z FY cwikvai Rb Pvc `q ev FY cZvnvi Ki bq| dj mswk D`vv AviI msKUi myLxb nq| GgbwK eemv wUq djZ eva nq| my`wfwK evsK njv mymgqi ez; Avi So-ewi `yw`b QvZv wUq bqv Zvi bxwZ| 9.2.3. eemv-evwYR bxwZ-bwZKZv I nvjvj-nvivgi `wfw Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wewbqvMi LvZ Bmjvgx kixqvn& Abygvw`Z wK-bv Zv weklfve wePvi Ki| mswk wewbqvMi Av_-mvgvwRK cfve ev mvgvwRK jvf-wZI m weePbv Ki| mgvR wechq mwKvix g` ev gv`Kèi Drcv`b I wecYb, Pwiweasmx DcKiY, ZvgvK I wmMviUi gZv Rb^vi c wZKi mvgMx Drcv`b I wecYb Bmjvgx evsK mnvqZv Ki bv| gRyZ`vix I gybvdvLvixi myhvM mwKvix KvRI Bmjvgx evsK wewbqvM Ki bv| memvaviYi wZ Ki ewwekli mfvM Movi KvR wewbqvM Bmjvgx evsK mg_b Ki bv, ccvlKZvi Ea _vK| Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM aygv kixqvn& Abygvw`Z LvZ I kixqvn&mZ cwZZ nZ ne| mBmv_ Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wewbqvMbxwZZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZi `wKvY _K AMvwaKvi LvZ wbicY Ki| Bmjvgx evsK wejvm mvgMxi Zzjbvq wbZcqvRbxq èmvgMxZ wewbqvMK AMvwaKvi `q| m` ay ^msLK gvbyli gvS hvZ AvewZZ bv nq Zv wbwZ Kiv Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhgi AbZg bxwZ| my`wfwK evsKi FY I AvMvg c`vbmn mvweK Kvhg ewk my` ewk jvf Ges mgwi m` gywgqi cKU Kivi Kkj gyL f~wgKv cvjb Ki| 9.2.4. kixqvn KvDwj Bmjvgx evsKi jb`b, eemv-evwYR, g~jab ev Znwej wewbqvM BZvw` egvwK cwiPvjbvMZ KvR kixqvn& cwicvjb wbwZ Kiv Ges
mKj Zvi jNb ivai Dk kixqvn KvDwj GKwU ^vaxb ZveavqK msv ic f~wgKv cvjb Ki| kixqvn& Abygvw`Z cwZ Dveb, cqvM, wb`kbv, wbixY, civgk c`vb cfwZ I Bmjvgx evsKi kixqvn& KvDwj iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| wdKj gyAvgvjvZ (Islamic Commercial Jurisprudence) welq cvi`kx we I cwm Avwjg, Bmjvgx A_bxwZwe`, Awf AvBbwe` I Awf evsKviì mg^q kixqvn& KvDwj MwVZ nq| Bmjvgx evsKi kixqvn& KvDwj kixqvn& msv welq ^vaxbfve Zvì gZvgZ c`vb Ki| evsjv`k hme my`wfwK evsK c_Kfve Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv cwiPvjbv KiQ ZvìI cZKi wbR^ kixqvn& KvDwj iqQ| evsjv`ki mKj Bmjvgx evsKi kixqvn& msv K`xq msvic 2001 mvji 16 AvM _K KvR KiQ mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k| weki Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni AvRvwZK I ^vaxb msvic 1991 mvji 27 gvP _K KvR KiQ Bmjvgx Dbqb evsKi Amsv evnivBbwfwK w` AvKvDwUs Av AwWwUs AMvbvBRkb di BmjvwgK wdbvwqvj BbwwUDkbm (AAOIFI) ev AvIBwd| AvIBwd AvRvwZK BmjvwgK evswKs I dvBbv wki AvKvDwUs, AwWwUs, Bw_Km Ges Mfbm msv vvW cYqbi cvkvcvwk wewfb BmyZ kixqvn& vvW cYqb I ceZbi `vwqZI wbqvwRZ| 9.2.5. hvKvZeevi evevqb hvKvZ Bmjvgi cuvPwU iKb ev g~ji AbZg| iZi w`K w`q bvgvhi ciB hvKvZi vb| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wbR^ Znweji AebhvM Aski Ici hvKvZ `q| Kvb Kvb Bmjvgx evsK Zvi MvnKì wbKU _KI ^Qvc` hvKvZ msMn Ki| Zviv hvKvZ Znweji UvKv wbavwiZ LvZ cwiKwZfve eq KiQ| hvKvZ Znweji A_ D`vv-cwkY, KgmsvbgyLx DcKiY mieivn, wkv I ^v Kvhg mnvqZvmn wewfb aibi Avq-Dbqbg~jK cK evevqb KiQ| mgvR abx-`wiì elg nvm GwU GKwU KvhKi I ewj c`c| evsjv`ki c_g Bmjvgx evsKic Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW hvKvZ Znweji cwiKwZ eenvii MZ `yB `kK G`k GKwU PgrKvi `v vcb KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW Zvi evsKi kqvi wcwgqvg, wewae mwwZ, wewbgq wZc~iY mwwZ,
Bmjvgx evsKeev
129
130
Bmjvgx evsKeev
wewbgq mgZvKiY wnmve, Ges jfvsk mgZvKiY wnmve-Gi mgvcbx wwZi Dci evwlK 2.58% nvi1 hvKvZ c`vb Ki| 2005 mvj Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 7,40,50,675.00 UvKv hvKvZ Av`vq KiQ| Gwg evsK 2005 ch Zvi hvKvZ Znwej 2.33 KvwU UvKv Rgv Ki Ges G LvZ _K ewqZ A_i cwigvY 1.46 KvwU UvKv| Kvb Kvb Bmjvgx evsKi msiwZ m` hvKvZhvM bv nIqvq Ges KvbwUi mwwZ I Di Zzjbvq kYxKZ wewbqvMi cwfkb NvUwZ _vKvq hvKvZ wnmve i Kiwb| evsjv`k ivxqfve hvKvZ Av`vq I ebi eev Kvqg bv _vKvq AwaKvsk hvKvZ`vZv wbw` j I cwiKbv QvovB ewMZfve hvKvZ wewj Kib| GZ hvKvZi Dk cyivcywi AwRZ nq bv| mgvRi Kvb vqx KjvYI nq bv| G RbB mgvR hyM hyM ai weevb AbKB hvKvZ w`Qb, wK `wi` I myweavewZ gvbyli Aevi cwieZb nQ bv| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n RbMYi AvvfvRb myeewZ Avw_K cwZvbic G iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiZ cvi| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n m` ebi cwiKwZ D`vM wbq Avw_K fvimvg cwZvq eo aibi Ae`vb ivLZ cvi| 9.2.6. KR nvmvbv KR nvmvbv gvb Dg FY| GB FY c`vb Kiv nq ewi mvgwqK cqvRb c~iYi Rb| KLbv KLbv mQj DcvRbg mr ewiI Gic FYi cqvRb nZ cvi| KR nvmvbv GKwU Bmjvgx Kbm| GwU Bmjvgx mgvRi GKwU Abb KjvYv`k| mgvR KR nvmvbvi cPjb _vKj wecì mgq KvDK mnvq-m^j wew KiZ nq bv ev myì wfwZ FY wbZ nq bv| cw_exi wewfb Bmjvgx evsK KR nvmvbv wnmve cwiPvjbv Ki _vK| my`wfwK cwZvbi `kb KR nvmvbvi aviYv AbycwZ I AKbxq| 9.2.7. Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb A_bwZK DbwZi mv_ mvgvwRK Dbqb mgw^Z Kiv Bmjvgx evsKi AbZg j| G `yqi ga mg^q Qvov mylg Dbqb (balanced development) me bq| Bmjvgx evsK cK evevqb mgvRi mvgwMK KjvYK AMvwaKvi `q| Bmjvgx evsK Kvb cK wbevPb Gi
mve Av_-mvgvwRK Ae`vb weklfve g~jvqb Ki| ewi A_bwZK DbwZi mv_ mv_ mgwi A_vr memvaviYi DbqbK GwMq bqvi jKI Bmjvgx evsK wbwZ KiZ Pvq| Bmjvgx evsKi j njv ewi Kgmsvbi gvag Zvi I Zvi cwievii fiY-cvlYi myhvM mw Kiv| dj mgvR my I KjvYagx cwiek mw mnR nq| mgvRKjvY I mvgvwRK ksLjv ARbi Dk Gi my I myz Dbqbi Rb Bmjvgx evswKs GKwU DbZ I myeewZ cwZvb| cPwjZ evsKjv ayB Avw_K cwZvb| wK Bmjvgx evsK GKB mv_ Avw_K I mvgvwRK cwZvbic mgvRi evcK I egyLx cqvRb c~iYi j KvR Ki| cLvZ A_bxwZwe` Dgi Pvcivi gZ, Bmjvgx evsK GKwU Multipurpose evsK| aygv myì DQ` I wejvc mvab Bmjvgx evsKi KvR bq| Bmjvgx `wKvY _K gvbyli bwZK, PvwiwK I gvbwmK weKvk mvab Ges nvjvj-nvivg gvb Ki ea mxgvi ga eemv-evwYR AskMnY Bmjvgx evsKi g~jbxwZ I KgKkj| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi G mKj Kgm~Px I KgKkji gvag Bmjvgx A_bxwZi Dk evevqbi GKwU gyL cwZvbic KvR Ki| 9.3. Abvb evswKs Kvhg Rgv MnY I wewbqvM Kvhg QvovI Bmjvgx evsKjv Avg`vbxidZvbx evwYR, iwgU, jKvi mvwfm cfwZ me aibi evswKs Kvhg wbR^ bxwZ I cwZ Abyhvqx cwiPvjbv Ki| 9.4. RbKjvYg~jK cK Bmjvgx evsKjv Zvì wewbqvM Kvhg RbKjvYi bxwZ AbymiY Kivi KviY mgvRi meii gvbyli mvgwMK KjvY G evsKi j| G Rb ^we, gawe I eKvi hyeKì AvZKgmsvbi j Bmjvgx evsKjv wewfb cK MnY Ki| `vîc Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi MnvqY wewbqvM cK, cwienb wewbqvM cK, z` eemv wewbqvM cK, MnmvgMx wewbqvM cK, Kwl-mivg wewbqvM cK, Wvvi wewbqvM cK cfwZi K_v weklfve DjL Kiv hZ cvi| Gme cKi j mgvRi AcvKZ myweavewZ gvbyli Aevi Dbqb| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi cjx Dbqb cKi j nQ MvgxY `wi` RbMvxi Rb
Bmjvgx evsKeev
131
132
Bmjvgx evsKeev
^vmev, we Lvevi cvwbi Afve c~iYi Rb bjKci eev, wkv, evmvb I Kgmsvbi myhvM mwi gvag A_bwZK Dbqb mvab Kiv| 2020 mvji ga `ki 64 nvRvi MvgK `vwi`gy Kivi j Bmjvgx evsK 1995 mvj _K G cKi Aaxb mdjZvi mv_ wewbqvM Kvhg cwiPvjbv KiQ|2 mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK mvgvwRK `vqeZvi Ask wnme digvj, bb-digvj I fjvUvwiGB wZb mi KvR Ki _vK| bb-digvj mii gvag cvwievwiK gZvqb gvBv-wWU Ges gvBvGUvicvBR D`vvì mnR kZ ^, gag I `xNgqv`x wewbqvM myweav c`vb Ki AvmQ| aygv mvgvwRK AxKvi cvjbB bq, GB Kgm~Pxmg~n miKvii `vwi` wegvPb Kkjc (PRSP) Ges RvwZmsNi Millenium Development Goal (MGD) ARbI AMYx fwgKv cvjb KiQ| 9.5. RbKjvYg~jK wekl Kvhg Bmjvgx evsKjv me aibi ^vfvweK evswKs Kvhgi cvkvcvwk Mixe, `yt, Amnvq I wbtm^j gvbyli KjvYi j KvR KiZ cwZkwZe| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW G wekl j c_g mv`vKv dv I ci evcK wfwZ Bmjvgx evsK dvDkb cwZv KiQ| Avj-Avivdvn& Bmjvgx evsK I Gwg evsKmn Aviv KqKwU Bmjvgx evsKI Abyic dvDkb cwZv KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK dvDkb cwiPvwjZ RbKjvYg~jK Kgm~Pxi ga iqQ mjvB cwkY cK, `yeZx Mvfx cvjb cK, wiKkv cK, AvZKgmsvb cK, cvw cK, z` eemv cK, MvgxY ^vKgx cK, z`wk cKmn wewfb AvqeaK Kgm~Px| gWj dviKvwbqv ge, `wi` I gavex Qv-Qvxì Rb ew I Aby`vb I `ytì Rb zj cwiPvjbv I mvnvh `vbmn wkv Kgm~Px, gwWKvj mUvi cwZv, `vZe wPwKrmvjqi Rb Aby`vb, bjKc vcb, ^vmZ cvqLvbv wbgvYmn ^v I wPwKrmv Kgm~Px, GwZgLvbv cwZv, Kbv cv Kivi Rb Kbv`vqM wcZvK Aby`vb, FYM I gYc_ wec`M jvKì Aby`vbmn gvbweK mvnvh Kgm~Px Ges vY I cybevmb Kgm~Px BZvw`|3 Avj-Avivdvn Bmjvgx evsK dvDkbi Aaxb GKwU Bswjk wgwWqvg gv`vmv I GKwU cvewjK jvBewi cwiPvwjZ nQ| jvBewiwU XvKvi
ZvcLvbv ivW AewZ Ges memvaviYi Rb Dby| dvDkbi Aaxb GKwU nvmcvZvj cwZvi D`vM cwqvaxb iqQ| Gwg evsK KZK cwZwZ Gwg evsK dvDkb wewfb RbKjvYg~jK Kvhgi Ask wnme GKwU nvmcvZvj cwZv Ges ivRavbxZ KqKwU dzU IfviweR wbgvY KiQ| gavex wkv_xì ew c`vbI Zvì Kvhgi GKwU Ask| kvn&Rvjvj Bmjvgx evsKiI Abyic Kgm~Px iqQ| mvgvwRK `vqeZvi Ask wnme mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK Zvi Kvk IqvK&d wg-Gi gybvdv _K gmwR`, GwZgLvbv, gv`&ivmv, zj, mvgvwRK I ^Qvg~jK cwZvbmg~n Avw_K mnvqZv c`vb KiQ| GQvovI Zviv iZi Amy, Kvvi, wKWwb I nvUi ivMxì Avw_K mnvqZv c`vb Ki _vK| mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK AvRvwZK kg msvi (ILO) mnvqZvq bbdigvj mii AvIZvq 1996-1998 mvj MvgUm _K QuvUvBKZ cvq cuvP nvRvi wki gvS cvq mvo Pvi KvwU UvKvi wkv ew Kgm~Px (Stipened Disbursement Program) mvdji mv_ mb KiQ| evsKi fjvUvwi mi Kvk IqvK&d wgi gybvdv _K gmwR`, GwZgLvbv, gvìvmv, zj, mvgvwRK I ^Qvg~jK cwZvbmg~n mnvqZv c`vb Kiv nq| mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK 2005 ch Zvi Kvk IqvK&d LvZ nZ 3wU gvìvmv, 3wU GwZgLvbv, 4wU wPwKrmv mev K`, 1wU mgvRKjvYg~jK cwZvb I 36 Rb Mixe I Amnvq ewK mivmwi gvU 2,08,32,323.50 UvKv Avw_K mvnvh c`vb KiQ| mvgvwRK `vqeZvi Ask wnme (Corporate Social Responsibility) mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW I emyiv Mc `ki cZ Aj h_fve VuvU I Zvjy KvUv Acvikb, Pz wPwKrmv I Acvikb Ges GwmW`ì wPwKrmv Kvhg AskMnY KiQ| Bmjvgx evsKjv emiKvix chvq Zvi mxwgZ bUIqvK wbq RbKjvYg~jK LvZ MZ KqK eQi h Ae`vb iLQ Zvi AvjvK ejv hvq, mvweK evsKeev Bmjvgi AvjvK cybMwVZ nj cvq Qq nvRvi kvLv wbq MwVZ G`ki weivU evswKs bUIqvK `ki `vwi` `~ixKiY Ges Afvex gvbyli nZvkv gyQ djZ Amvgvb Ae`vb ivLZ mg ne|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Z_m~
1.
133
134
Bmjvgx evsKeev
hvKvZi wnmve nq wnRix Pv` eQi Abyhvqx| Avi evsKi wnmve nq MMwiqvb KvjviwfwK mi eQi (Rvbyqvwi _K wWmî ch) Abyhvqx| wnRix Pv` eQii Zzjbvq mi eQii evowZ 11 w`bi Rb hvKvZi evwlK nvi 2.5%-Gi mv_ AwZwi 0.08% hy Ki gvU 2.58% nvi hvKvZ c`vb Kiv nq| GB nvi evnivBbwfwK AvIBwd KZK Abygvw`Z vvW Abyhvqx wbiwcZ| evwlK cwZe`b 2003, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW cwiwPwZ, Rb mshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 2001
Bmjvgx evsKi Rgv MnYi bxwZ I cwZ

10.1. Rgv MnYi bxwZ K. Bmjvgx evsK RbmvaviYK mqi Afvm Mo ZzjZ Drmvn hvMvq| ay eo mqi cwZ AvMnx bv nq QvU RgvKvixì m`K RvZxq Avw_K cevn wbqvwRZ Ki| L. Bmjvgx evsK mKji KvQ mqi G wP Zzj ai h, mqi gvag wZwb ewMZfve jvfevb nZ cvib Ges GKB mv_ wZwb mvgvwRK `vwqZI cvjb KiZ cvib| M. mqx MvnK I evsKi mK gy`vivev cwZi Askx`vwi bxwZi Ici cwZwZ| G MvnK mvwneyj gvj Ges evsK gy`vwie wnme `vwqZ cvjb Ki| N. Bmjvgx evsK RbMYi mqK kixqvn& Abygvw`Z LvZ kixqvn&mZ cwZZ wewbqvM Ki nvjvj gybvdv ARb mvnvh Ki| O. Bmjvgx evsK kixqvi Avj Iqvw`qv bxwZi wfwZ Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve cwiPvjbv Ki| G MvnK njb gyqvw| Avi evsK gyqvv BjvBwn| G wnmve RgvKZ A_ eenvii evcvi MvnK (gyqvw) evsK (gyqvv BjvBwn)-K AbygwZ `q| evsK MvnKK Zvi A_ PvIqvgv diZ `qvi AxKvi Ki| 10.1.1. Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve Avj Iqvw`qv kwU Aviex Iqvw`q~b _K DyZ| Gi A_ t 1. msiY Kiv, 2. Rgv Kiv, 3. ev` `qv, 4. cwiZvM Kiv BZvw`| Avj Iqvw`qv PzwZ `ywU c _vK| RgvMnYKvix cK ejv nq gyqvv BjvBwn| RgvKvix cK ejv nq gyqvw| h e Rgv ivLv nq, Zv njv gyqvv|
10.
2. 3.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
135
136
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsK my`wfwK evsKi PjwZ wnmvei weK Avj Iqvw`qv cwZ AbymiY Ki| GB cwZZ evsK ev gyqvv BjvBwn RgvKvixi (gyqvw) A_ (gyqvv) Rgv bq| RgvKvix (gyqvw) evsKK GB A_ eenvii AbygwZ `q| evsK RgvKvixi mwZi wfwZ m A_ eenvi Ki| evsK RgvKvixK Zvi A_ PvIqvgv diZ w`Z eva _vK| Avj Iqvw`qv njv A_i wbivcv weavbi Pzw| Gi viv RgvKvix evsKi mv_ Kvb eemvq Ask bb bv| evsKi eemvqi Kvbic SuywKI enb Kib bv| wZwb Zvi Rgv UvKv hKvb mgq diZ bqvi AwaKvi ivLb| GB cwZZ RgvKvix evsKi KvQ _K Kvb gybvdv cvb bv| RgvKZ A_i wbivc` ndvhZ Kiv I Abvb mev c`vbi wewbgq evsK RgvKvixi KvQ _K mvwfm PvR wbZ cvi| 10.1.2. Bmjvgx evsKi Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve I my`wfwK evsKi PjwZ wnmvei ga cv_K my`wfwK evsKi PjwZ wnmei mv_ Bmjvgx evsKi PjwZ wnmvei cv_K Bmjvgx `wKvY _K gwjK I Mfxi| h_v t 1. Bmjvgx evsKi PjwZ wnmve kixqvi Avj Iqvw`qv bxwZi wfwZ cwiPvwjZ nq| my`wfwK evsKi PjwZ wnmve cwiPvjbvq kixqvi Kvb bxwZ ev cwZ ev weavb AbymiYi ZvKx` ev cqvRb Abyfe Kiv nq bv| Gw`K _K `yB evsKi PjwZ wnmvei gvS cv_K bxwZ I wbqZi| 2. Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve RgvKvixi KvQ _K Zvi A_ eenvii c~e AbygwZ bqv nq| my`wfwK evsKi PjwZ wnmve RgvKvixi KvQ _K Zvi A_ eenvii AbygwZ bqvi kviC evaevaKZv Abyfe Kiv nq bv| (webv AbygwZZ Abi MwQZ m` fvM ev eenvi kixqvi `wZ AvgvbZi LqvbZi mvwgj| Avi LqvbZKvix Bmjvgi `wZ gybvwdK|) 3. Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve Rgv A_ kixqvn&cwicx Kvb cwZZ ev Kvb nvivg LvZ eenvi Kiv nq bv| evsK G evcvi RgvKvixK wbwZ Ki| Abw`K my`wfwK evsK PjwZ wnmve Rgv A_ myì wfwZ nvjvj-nvivg wbwekl hKvb LvZ eenvi Ki|
10.1.3. Avj Iqvw`qv I Avj Avgvbvni cv_K kixqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx Kviv KvQ Kvb wKQy MwQZ ivLvi GKwU Pvjy cwZ AvgvbZ ev Avj Avgvbvn| Avj Iqvw`qv I Avj Avgvbvni ga cv_K LyeB mij I | Avj Avgvbvn cwZZ AvgvbZ MnYKvix Zvi KvQ MwQZ AvgvbZKvixi A_ ev e eenvi KiZ cvib bv| H m` Kvbic cwieZb ev hvM-weqvM KiZ cvib bv| wK Avj Iqvw`qv Pzw Abyhvqx Rgv MnYKvix (gyqvv BjvBwn) RgvKvixi (gyqvw) AbygwZ wbq Rgv A_ ev e (gyqvv) eenvi KiZ cvib| evswKs mevq Bmjvgx evsKi PjwZ wnmve Avj Iqvw`qv cwZZ cwiPvwjZ nq| Abw`K Bmjvgx evsKi jKvi mvwfm cwiPvwjZ nq Avj Avgvbvn bxwZi wfwZ| Bmjvgx evsK Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmvei UvKv Iqvw`qv Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx eenvi Ki Ges PvIqv gv diZ `q| wK jKvi MwQZ m` h Aevq ivLv nq m Aevq ndvhZ Ki| 10.2.1. gy`vivev wnmve gy`vivev kwU Aviex `vie ev `vieyb _K DZ ~ | Gi A_ Avjvni ingZi Zvjvk mdi Kiv| ...Avjvn Rvbb, Zvgvì ga KD KD Amy nq coe, KD KD Avjvni AbyMn mvb `k gY Kie Ges KD KD Avjvni c_ msMvg wbqvwRZ ne| ..... (m~iv gyh&hvwj t 20) gy`vivev njv Askx`vix Kvievii GKwU cwZ| gybvdv ARbi Dk eemv cwiPvjbvi Rb `ywU c gy`vivev bxwZi wfwZ Pzwe nb| GKc (cuywRi gvwjK) g~jab mieivn Kib| ZvK ejv nq mvwneyj gvj| Abc Zvi gav, hvMZv, AwfZv, mvg_ I gnbZi gvag eemv cwiPvjbvi D`vM bb| G Dk wZwb mvwneyj gvji g~jab eenvi Kib| GB D`vv ev eevcK cK ejv nq gy`vwie| gy`vivev Pywi ewk Abyhvqx mvwneyj gvji `vwqZ A_ hvMvbvi ga mxgve| eemv cwiPvjbvq wZwb Ask bb bv| gy`vwie eemvqi GKRb Uvw I cwZwbwa wnme eemv cwiPvjbv Kib| eemv cwiPvjbvq gy`vwieK mZZv I `Zvi cvkvcvwk mevP mveavbZv Aej^b KiZ nq| BQvKZ Aenjv, cZviYv ev wg_v eYbvi KviY eemvq wZ nj m gy`vwie `vqx neb|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
137
138
Bmjvgx evsKeev
10.2.2. gy`vivev wnmvei evcvi kixqvi bxwZ kixqvi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx evsK gy`vivev Znwej msMn Ki| evsK Zvi wewfb gqv`x wewbqvMi cwiKbv I Pvwn`v weePbvq iL bvbv aibi RgvKvixK AvK Kivi j gy`vivev cwZZ wewfb gqvì Ges wewfb aibi wnmve Lvjvi eev ivLZ cvi| mme wnmve mqx, ^gqv`x, gagqv`x, `xNgqv`x cfwZ wewfb aibi nZ cvi| MvnKì AvMn I Pvwn`v Ges Ab Kvb KjvYg~jK j mvgb iL wewfb wgi gvagI Rgv msMn Kiv hZ cvi| ewk gqv` A_ Rgv Ki RgvKvix evsKi eemvq ewk SzuwK enb Kib| Abw`K `xNgqv`x Rgv wewbqvM Kiv evsKi Rb ewk myweavRbK| G KviY mvaviYZt Rgvi gqvì Ici wfw Ki A_i iZ ev IqUR wbaviY Kiv nq| AbKvb `wKvY _KI evsK Kvb wekl Rgv cKK AwaK iZ ev IqUR w`Z cvi| gy`vivev Znwej _K AwRZ Avq evsK I RgvKvixi ga c~ewbavwiZ AbycvZ eb Kiv nq| hgb Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW I Zvi gy`vivev RgvKvixì ga jvf ebi eZgvb AbycvZ njv RgvKvix 65 t evsK 35| eemvq jvKmvb nj mvwneyj gvj Avw_K wZ enb Kib| G gy`vwiei mgq, kg I gavi jvKmvb nq| 10.2.3. gy`vivev bxwZZ evsKi gybvdv eb gy`vivev wnmve gybvdv ebi mvaviY bxwZgvjv njv t 1. gy`vivev Znweji Avq gy`vwie I mvwneyj gvji ga Pzwi kZ Abymvi AvbycvwZK nvi eb nq| 2. gy`vivev Znwej wewbqvM QvovI evsK Zvi wewfb mevi gvag Kwgkb, GP, mvwfm PvR BZvw` Avq Kib| Gme Avq RgvKvixì Ask _vK bv| 3. gy`vivev RgvKvixMY gy`vivev Znweji wewbqvM Avq AMvwaKvi cq _vKb| wewbqvM Avq gy`vivev Rgvi Ask wnmve Kivi Kkj t 1. gy`vivev RgvKvixMY gy`vivev Znwej wewbqvM Avqi GKwU c~ewbavwiZ Ask (hgb Kgc 65 fvM) cvb|
2. evsK evwK Ask (hgb 35 fvM) Zvi Avq wnme cvq| K. evsK Zvi Avqi GKwU Ask (hgb 20 fvM) wewbqvM eevcbvi Rb eq Ki| L. evsK wewbqvM Avqi evwK Ask (aiv hvK 15 fvM) wewbqvM wZ-c~iY mwwZ wnme msiY Ki| 10.2.4. wnmvemg~n jvf ebi IqUR cwZ RgvKvixì mKj wnmvei A_i iZ evsKi KvQ mgvb bq| wnmvei gqv` hZ ewk nq, mvaviYZ mB A_ evsK ZZB myweavRbKfve `xNmgqi Rb wewbqvM Kivi myhvM cvq| Abw`K RgvKvix ewk gqv` A_ Rgv Ki evsKi eemvq ewk SuywK bb| G KviY evsK cavbZ gqv`Kvj weePbv Ki wewfb wnmvei wfb wfb IqUR ev iZi wfwZ jvf wbaviY Ki| G Qvov Kvb mvgvwRK KjvYg~jK RgvK evsK evowZ IqUR w`Z cvi| hgb wbavwiZ Avqi jvKì cwe n cvjb DrmvwnZ KiZ Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW n AvKvDUi RgvK mevP IqUR `q| 10.2.5. IqUR-Gi GKwU bgybv gb Kwi, Kvb Bmjvgx evsKi gy`vivev wWcvwRUi IqUR wbgic t K) L) gy`vivev Rgv gy`vivev n Rgv gy`vivev gqv`x Rgv gy`vivev gqv`x Rgv gy`vivev gqv`x Rgv gy`vivev gqv`x Rgv gy`vivev gqv`x Rgv gy`vivev mqx wnmve gy`vivev ^Kvjxb bvwUm Rgv gqv` 36 gvm 24 gvm 12 gvm 6 gvm 3 gvm IqUR (%) 110 % 100 % 98 % 96 % 92 % 88 % 75 % 55 %
M) N)
G evsKi gvU wewbqvM 1000.00 UvKv, gy`vivev Rgv 800.00 UvKv Ges gvU wewbqvMAvq 150.00 UvKv| mvwneyj gvj I gy`vwiei ga jvfi AbycvZ 65 t 35 nj Dcii QK `Lvbv IqUR Abyhvqx gybvdv ebi wnmve ùvove t
Bmjvgx evsKeev
139 t 800.00 UvKv
140
Bmjvgx evsKeev
gy`vivev wnmvemg~ni gvU Rgv (80%)
evsKi BKzBwU I Avj Iqvw`qv PjwZ wnmve Rgv (20%)t 200.00UvKv megvU = 1000.00 UvKv gy`vivev wWcvwRU Avqi wnmv t wewbqvM Avqi 80% (150x 80%) t 120.00 UvKv t 78.00 UvKv t 42.00 UvKv gvU t 120.00 UvKv GB Aevq wewfb gy`vivev wnme gybvdv ebi wnmve ùvove t
g gy`vivev Rgv wnmvei cKwZ 1 gy`vivev n Rgv evwlK IqUR IqUW weZiYhvM gybvdvi cvWv % cvWv gybvdvi Ask nvi 100 1.10 110.00 12.44 12.44% 150 50 100 150 50 50 1.00 150.00 0.98 49.00 0.96 96.00 0.92 138.00 0.88 44.00 0.55 27.50 689.50 16.97 5.54 10.86 15.61 4.98 8.49 3.11 78.00 11.31% 11.08% 10.86% 10.40% 9.96% 8.49% 6.22% -
Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM c`vbi bxwZ I cwZ

11.1. wewbqvM bxwZ Bmjvgx evsK Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j evevqbi GKwU gvag weavq Bmjvgx A_bxwZi gwjK jmg~n mvgb iL Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM bxwZgvjv cYqb Kiv Riwi| m Abyhvqx t 1. Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM cwZ Bmjvgx kixqvi `wZ nvjvj nZ ne| mBmv_ wewbqvMi LvZI nvjvj nZ ne| 2. Bmjvgx evsK wewbqvMi gvag gybvdv ARbi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK KjvYi w`KI bRi ivLe| 3. wewbqvMi LvZ Ggbfve wbavwiZ nZ ne hvZ mgvRi gwjK Pvwn`vjv Bmjvgx bxwZi g-AMvwaKvii wfwZ c~iY nZ cvi| 4. Bmjvgi `wZ m` Drcv`b hgb iZc~Y, m m` ebi iZ ZviP Kg bq| m` ebi Bmjvgx `wfw Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM KvhgK weklfve cfvweZ Kie| Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM bxwZi DjLhvM ewkjv1 njv t 1. g~jabi wbivcv I gybvdvi mveZv weePbvq iL evsKi wewbqvM Kvhg cwiPvjbv| 2. wewbqvMi AbZg j njv A_bwZK Dbqb| GRb cqvRbxq g~jab I `Zvi mg^q NUvbv| evwbK, KvwiMwi, chywMZ I ckvMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK mK Mo Zvjv| 3. cuywRi gvwjK hvZ A_bwZK Dbqb cKZ I eve f~wgKv iL nvjvj gybvdv cZ cvib Zvi eev Kiv| Dbqb Kvhg MwZ mvi Ki mgvRK KgPj Ki Zvjvi gvag A_bwZK AMMwZ mvab Kiv| 4. cvwicvwkKZv I cwiek Ges `ki mvgwMK Pvwn`vi cwZ j iL wewbqvM Kiv|
11.
gy`vivev RgvKvixì gvS weZiYhvM Avq (gvU Avqi 65%) evsKi Avq (gvU Avqi 35%)
2 36 gvm gqv`x Rgv 3 24 gvm gqv`x Rgv 4 12 gvm gqv`x Rgv 5 6 gvm gqv`x Rgv 6 3 gvm gqv`x Rgv 7 gy`vivev mqx wnmve 8 gy`vivev ^ gqv`x Rgv
100 0.75 75.00
gvU 750
Bmjvgx evsKeev
141
142
Bmjvgx evsKeev
5. m` gywgq gvbyli nvZ cyxf~Z bv Ki Zv mgvRi wmsnfvM gvbyli KvR jvMvbvi Bmjvgx bxwZK AMvwaKvi `vb| 6. Drcv`bkxj LvZ wewbqvMi gvag Drcv`K I Drcv`bgyLx wki msLv ew I Zvì wfZ gReyZ Kiv| 7. wewbqvMi gvag AwaK Kgmsvbi myhvM mwi Rb ivxq Dbqb cwiKbvi Ask wnme MnxZ wewfb Dbqb Kgm~Px evevqb I mvgvwRK AeKvVvgv MVbi D`vM AskMnY| 8. MvnKK mivmwi UvKv bv w`q gyivevnv, evB gyqvvj cfwZ ePvKbv cwZZ wewbqvM| GB cwZi wewbqvM cKZ eemvevwYRK DrmvwnZ Ki I GwMq bq| 9. jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vwiZi wfwZ gykvivKv I gy`vivev cwZZ wewbqvM Kiv| 10. evsKi me aibi wewbqvM Kvhg Bmjvgx kixqvn Abyhvqx cwiPvjbv| kixqvi `wZ Aea I mgvRi c wZKviK LvZ cPzi gybvdv _vKjI m LvZ wewbqvM bv Kiv| 11. mvgvwRK KjvYg~jK LvZ gybvdv Kg njI mme LvZ wewbqvM DrmvwnZ Kiv| 11.2. wewbqvM cwZ Bmjvgx evsK eevq Bmjvgx kixqvnwfwK wewfb wewbqvM cwZ iqQ| wewfb Bmjvgx evsK Zvì wbR wbR `ki Av_-mvgvwRK Aev I wewbqvMi aib Abyhvqx kixqZi mxgvi ga bvbv cwZ AbymiY Ki| evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evsKjv kixqvn& Abygvw`Z hme cwZ mvaviYfve AbymiY Ki m cwZjvK cavb wZbwU fvM fvM Kiv hvq t K. Askx`vwi cwZ t 1. gy`vivev I 2. gykvivKv; L. gvwjKvbvq kixKvbv ev wkiKvZzj wgjK-Gi wfwZ fvovq q t nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K (HPSM) M. ePv-Kbv cwZ t 1. evB-gyivevnv, 2. evB-gyqvvj, 3. evB-mvjvg Ges 4. BmwZmbv|
K. Askx`vwi cwZ
11.3. gy`vivev gy`vivev cwifvlvwU Aviex `vie k nZ D~Z| G ki GKwU A_ gY ev mdi Kiv| gy`vivev ejZ eySvq eemvi Rb mdi Kiv| gy`vivev Kvievi `ywU c _vKb| GKc g~jab mieivn Kib| Abc Zvi mgq, gnbZ, gav, AwfZv I `Zv KvR jvMvb| g~jab mieivnKvixK ejv nq mvwneyj gvj| mgq, gnbZ, AwfZv I `Zv wewbqvMKvix njb gy`vwie| gy`vivev GK aibi Askx`vwi Pzw| mvwneyj gvj G Pzw Abyhvqx gy`vwieK Zvi `Zv, AwfZv, gnbZ I Pvi gvag eemv Pvjvbvi Rb cuywR mieivn Kib| eemvq jvf nj PzwZ DjwLZ AbycvZ Abymvi Dfqc jvfi fvwM`vi nb| jvKmvb nj Avw_K wZ Znwej mieivnKvix A_vr mvwneyj gvj enb Kib Avi gy`vwie jvKmvbx Kvievi `qv mgq, gnbZ I `Zvi wewbgq ev dvq`v _K ewZ nb| Ze wekvmf, `ybxwZ, Aenjv ev Pzwi kZjNbi KviY eemvq wZ nj gy`vwie m Avw_K jvKmvbi RbI `vqx neb| gy`vivev Pzwi kZ Abymvi evsK g~jab hvMvq| Abc ^wbqvwRZ D`vv Zvi `Zv, AwfZv, gnbZ, wbqvwRZ Kib| evsK mvwneyj gvj wnme g~jab hvMvq| gy`vwie m cuywR eemvq LvUvb| Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx evsK I D`vvi ga gybvdv fvM nq| eemvq AwbQvKZ jvKmvb nj Avw_K jvKmvb mvwneyj gvj wnme evsK enb Ki|2 gy`vivev Kvievii gybvdv wbaviYi Dk Kvievii ^vfvweK Drcv`b I cwiPvjb msv hveZxq LiP weePbvq AvbZ ne| GQvov Kvievii KvR gy`vwie wbR knii evBi hvZvqvZ I Aevb Kij mdiKvj cvbvnvi, cvkvK, cwienb, hvZvqvZ I wL`gZi Rb wbhy& cwiPviKi LiP cveb| Ze wbR kni AevbKvj gy`vwie Zvi wbRi cvbvnvi, cvkvK-AvkvKmn wbR^ Kvb LiP Kvievi _K wbZ cvieb bv| gy`vwieK Zvi KvRi Rb Kvb eZb-fvZv `qvI ea bq| Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (IDB) gy`vivevi msvq ejQ t
Mudaraba is a form of partnership where one party (Sahib al Maal/Rabbul Maal) provides the fund while the other provides the expertise and management. The latter is reffered to as the Mudarib (Manager). Any profit accrued is shared between the two parties on a pre-agreed basis, while capital loss is exclusively borne by the partner providing the capital (sahib al Maal).
Bmjvgx evsKeev
143
144
Bmjvgx evsKeev
A_vr gy`vivev GK aibi Askx`vwiZ hLvb GKc (mvwneyj gvj/iveyj gvj) Znwej mieivn Kib Ges Abc Zvi `Zv I eevcbv wbqvwRZ Kib| ZvK ejv nq gy`vwie (eevcK)| eemvqi jvf `yci ga c~ewbavwiZ AbycvZ fvM nq| cyuwRi jvKmvb nj Zv g~jab mieivnKvix (mvwneyj gvj) enb Kib|
AAOIFI-Gi
Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi gy`vivev gvbyqj gy`vivev Pzw mK ejv nqQ t
Mudaraba is a partnership in profit whereby one party provides capital and the other party provides skill and labour. The provider of capital is called Sahib-al-maal while the provider of skill and labour is called Mudarib.
gZ t
Mudaraba is a partnership in profit whereby one party provides capital (rab al maal) and the other party provides 3 labour (mudarib).
A_vr gy`vivev njv gybvdvq Askx`vwiZ, hLvb GK c (iveyj gvj) g~jab hvMvq Ges Aci c (gy`vwie) gnbZ Kib| evsK Kvvbx (mskvab) AvBb 1995-G gy`vivevi msvq ejv nqQ t
Mudaraba means such an agreement in terms of which a bank conducted in accordance with the Islami Shariah provides capital for anything and the customer employs his efficiency, efforts, labour and intelligence.
gy`vivev A_ Ggb Pzw hvnvi kZvbymvi Bmjvgx kwiqZ gvZveK cwiPvwjZ Kvb evsK Kvb wKQyZ g~jab hvMvb `q Ges MvnK DnvZ `Zv, cPv, kg I cv wbqvwRZ Ki| mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k KZK cYxZ I evsjv`k evsK cwiZ (cvweZ) Bmjvgx evsK Kvvwb AvBb-G gy`vivevi msvq ejv nqQ t
gy`vivev (Mudaraba) ewjZ Ggb GK eemvwqK wcvwK PzwK eySvBe, hvnvZ GKc g~jab hvMvb wè Avi Abc Zvnvi `Zv, kg I cPv KvR jvMvBqv eemvq cwiPvjbv Kwie| g~jab mieivnKvixK mvwne-Avjgvj I eenviKvixK gy`vwie ejv nq| cv gybvdv PzwZ DwjwLZ AbycvZi wfwZ Dfq ci ga ewZ nBe| Kvb wZ nBj mvwne-Avj-gvj wZ enb Kwie, Ze hw` mB wZ gy`vwie KZK wbqg jNb, Aenjv ev Pzwfi KviY nBqv _vK Zvnv nBj gy`vwieK wZi `vq-`vwqZ enb KwiZ nBe| mvwne-Avj-gvj gy`vivev Pzwi Aaxb cwiPvwjZ eemvqi eevcbvq AskMnY KwiZ cvwie bv|
A_vr gy`vivev njv gybvdvwfwK GKwU Askx`vwiZ hLvb GK c g~jab hvMvb `b Ges Ab c Zvi `Zv I gnbZ KvR jvMvb| cuywRi hvMvb`viK ejv nq mvwneyj gvj| `Zv I gnbZ wewbqvMKvixK ejv nq gy`vwie| 11.3.1. evswKs wewbqvM gy`vivevi ewk evsK mvwneyj gvj wnme g~jab hvMvq Ges ^wbqvwRZ D`vv ev MvnK gy`vwie wnme m g~jab eemvq LvUvb| eemv cwiPvjbv Kib MvnK ev gy`vwie| evsK mvwneyj gvj wnme eevcbvq Ask bq bv| Ze eemvqi Z`viwK Ges civgk I Dc`k w`Z cvi| eemvqi jvf Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx evsK I D`vvi ga fvM nq| Pzwi kZ cvjb wbwZ KiZ evsK MvnKi KvQ _K cvidig MvivwU wbZ cvi| cKZ jvKmvbi `vwqZ mvwneyj gvj wnme evsK enb Ki| D`vv (gy`vwie) ev Zvui KgPvix ev cwZwbwai kZjNb, Aenjv, A` eevcbv, Aeev ev wekvmfi KviY eemvq jvKmvb nj evsK D`vvi KvQ _K bvh wZc~iY Av`vq KiZ cvi| evsKi AbygwZ Qvov D`vv AbKvb Drm _K eemvqi g~jab wbZ cvib bv| wbj Zv D`vvi ewMZ FY wnme MY ne| gy`vwie Kvievi _K gybvdvi wbavwiZ Aski AwZwi Kvb cvwikwgK ev fvZv wKsev wbR^ Kvb LiP wbZ cvib bv| Ze Kvievi cwiPvjbvi KvR ^vfvweK I Acwinvh LiP wbZ cvib| Pzwi gqv` kl jvf-jvKmvb wnmve P~ov Ki Kvievi mgv KiZ nq| gqv` kl nIqvi AvM mZ mgqm~Px Abymvi (hgbwZb gvm, Qq gvm, GK eQi ci ci) cvwjZ jvf-jvKmvb eb Kiv hZ cvi| Ze Zv AwMgic MY nq| gqv` kl P~ov wnmei mv_ Zv mg^q KiZ ne|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
145
146
Bmjvgx evsKeev
11.4. gykvivKv gykvivKv cwifvlvwU Aviex wkiKvZ ev kixKvZ (wki&K) k nZ D~Z| AviexZ wkiKvZ ev kixKvZ ejZ Askx`vwiZ eySvq| Bmjvgx evswKs cwifvlvq gykvivKv GK wekl Askx`vix Kvievi| gykvivKv njv `yB ev ZZvwaK ew ev msvi ga GK aibi Askx`vwiZi Pzw| GZ mKj Askx`vi g~jab MVb Ask bb| mKj Askx`vi ev Zvì KD KD eevcbvq Ask wbZ cvib| Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx gybvdv eb nq| jvKmvb nj Askx`viMY g~jab ev BKzBwUi AbycvZ Zv enb Kib| gykvivKv Pzwi Aaxb evsK g~jabi GKwU Ask hvMvb `q| evwK Ask hvMvb `b MvnK| eemvqi gybvdv ebi AbycvZ evsK I MvnKi ga Pzwi wfwZ wbavwiZ nq| gykvivKv Kvievi jvKmvb nj evsK I MvnK g~jabi AvbycvwZK nvi Zv enb Kib| AvaywbKKvj dKxnì GKwU Aski gZ, gykvivKv eemvqi gvbwRs cvUbvi wnme KD wbhy nj wZwb Kvievii jvf-jvKmvbi fvMx nevi cvkvcvwk gvbRvi wnme Askx`vii mwZg eZb wbZ cvieb| Zvì gZ, gykvivKv Kvievi mKj Askx`viB cyuwRi hvMvb `vbi wewbgq jvf-jvKmvbi fvMx nb Ges Askx`viì ga KD Kvievi cwiPvjbvq Ask wbj wZwb Zvi KvRi Rb cvwikwgK cvIqvi nK`vi| gykvivKv Kvievi Kvb Askx`vi Zvi wbR^ Kvb LiP Kvievi _K enb KiZ cvi bv| wK Kvievii Dk Askx`vii hvZvqvZ, _vKv-LvIqv BZvw` LiP enb Kieb| Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (IDB) gykvivKvi msvq ejQ t
Musharaka is an Islamic financing technique that adopts equity sharing as a means of financing projects. Thus, embraces different types of profit and loss sharing partnerships. The partners (entrepreneurs, bankers etc.) share both capital and management of project so that profits will be distributed among them according to agreed ratio and loss is shared as per their equity participation (ratio).
Zvì ga Pzwi kZvbyhvqx jvfi Ask Ges g~jab AbycvZ jvKmvb eb nq|
The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) gykvivKvi msvq ejQ t A form of partnership between the Islamic Bank and its clients whereby each party contributes to the capital of partnership in equal or verifying degrees to establish a new project or share in an existing one, and whereby each of the parties becomes an owner the of the capital on a permanent or declining basis and shall have his due share of profits... 4
A_vr gykvivKv njv Bmjvgx evsK Ges MvnKi ga GK aibi Askx`vwi Kvievi hLvb cZK Askx`vi mgvb ev wfb gvvq Kvb bZzb wKsev cwZwZ cK g~jab MVb Ask bq Ges hLvb cZK Askx`vi vqx wKsev gnvmgvb wfwZ g~jab gvwjKvbv jvf Ki Ges gybvdvq cvc Ask cvq|
evsK Kvvbx (mskvab) AvBb, 1995-G gykvivKvi msvq ejv nqQ t

Musharaka means such an agreement under which a portion of capital of anything is provided by a bank conducted in accordance with the Islami Shariah and the other portion is given by the customer and in which profit in distributed in such proportion as mentioned in the agreement and loss is distributed in proportion to the capital.
A_vr gykvivKv njv g~jab Aswk`vwiZ ev BKzBwU kqvwis-Gi wfwZ Kvb cK wewbqvMi GKwU Bmjvgx A_vqb cwZ| G cwZZ jvfjvKmvbwfwK wewfb Askx`vix Kvievi Mo IV| G cKi jvf ev wZ Askx`viMYK enb KiZ nq| Askx`viMY (D`vv, evsK BZvw`) cK g~jab mieivn Kib I eevcbvq Ask bb|
gykvivKv A_ Ggb Pzw hvnvi Aaxb Kvb KvR g~jabi GK Ask Bmjvgx kwiqZ gvZveK cwiPvwjZ Kvb evsK Ges Aci Ask MvnK hvMvb `q Ges h KvRi jvf PzwZ DwjwLZ AbycvZ Ges jvKmvb g~jab AbycvZ ewZ nq| mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k KZK cYxZ I evsjv`k evsK cwiZ (cvweZ) Bmjvgx evsK Kvvwb AvBb-G gykvivKvi msvq ejv nqQ t - gykvivKv (Musharaka) Ggb GK eemvwqK PzwK eySvBe, hvnvi Aaxb Kvb Kvievi wewbqvMi Dk g~jabi GK Ask evsK Kvvwb Ges Aci Ask MvnK hvMvb wè| D eemvqi gvag AwRZ gybvdv PzwZ
Bmjvgx evsKeev
147
148
Bmjvgx evsKeev
DwjwLZ AbycvZ Ges jvKmvb g~jab AbycvZ ewZ nBe| 11.4.1. evswKs Kvievi gykvivKvi ewk
gy`vivev cwZZ cyuwRi jvKmvb mvwneyj gvj enb Kib| gykvivKv cwZZ cuywRi wZ g~jabi AvbycvwZK nvi mKj Askx`viK enb KiZ nq|
GwU GKwU h_ g~jabx Kvievi| Kvievi cqvRbxq g~jab hvMvq MvnK I evsK| gvU cyuwRi GKwU Ask MvnK hvMvb Ges Ab Ask `q evsK| Dfqi cyuwR mgvb A_ev Kg-ewk nZ cvi| Kvb cK ev eemvq MvnK I evsKi g~jabi wnmv ev cwigvY PzwZ DjL Kiv nq| Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx eemvqi jvf MvnK I evsKi ga fvM nq| eemvqi cKZ jvKmvb evsK I MvnK Zvì g~jab AbycvZ enb Kib| gykvivKv cK Kvb Askx`viK P~ov wnmei AvM Abygvbi wfwZ AvMvg jvf `qv hve| Ze AvMvg `qv jvf wnmve P~ov nIqvi ci cKZ jvf-wZi mv_ mg^q KiZ ne| Aeevcbv, Pzwf, wekvmf BZvw` KviY jvKmvb nj `vqx cK Zv enb KiZ nq| evsK gykvivKv PzwZ hKvb hywmZ kZ Avivc KiZ cvi| hgb, Kvb MvnK evsKi Abygv`b Qvov Kvb cY jvKmvb ePZ cvieb bv| MvnK h_vh_ wnmve msiY Kieb| evsK wbR A_ev gbvbxZ wbixK w`q GB wnmve cwi`kb I wbixY KivZ cvi| G aibi wewbqvM mvaviYZ Z`viwKwfwK nq| wbqwgZ I myz Z`viwKi Afve gykvivKv wewbqvM e_ nZ cvi| gy`vivevi mvwneyj gvj g~jab mieivn Kib Ges gy`vwie Znweji eevcK wnme KvR Kib| gykvivKvi Pzwfy mKj c g~jab MVb Ask bb| gy`vivev cwZZ mvwneyj gvj eemv cwiPvjbvq Ask bb bv| gykvivKv cwZZ Askx`viMY mKjB eemv cwiPvjbvq Ask wbZ cvib A_ev mKji c wKQy Askx`vi Kvievi cwiPvjbv KiZ cvib|
L. fvovq q cwZ
11.6. nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K (HPSM) nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgjK njv GK wekl mgw^Z Pzw| AwfZvi ga w`q G cwZi Dbqb I weKvk NUQ| cKZc GwU 1. gvwjKvbvq kixKvbv, 2. BRviv I 3. wewGB wZb Pzwi mg^q| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi kixqvn KvDwji gZ t gvwjKvbvi Askx`vwiZi wfwZ nvqvi cviPR (nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K ev BRviv wej evB ZvnZv wkiKvZzj wgj&K) kixqvn&mZ GKwU wewbqvM cwZ| Gi cavb kZjv wbic t K. g~jab AbycvZ Askx`viMYi gvwjKvbvi ^xKwZ `qv hvZ cieZxZ Zvì ev Zvì IqvwimMYi ewZ nIqvi mvebv bv _vK| L. ZvK Zvi cwikvwaZ g~ji AvbycvwZK gvwjKvbv evsK KZK nvi Kiv| 11.6.1. wkiKvZzj wgj&K ev gvwjKvbvq kixKvbv wkiKvZ A_ Askx`vix| wkiKvZzj wgjK gvb gvwjKvbvq kixKvbv| G aibi kixKvbv Kvievi `yB ev ZviP ewk ew Zvì g~jab Kvb m` wKbb Ges h_fve Zvi Ici gvwjKvbv jvf Kib| eemvqi jvf mKj c Pzw Abyhvqx fvM Ki bb Avi jvKmvb nj g~jab AbycvZ enb Kib| G aibi PzwK ejv nq wkiKvZzj wgjK| 11.6.2. BRviv Aviex AvRi Ges DRivZ k nZ BRviv cwifvlvwU D~Z| AvRi gvb cwZ`vb, jvf, gRyix ev fvov| BRviv njv Kvb m` eenvii wewbgq g~j ev cwZ`vb, jvf, gRyix ev mevi fvov| fvov`vZv I fvovMnxZvi ga BRviv Pzw mvw`Z nq| G Pzw Abyhvqx fvovMnxZv fvov`vZvi mì eenvi ev myweav MnY Kib| wewbgq fvov`vZvK wbw` A_ `b| 11.6.3. wew

11.5. gy`vivev I gykvivKvi ga cv_K

Bmjvgx evsKeev
149
150
Bmjvgx evsKeev
weq njv Zv I weZvi ga Pzw| G Pzwi gvidZ weZvi gvwjKvbvaxb Kvb wbw` cY ev m` wbavwiZ g~j bM` ev AvMvg ev fwelZ cwikvai kZ Zvi gvwjKvbvq b nq| 11.6.4. wZb Pzwi mgvnvi nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgjK cwZZ evsK I MvnK Dfq c c_gZ mg ev Amg cyuwR wewbqvM Ki Kvb m` (f~wg, `vjvb, hcvwZ, hvbevnb BZvw`) wKb h_fve m mì Ici gvwjKvbv jvf Kib| Zviv D mì Avq c~ewbavwiZ nvi fvM Ki bb| Avw_K wZ nj Dfq c cyuwRi AbycvZ Zv enb Kib| wZxqZ Gic m` evsK Zvi Ask MvnKi KvQ wbw` mgqi Rb wbw` nvi fvov `q| ZZxqZ evsK Zvi Ask wKwZ ev GKKvjxb wbavwiZ g~j fvovKvjxb mgqevcx ev fvov Pzwi kl MvnKi KvQ wew I nvi Ki| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi gvbyqj nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgjK& mK ejv nqQ t G cwZZ evsK I MvnK Pzwi wfwZ h_fve hvbevnb, gwkb I hcvwZ, feb, GcvUgU BZvw` q Ki| MvnK fvovi wfwZ Zv eenvi Kib Ges evsKi Aski g~j wKwZ cwikva Ki chvqg Zvi gvwjKvbv ARb Kib| cY ev gvjvgvj qi AvM Gi cKZ g~j, gvwmK fvov, evsKi Aski g~j, cwikvai mgqmxgv I wKwi cwigvY Ges RvgvbZi cKwZ cfwZ wbaviY Ki Pzw mvw`Z nq| 5 evsjv`ki cvq mejv evsK GB wewbqvMcwZK nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgjK& ev HPSM wnme AwfwnZ Ki| Ze Gwg evsK G cwZi bvg BRviv wej evB ev IBB| weki wewfb `k G cwZ Avj BRviv Avj gybZvwnqvZz weZ& ZvgjxK ev Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek wnme cwiwPZ| 11.6.5. nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K-Gi ewk MvnK Zvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Kvb wbw` m` Kbvi BQv Rvwbq evsKi KvQ Ave`b Kib| evsKi gywi jvfi ci MvnK Zvi Aski cyuwR ev BKzBwU evsK Rgv Kib| MvnKi GB UvKvi mv_ evsK Zvi Aski UvKv hvM Ki mì cyiv `vg cwikva Ki|
Gic m` Kbvi AvM gvU `vg, gvwmK fvov, evsKi Ask, cwikvai mgqmxgv I wKwi cwigvY, RvgvbZi aib cfwZ wbaviY Ki cMYi ga Pzw nq| evsK h_ gvwjKvbvaxb G m` Zvi wbRi AskwU MvnKi KvQ Pzwi kZ Abymvi fvov `q| MvnK wbavwiZ fvov I evsKi Aski g~j UvKv wKwZ cwikva Kib| MvnKi wKw cwikvai dj m` evsKi gvwjKvbvi Ask KgZ _vK| MvnKi gvwjKvbv m AbycvZ evoZ _vK| MvnKi gvwjKvbv evovi mv_ mv_ evsKi cvc fvovi cwigvY AvbycvwZK nvi Kg Avm| m` evsKi Aski g~j cyiv kva nj MvnK ZvZ c~Y gvwjKvbv jvf Kib| gqv` kl nIqvi AvM evsKi Aski cyiv `vg kva Ki MvnK mì c~Y gvwjKvbv cZ cvib| MvnK wbavwiZ wKw w`Z e_ nj evsKi gvwjKvbvi AbycvZ Abyhvqx fvov AevnZ _vK| Pzwi kZ cvjb MvnK e_ nj evsK m` wbR wbqY wbZ cvi| fvov wnme cvIqv A_ evsKi Avq| fvovi UvKv gvwjKvbvi Aski mv_ hy bq| 11.6.6. MnwbgvY wewbqvM GBPwcGmGg nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K cwZZ MnwbgvY LvZ G wewbqvM Kivi evcvi Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi kixqvn KvDwj wbv bxwZmg~n Abygv`b KiQ t 1. MvnK KZK cvweZ Rwgi Ici Abygvw`Z cwiKbv Abyhvqx evsK wbgvY KvR KiZ cvi Ges nvqvi cviPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgj&K A_ev BRviv Pywi Aaxb gnvmgvb gvwjKvbv cwZZ chvqg fvov I g~j Av`vqi gvag MvnKi wbKU gvwjKvbv nvi KiZ cvi A_ev fvovi gqv` kl GKmv_ c~Y `vg Av`vqi gvag gvwjKvbv nvi KiZ cvi| 2. evsK MvnKi Abyivag ZviB c` RwgZ Abygvw`Z cwiKbv Abymvi feb wbgvY Kivi PzwZ Ave nZ cvi Ges wbwgZ febi weqg~j wKwZ A_ev GKKvjxb cwikvai kZ evBgyqvvj cwZZ MvnKi wbKU weq KiZ cvi|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
151
152
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Murabaha is selling a commodity as per the purchasing price with a defined and agreed profit mark-up. This mark-up may be a percentage of the selling price or a lump sum. This transaction may be concluded either without a prior promise to buy, in which case it is called an ordinary Murabaha, or with a prior promise to buy submitted by a person interested in acquiring goods through the institution, in which case it is called a banking Murabaha i.e. Murabaha to the purchase orderer. This transaction is one of the trust-based contracts that depends on transparency as to the actual purchasing price or cost price in addition to common expenses. 7
3. evsK mivmwi Rwg q Ki Zvi Ici cwiKbv Abyhvqx feb wbgvY Ki evB-gyqvvj cwZZ AvMnx Zvì wbKU wKwZ ev GKKvjxb wew KiZ cvi| 4. evsK Abygvw`Z bK&kv Abyhvqx GKKvjxb GmwUgU Ki aygv wbgvYmvgMx q Ki mswk evwo wbgvYi ci evB-gyqvvj cwZZ wew KiZ cvi|
M. ePv-Kbv cwZ
11.7.1. evB-gyivevnv Aviex evB I wieb k _K evB-gyivevnv cwifvlvwU D~Z| evB A_ Kbv-ePv| wieb A_ jvf ev gybvdv| mnR K_vq evB-gyivevnv nQ jvf weq ev gybvdvq weq| evswKs eemvqi gyivevnv Ggb GK eemvwqK Pzw, hvi Aaxb evsK Zvi MvnKi Abyiva wbavwiZ gvj wKb qg~ji mv_ mZ jvf hvM Ki Zv mB MvnKi KvQ wew Ki| MvnK Pzwi kZvbymvi wbavwiZ mgqi ga g~j kva Ki gvj wbZ eva _vKb|6 Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (IDB) evB-gyivevnvi msvq ejQ t
Murabaha is a contract between a buyer and a seller at a higher price than the original price at which the seller bought the goods as a financing technique, it involves the purchase by the seller (financier) of certain goods needed by the buyer and their re-sale to the buyer on cost-plus basis. Both the profit (mark-up) and the time of repayment (usually in installments) are specified in the initial contract.
A_vr evB-gyivevnv njv Zv-weZvi ga GKwU Pzw hLvb weZv (A_vqbKvix) Zvi KvQ cY wew Ki| G weZv A_vqb Kkj wnme Zvi cqvRb Abyhvqx Kvb wbw` cY q Ki Ges gybvdv mshvRb' Ki cKZ Kbv `vgi Pq DPZi g~j Zv Zvi KvQ wew Ki| PzwZ jvf (gvK-Avc) Ges g~j cwikvai mgq (mvaviYZ wKwZ) wbavwiZ _vK| mKj Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkj Awfb avivq cwiPvjbvi j cwZwZ evnivBbwfwK AvRvwZK msv Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) evBgyivevnvi msvq ejQ t
A_vr gyivevnv njv wbavwiZ I mZ jvfi wfwZ cY wew| GB jvf (gvK-Avc) weq g~ji nvivnvwi nZ cvi wKsev Zv _vK (lump sum) nZ cvi| Kbvi Iqv`v Qvov G jb`b mb nj Zv ne GKwU mvaviY gyivevnv Pzw| Kvb AvMnx ew Kvb cwZvbi gvag cY Kbvi Rb AvMvg ck Kiv Iqv`vci wfwZ G jb`b nj Zv evswKs gyivevnv ev q-Av`vi KvQ jvf cY wew (gyivevnv) wnme MY ne| Gic jb`b cKZ qg~j ev Cost price-Gi mv_ mvaviY LiPvw` Avjv`vfve DjL _vKvq G Pzw ^QZvwbfi AvvwfwK Pzwmg~ni chvqfy| mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k KZK cYxZ I evsjv`k evsK cwiZ (cvweZ) Bmjvgx evsK Kvvwb AvBb-G ejv nqQ t - evB gyivevnv (Bai-Murabaha) ewjZ Ggb GK eemvwqK PzwK eySvBe hvnvi Aaxb evsK wewbqvM MvnKi Abyiva wbavwiZ gvjvgvj q Kwiqv qg~ji mwnZ Dfqi mwZi wfwZ wbavwiZ jvf hy Kwiqv Zuvnvi wbKU weq Kwie| wewbqvM MvnK Pzwi kZvbymvi wbavwiZ mgqi ga weqg~j cwikva Kwiqv gvjvgvj MnY KwiZ eva _vwKe| GB PzwZ cYi cKZ qg~j DjL KwiZ nBe| 11.7.2. evswKs Kvievi gyivevnv wewbqvMi ewk 1. evswKs gyivevnvq wZbwU c _vK t 1. evsK (A_vqbKvix), 2. weZv (hvi KvQ _K evsK gvj wKb) Ges 3. Zv ev MvnK (hvi KvQ evsK gvj eP)|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
153
154
Bmjvgx evsKeev
2. wewbqvM cve weePbvi mgq evsK MvnKi eemvwqK hvMZv, AwfZv, wekZv, evRvi Zvui mybvg BZvwì evcvi LuvR-Lei bq| 3. MvnKi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY Kbvi AvM evRvi mB gvji KvUwZ, g~j, mve gybvdv BZvw` evcvi mZKZvi mv_ hvPvB Ki `Lv evsKi `vwqZ| 4. cYi Kbv `vg I jvfi AsK evsK I MvnK DfqiB Rvbv _vKv gyivevnv cwZi GKwU kZ| 5. cYi cKZ Kbv `vgi mv_ cwienb I AvbylwK LiP hvM Ki bxU qg~j wbaviY Kiv nq| evsK GB bxU qg~ji Ici mZ jvf hvM Ki weqg~j wbaviY Ki| 6. evsK gvj ivLvi Rb `vg fvov, `vg KgPvixì eZb, exgvi wcwgqvg BZvw` LiP MvnKi KvQ _K Av`vq Ki| 7. evsK GKB aibi AwZwi gvj MvnKi KvQ _K RvgvbZ wbZ cvi| 8. evsK cqvRb MvnKi KvQ _K mnvqK RvgvbZ wbZ cvi| 9. MvnK m~Y `vg kva Ki me gvj GKmv_ wbZ cvib ev wKwZ AvbycvwZK `vg w`q AvswkK gvj wbZ cvib| 10. wewbqvM Kiv cYi gvwjKvbv MvnKi KvQ b nq| 11. Pzw Abyhvqx MvnK wbavwiZ mgqi ga cYi mieivn wbZ I `vg kva KiZ eva _vKb| 12. weq-Pzw KvhKi nIqvi ci kZi Kvb cwieZb Kiv hvq bv| 11.7.3. evB-gyqvvj Aviex evB Ges AvRj k _K evB-gyqvvj cwifvlvwU D~Z| evB A_ Kbv-ePv| AvRj A_ wbavwiZ mgq| evB-gyqvvj A_ fwelZ cwikvai kZ cY weq| GwU evwKZ cY weqi Pzw| evB-gyqvvj ejZ evsK KZK gybvdvi Dk MvnKi wbKU evwKZ gvj ePv evSvq| evsK cY wKb Zvi Ici gvwjKvbv wbwZ Kivi ci Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx MvnKK mZ g~j mB cY mieivn Ki| PzwZ cYi aib, gvb, cwigvY, weqg~j, cY mieivni vb I mgq, `vg cwikvai mgqmxgv I cwZ BZvw` mywbw`fve DjL _vK|8
mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k KZK cYxZ I evsjv`k evsK cwiZ (cvweZ) Bmjvgx evsK Kvvwb AvBb-G evB-gyqvvji msvq ejv nqQ t - evB gyqvvj (Bai-Muazzal) ewjZ evsK I MvnKi ga mvw`Z Ggb GK weq PzwK eySvBe, hLvb MvnKi digvqk Abyhvqx wbw` Kvb cY Dfqi mwZi wfwZ wbavwiZ g~j MvnKi wbKU evwKZ weq Kiv nBe| GB PzwZ evsK MvnKi KvQ cYi cKZ qg~j cKvk KwiZ eva bn| 11.7.4. evB-gyqvvji ewk 1. GB cwZZ evsK MvnKi Abyiva Kwl I wki wewfb DcKiY, fvMcY I gvj wKb Zv MvnKi KvQ evKxZ weq Ki| 2. MvnK Pzw Abyhvqx wbavwiZ mgq gvji wbavwiZ g~j cwikva Kib| 3. evsK cY wKb ZvZ gvwjKvbv wbwZ Ki Pzw Abyhvqx MvnKK mZ g~j m cY mieivn Ki| 4. PzwZ cYi aib, gvb, cwigvY, weqg~j, mieivni vb I mgq, MvnK KZK g~j cwikvai mgqmxgv I cwZ BZvw` myfve DjL Kiv nq| 5. evB-gyqvvj wewbqvM evsK MvnKi KvQ cYi Kbv `vg cKvk KiZ eva bq| 6. evsK I MvnK Dfq ci mwZg cYi weq-g~j wbavwiZ nq| cYi weqg~j wbavwiZ nIqvi ci Zv cwieZb Kiv hvq bv| 7. evsK G wewbqvM wbivc` KiZ MvnKi KvQ _K mnvqK RvgvbZ wbq _vK| 8. wbavwiZ mgqi ga MvnK cYi `vg kva KiZ e_ nj evsK AwZwi Kvb A_ Av`vq KiZ cvi bv| Ze MvnKi KvQ _K kZvbyhvqx wZc~iY Av`vq KiZ cvi| Av`vqKZ wZc~iYi A_ evsK wbRi Avqic MY Ki bv| kixqvn& KvDwj KZK Abygvw`Z Kvb RbwnZKi KvR m A_ eq Kiv nq| 11.8. evB-gyqvvj I evB-gyivevnvi ga cv_K gyivevnv PzwZ cYi Kbv `vg, gybvdv I Abvb LiP Avjv`vfve DjL Kiv Acwinvh| evB-gyqvvj Pzwi ejvq Gme Z_ Rvbvbv
Bmjvgx evsKeev
155
156
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Muslam or Rabb alSalam respectively. Salam is also known as salaf (lit. borrowing).10
evaZvg~jK bq| ay weqg~j NvlYv KijB Pj| evB-gyqvvj cwZi Abvb kZ gyivevnv Pywi gZv| evB-gyivevnv I evB-gyqvvj cwZi KqKwU mvaviY kZ njv t 1. MvnKi KvQ wewi AvMB mswk gvj evsKi gvwjKvbvq I `Lj _vKZ ne| kixqvi weavb Abymvi hv wbRi gvwjKvbvq bB, Zv wew Kiv hvq bv| 2. gvj qi ci _K Zvi KvQ nvi Kivi AvM ch mgqi ga gvji nvwiq hvIqv, Pzwi hvIqv, b nIqv BZvw` hKvb q-wZi `vwqZ evsK (weZv) enb Kie| kixqvi `wZ SzuwK enb bv Ki gybvdv Kiv ea bq| 3. MvnKi digvqk Abyhvqx gvj Kbvi hveZxq AvbyvwbKZv cvjbi `vwqZ evsK ev Zvi cwZwbwai| m cwZwbwa KvbgB digvqk `vbKvix Zv ne bv| gvji cwienb I wewi AvM ch msiYi `vwqZ evsKi| 4. evB-gyqvvj I gyivevnv cwZZ GKevi cYi `vg wVK nj Zv Avi cwieZb Kiv hvq bv| evsKi cvIbv cwikva Zv `wi Kij AwZwi mgqi jvfi nvi ev `vg evovbv hve bv| 11.9. evB-mvjvg Aviex evB A_ Kbv-ePv| mvjvg A_ AvMvg| evB-mvjvg njv AvMvg Kbv-ePv| evB-mvjvg Ggb GK eemvwqK Pzw hvi AvIZvq AvMvgx Kvb wbavwiZ mgqi ga cY mieivni kZ evsK gvji `vg AvMvg cwikva Ki| wbw` mgq evsK MvnKi KvQ _K cY mieivn wbq Zv h Kvb ew ev cwZvbi KvQ ePZ cvi|9
Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) evB-mvjvg-Gi msvq ejQ t A Salam transaction is the purchase of a commodity for deffered delivery in exchange for immediate payment. It is a type of sale in which the price, known as the Salam capital, is paid at the time of contracting while the delivery of the item to be sold, known as al-Muslam fihi (the subject matter of a Salam contract), is deffered. The seller and the buyer are known as al-Muslam ilaihi and al-
A_vr mvjvg jb`b njv AvMvg `vg kvai wecixZ fwelZ mieivni kZ cY q| G fwelZ mieivn Kiv ne Ggb cYi (gymjvg wdwn ev mvjvg Pzwi welqe) wecixZ cYi `vg ev mvjvg g~jab Pzwi mgq AvMvg cwikva Kiv nq| weZvK ejv nq gymjvg BjvBwn Ges ZvK ejv nq Avj gymjvg ev ieym mvjvg| mvjvg Pzw mvjvd bvgI cwiwPZ (AvwfavwbK A_ avi Kiv)| mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k KZK cYxZ I evsjv`k evsK cwiZ (cvweZ) Bmjvgx evsK Kvvwb AvBb-G evB-mvjvgi msvq ejv nqQ t
- evB mvjvg (Bai-Salam) ewjZ Ggb GK qweq PzwK eySvBe, hLvb fwelZ wbavwiZ mgqi ga cY/gvjvgvj mieivn Kwievi kZ evsK MvnKi mwnZ Zvnvi mwZi wfwZ wbavwiZ qg~j AvMvg cwikva Kwie| GB Pzw mv`bi mgq cYi YMZ gvb, cwigvY, aib, mieivni vb I mgq DjL KwiZ nBe|
11.9.1. evB-mvjvgi ewk 1. G cwZZ evsK mvaviYZt Kwl I wkcY AvMvg wKb| 2. G cwZZ evsK nQ Zv Ges MvnK G weZv| 3. evsK G aibi Pzw mv`bi ci MvnKK gvji AvMvg g~j eve` A_ (mvjvg g~jab) hvMvb `q| 4. Pzwi mgq evsK I MvnKi mwZi wfwZ cYi g~j wbaviY Kiv nq| 5. Pzwi mgq cYi gvb, kYx, cwigvY, mieivni mgq, vb I aib wi Kiv nq| 6. Pzw Abyhvqx MvnK fwelZ wbw` mgq cY mieivn Kib| 7. cY mieivn KiZ e_ nj weZv AvMvg bqv `vg diZ èb| 8. evsK wbw` mgq MvnKi KvQ _K cY mieivn wbq Zv hKvb ew ev cwZvbi KvQ ePZ cvi| 9. evsK mgq gZv h_vh_ cYi mieivn wbwZ Kivi Rb MvnKi KvQ _K mnvqK RvgvbZ wbZ cvi|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
157
158
Bmjvgx evsKeev
11.10. BmwZmbv BmwZmbv njv Zv I weZvi ga GKwU Pzw| G Pzw Abyhvqx Zvi wb`k weZv Kvb e Zwi Ki `qvi AxKvi Kib| Kvb ew ev cwZvb Zvi Pvwn`vgZv Kvb è wbavwiZ `vgi wewbgq Zwi Ki w`Z Kvb KvwiMi ev KviLvbv-gvwjKi wbKU cve Kij Ges KvwiMi ev gvwjK H cve ivwR nj BmwZmbv Pzw mvw`Z nq| G Av`k`vZvK ejv nq gymZvmwb| Av`kMnxZv njb mvb| Av`ki gvag Zwi Kiv cYK ejv nq gvmby| AWvii wecixZ wbgvY ev Zwi Kiv nq Ggb wRwbm wbgvY ev Zwi Ki w`Z Av`v Av`k w`j Ges Avw` ZvZ mZ nj Zv BmwZmbv Pzw ne| AvRj ev gqv` wbaviY Kiv BmwZmbv PzwZ Riwi bq| Ze evsK I MvnKi ga weiva GovZ gqv` wbaviY Kiv fvjv| AvKvDwUs Av AwWwUs AMvbvBRkb di BmjvwgK dvBbvwqvj BbwwUDk (AAOIFI) BmwZmbvi msvq ejQ t
Istisnaa is a contract of sale of specified items to be manufactured or constructed, with an obligation on the part of the manufacturer or builder (contractor) to deliver them to the customer upon completion.11
mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k KZK cYxZ I evsjv`k evsK cwiZ (cvweZ) Bmjvgx evsK Kvvwb AvBb-G BmwZmbvi msvq ejv nqQ t - BmwZmbv (Istisnaa) ewjZ Zv I weZvi ga mvw`Z Ggb PzwK eySvBe hvnvZ Zv KZK wb`wkZ e weZv KZK Zqvwi Kwiqv mieivn Kwievi AxKvi _vK| Kvb ew ev cwZvb KZK Kvb KvwiMi ev KviLvbvi gvwjKi wbKU Zvnvi Dw è wbavwiZ g~ji wewbgq cZ Kwiqv Ìqvi cZvei cwZ KvwiMi ev gvwjK D cZve MnY Kwij BmwZmbv Pzw mvw`Z nq| GB PzwZ KvwZ cYi g~j, aib, kYx, cwigvY, ewk, g~j cwikvai cwqv, cY mieivni vb, mgq I enb LiP BZvwì wevwiZ weeiY _vwKZ nBe| GZZxZ, Zv I weZv Dfqi mwZg cYi AvswkK ev c~Y g~j AvMvg c`vb Kiv hvBZ cvi| 11.10.1. BmwZmbvi ewk 1. BmwZmbv PzwZ cYi I mywbw` weeiY _vKZ ne| cYi aib, kYx, cwigvY I ewk PzwZ DjL Kiv Riwi| Gi dj cieZxZ Kvb fyj eySveywS ev weev` Govbv hve| 2. PzwZ mZ `vg DjL KiZ ne| `vg KLb wKfve cwikva Kiv ne ZvI PzwZ DjL _vKe| 3. cY KLb, Kv_vq, Kvi LiP mieivn Kiv ne Zvi DjL PzwZ _vKZ ne| 4. cMY ivwR nj weZvK cYi AvswkK ev cyiv `vg AvMvg `qv hZ cvi A_ev evwK ivLv hZ cvi| 5. BmwZmbv PzwZ gvj mieivni mgqmxgv wbaviY Riwi bq| gqv` wbaviY bv KiI BmwZmbv Pzw Kiv hvq| Ze weiva Govbvi Rb evsKi gqv` wbavwiZ Kiv fvjv| 6. Pzw mvw`Z nIqvi ci cYi c~Y ev AvswkK `vg kva nIqvi ci Kvb c GKKfve Pzw evwZj ev cZvnvi KiZ cvieb bv| 7. Kvb c BQvKZ Pzw f Kij `vqx ci Ici wbw` Rwigvbv Avivc Kiv hve| Gic kZ BmwZmbv PzwZ ivLv hve|
A_vr BmwZmbv njv Kvb wbw` cY Drcv`b ev wbgvY Ki weqi Pyw, hvZ Drcv`bKvix ev wbgvZv (KbUvKUi) KZK D cY Zwi ev wbgvYi ci MvnKK mieivn Kivi evaevaKZv _vK| Bmjvgx Dbqb evsK (IDB) BmwZmbvi msvq ejQ t
Istisna is a contract for manufacturing (or construction) whereby the manufacturer (seller) agrees to provide the buyer with goods identified by description after they have been manufactured/constructed in conformity with that description within a certain time and for an agreed price.
A_vr BmwZmbv njv Drcv`bi (ev wbgvYi) Ggb GK Pzw hLvb Drcv`bKvix (weZv) wbw` weeiY Abyhvqx Kvb cY Zwi Ki Zv wbw` mgq wbavwiZ `vg ZvK mieivn KiZ mZ nq|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
159
160
Z_m~ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW cwiwPwZ, RbmshvM wefvM, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW, 2001; evwlK cwZe`b 2003, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW|
Manual for Investment under Mudaraba mode, IBBL Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, 20045, Statement of the Standard, P-231) Accounting, Auditing and Governance Standars for Islamic Financial Institutions, 2004-5, Musharaka Financing, Appendix E : Definitions, P-187] Manual for Investment under HPSM mode, IBBL Manual for Investment under Bai Murabaha mode, IBBL Sharia Standards No. 8 Murabaha to the purchase orderer, Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, 2004-5, Appendix D : Basis for the Sharia rulings, P-127) Manual for Investment under Bai Muazzal mode, IBBL Manual for Investment under Bai Salam mode, IBBL Sharia Standards No. 10 Salam and Parallel Salam, Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, 2004-5, Appendix C : Definitions, P-174) Sharia Standards No. 11 Istisnaa and Parallel Istisnaa, Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, 2004-5, Appendix C : Definitions, P-195)
8. mgKvjxb dKxnMYi gZ BmwZmbvi AvivwcZ wZc~iY evsKi ea Avqic weewPZ ne| 11.11. evB-mvjvg I BmwZmbvi ga cv_K 1. evB-mvjvg ev AvMvg qi fwelZ cY mieivn Kiv nq| cYi `vg Pzwi mgq kva KiZ nq| BmwZmbvi cYi AvswkK ev cyiv `vg AvMvg wKsev cY mieivni mgq cwikva Kiv hvq| 2. evB-mvjvg mvaviYZ KwlcY AvMvg Kbvi Pzw| wK BmwZmbvi mK wkcYi Drcv`b ev wbgvYi mv_| Kvb Kvb Bmjvgx evsK cvkvK wki cvK-idZvbx KvR A_vqbi ejvq BmwZmbv cwZ AbymiY Kib| Ggwb wKQy cv_K mI Kvb Kvb dKxn BmwZmbvK evB-mvjvg Pzwi mcmvwiZ ic ej gb Kib|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
161
162
Bmjvgx evsKeev
12.
evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi g~jvqb
Kzwo kZKi lvUi `kK wgmii wgUMvgvi _K hvv i Ki Bmjvgx evsKeev gv Aa kZvxi Kg mgqi gaB Zvi ^vZ I ewkK wekevcx my KiZ Ges mvov RvMvZ mg_ nqQ| evsjv`kI G DjLhvM AMMwZ AwRZ nqQ| evsjv`k Bmjvgx ivKvVvgv I A_bwZK eevi AbycwwZ mI emiKvix chvq Bmjvgx auvP Avw_K cybMVbi GKwU cwqv i nqQ Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvi gvag| evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs GLb Avi ay ZvwK AvjvPbvi welq bq| gy`vivev, gykvivKv, evB gyivevnv, evB gyqvvj, evB mvjvg cfwZ cwifvlv GLb G`ki jvLv gvbyli `bw`b eve Avw_K jb`bi fvlv wnme Pvjy nqQ| wZb `kKi Kg mgqi ga `ki mgM evswKs Kvhgi cvq GK-cgvsk GLb Bmjvgx kixqvnwfwK cwZi AvIZvq GmQ| Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi wewZi mv_ mv_ G wbq AvjvPbv-chvjvPbv I MelYv weZ nQ| gymwjg wek BRwZnv` ev MelYvi h avivwU wwgZ nq cowQj, Bmjvgx evswKs mLvb bZzb cvY mvi KiQ| Bmjvgx evswKsK K` Ki BRwZnv` evsjv`kI GKwU cvwZvwbK ic jvf KiZ PjQ| Bmjvgx evsKeevi G cwiPvjbMZ mdjZv mKji mvgb G welqwU Avevi KiQ h, AvaywbK weki gvbyl myì gZv wZKi Dcv`vbmg~n eRb KiB Zvì mKj Kvhg mdjfve mv`b KiZ cvib| Gw`K _K Bmjvgx evswKs bZzb Avv I AvZwekvm mw KiZ mg_ nqQ| K. Bmjvgx evsKjv A_eevK my`gy Kivi j KvR KiQ| G Zvì mvdj Rbgb GKwU bZzb Avkvm I Avkvev` mvi KiQ| L. Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wewbqvM Kvhgi gvag m` Kej gywgq gvbyli nvZ cyxf~Z Kivi mbvZbx my`x eevi weK wnme GKwU bZzb gWj axi axi Mo ZzjQ| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi cwZvjM _KB RbMYi wecyj mvov I mg_b jvf KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi mvweK cwiPvjbMZ mdjZv G`k bZzb 4wU Bmjvgx evsK cwZvK DrmvwnZ KiQ|
KqKwU we`kx evsKmn cPwjZ my`wfwK evsKjvI Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv I DBv LyjZ GwMq GmQ| `yBwU my`wfwK evsK BZvga Bmjvgx cwZi evsK wnme icvwiZ nqQ Ges Aviv KqKwU evsK GB j KvR i KiQ| ii w`K Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW GKKfve m~Y bZzb GKwU wmg cwZvi bvbvgyLx KwVb mgmv gyKvwejv KiQ Ges G GKwU gWj Dcvcb KiZ mg_ nqQ| c_g Bmjvgx evsKwUi KvwRZ AwfZv cieZxì cv_q nqQ| GLb meKwU evsK cviwiK mnhvwMZv I AwfZv wewbgqi gvag Aviv `pfve mvgb AMmi nZ cvie ej Avkv Kiv hvq| 12.1. evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhgi msw wP GLvb evsjv`ki 7wU Bmjvgx evsKi gvU 520wU kvLv Ges 7wU my`x evsKi 18wU Bmjvgx kvLvi Kvhgi (31 wWmî 2009 Cmvqx ZvwiL mgv eQi ch) GKwU msw wP1 `qv njv t
(wgwjqb UvKvq)
wgK bs 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
evsKi bvg Bmjvgx evsK evs wjt AvBwmwe BmjvwgK evsK Avj-Avivdvn& Bmjvgx evsK mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsK Gwg evsK dv wmwKDwiwU Bmjvgx evsK gvU = my`wfwK cvBg evsK XvKv evsK mvD_B evsK wcwgqvi evsK hgybv evsK wmwU evsK Gwe evsK gvU = megvU =
cwZvi kvLv gvU eQi msLv Rbkw
gvU AvgvbZ
gvU jvfwewbqvM jvKmvb
Bmjvgx evsK 1983 231 9588 244292 239000 1987 32 713 13046 13410 1995 60 1296 38355 36134 1995 42 965 31588 24938 2001 51 1299 47459 43958 2002 52 1440 73835 68610 1999 52 995 42423 38726 520 16296 490998 464776 evsKmg~ni Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv
6518 (-) 1749 1102 2041 3203 766

15379
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
1995
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2005
93 12677 9428 640 25 4359 2255 128 103 10307 4842 312 32 3356 1266 54 44 2366 2750 158 25 768 694 45 17 3084 1756 192 18 339 36917 22991 1529 538 16635 527915 487767 16908
5 2 5 2 2 1 1
Bmjvgx evsKeev
163
164
Bmjvgx evsKeev
evsjv`ki evswKs LvZ 31.12.2009 ZvwiL gvU Rgvi cwigvY wQjv 3042.83 wewjqb UvKv| Zvi ga my`wfwK evsKmg~ni Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvmn Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni gvU Rgv wQjv 527915.00 wgwjqb UvKv| GwU `ki gvU Rgvi kZKiv 17.35 fvM| `kxq A_bxwZZ G mgq gvU wewbqvMi cwigvY wQjv 2531.10 wewjqb UvKv| Zvi ga Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni wewbqvM wQjv 487767.00 wgwjqb UvKv, hv gvU wewbqvMi kZKiv 19.27 fvM|2 cvBg evsK wjwgUW, XvKv evsK wjwgUW, wmwU evsK wjwgUW, wcwgqvi evsK wjwgUW, Gwe evsK wjwgUW, mvD_B evsK wjwgUW I hgybv evsK wjwgUW Zvì eZgvb msMVb KvVvgvi gaB c_Kfve Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv LyjQ| ivvq mvbvjx evsK wjwgUW I AMYx evsK wjwgUW Ges emiKvix LvZi c~evjx evsK wjwgUWmn ek KqKwU evsK Zvì DjLhvMmsLK my`wfwK Kbfbkbvj kvLvi Afi Bmjvgx evswKs DBv Pvjy KiQ| Gme Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv I DBv Bmjvgx kixqvn&i bxwZgvjv Abymvi evswKs mev c`vbi j KvR KiQ| Rgv msMn I wewbqvM Kvhg DwjwLZ kvLv/DBvmg~ni Dbqbaviv mvlRbK| 12.2. Rgv msMn Bmjvgx evsKi mvdj Bmjvgx evsKeev Bmjvgx A_bxwZi GKwU iZc~Y nvwZqvi| mw`K _K G evsKi Av_-mvgvwRK j ^Z| dj Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkj Ges Zvi Rgv msMn I wewbqvMmn mKj Kvhgi DcKvifvMx kYx cPwjZ Abvb evsK _K ejvsk wfbZi Ges mvweKfve evcKZi| ewK A_bxwZi wwZkxjZv ARbi Dk Bmjvg RvZxq mqK wekl iZ `q Ges RbMYK mqi Afvm Mo ZzjZ Drmvn hvMvq| Bmjvgx evsK G j evevqb ay eo mqi cwZ AvMnx bv nq QvU RgvKvixì m`K RvZxq Avw_K cevn wbqvwRZ KiZ eva| G Bmjvgx evsKjvi f~wgKv AvjvPbv Kiv hvq| gv 100 UvKv cv_wgK Rgv w`q Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-G AvBbvbyMfve h KD wnmve LyjZ cvib| Gfve z` z` mq msMn Bmjvgx evsK MY-evsK (mass bank)-ic f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| mqwewbqvM-Avq A_bxwZi GB P AbymiY Ki Bmjvgx evsK wbwe gvbyli mvg_ ewi Rb KvR KiQ| G j Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k
wjt cjx GjvKvi bvbv RvqMvq Zvi kvLv Qwoq w`qQ| `ki emiKvix evsKmg~ni ga Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi MvgwfwK kvLvi msLv Zzjbvg~jKfve AbK ewk| Abvb Bmjvgx evsKI `ki wewfb vb kvLv mmviYi D`vM MnY KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK gb Ki, mqi gvag GKRb MvnK ewMZfve jvfevb nZ cvib Ges mBmv_ wZwb mvgvwRK `vwqZI cvjb KiZ cvib| Bmjvgx kixqZi gy`vivev ev Askx`vix mKi wfwZ RbMYi KvQ _K Rgv MnY Ges Zv kixqZmZ cwZZ wewbqvMi gvag Bmjvgx evsK ZvìK nvjvj gybvdv ARb mnhvwMZv KiQ| myì KviY hviv AvM evsK A_ Rgv KiZb bv Bmjvgx evsK mB wecyjmsLK gvbyli Ajm A_ RvZxq A_bxwZi g~javivq mvwjZ Kivi myhvM Ki w`qQ| evsjv`k eZgvb cvq AakZ evsKi gvU cvq Qq nvRvi kvLv KvR KiQ| Zvi ga Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni gvU kvLvi msLv cvq mvo cuvPk| Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvjv MvnK AvKlYi w`K w`q wecyj mvdji cwiPq w`qQ| `vîc ejv hvq, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 2009 mvj bvMv` Zvi 231wU kvLvi gvag cvq cuvP wgwjqb MvnKK AvK KiZ mg_ nqQ| GwU evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi wekl RbwcqZvi GKwU cgvY wnme weewPZ nZ cvi| Av`wkK weePbv QvovI DbZZi MvnK mev Bmjvgx evsKi Rgv cewK cfvweZ KiQ| G evcvi Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUWGi Rgv msMni Ici Rwic Pvwjq W. wgwni Kygvi ivq Dcmsnvi ge KiQb t
The customer who are trying to avoid interest strongly support this system of banking. Not only religious injunction but also better banking services of IBBL have been influencing the customers preference to a great extent. Accordingly, IBBL is able to mobilise a great bulk 3 of deposits.
RvZxq mq AvniY Ges RvZxq cewZ Bmjvgx evsKmgyni mvg_ I bxU Ae`vb my`x evsKi Zzjbvq AbK ewk| z` z` mq Bmjvgx evsKjvi Rgvi wfwK my`p KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK KZK ewk nvi mq AvniYi dj RvZxq Av_-mvgvwRK LvZ myì bwZevPK cfve KgQ Ges Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi BwZevPK Askx`vwiZ gk evoQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
165
166
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKjvi wewfb mq xgi w`K ZvKvjI G Zvì mvgvwRK j I Zvi Ae`vb ne| hZzKi gZ Aciva wbg~j RbmPZbZv mw Ges weevwnZ cyilì gvni Av`vq DrmvwnZ Kivi j evswKs RMZ c_gevii gZ Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt gy`vivev gvni mq wnmve Pvjy KiQ| bvixi cKZ gZvqb GwU GKwU ewZgagx D`vM| Avj-Avivdvn& Bmjvgx evsK Ges mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKI gy`vivev weevn mq cK Pvjy KiQ| mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK c_K gy`vivev `bgvni mq xgI Pvjy KiQ| IqvKd mw GKmgq G`ki mvgwMK RbKjvYg~jK Kgm~PxZ iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZv| eZgvb wbirmvwnZ G avivwUK eMevb Kivi D`vM wbqQ mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK wjt Ges cieZxZ Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt I Avj-Avivdvn Bmjvgx evsK wjt| Kge wekvjx ewMYK mvgvwRK `vwqZ cvjb Dy I AvMnx Kiv Ges G KvR ZvìK cvwZvwbK mnvqZv `qvi Rb D`vniYîc Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi gy`vivev Kvk IqvK&d wWcvwRU xg-Gi cm AvjvKcvZ Kiv hvq | GB xgi AvIZvq IqvK&dKZ A_i gybvdv 30wU mvgvwRK LvZ weZiYi Rb Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt Gi wbR^ D`vM iqQ| MvnK m D`vM Ask wbZ cvib Ab_vq G wnmvei jvfi A_ MvnKi wb`wkZ vb cuQ `qvi `vwqZ evsK cvjb Ki| wewfb Bmjvgx evsKi 1 _K 25 eQi gqv`x n mwfsm xg Ggbfve mvRvbv nqQ hvZ GKRb mvaviY Avqi gvbylI Rxeb GKevi n cvjbi AvKvv c~iY KiZ cvib| 12.3. Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM Kvhgi A_bwZK weePbv Bmjvgi `wZ RbMYB njv mKj Dbqbi K`we`y| Dbqb mgvRi mKj gvbyli Rb| my`x jb`bi bxwZ I Kkj Gi wecixZ| Bmjvgx evsKeevq wewbqvM cwZ my`gy nIqvi KviY Zv myì egvwK I RwUj DcmM _K gy| c~ewbavwiZ myì nvi Ges Rgvi my` I FYi myì gaKvi c~ewbavwiZ eeavbi KviY my`x evsKi wewbqvM bvbvfve wbirmvwnZ nq| Abw`K Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvMKZ A_i Kvb c~ewbavwiZ Znwej-g~j (Prefixed cost of fund) bv _vKvq Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi D`vvi Pvwn`v bv gUv ch wewbqvM AevnZ iL Kvg gvbi wewbqvM (investment equilibrium) wbwZ Kiv me| Gi dj D`vvMY mgvRi Rb KjvYKi Kvb Kg jvfRbK cK MnYI wbirmvwnZ nb bv| GwU ewK A_bxwZZ BwZevPK cfve mw Ki|
mgvR eKviZ `~i KiZI GwUB GKgv KvhKi cwZ| cLvZ A_bxwZwe` Rgm wKbm& Zvi w_Iwi Ae BUvi ce ejQb t Kvb A_bxwZZ c~Y Kgmsvbi Rb myì nvi k~bi KvVvq bvwgq AvbZ ne| G ge Bmjvgi my`gy bxwZiB cwZawb| AwaK wewbqvM AwaK Drcv`b I AwaK Kgmsvbi mv_ mv_ AwaK idZvwbI wbwZ Ki| GZ evRvi e`wkK gy`vi Avcevn evo| AwaK idZvwb `ki e`wkK gy`vi wewbgq nvii wwZkxjZv (exchange rate stability) eRvq ivLZ mnvqZv Ki| dj vbxq gy`vi g~j ew cvq| Avg`vwb g~j cwikva Zv AbyK~j Aev mw Ki Ges A_bxwZZ gy`v mieivn BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb Ki| GB AvjvK Bmjvgx evsKjvi wewbqvM Kvhg wePvh| 2009 mvji wWmî ch Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi gvU wewbqvM wQj 23,900.00 KvwU UvKv| 2010 mvji Ryb ch Zv Aviv 16178 KvwU UvKv ew cq ùvwoqQ 25,517.80 KvwU UvKvq| 2009 mvji wWmî ch mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKi gvU wewbqvMi cwigvY wQj 2,493.80 KvwU UvKv| Abw`K G mgq Avj-Avivdvn Bmjvgx evsKi gvU wewbqvMi cwigvY ùvwoqQ 3,613.40 KvwU UvKv| GKB mgq kvn&Rvjvj Bmjvgx evsK, Gwg evsK I dv wmwKDwiwU Bmjvgx evsKi gvU wewbqvMi cwigvY wQj h_vg 4,395.80, 6,861 I 3,872 KvwU UvKv| Abvb `kxq Kbfbkbvj evsKi Bmjvgx evwKs kvLvmg~ni megvU wewbqvMi cwigvY cvq 2,300 KvwU UvKv| Bmjvgx evsKjv D`vvìK wk-KviLvbv I eemv-evwYR cwiPvjbvq Avw_K mnhvwMZvi cvkvcvwk KkjMZ I eevcbvMZ cqvRbxq civgk `q Ges G evcvi wbqwgZ Zveavb Ki| Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM UvKvi cwieZ mivmwi cYi mv_ hy| A_vr Bmjvgx evsK UvKvi ePvKbv Ki bv; cYi eemvq Ask bq| myZivs Zv wfb LvZ cevwnZ (Diversion of Fund) nIqvi myhvM _vK bv| dj wewbqvM g` nIqvi SzuwK nvm cvq| Bmjvgx cwZi wewbqvMi GwUI GKwU BwZevPK w`K| `v îc DjL Kiv hvq, 2009 mvji 31 wWmî mgv eQi Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi Ljvcx wewbqvMi cwigvY wQj 3% GiI Kg| `ki mvgwMK evswKs mii
Bmjvgx evsKeev
167
168
wewbqvMi LvZ wk evwYR (Avg`vwb ivwb I q weqmn) Kwl, grm I ebvqb wbgvY cwienb I hvMvhvM `vwi` wegvPb we`yr, Mvm I cvwb mieivn
Bmjvgx evsKeev evsKi bvg I wewbqvMi cwigvY (wgwjqb UvKvq) Avj-Avivdvn& mvmvj kvn&Rvjvj Gwg dv wmwKDwiwU 13884 4220 5719 18803 1452 13425 588 1813 1236 16 210 11985 518 1364 517 305 79 11015 399 5239 2062 208 765 31115 1206 5421 1681 22469 224 1989 79 670 -
cwiwwZi Zzjbvq ay bq, AvRvwZK gvbI G Aev AZ mvlRbK| GwUI Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi m` eevcbvi AwbwnZ kwi ewntcKvk| 12.4. Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvMi DcKvifvMx Kviv 2005 mvji 31 wWmî Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 5 nvRvi _K 5 jvL UvKv ch wewbqvM MvnKi msLv wQj 2,31,436 Rb, mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKi 3873 Rb, kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsKi 481 Rb, Gwg evsKi 2706 Rb| 5 jvL _K 10 jvL UvKv ch Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi MvnKmsLv wQj 9,367 Rb, mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKi 988 Rb, kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsKi 169 Rb Ges Gwg evsKi wQj 988 Rb| 10 jvL _K 25 jvL ch Bmjvgx evsKi MvnK 4,895 Rb, mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKi GB AsKi wewbqvM MvnK wQj 1775 Rb, Gwg evsKi wQj 619 Rb Ges kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsKi wQj 183 Rb| 25 jvL _K 50 jvL ch Bmjvgx evsKi 1,538 Rb, mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKi wQj 809 Rb, Gwg evsKi 338 Rb, kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsKi 95 Rb| Bmjvgx evsKi 50 jvL UvKvi Ici wewbqvM MvnKi msLv wQj gv 974 Rb| mvmvj Bmjvgx evsKi en`vqZb wewbqvM MvnK wQj 1959 Rb, Gwg evsK wQj 671 Rb Ges kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx evsK wQj 296 Rb| G wP _K `Lv hvq, Bmjvgx evsKjv Zvì wewbqvM Kvhg gywgq msLK gvbyli ga mxwgZ bv Ki Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j Abyhvqx Zv mvaviY RbMYi gvS mcmvwiZ Kivi bxwZ AbymiY KiQ| Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni gvU wewbqvMi LvZIqvix eb _KI RvZxq Dbqb Zvi bxwZ I Kkj ne| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt 2009 mvj wkLvZ 54%, evwYwRK (q-weq) LvZ 33%, Kwl I mvi LvZ 7%, wbgvY I Avevmb LvZ (Construction & Real Estate) 7%, cwienY LvZ 2% Ges cjx Dbqb, z` wk, Wvvi cK, KbRygvi cK, z` eemv, cvw I WBwi cfwZ LvZ 6% wewbqvM KiQ| Gi gvag `k mivmwi 10 jvLi AwaK Kgmsvbi myhvM mw nqQ| cKZ DcKvifvMxi msLv ZviP AbK ewk| Aviv KqKwU Bmjvgx evsKi 2009 mvj wewfb LvZ wewbqvMi cwigvY c_Kfve Dcvcb Kiv njv t
12.5. mvgwK A_bwZK wwZkxjZv ARb Bmjvgx evsKi f~wgKv A_bwZK Dbqbi Rb cqvRb mvgwK A_bxwZi (macro economy) wwZkxjZv, hvi c~ekZ njv gy`vxwZi wbnvi, mvlRbK AfixY m` AvniY, RvZxq mq I wewbqvM ew Ges e`wkK gy`vi evwZ cwigvY wiRvf| Gme kZ c~iY mvjK kwic evswKs mii iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjbi myhvM iqQ| my`x evsK myì wfwZ mq msMn I Zv wewbqvM ay myì cwigvYKB weePbv Ki| GB Kvhgi Av_-mvgvwRK cfve I cwZwqv Zvì weeP bq| Drcv`b I Zvi DcKiYi mv_ cZ mKnxb my`wfwK Kvievii dj AbK èi Drcv`b I mieivn ew QvovB FYMnxZvì FYi my` Ges RgvKvix I evsKi Avq ew cvq| Gfve Kwg Dcvq evRvi UvKvi mieivn eo hvq Ges Drcv`b Kg nj Zvi Ici myì evowZ g~jI hvM nq| G `yPi dj AevwZ gy`vxwZ mw nq| Gfve wbw` Avqi jvKì qgZv Ges kwgKi cKZ gRywi Kg hvq| G cwqvq Avw_Kfve `yej wecyj gvbyli m` AwaK Avw_K gZvmb gywgq jvKi nvZ cyxf~Z nq| my`x Kvievii ga w`q GB bxie m` nvi (Silent resource transfer) NUvi dj A_i eb cevn I mì gvwjKvbvi fvimvg b nq| Kvj gvKm& G cwqvKB wmu`j Pzwi ej Mvj-g` KiQb| my`x evsKi gybvdv
Bmjvgx evsKeev
169
170
Bmjvgx evsKeev
evovi mv_ cvjv w`q `k gy`vxwZ, eKviZ, `vwi` I abx-Mixei cv_K ew cvq| myì Ggwb AmsL Kzdj _K mgvRK iv Kivi RbB Bmjvg my`K KVvifve wbwl KiQ| my`gy Bmjvgx evsKeev cwZvi hwKZvI GLvbB wbwnZ| W. gynv` ew`Dj Avjg I gynv` Avey wgwmi evsjv`ki cPwjZ avivi evsKi mv_ my`gy evsKi jvf, Drcv`b gZv I RvZxq A_bxwZZ Gi Ae`vb g~jvqb Ki Zvì GKwU MelYvc Dcmsnvi UbQb Gfve t
Therefore it is clear that the interest-free banking system provides better service to the customers and contribute to the economy as a whole with high esteem of moral values then that of traditional banking system operating in our 4 country.
2000 mvj AbywZ RvwZmsNi wgjwbqvg kxl eVKi wmv Abymvi 2015 mvji ga RvZxq Dbqb jgvv ARbi Rb evsjv`k `vwi` wbimYi GKwU Kkjc (PRSP) Zwi KiQ| GB Kkjc Abyhvqx 2000-15 mvj ch cwZeQi `vwi` 3.3 fvM nvi KgvZ ne| GB j ARbi Rb wRwWwci cewi nvi 7.00 fvM DbxZ KiZ ne| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n RvZxq Dbqbi GB jgvv ARb BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb Ki PjQ| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW MvgxY A_bxwZK cybivq mwq Ki ZzjZ webv RvgvbZ z` I QvU wewbqvMi gvag `vwi` `~ixKiY, Kgmsvbi myhvM mw Ges Avq ewi j cjx Dbqb cK Pvjy KiQ| 1995 _K 2009 mvji gvP ch Bmjvgx evsK G cKi AvIZvq 10751wU Mvg 5,77,740 Rb MvnKi gvS 2424.00 KvwU UvKv weZiY KiQ| 2009 mvji gvP ch G cKi DcKvifvMxi msLv wQj 4,92,475 Rb| Zvì kZKiv 86 fvMi ewk nQb gwnjv| Gi dj MvgxY Rbc` GKwU AZ BwZevPK YMZ cwieZb AvmQ| Mvgi wenxb mvaviY gvbylK wewbqvM myweav c`vbi mv_ mv_ ZvìK Aivb `qv nQ Ges bwZK I gvbweK eva Dy I ^vej^x nevi cwkY `qv nQ| dj GB DcKvifvMxMY cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK h_vh_ ghv`v Ges wmv MnYi mvg_ ARb KiQb| MvgxY gwnjvìK Avqi myhvM mwKvix Drcv`bg~jK KgKv hy Ki Zvì hvMZv, `Zv I mvg_i weKvk NUvbvi ga w`q `ki enr RbMvxK gvbe m` Dbqb Z_v mvgvwRK Dbqbi avivq m Ki Bmjvgx evsK Zvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ cvjb KiQ| c_g 5 nvRvi UvKv wewbqvM wbq wbRì Aevi Dbqb NwUq G cKi m`mì KD KD GLb 2 jvL UvKv wewbqvM bqvi mvg_ ARb KiQb| GwU GKwU Av_-mvgvwRK DiY cwqv| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi Amsv Bmjvgx evsK dvDkb cjx Dbqb cK GjvKvq we Lvevi cvwbi Rb webvg~j wUDeIqj mieivn KiQ| MvgxY ^v wbwZ Kiv Ges RbMYi ^vmPZbZv evovbvi j mwbUvwi jvwUbi eev Ki w`Q|
12.6
`vwi` wegvPb I cjx Dbqb
mvwZK wewfb MelYv _K GLb GUv h, Rvjvwb, wk wKsev KwlLvZi PvBZI `wi` RbMYi gvS wewbqvM Ki ewk Av_mvgvwRK wiUvb cvIqv me| wekevsKi mvcwZK cwZe`b _K `Lv hvq, gvbem` Dbqb LvZi wewbqvM _KB mevP Avq wbwZ nq| KvhKi A_bwZK cewi Rb cwkYcv, ` I AbycvwYZ RbMvx GKwU AZvekKxq c~ekZ| Gi dj Av_-mvgvwRK Kg RbMYi KvhKi AskMnY ew cvq, mvgvwRK Amvg `~i nq Ges Dbqb I cewi wwZkxjZv I vwqZ wbwZ nq| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt `ki c_g Bmjvgx evswKs cwZvb wnme Zvi wewbqvM Kvhg GB jB cwiPvwjZ KiQ Ges evsjv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK wewfb LvZ BwZevPK cfve djQ| G evsK `ki enr KcviU MvnKìK GKKfve eng wewbqvM myweav c`vbi mvg_ (Single party exposure) wbq `ki wk-weKvk emiKvix evwYwRK evsKjvi ga mevP wewbqvM KiQ| Abw`K webv RvgvbZ 5 nvRvi UvKv _K 50 nvRvi UvKv ch cjxi nZ-`wi` I msKUceY RbMvxi jvKìK wewbqvM myweav c`vb Ki ZvìK RvZxq A_bwZK Dbqbi g~javivq m KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK GfveB Avqi (m`) cybeb I myhvMi cybwbaviYi gvag mvaviY gvbyli cKZ gZvqb, abx-Mwie elg `~ixKiY, mvgvwRK mcxwZ I wwZkxjZv Ges Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqbi j f~wgKv cvjb KiQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
171
172
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsKi cjx Dbqb cKi AvIZvq `kK meyRvqb KiZ MZ wZb eQi gvU 12,75,000wU e ivcY Kiv nqQ| GKwU Avw_K cwZvbi c _K G RvZxq mvgvwRK Kgm~Px eemv-evwYRi RMZ beZi mshvRb| GB evsKi wewfb evwYwRK A_vqbi gybvdvi nvi 2009 mvj hLvb wQj cvq 13 fvM, mLvb cjx Dbqb cKi AvIZvq wewbqvM MvnK _K gybvdv bqv nq 10 fvMiI Kg nvi| GB wbnvi A_vqb `vwi` wegvPb Bmjvgx evsKi AvwiK I `p cwZkwZi eve ewntcKvk| GB aibi D`vM mì eb DrmvwnZ KiQ Ges mgvReevi mvgwMK Dbqb wekl f~wgKv ivLQ| 12.7. wkweKvk Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Ae`vb evsjv`ki wRwWwcZ 2009-10 A_ eQi wkLvZi Ae`vb wQj 28.4 kZvsk| wkLvZ Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni wewbqvM AZ mvlRbK| evsjv`ki mKj Bmjvgx evsK cKwZMZfve evwYwRK evsK| Zey Zviv `xNgqv`x Rgv msMn Ki| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n 31.12.2009 ZvwiL ch Zvì gvU wewbqvMhvM Znweji 65 kZvsk wkLvZ wewbqvM KiQ| 5 Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt cjxi `wi`ì gvS z` wewbqvM Kgm~Px evevqbi cvkvcvwk `ki wkweKvk evwYwRK evsKmg~ni ga bZvbxq f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| G evsK Zvi RbjM _KB idZvwbgyLx cvkvK wk wewbqvM Ki `ki idZvwb Avq ew Ges wecyjmsLK gvbyli Kgmsvb cw_KZi f~wgKv iLQ| G wki c_ ai `k bvbv aibi divqvW I evKIqvW wjsKR wki weKvk NUQ| Kgmsvb, bvixi gZvqbmn `ki Av_-mvgvwRK G wk cvjb KiQ Zvrchc~Y f~wgKv| idZvwbgyLx cvkvK wk wewbqvM Bmjvgx evsK GLbv kxlvb iqQ| wkLvZ Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvMi cwigvY 2009 mvj Zvi gvU wewbqvMi 54 kZvskiI ewk wQj| Zvi ga idZvwbgyLx cvkvK I ewk evsK Zvi gvU wewbqvMi 24% wbqvwRZ KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK AbK enr wk McK GKKfve cK wewbqvM I PjwZ g~jab wnme wewbqvM c`vb KiQ| 2009 mvj bvMv` evsKi gvU wkcKi msLv wQj 1150| Gi ga 226wU MvgUm, 194wU UUvBj,
160wU KwlwfwK, 32wU wj Av Bwwbqvwis, 27wU Jla I imvqb, 30wU wcwUs Av cvKwRs, 27wU wdwjs kb, 13wU Kv viR, 62wU ivBm wgj, 3wU dzW Av efviR, 6wU wmgU, 19wU BjKwUKvj Av cvwK, 6wU RyU Av KwgKvj, 8wU m Ges evwK 386wU Abvb wk| wewfb Bmjvgx evsKi wkLvZ wewbqvMi wP wbg Avjv`vfve Dcvcb Kiv njv t Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni wkLvZ wewbqvMmsLv (2009 ch) evsKi bvg Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt Avj Avivdvn& Bmjvgx evsK mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK kvn&Rvjvj Bmjvgx evsK Gwg evsK dv wmwKDwiwU Bmjvgx evsK megvU = wk cKmsLv enr I gvSvwi 1500 412 257 195 399 35 2798 z` 2515 1256 1813 59 297 10 5950 wewbqvMi cwigvY (wgwjqb UvKvq) 243780 13884 19965 18641 30956 1452 328678
Bmjvgx evsK 2009 mvj bvMv` 80,000 MvnKK z` I gvSvwi cK (Small and Medium Enterprises-SME) wewbqvM c`vb KiQ| wewfb aibi gvSvwi I z` wk cwZvi Bmjvgx evsK iZc~Y f~wgKvq iqQ| `k wki evcK wfw Mo Zvjv, `ki wewfb vb mvebvgq D`vvì viv z` wk Mo Zvjv Ges evsKi wewbqvM LvZK egyLxKiYi j z` wk wewbqvM cK Pvjy Kiv nqQ| GB wewbqvM cKi AvIZvq Lv` I Kwlwbfi wk, cvwK I ivevi wk, ebR I Avmevec wk, cKkj wk, Pvgov wk, ivmvqwbK wk, cybtcwqvRvZKiY wk, mev wk, e`ywZK hcvwZ wk, KwDUvi chyw, KvMR Drcv`b wk, nwk, grm I c cvjb Lvgvi, wQ`hy BU, Qvì UvBjm Ges evsKi KvQ MnYhvM hKvbv z`wk wewbqvM myweav `qv nq| z` I gvSvwi D`vM (GmGgB) LvZ evsKi Ghver c` wewbqvMi cwigvY cvq 332 KvwU UvKv| BZvga evsKi mnvqZvq GmGgB LvZi Kvb Kvb D`vv enr wk MvxZI DbxZ nqQb|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
173
174
Bmjvgx evsKeev
GKwU wgyLx Dbqb avivi evsK wnme mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK bbdigvj mii AvIZvq evsjv`k evsKi wb`kbv Abyhvqx GmGgB LvZ mvwfm UwWs Ges gvbydvKPvwis cwZvbK ^gqv` 2 _K 5 jvL UvKv Ges ga I `xNgqv` 2 _K 10 jvL UvKv wewbqvM myweav c`vb Ki AvmQ| GQvov GmGgB LvZ digvj mii AvIZvq mevP 50 jvL UvKv wewbqvM myweav c`vb KiQ| evsKi GmGgB LvZ 2005 ch 683 Rb MvnKK 80,47,11,269.00 UvKv wewbqvM c`vb Kiv nq| 12.8. mxwgZ Avqi gvbyli Rxebgvb Dbqb Bmjvgx evsK AMvwaKvi LvZmg~n I AbybZ GjvKvq wewbqvM Kvhg cwiPvjbvi gvag mgvRi AcvKZ myweav-ewZ gvbyli Aevi Dbqb I fvimvgc~Y Dbqb mvab Ges A_bwZK KgKvK eMevb Kivi j Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt wewfb wekl cK MnY KiQ| Zvi ga iqQ cwienb wewbqvM cK, MnvqY wewbqvM cK, z` eemv wewbqvM cK, MnmvgMx wewbqvM cK, Kwl-mivg wewbqvM cK, Wvvi wewbqvM cK, gxicyi ikg ZuvZx wewbqvM cK cfwZ weklfve DjLhvM| mxwgZ Avqi jvKì Avevmb Pvwn`v c~iYi Rb MnvqY wewbqvM cKi Aaxb Bmjvgx evsK ivRavbx Ges wefvMxq I Rjv knijvZ eZj evwo wbgvY I dvU qi Rb `k Ges we`k KgiZ evsjv`kx nvRvi nvRvi MvnKK wewbqvM w`qQ| evsK wewfb nvDwRs KvvwbKI wewbqvM myweav `q| G cK 2009 mvji wWmî ch gvU wewbqvMi cwigvY wQj evsKi gvU wewbqvMi kZKiv 4 fvM|
Kgm~Pxi AvIZvq cvq 2k cKvi A_bwZK KgKv wewbqvM myweav w`Q| Gi ga iqQ c cvjb, gvQ Pvl, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, GMvdvwgs, cwqvRvZKiY I Drcv`b, eemv, `vKvb`vix, cwienb, Kwl DcKiY, ebvqb, jw, mvBbevW jLv BZvw`| GB LvZ 2006 mvj ch myweavfvMx MvnKi msLv wQj cvq 18 nvRvi Ges wewbqvwRZ A_i cwigvY wQj cvq 433 KvwU UvKv| Bmjvgx evsKi Kwl mivg wewbqvM Kgm~Pxi AvIZvq MvgxY eKvi hyeKì Av-Kgmsvbi j mnR kZ cvIqvi wUjvi, cvIqvi cv, kvjv wUDeIqj, gvovB Kj BZvw` mieivn Kiv nq| Kwl LvZ Drcv`b ewZ mnvqZv`vbI GB cKi j| wbw` Avqi miKvix, Avav miKvix I emiKvix PvKwiRxexì Rb Bmjvgx evsK `k c_g MnmvgMx wewbqvM cK Pvjy Ki| 2006 mvj ch Bmjvgx evsK G cKi Aaxb cvq 1,90,000 Rb Âvqi PvKwiRxex gvbylK 575 KvwU UvKv wewbqvM w`qQ| mxwgZ Avqi jvKìK mrfve Rxebgvb Dbqb mnvqZv Kivi j cwiPvwjZ Bmjvgx evsKi GB cK AbK cwZvbKB G aibi cK Pvjy KiZ Dy KiQ| 12.9. Bmjvgx evsKi mvgvwRK wewbqvM wewfbgyLx evswKs jb`bi cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW RbjM _KB Mixe, `yt, Amnvq I wbtm^j gvbyli KjvYi j ^v, wkv, hye Kgmsvb, bvixi gZvqb, `yt cybevmb, cwiek msiYmn mvgvwRK LvZ wewfb Kvhg cwiPvjbv KiQ| Gme Kgm~Pxi ga iqQ mjvB cwkY cK, `yaj Mvfx cvjb cK, wiKkv I fvb Mvwo cK, cvw cK, z` eemv cK, MvgxY ^vKgx cK, z` wk cKmn wewfb Avq-eaK I Av-Kgmsvbg~jK Kgm~Px| gWj dviKvwbqv ge, `wi` I gavex Qv-Qvxì Rb ew I Aby`vb Ges `ytì Rb zj cwiPvjbv I mvnvh `vbmn wkv Kgm~Px| gwWKvj mUvi cwZv, `vZe wPwKrmvjqi Rb Aby`vb, bjKc vcb, ^vmZ cvqLvbv wbgvYmn ^v I wPwKrmv Kgm~Px| GwZgLvbv cwZv, Kbv`vqM wcZvK Kbv cv Kivi Rb Aby`vb, FYM I gYc_ wec`M jvKì Aby`vbmn gvbweK mvnvh Kgm~Px Ges vY I cybevmb Kgm~Px| Bmjvgx evsK gvbe m` Dbqbi Ask wnme z` D`vv Dbqbmn gvbeKjvY wewfbgyLx mevg~jK cwZvb, hgbnvmcvZvj, KgywbwU nvmcvZvj, gwWKvj KjR, fvKkbvj
`ki hvMvhvMeevi Dbqb, `ki A_bwZK Dbqbi MwZ Zivw^Z Kiv Ges wk I eemv-evwYR mmviYi j Bmjvgx evsK cwienb, hvbevnb I Mvwo wewbqvM Kgm~Px wbqQ| cwienb wewbqvM cKi AvIZvq evm, wgwbevm, UvK, j, KvMv fmj, iU-G Kvi mvwfmi Rb Mvwo q myweav `qv nq| GQvov evsK Av-Kgmsvbi j eexUw, Uv I wcKAvc-fvb, wKwbK I nvmcvZvji Rb Av^yj Ges wewfb ckvRxexi Rb Mvwo wewbqvM Kgm~Px Pvjy KiQ| Mvg I knii wkwZ I eKvi hyeKì AvKgmsvb Ges z` eemvqx I D`vvì mnhvwMZvi Dk Bmjvgx evsK z` eemv wewbqvM
Bmjvgx evsKeev
175
176
(AA_)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Uwbs mUvi, cwZex cybevmb K` Ges `yt gwnjv cybevmb K` cwiPvjbv KiQ| mxwgZ Avqi jvKì ^v mevi Rb Bmjvgx evsK mviv`k 5wU nvmcvZvj I 4wU KgywbwU nvmcvZvji gvag b~bZg LiP cwZeQi 4 jvwaK ivMxK wPwKrmv mev w`Q| GB LvZ evsK 2005 mvj ch cvq mvo 5 KvwU UvKv eq KiQ| GQvov wbivc` cvwbi Rb nPvwjZ bjK~c I ^vmZ cvqLvbv vcb cvq cb 2 KvwU UvKv weZiY Kiv nqQ| wkvi myhvM mmviYi j Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 1wU gwWKvj KjR, 1wU bvwms BbwwUDU, 5wU Bwwbqvwis BbwwUDU Ges 1wU Bswjk wgwWqvg zj cwiPvjbv KiQ| Gme cwZvb _K 2005 mvj ch 6308 Rb wkv_x wkvMnY KiQ| `wi` I gavex wkv_xì Rb wkvew Kgm~Pxi Aaxb 4,397 Rb Qv-QvxK ew c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges 806 Rb QvK wbqwgZ ew `qv nQ| Qv ew LvZ 3.55 KvwU UvKvmn wkvLvZ D mgq ch evsK mvo 10 KvwU UvKvi ewk A_ eq KiQ| evsKi D`vM XvKvq vwcZ GKwU `yt gwnjv cybevmb Kì gvag 2005 mvj ch weaev, ZvjvKcvv, cwiZvv ev AwffveKnxb 187 Rb gwnjvK cybevmbi Rb 79 jvwaK UvKv eq Kiv nqQ| mgvRi `yt, Amnvq, `wi` jvKì GKKvjxb mvnvh eve` mviv`k Bmjvgx evsKi wewfb kvLvi gvag 2005 mvj ch eq Kiv nqQ cvq 4.82 KvwU UvKv| GQvov ebv, Liv, So, RjvQvm, cvKwZK `yhvM Bmjvgx evsK eiveiB Riwi mvnvh wbq `yMZ gvbyli cvk ùvwoqQ| G LvZ evsK 2005 mvj ch cb 9 KvwU UvKv eq KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi G mKj mvgvwRK wewbqvMg~jK I RbKjvYagx Kvhg `ki evswKs bZzb Av`k mw KiQ| 12.10. Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi Avw_K `Zv I mvg_ g~jvqb wWU iwUs Bbdigkb Av mvwfmm wjwgUW (CRISL) bvgK eRvwZK iwUs msvi 2002 mvj _K 2004 mvj ch `xNgqv`x iwUsq Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt-Gi Aevb wQj G cvm (A+) hv evsKi mvweK Avw_K mvg_ I gReyZ wfw wb`k Ki| 2005 mvj CRISL Bmjvgx evsKi Aevb Aviv DbxZ Ki Wej G gvBbvm
Ges 2009 mvj Wej G cvm (AA+) wbaviY KiQ hv evsKi DPZi Avw_K mvg_, AwaK wbivcv, AwaK wWU gvb I my`p wWU cvdvBjmb cvwZvwbK mvi wb`kK| wbDBqKwfwK AvRvwZK LvwZmb Mvevj wdbv weki k evsK cyivi (Worlds Best Bank Awards)-Gi AvIZvq Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-K Zvi Kvhg I KwZZi Rb 1999, 2000, 2004 I 2005 mvj e evsK Bb evsjv`k Ges 2008 mvj e BmjvwgK dvBbvwqvj BbwwDkb cyivi f~wlZ KiQ| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjt RvZxq I AvRvwZK wewfb iZc~Y msvi m`mic Bmjvgx evsKeevi Dbqb I cmvii j iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| Gme cwZvbi ga iqQ evnivBbwfwK AvKvDwUs Av AwWwUs AMvbvBRkb di BmjvwgK wdbvwqvj BbwwUDkbm (AAOIFI), Rbvij KvDwj di BmjvwgK evsKm Av wdbvwqvj BbwwUDkbm, BUvibvkbvj BmjvwgK wdbvwqvj gvKU (IIFM), mshy Avie AvwgivZwfwK BUvibvkbvj BmjvwgK Kbwmwjqkb Av Kgvwkqvj AviweUkb mUvi, gvjqwkqvwfwK BmjvwgK wdbvwqvj mvwfmm evW (IFSB) I BUvibvkbvj P^vi Ae Kgvm Av BvwR (evsjv`k Pvvi) BZvw`| RvZxq chvq Bmjvgx evsKmg~n evsjv`k BbwwUDU Ae evsK gvbRgU (weAvBweGg), w` BbwwUDU Ae evsKvm evsjv`k (AvBwewe), evsjv`k Gmvwmqkb Ae evsKm (BAB), evsjv`k dib GP wWjvm Gmvwmqkb (BAFEDA), Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni K`xq kixqvn evW (CSBIB), BmjvwgK evsKm KbmvjUwUf dvivg (IBCF), XvKv wk I ewYK mwgwZ cfwZ cwZvbi m`m| `ki emiKvix LvZi evsKjvi ga Rgv, wewbqvM, cwiPvjbvMZ gybvdv, Avg`vwb-idZvwb evwYR, iwgUv msMn cfwZ mKj kxlvbxq Aevb ARbi cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW weki kxlvbxq `ynvRvi Ges Gwkqvi kxlvbxq cuvPk evsKi ZvwjKvq Afy nqQ| DbZ gvbi eevcbvi cvkvcvwk g~jabi chvZv, cwimì Yvejx, gybvdv ARb I h_v_ Zvij cwiwwZ cfwZ wgwjq Bmjvgx evsK GKwU mdj evsKi `v ej weewPZ nQ| 12.11. GKwesk kZKi evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs
Bmjvgx evsKeev
177
178
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Bmjvgx evsK mKj wePvi GKwU MY-evsK I mveRbxb evsK wnme Bmjvgx A_bxwZi Av_-mvgvwRK j AbymiY Ki `ki fvimvgc~Y Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb KvR KiQ| Bmjvgx Av`ki AwbwnZ kw I m`h, evsKi mKj ii Rbkwi mr, AvwiK I AvZwbew`Z mev, cwZvbi mKj chvq `ybxwZgy Kvhg, evsKvi I MvnKi gaKvi vZZ I Askx`vwiZg~jK mK G evsKi mvweK cwiekK weklfve ewkgwZ KiQ| KjvYgyLx evswKs avivi ceZKic Bmjvgx evsK `ki Av_-mvgvwRK LvZ MZ cvq wZb `kK h Ae`vb iLQ Zvi AvjvK ejv hvq, `ki mvweK evsKeev Bmjvgx A_bxwZi Av_-mvgvwRK j wbq KvR Kij `ki Qq mnmvwaK kvLvi G weivU evswKs bUIqvK evsjv`ki Afvex gvbyli nZvkv gyQ djZ Ges mvgwMKfve `kK mg KiZ Amvgvb Ae`vb ivLZ cvi| `ki Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb Bmjvgx evsKi f~wgKv weklY Ki `ki bZvbxq ZvwK A_bxwZwe` _K i Ki evswKs LvZi AbK kxl ew gb Kib, GKwesk kZvxZ evsjv`ki MvUv evsKeev Bmjvgx cwZZ icvwiZ ne| Gi dj `ki Av_mvgvwRK Dbqb bZzb MwZ I D`g mw ne| mekl weLvZ cwgv mvgwqKx BKbvwg-Gi GKwU ge DjL Kiv hvq| 1994 mvji 6 AvM msLvq cKvwkZ mvf Ae Bmjvg wkivbvgi GKwU `xN cwZe`b ejv nq t AZxZ wekevmx gymwjg b I Av`vjywmqv _K AvaywbK wkv-mswZ welq RbwQj Ges Bmjvgi KvQ _K BDwbfvwmwU mK aviYv cqwQj| Avi GLbKvi wek Bmjvgi KvQ _K Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi AvBwWqv MnY KiZ cvi| BKbvwg-Gi `wZ gymjgvbì AZxZ Mie Zvi wkvcwZ| Avi `xNKvj ci gvbeRvwZi cwZ Bmjvgi eZgvb Dcnvi Bmjvgx evswKs| BKbvwg-Gi G eei mviK_v njv t Bmjvgx evswKs BR mywcwiqi Uz Kbfbkbvj Iqvb gWvb evswKs wmg| cwgv AvaywbK evswKsGi mxgveZv AbK AvMB A_bxwZwe`ì KvQ nqQ| Zvi gyKvwejvq Bmjvgx evswKs GKwU wekl agxq cwZ wnme bq, eis mveRbxb Avw_K eev wnme RvwZ-ag-wbwekl weki mKj gvbyli
mvgb gywi GK bZzb w`M DbvwPZ KiQ| Bmjvgx evswKs njv Avw_K `ywbqvq GK Abb wece|
Bmjvgx evsKeev Z_m~

1. 2. 3. 4.
Schedule Bank Statistics, Bangladesh Bank
179
180
Bmjvgx evsKeev
evsK I Avw_K cwZvbmg~ni Kvhvejx t 2009-20010, A_ wefvM, A_ gYvjq, evsjv`k miKvi| gvnv` Ave`yj gvbvb, evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs eev, gvwmK `vim mvjvg, Bmjvgx evswKs msLv, mî 1999|
Dr. Muhammad Badiul Alam & Mohammad Abu Misir, Analysis of Comparative Financial Performance in Banking Sector of Bangladesh : A Study of Interest-free and Traditional Banks; Thoughts on Economics, IERB Vol-7, No. 3 & 4, 1997
Bmjvgx evswKs t mgvjvPbv I eveZv

Bmjvgx evswKs Zzjbvg~jKfve GKwU bZzb aviYv| my`wfwK cPwjZ evsKeevi wecixZ G bZzb aviYvK mKj GKBfve MnY Kieb, GUv Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Bmjvgx evswKs eevK bvbvRb wewfb Aevb _K `Lb Ges Zviv Zvì `wfw Abyhvqx G mK g~jvqb Kib|1 13.1. Bmjvgx evsK mK mvaviYi `wfw 1. Kviv weePbvq Bmjvgx evswKs GKwU Aeve aviYv| Kbbv evsKi mv_ myì mK AweQ`| KvRB my` Qvov hviv evswKs KiZ Pvb, Zvì m ^c evevwqZ nevi bq| Bmjvgx evswKs mK Zviv `~i _K Zxi Quvovi gZv Ki bvbv aibi weic ge Ki _vKb| Zvì mgvjvPbvq Zvì c~e-aviYviB ewntcKvk NU| Zviv ejI eovb h, my`wfwK evsK mivmwi my` Lvq, Avi Bmjvgx evsK mB GKB my` Nywiq Lvq| Zvì gZ G `yaibi evsKi gvS eve Kvb cv_K bB| 2. AviK kYxi jvK AvQb, Zviv Bmjvgx evswKs m~Y Aeve gb Kib bv| Zviv evsKeevq myì Aemvb nj Lywk| wK Zviv eySZ cvib bv GUv wKfve me| G kYxi jvKì GKwU Ask my`wfwK evsKi mv_ jb`b Kib Ges Zvì gv_vqI GUv wKQyZB XyKZ Pvq bv h, Bmjvgx evsK AvmjB my` eRb Ki kixqvi bxwZi wfwZ Zvì jb`b PvjvZ mg_ nQ| G kYxi jvKiv `~i _K Bmjvgx evsKi bvbv Kvhg I cwZ mK Zvì Av`vR-Abygvbi wfwZ mgvjvPbv Ki _vKb| 3. AviK `j jvK iqQb, Zviv Bmjvgx evsKi `p mg_K Ges Bmjvgx evsKi c Zviv K_v ejb| wK Bmjvgx evsK wVK wKfve my` eRb Ki Bmjvgx kixqvi bxwZi wfwZ eemv Pvjvq, m mK Zvì AbKiB aviYv bB| G evcvi Kviv
13.
5.
evsK I Avw_K cwZvbmg~ni Kvhvejx t 2009-20010, A_ wefvM, A_ gYvjq, evsjv`k miKvi|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
181
182
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Kviv aviYv GZUv AveQv h, Zviv Bmjvgx evswKsK h fvlvq evLv Kib, Zvi mv_ eve wPi wgj bB| fì ga AviK `j AvQb, hviv gb Kib, Bmjvgx evsK Zvì me KvRKvievi kixqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx cwiPvjbvi K_v NvlYv KiQ| dj GLb G evcvi Rvbv I gvbvi me `vq-`vwqZ Bmjvgx evsKiB| 4. Bmjvgx evsKi mv_ wbqwgZ jb`b KiQb, Ggb AbKi KvQI my`x evsK I Bmjvgx evsKi gaKvi cv_K bq| Bmjvgx evsKi RgvMnY I wewbqvMbxwZi AbK welq Zvì gbI AbK ck iqQ| Gfve Bmjvgx evsK _K `~i AevbKvix Ges Bmjvgx evsKi mv_ jb`bKvix AbKiB Bmjvgx evsK mK aviYvi NvUwZ iqQ| `ki `xN-cvPxb my`wfwK cwiek, wkveevq Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqi AbycwwZ Ges Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welq AvjvPbv I cPvii Afvei KviY Bmjvgx evswKs mK AbK wevw Ges AwfhvM I mgvjvPbv iqQ| Bmjvg Avv I wekvm cvlYKvixì gvSI G vbMZ NvUwZ h_ cwigvYB weivR KiQ| meP `ytLRbK welq njv, `xNw`b Bmjvgx evsKi mv_ wewfb aibi jb`bi ciI AbKiB aviYvMZ NvUwZ `~i nqwb| 13.2. Bmjvgx evswKs mK AwfhvM I mgvjvPbv Bmjvgx evswKs welq mPivPi hme AwfhvM I mgvjvPbv kvbv hvq Zvi KqKwU njv t 1. Bmjvgx evsK my`x evsKi gZvB c~ewbavwiZ nvi Zvì RgvKvixìK gybvdv `q| 2. Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wWcvwRUiìK me mgq ay jvfB `q| KLbv jvKmvbi fvwM`vi evbvq bv| A_P eemvq jvf I jvKmvb `ywUiB mvebv _vK| 3. wewbqvMi Bmjvgx evsK c~ewbavwiZ nvi jvf Av`vq Ki| eemvq jvKmvb nj evsK m jvKmvbi fvM bq bv| GUv Zv myì gZvB njv| 4. myì evsK hfve kZKiv nvi myì wnmve Ki, Bmjvgx evsKI mfveB kZKiv cwZZ jvfi wnmve Ki| Zvnj ay bvg Qvov Avi cv_K _vKjv Kv_vq?
5. eemvwqK Kvievi cYi cKwZf` jvfi nvi wfb nq| wK Bmjvgx evsK me aibi cYi GKB nvi jvf wbaviY Ki| GUv kixqvi `wZ KZUzKz MnYhvM? 6. Kvb MvnK wbavwiZ mgqi ga evsKi cvIbv cwikva e_ nj evsK gqvì AwZwi mgqi Rb cvIbvi Ici wbw` nvi wZc~iY avh I Av`vq Ki| eemvq jvKmvbi KviY MvnK me^v njI evsK Zvi Aev weePbv Ki bv| my`x evsKi mv_ Bmjvgx evsKi G AvPiYi cv_K Kv_vq? 7. my`x evsK Zvi FYi wecixZ eKx RvgvbZ MnY Ki| Bmjvgx evsKI ZvB Ki| eKx RvgvbZi eev KiZ bv cvij Bmjvgx evsK _K wewbqvM cvIqv hvq bv| Gfve Bmjvgx evsK ay abx I m`kvjx jvKìKB wewbqvM myweav c`vb Ki| abxK Aviv abx evbvq| Bmjvgx evsKi G bxwZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZi mv_ KZUzKz mwZc~Y? 8. Bmjvgx evsK my`wfwK K`xq evsKi wbqY _K my`x cwiek KvR KiQ| G wbqY I wbqg-bxwZi Aaxb KvR KiZ wMq AvBbMZ evaevaKZvi KviY Bmjvgx evsK K`xq evsK Zvi wewae Zvij mwwZi A_ Rgv ivLZ eva| G QvovI Bmjvgx evsK K`xq evsK e`wkK gy`v wbKvk wnmve ivLvmn wewfb aibi Avw_K jb`b Ki _vK| G Aevq Bmjvgx evsK wKfve wbRK cyivcywi my`gy `vwe KiZ cvi? 9. Bmjvgx evsK `ki wewfb my`x evsKi mv_ jb`b KiZ eva nq| G I Zvi Kvhg myì mv_ hy nq| 10. Avg`vwb-idZvwbmn wewfb aibi e`wkK evwYR cwiPvjbvi Rb Bmjvgx evsK `ywbqvi wewfb `ki my`wfwK evsKi mv_ wnmve Lyj Avw_K jb`b KiZ eva nq| G Aevq Bmjvgx evsK myì mv_ RwoZ nq co| ZviciI Bmjvgx evsK my`gy ej wKfve `vwe KiZ cvi? G aibi e ck I AwfhvM Bmjvgx evsK mK iqQ| 13.3. Bmjvgx evsK mwKZ AwfhvM Lb Bmjvgx evsK mK mevwaK cPwjZ Gme AwfhvM I mgvjvPbv GLvb msc AvjvPbv Kiv njv t
Bmjvgx evsKeev
183
184
Bmjvgx evsKeev
13.3. Bmjvgx evsK RgvKvixì h gybvdv `q Zv KZUzKz ea? wKQy jvKi aviYv, my`x evsK UvKv Rgv ivLj hgb c~e wbavwiZ nvi my` `qv nq, Bmjvgx evsKI Abyic c~e wbavwiZ nvi gybvdv `q| GQvov Bmjvgx vsK Zvi RgvKvixì me mgq ay jvfB `q, jvKmvb kixK Ki bv| Bmjvgx evsKi jvf my`x evsKi my` _K wKfve c_K, Zv bq| GQvov Bmjvgx evsK wewfb my`wfwK cwZvbi mv_ jb`b Ki| G Aevq Bmjvgx evsK _K cv jvf KZUv kixqvnmZ? 13.3.1. Bmjvgx evsK I my`x evsKi RgvbxwZi cv_K Bmjvgx evsK mqx I gqv`x RgvKvixì KvQ _K gy`vivev cwZZ UvKv Rgv bq| gy`vivev Ggb GK eemv cwZ hLvb GKc g~jab c`vb Ki| Abc Zvi kg, gav I `Zv wbqvwRZ Ki m g~jab w`q eemv cwiPvjbv Ki| evswKs jb`bi RgvKvix njb mvwneyj gvj (g~jab`vZv), Avi evsK G gy`vwie ev eemv cwiPvjbvKvix| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi RgvKvixì Znwej kixqvn Abygvw`Z wewfb cvq wewbqvM Ki| eemvq jvf nj Pzw Abyhvqx AvbycvwZK nvi Dfqi ga Zv fvM nq| jvKmvb nj Zv g~jab`vZv enb Kib| Bmjvgx evsK RgvKvixì KvQ _K Bmjvgx kixqvi Avj Iqvw`qv bxwZi wfwZ PjwZ wnmve Ges gy`vivev bxwZi wfwZ mqx, gqv`x BZvw` jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vwi wnme UvKv Rgv bq| Abw`K my`x evsK c~ewbavwiZ myì nvii wfwZ Zvì mqx I wdW wWcvwRU AvKvDU UvKv Rgv bq| Bmjvgx evsKi Rgv MnYi bxwZ I cwZ my`x evsKi wnmve _K m~Y wfb cKwZi| my`x evsK c~e wbavwiZ myì nvii wfwZ MvnKì KvQ _K UvKv Rgv bq Ges m UvKv Zviv m~Y myì wfwZ nvjvj-nvivg wbwekl hKvb LvZ LvwUq A_ Avq Ki| G Zviv RgvKvixì KvQ _K Kg `vg UvKv wKb FYMnxZvì KvQ m UvKv ewk `vg wew Ki| UvKv KbvePvi G my`x Kvievi _K cv Avq m~Y nvivg| G nvivg UvKvi GKwU AskB Zviv RgvKvixì w`q _vK| cvi Bmjvgx evsK kixqvn Abygvw`Z cwZZ Rgv MnY Ki m A_ Kej kixqvn Abygvw`Z nvjvj cvq nvjvj LvZ wewbqvM Ki _vK| Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvMcwZi ga iqQ evB-gyivevnv, evB-gyqvvj, evB-mvjvg, BmwZmbv, gykvivKv, gy`vivev BZvw`| Gme RgvKvixMY eemvq jvfi fvMx`vi nb| my`x evsKi gZv c~ewbavwiZ nvi my` cvb bv|
13.3.2. c~ewbavwiZ my` ebvg cvwjZ jvf evsKi wnmve P~ov nIqvi AvMB mvwneyj gvj eQii hKvb mgq Zvi g~jab cZvnvi KiZ cvib| ZvB jvf-jvKmvb wnmve Kivi Rb eQii kl w`b ch MvnKK AvUK bv iL weMZ eQii jvfi AvjvK GKUv cvwjZ ev AvbygvwbK jvf (Provisional profit) MvnKi AvKvDU w`q `qv nq| eQii kl wnmve P~ov nIqvi ci MvnKi AvKvDU jvfi evwK Ask (hw` _vK) `qv nq| cvwjZ jvfi Pq cKZ jvf Kg nj MvnKi AvKvDU _K Zv KU bqv nq| eemvqi P~ov djvdj Abyhvqx eemvq jvKmvb nj gy`vivev eemvqi wbqgvbyhvqx Zv mvwneyj gvj ev AvKvDUnvviK enb KiZ nq| GfveB my`x evsKi mv_ Bmjvgx evsKi mqx I wewfb gqv`x Rgv wnmvemg~ni cwZMZ gwjK cv_K mw nq| 13.3.3. Bmjvgx evsK RgvKvixì me mgq jvf `q wKfve? Bmjvgx evsKi eemvq Kv_vI Kv_vI jvKmvbI nZ cvi| Ze Bmjvgx evsK e-wewP LvZ jvL jvL MvnKK wewbqvM Ki _vK| Zvi ga wKQy eemvq jvKmvb Ges evwK me eemvq jvf nj mvgwMKfve evsKi eemvqi djvdj ùvovq jvf| GwUB weMZ eQijvZ Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM Kvhgi eve AwfZv| dj weMZ eQijvZ KLbv MvnKK jvKmvb enb KiZ nqwb| Avi eemvq jvKmvb bv nj m eemv nvjvj ne bv, G aviYv kixqvn&mZ bq| G AviKwU welq njv, Kvb eQi jvf Kg nj Pzw Abyhvqx RgvKvixK (mvwneyj gvjK) Zvi cvc jvf w`q `qvi ci evsK Zvi wbR^ jvf _KI wKQy Ask Qo w`Z cvi| Gfve wbRi jvfi wKQy Ask ^Qvq AbK Qo `qv cyivcywi ea| Bmjvgx kixqvn& GK DrmvwnZ Kiv nqQ| GUvK kixqvi cwifvlvq Bnmvb ejv nq| Bmjvgx evsK mvwneyj gvjK jvf `qvi Bnmvbi bxwZ AbymiY Ki _vK| Bmjvgx evsKi Rb AviKwU weeP welq njv, eemvq jvKmvbi KviY RgvKvixi g~jab Lvqv Mj evsKi AvgvbZi Ici weic cfve coZ cvi| cwZhvwMZvg~jK evRvi G welqwUi w`K j ivLv evwYwRK cwZvb wnme Bmjvgx evsKi Rb Riwi| G KviY AvKwK jvKmvbi nvZ _K MvnKi g~jabK iv Kivi Rb Bmjvgx evsK mP iqQ| G Dk wewbqvM wZc~iY mwwZ
Bmjvgx evsKeev
185
186
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Znwej ev Investment Loss Offsetting Reserve (ILOR) bvg Bmjvgx evsKi GKwU wekl Znwej iqQ| evsK cwZeQi Zvi wbR^ Avqi GKwU Ask G wiRvf dv Rgv ivL| cqvRb `Lv w`j D msiwZ wbR^ Znwej _K MvnKi wZ cywlq `qv me| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi GKwU eo wiRvf dv MZ GKzk eQi Mo DVQ| wewbqvMi eo Kvb mgmvq bv covq ZvK KLbv G Znwej nvZ w`Z nqwb| GwU Bmjvgx evsKi wei mgvjvPbvi welq nZ cvi bv| Zvì cwiPvjbMZ `Zv I DbZ Znwej eevcbv G KviY cksmvi `vwe`vi| 13.3.4. m`nRbK Avq wK Kiv nq? Bmjvgx evsK Kvb& cwZZ KZ UvKv wewbqvM KiQ, ZvZ kixqvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY Kiv nqQ wK bv, q-weq cwZi (evB-gyivevnv, evB-gyqvvj, evB-mvjvg BZvw`) gvag wewbqvMi kixqvi bxwZ I cwZ Abyhvqx q-weq nqQ wK bv, Zv wbqwgZfve evsKi kixqvn KvDwji c _K kvLv chvq cixv-wbixv Kiv nq| Kvb wewbqvMi Awbqg aiv coj Zv _K cv AvqK kixqvi `wZ m`nRbK wnme wPwZ Kiv nq| G A_ evsKi ^vfvweK Avq _K c_K Ki kixqvn& KvDwji ivq Abyhvqx kixqvn& Abygvw`Z wfb Kvb KvR eq ev eenvi Kiv nq| m`nRbK ev Aea Avq RgvKvixì ga eb Kiv nq bv| 13.4. Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM Kvhg KZUv Bmjvgx? Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM mK mgvjvPKMY ej _vKb h, Bmjvgx evsK _K wewbqvM wbj my`x evsKi gZB c~ewbavwiZ nvi gybvdv w`Z nq| my`x evsK hic myì nvi wbavwiZ _vK, Bmjvgx evsKI mfve AvMB gybvdvi nvi wbavwiZ Ki `qv nq| eemvq jvKmvb nj evsK Zvi fvM bq bv| Zviv ay jvfi ejvq AvQ, jvKmvb bB| Bmjvgx evsK kZKiv nvi Zvì jvfi wnmve Ki| gqv`vxY cvIbvi Ici wZc~iY avh Ki| wewbqvM Av`vq wbwZ Kivi Rb mw eK bq| Bmjvgx evsKi wnmve-c I wbqg-Kvbybi mv_ my`x evsKi cv_K eySv hvq bv| 13.4.1. c~ewbavwiZ nvi jvf Av`vq wK ea? c_gB weeP njv, jvf c~ewbavwiZ njB Zv myì chvq coe wKbv| Bmjvgx kixqvq jvf-jvKmvb Askx`vix cwZZ eemv Kivi hgwb AbygwZ AvQ, Abyic g~jabi Ici c~e wbavwiZ jvf KiviI
kixqvn&mZ nvjvj eemv-cwZ AvQ| evB gyivevnv, evB gyqvvj, evB mvjvg cfwZ cwZ ePvKbvi mv_ hy| G aibi ePvKbv evRvi cwZwbqZ PjQ Ges kixqvn& Zv Abygv`b Ki| hgb gvj wKb qg~ji mv_ wbw` cwigvY jvf hvM Ki Zv cybivq wew KivK evB-gyivevnv ej| Bmjvgx evsK Zvi MvnKì Abyiva Kvb gvj msMn Ki Zvi KvQ gyivevnv cwZZ wew Ki| Bmjvgx evsKi G aibi gyivevnvK gyivevnv wjj& Avwgi wek&wkiv ejv nq|2 G cwZZ evsK c_g MvnKi KvQ _K gvji AWvi bq| m Abyhvqx evRvi _K bM`g~j gvj Lwi` Ki| evsK Zvi qg~ji mv_ wbw` jvf hvM Ki MvnKì KvQ Zv wew Ki| gyivevnv cwZi ePvKbvq jvf AekB c~e wbavwiZ nZ ne| jvf wbavwiZ bv Ki jb`b Kij gyivevnv ePvKbv ne bv| evRvi-`vKvb cwZw`b mKjB G aibi AmsL jb`b KiQb| Avj-KziAvb G q-weqK nvjvj ejv nqQ Ges myì mv_ GwUi my cv_K wb`k Kiv nqQ| my`x evsKi FY c`vbcwZi mv_ Bmjvgx evsKi G wewbqvMcwZ m~Y c_K| aiv hvK, my`wfwK evsK KvDK GK jvL UvKv FY w`q GK eQii Rb cbiv nvRvi UvKv my` avh Ki w`jv| Abw`K Bmjvgx evsK GK jvL UvKvq Kvb gvj wKb Zv GK jvL cbiv nvRvi UvKvq wew Ki UvKv cwikvai Rb GK eQi mgq w`jv| G UvKv Av`vqi gqv`, wnmve I jvf AvcvZ `wZ GKB iKg gb nq| wK c_gwU UvKvi FYi wecixZ avhKZ my`| wZxqwU cYi qweqi gvag AwRZ nvjvj gybvdv| c_gwU my`x cwZZ UvKvi jb`b| wZxqwU njv cYi eemv| c_g cwZK Bmjvgx kixqvn& myfve nvivg NvlYv KiQ, Avi wZxq cwZK m~Yic ea ev nvjvj ejQ| my`K Avjvn ZvAvjv nvivg NvlYv KiQb| AZGe, my` AekB eRb KiZ ne| GgbwK myì AvksKv mwKvix Kvb jb`b KivI mZ bq| G cm Ave~ mvC` Avj& Lyìx (iv) I Ave~ ivBiv (iv) _K ewYZ GKwU nv`xm GLvb DjL Kiv hZ cvi| ivm~jyjvn mv. GKRb mvnvexK LvBevi KgPvix wbqvM Kib| H mvnvex ivm~j mv.-Gi wbKU fvj gvbi wKQy LRyi wbq Gjb| ivm~j mv. RvbZ PvBjb, LvBevii me LRyi wK G iKg? wZwb ejjb, bv, Avjvni Kmg, n Avjvni ivm~j!
Bmjvgx evsKeev
187
188
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Avgiv G gvbi GK mv LRyi msMn Kwi mvaviY gvbi `yB mv LRyii wewbgq| `yB mv msMn Kwi wZb mv-Gi wewbgq| ivm~j mv. ejjb, G iKg Kiv bv| c_g Zvgvì LRyi wìnvgi wewbgq wew Kie| Gici D wìnvg w`q DbZ gvbi LRyi wKbe|3 GLvb G `yB jb`bi ga KD KD Kvb ZdvZ LuyR cveb bv| GwUKI Kviv KvQ Nywiq LvIqv gb nZ cvi| wK ivm~j mv. c_gwU wbwl KiQb Ges wZxq cwZwU Abygv`b KiQb| mgRvZxq e Kgewk Ki KbvePvZ Kvb GK ci cZvwiZ nIqvi Avkv _vK| Bmjvgx evsK myì Avkvhy mKj cwZ cwinvi Ki my`gy cwZ I cv Aej^b Ki, GwUB kixqvn Abygvw`Z mwVK KgbxwZ| q-weq QvovI bvbv cqvRb evwo, hcvwZ, hvbevnb ev AbKvb m` c~ewbavwiZ nviB fvov `qv nq| g~j ev fvov c~e wbavwiZ nIqvi mv_ myì mK bB| my` I jvfi ga cv_Ki KviY m~Y Avjv`v| 13.4.2. Bmjvgx evsK wK ay jvf AvQ, jvKmvb bB? Bmjvgx evsK kixqvn&wfwK eemvwqK cwZvb| Bmjvgi weavb AbymiY Ki eemv cwiPvjbv KiZ G evsK cwZkwZe| kixqvq hme cwZZ eemv Kiv ea, Zv cavbZ wZb cKvi| h_v t 1. q-weq cwZ, 2. A_vqb cwZ Ges 3. BRviv cwZ| G wZbwU cwZi ga AbZg nQ q-weq ev evB cwZ| cwe KziAvb Avjvn ZvAvjv ejQb t Avjvn q-weqK nvjvj KiQb Ges my`K KiQb nvivg|4 q-weqcwZi ewk njv, wewZ gvj ZvK eywSq `qvi ci Zv b nq Mj ev nvwiq Mj ev Zv Zv Ab Kg `vg wew Kivi KviY Zvi jvKmvb nj weZv m wZ ev jvKmvb enb Kib bv| q-weqcwZ A_vr evB-gyivevnv ev evB-gyqvvj cwZZ Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvMi evsK I MvnKi gaKvi mK nQ weZv-Zv mK| G evsK weZv Avi MvnK Zv| evsK evRvi _K gvj wKb Zv MvnKi KvQ wew Ki Ges g~j cwikvai Rb wbavwiZ mgq `q| G gvj MvnKi jvf-jvKmvbi mv_ evsKi mK bB| MvnK m cYi eemvq c~e aviYvi Zzjbvq ewk jvf Kij m evowZ jvfi mv_I evsKi Kvb mK _vK bv|
Abw`K gy`vivev I gykvivKv cwZi eemvq c~ewbavwiZ nvi jvf Kivi Kvb myhvM bB| gykvivKvi jvf nj Zv Pzwi kZ Abymvi eb ne| jvKmvb nj Zv g~jabi AvbycvwZK nvi evsK I MvnK enb Kie| gy`vivev eemvqI jvf `yci gaKvi Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx ewZ ne| Avi jvKmvb nj evsK mvwneyj gvj wnme Zv GKvB enb Kie| myZivs Bmjvgx evsK _K wewbqvM wbj c~e wbavwiZ nvi gybvdv w`Z nq, Avi G KviY Bmjvgx evsKi jb`b Bmjvgx kixqvn&mZ bq, G aibi AbygvbwfwK aviYv Kivi myhvM bB| Bmjvgx jb`bi ea cwZ mK my aviYv bv wbq Bmjvgx evsKi wei Nywiq my` LvIqvi AwfhvM Zvjv `yfvMRbK Ges kixqvi `wZ AMnYhvM| AviKwU cwZ njv nvqvi cvPR Avvi wkiKvZzj wgjK ev gvwjKvbvq kixKvbvi wfwZ fvovq q| G cwZZ Bmjvgx evsK gwkb, hcvwZ, hvbevnb, vqx m` BZvw` MvnKi wbKU fvov `q Ges Zv wKwZ wew Kivi Pzw Ki| Gic fvov (BRviv) Pzwi ejvZI evsK jvKmvb enb KiZ eva bq| 13.4.3. gykvivKv wewbqvM jvKmvb fvM nq g~jabi AvbycvwZK nvi Askx`vix ev gykvivKv eemvcwZ q-weqcwZi gZv bq| G `yB ev ZZvwaK ew ev cwZvb Askx`vixi wfwZ g~jabi hvMvb `q| eemvq jvf nj Zv Pzw Abyhvqx eb nq| jvKmvb nj cuywRi AvbycvwZK nvi mKjK m jvKmvb enb KiZ nq| gykvivKv cwZZ eemv cwiPvjbvi Bmjvgx evsK g~jabi GKvsk hvMvb `q Ges MvnK evKx Ask `q| eemvq jvf nj ZvZ evsK I MvnK Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx fvM cve, Avi jvKmvb nj Dfq c Zvì g~jabi AbycvZ Abyhvqx jvKmvb enb Kie| GUvB gykvivKv cwZi mviK_v| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 1983 mvj cwZv jvfi ci ciB gykvivKv cwZZ eemv i Ki| wK `ki AvBb KvVvgv I Abvb eve cwiwwZi KviY G evsK gykvivKv cwZi Abykxjb KiZ wMq wKQy eve Amyweavi myLxb nq| dj G cwZi wewbqvM fvUv co| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW gykvivKv cwZZ Zvi wewbqvM evovbvi evcvi GLb Avevi D`vM wbqQ| G evcvi gvbyqj cYqb Kiv nqQ Ges eQiIqvwi jgvv wbaviY Ki Zv evevqbi evcvi Pv PjQ| fvjv MvnKì mnhvwMZv cj evsK G Kvhg mdj ne ej Avkv Kiv hvq|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
189
190
Bmjvgx evsKeev
13.4.4. gy`vivev wewbqvM evsK GKvB jvKmvb enb Ki gy`vivev cwZZ evsK mvwneyj gvj Ges MvnK gy`vwie wnme f~wgKv cvjb Kib| Kvb MvnK wewbqvM MnY Kivi ci mswk eemvq jvf nj Pzwi kZ Abyhvqx m jvf MvnK I evsKi ga fvM ne| wK jvKmvb nj Zvi cyivUvB mvwneyj gvj wnme Bmjvgx evsK GKv enb Kie| G cwZZ eemv Kivi Rb DbZ bwZKZv, AvgvbZ`vix I mZZvmb MvnKi cqvRb| evsjv`ki evswKs mii FYLjvcx cwiek Bmjvgx evsKviMY gy`vivev cwZZ wewbqvMi evcvi h_ Drmvn cvb bv| ZviciI Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi eywbqvw` j nvwmj Ges G eevi ewkK mgybZ Kivi ZvKx` _K gykvivKvi cvkvcvwk gy`vivev wewbqvM cwiPvjbvi evcvi wmv wbqQ Ges G Dk ^Z gvbyqj cYqb KiQ| 13.4.5. kZKiv nvi jvf avh cm `xNw`b _K Pvjy _vKv my`wfwK evsK eevq myì wnmve kZKiv nvi Abyhvqx Kiv nq| AbK Qvvevq HwKK wbqg kZKiv nvi myì wnmve KiQb| G gbvwK cUf~wgZ Zvì KvQ kZKiv nvii wnmve myì mgv_K ej gb nq| cKZc kZKiv nvi GKwU wnmvecwZ gv| G cwZZ fvjv-g`, nvjvj-nvivg, jvf-jvKmvb me aibi wnmveB Kiv me| nvjvj eemv-evwYRi jvf-jvKmvb ev Avq-eqi wnmve kZKiv cwZZ Kiv kixqvi `wZ AvcwKi bq| G aibi ^vfvweK wnmve-ixwZ cyivcywi kixqvn&mZ| 13.5. mKj cY GKB nvi jvf wbaviY wK ea? Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM mK AviKwU AwfhvM njv, eemvqxMY Zvì KbvePvi wewfb cY wewfb Zvi KvQ _K wewfb iKg jvf Kib| A_P Bmjvgx evsK mKj cYi Rb mKj Zvi Ici GKB nvi jvf avh Ki| Pvj, Wvj, Avjy, iW, wmgU, mvi, Kqjv, Kvco Z_v mKj cY wewbqvMi B jvfi nvi cvq GK iKg| Bmjvgx evsK mwZKvi A_ eemv Kij Zvi mv_ eemvqxì jvfi nvii wgj bB Kb? Bmjvgx evsKi wei Gic AwfhvM Dvcb Kivi AvM `LZ ne jvf wbaviYi kixqvi bxwZ Kxic| wewfb cY wfb wfb nvi jvf Kiv Riwi wK bv, wKsev Kvb& cY KZ jvf KiZ ne Ggb Kvb K_v KziAvb-nv`xm iqQ wK bv| G g~j weeP njv, Bmjvgx evsK jvf wbaviYi kixqvi Kvb wb`k ev bxwZK jNb KiQ wK bv|
G cm DiIqv Beb Avwej Rv` Avj eviKx (iv) _K ewYZ GKwU nv`xm DjL Kiv hZ cvi| gnvbex mv.-Gi wbKU ci GKwU Pvjvbi Lei Gj| wZwb DiIqv (iv)-K GKwU w`bvi w`q GKwU eKix wKb AvbZ cvVvjb| DiIqv (iv) GK w`bvi w`q `ywU eKix wKbjb| c_ Ab GK jvKi KvQ GK w`bvii wewbgq GKwU eKix wew Ki w`jb| evwK GKwU eKix I GK w`bvi wbq wdi Gm wZwb ivm~j mv.K w`jb| cyiv welqwU kvbvi ci ivm~j mv. Avjvni KvQ DiIqvi jb`b eiKZ Kvgbv Ki `vqv Kijb|5 G nv`xm _K `Lv hvQ kZKiv GKk fvM jvf Kivi ciI nhiZ DiIqvi eemvq eiKZi Rb ivm~j mv. `yAv KiQb| gRyZ`vix bv Ki, cZviYvi Avkq bv wbq ev Kviv Ici hyjyg bv Ki Zvi ^vfvweK I ^Qv-mwZi wfwZ Kvb cY wew Ki weZv ewk jvf Kij kixqvq Zv ea| jvfi mewbg mxgv mK wZiwghx kixdi GKwU nv`xm _K aviYv cvIqv hvq| Avgi Beb AvBe Zuvi wcZv _K `v`vi m~ eYbv Kib, ivm~j mv. ejQb, h ew Kvb BqvZxgi AwffveKZ jvf Ki, m hb D BqvZxgi m` _vKj Zv eemvq wewbqvM Ki, hvZ hvKvZ Zv Lq bv dj|6 GLvb g~jab msiYi ZvKx` j Kiv hvq| Kvb& cY KZ jvf Kiv hve, meKvjxb I wekRbxb Av`k Bmjvg Gic vqx wb`kbv bv _vKvB ^vfvweK| Ze kixqvi mvaviY bxwZi AvjvK Kvb Kvb Bmjvgx wPvwe` cYi aib Abyhvqx jvf wbaviYi wKQy bxwZgvjv DjL KiQb| hgb t K. hme cY GKB eQi evievi Drcvw`Z nq, mjvZ Kg jvf Kiv Ges hme cY wej^ Drcvw`Z nq, mjvZ ewk jvf Kiv; L. bM` wewi ejvq Kg jvf Kiv Ges evwKZ wewi ejvq ewk jvf Kiv; M. AZvekKxq cYi Kg jvf Kiv, Avi wejvmèi ewk jvf Kiv| Bmjvgx evsK GKwU Avw_K cwZvb wnme bvbv welq weePbv Ki wewbqvwRZ g~jabi jvfi nvi wbaviY Ki _vK| evsKi Rb wbivc` I mnR cwZ njv evwKZ weqK weePbvq iL jvf wbaviY Kiv| bM` wew Kij h jvf nq, evwKZ wewi ZviPq ewk jvf Kiv kixqvq ea| Bmjvgx evsKeev cwZvi AbK AvMB Bgvg Ave~ nvwbdv, Bgvg kvwdC, Bgvg gvwjK I Bgvg Avng` (i) kixqvi wewfb `wjj chvjvPbv Ki jvf wbaviYi G cwZ ea ej gZ cKvk Ki MQb|7
Bmjvgx evsKeev
191
192
Bmjvgx evsKeev
GQvov Kx cwigvY jvf Kij gy`vivev RgvKvixìK KvwZ jvf `qv hve, kqvinvviìK KvwZ wWwfW `qv hve Ges evswKs mi Bmjvgx evsK GKwU ghv`vc~Y jvfRbK cwZvb wnme mKji Avv ARb I Zvi mybvg ai ivLZ Ges mvdji mv_ Zvi AMhvv AevnZ ivLZ cvie, mme w`K mvgb iL Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wewbqvMi wecixZ jvfi nvi weePbv Ki _vK| h mKj cY gvbyli RxebaviYi Rb AZvekKxq I wbZcqvRbxq, mjvi jvf Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg Kiv Bmjvgx Avw_K bxwZi mv_ mwZc~Y| GQvov mgvRi myweavewZ jvKìK wewbqvMmyweav c`vbi I Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg jvf Kivi welqwU wekl weePbv cZ cvi| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW Zvi cjx Dbqb cKi AvIZvq Mvgi `wi` jvKìK eKx RvgvbZ QvovB 5 _K 50 nvRvi UvKv ch wewbqvMmyweav w`q _vK| Zvì jvfi nviI Kg avh Kiv nq| Abyicfve z` eemvqxì Rb Bmjvgx evsKi wekl xg iqQ| mLvbI Kg nvi jvf Kiv nq| GwU KjvYgyLx A_eev ceZb Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j I KgbxwZi mv_ mvgmc~Y| 13.6. Ljvcx MvnKi Ici wZc~iY Avivc Kiv wK kixqvn&mZ? AviKwU AwfhvM njv, Kvb MvnK wbavwiZ mgq evsKi cvIbv cwikva e_ nj Bmjvgx evsK gqvì AwZwi mgqi Rb cvIbv UvKvi Ici wbw` nvi wZc~iY Avivc Ki| mswk MvnKi eemvq jvKmvb nj wKsev MvnK me^v nq MjI evsK Zv weePbv Ki bv| G cPwjZ my`x evsKi mv_ Zvì AvPiY I cwZi Zgb Kvb cv_K bB| A_P cwe KziAvb Avjvn Zvqvjv G cm ejb, FYM ew AmQj nq coj ZvK mQjZv Avmv ch AeKvk `vI, Avi mv`Kvn Kiv (Gic AmQj ewi FY gvd Ki `qv) Zvgvì Rb Dg|8 `bv`vi ew AmQj nj ZvK gvd Kiv KziAvbi `wZ GKwU Dg KvR| Ze ewMZfve KvDK UvKv avi w`q cvIbv UvKv gvd Ki `qv Avi evsK KZK Zvi cvIbv gvd Ki `qv GKK_v wK-bv Zv weePbvi `vwe ivL| evsK gy`vivev cwZZ meii RgvKvixi KvQ _K g~jab wbq Zv wewbqvM Ki| Ljvcx MvnKi KvQ AvUK cov UvKvi gvwjK evsK bq| RgvKvixMY Bmjvgx evsK UvKv Rgv Kib eemv _K nvjvj Dcvq jvf cvIqvi Rb| m UvKv gvd Ki `qvi kZ bq| G Aevq KvDK gvd Kivi Rb h_v_ kviC KviY _vKv ìKvi Ges Zvi cqvM AZ mxwgZ chvq nIqvI evbxq|
Kvb MvnK mZ KviY evsKi cvIbv cwikva h_v_B Amg_ nq coj Bmjvgx evsK ZvK mgq evwoq w`Z cvi| Ze `LZ ne, MvnK AvmjB Amg_ nq coQb wK bv| evsKi cvIbv cwikvaK Kvb Kvb MvnK mevP Riwi welq gb Kib bv| FY cwikva AbK mw`Qvi NvUwZ `Lv hvq| AwfZv _K `Lv hvq, evsKi FY-Ljvcxì ga `wi` MvnKi Zzjbvq weevbì msLvB ekx| Gic ew cKZc Amg_ bb| Kvb Kvb MvnK GK LvZ eemvi K_v ej wewbqvM wbq Zv Ab LvZ eenvi Kib| dj mgqgZv evsKi UvKv cwikva KiZ cvib bv| Iqv`v I wekvm fKvix Gme MvnKi g~j mgmv UvKvi bq, ^fvei| ivm~jyjvn mv.-Gi fvlvq Giv hvwjg| mQj abx ewi Uvj-evnvbv hyjyg|9 FY cwikva mg ewi Uvj-evnvbv Kiv Zvi mvbnvwb I kvwK nvjvj ev ea Ki `q|10 A_vr mg_ ew FY cwikva Mwogwm Kij Zv hyjyg wnme MY ne| G AeKvk `qvi cwieZ ZvK kvw `qv ea ne| Ljvcx MvnKì KvQ _K `Z UvKv Av`vqi eev bv nIqv ch Bmjvgx evsK Avqxfve wZc~iY Av`vq KiZ cvi| G AbygwZ kixqvn&weklMY w`qQb| GwU Ljvcx MvnKì wei GKwU kvwZg~jK eev| Ze G aibi wZc~iY Avivc Kivi GLwZqvi Bmjvgx evsKi nvZ bv _K ZZxq Kvb msvi nvZ _vKv DwPZ| G Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi wZc~iY Av`vqi welq wmv bqvi Rb nvBKvUi GKRb Aemicv wePvicwZ, RvZxq chvqi kxlvbxq GKRb AvBbwekl Ges XvKv wekwe`vjqi GKRb AavcK mg^q GKwU ^Z I ^vaxb KwgwU iqQ| G evcvi Aviv GKwU iZc~Y weeP welq njv, wZc~iY wnme Av`vqKZ A_ evsKi nvjvj Avqic MY Kiv nq bv| kixqvn KvDwji wmv gyZveK kixqvn& Abygvw`Z cvq Zv RbwnZKi KvR eq Kiv nq| 13.7. wewbqvM MvnKì mw eK bqv Ges abxì Aviv abx evbvbvi AwfhvM cm AwfhvM njv, hvì eK ivLvi gZv m` bB, Zviv Bmjvgx evsK _K wewbqvM cvq bv| Bmjvgx evsK Kejgv weevbìK wewbqvMmyweav `q Ges Gfve abxìKB Aviv abx evbvZ Pvq| FY Av`vq wbwZ Kivi Rb eK bqv wKsev Kviv wbKU evKxZ gvj wew Ki cvIbv Av`vq wbwZ Kivi Rb Zvi KvQ _K eK bqv kixqvn& Abyhvqx ea| cwe KziAvb Avjvn ZvAvjv ejQb t
Bmjvgx evsKeev
193
194
Bmjvgx evsKeev
Avi hw` Zvgiv mdi _vKv Ges Kvb (Pzw `wjj-Gi) jLK bv cvI Zvnj eKx e nMZ Kiv DwPZ|11 G AvqvZ FY Av`vq wbwZ Kivi Rb eK bqvi K_v ejv nqQ| GLvb mdii cm DjL Kiv njI mdi Qvov Ab AevqI eK bqv ea, G evcvi mKj Bgvg GKgZ| ivm~j mv.-Gi Rxeb _KB G evcvi `v cvIqv hvq| mnxn eyLvixZ nhiZ Avqkv (iv) _K ewYZ, ivm~j mv. GK Bwì KvQ _K evwKZ Lvevi wKb Zuvi jvnvi eg eK iLwQjb|12 ivm~jyjvn mv. G mgq Kvb mdi wQjb bv| KziAvb I mybvni G weavbi AvjvK Ges `ki cPwjZ AvBbi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Bmjvgx evsK Zvi wewbqvM wbwZ Kivi Rb eK wbq _vK| Bmjvgx evsK ay eK ivLZ mg_ jvKìKB wewbqvM myweav `q, G aviYvI wVK bq| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW Zvi AMvwaKvicv cjx Dbqb cKi AvIZvq cjx GjvKvi `wi`, Amnvq, wenxb, f~wgnxb bvix-cyilK wewbqvMmyweav w`q _vK| ZvìK Avw_Kfve ^vej^x Kivi Rb Avqeabg~jK wewfb cY evsK evRvi _K wKb Zvì KvQ mvgvb jvf weq Ki| Ab eemvqxì KvQ cY weq Kivi evsK h nvi jvf avh Ki cjxi G `wi` jvKì ejvq jvf avh Ki ZviP AbK Kg| BZvga Bmjvgx evsKi G xgi AvIZvq 3700 Mvgi ò jvwaK m`m cwievi DcKZ nQb| G Zvì KvQ _K Kvb eK bqv nq bv| GQvovI z` eemvqxì Dbqbi ^v_ z` eemvqx wewbqvM cK bvgi xgi AvIZvq evsK Kvb cKvi eK QvovB evB-gyqvvj cwZZ 50 nvRvi UvKv ch wewbqvM w`Q|13 eo I gvSvix eemvqxì wewbqvMi Zzjbvq GLvbI evsKi jvfi nvi Kg| Gfve Bmjvgx evsK ay abxì bq, `wi` RbMvxi Avw_K gvb Dbqbi RbI KvR KiQ| 13.8. K`xq evsK I Abvb my`x evsKi mv_ jb`b evsjv`ki mKj Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k evsKi Aaxb| Avi evsjv`k evsKi jb`b my`wfwK| Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k evsKi mv_ jb`b KiZ eva| G Qvov Bmjvgx evsK `kx-we`kx wewfb my`x evsKi mv_I jb`b Ki| dj Bmjvgx evsKi KvhgI my`gy bq| G AwfhvM weePbvi AvM DjL Kiv cqvRb h, Bmjvgx kixqvn& gyZvweK evswKs jb`b cwiPvjbv Kivi RbB evsjv`k evsK Bmjvgx evsKK AbygwZ w`qQ| Bmjvgx evsKjv kixqvn& gyZvweK evswKs
Kvhg cwiPvjbv KiQ wK bv, Zv wbwZ KivI evsjv`k evsKi `vwqZi AvIZvq co| Kvb Bmjvgx evsK Zvi KvR PvjvZ wMq hvZ kixqvn& cwicvjb Amyweav ev cwZeKZvi myLxb bv nq Zv `LvI evsjv`k evsKi `vwqZ| G evcvi mvgwMK cvcU weePbvq bv Gb `~i _K Zxi Quvovi gZv XvjvI ev `vwqZnxb ge Kiv wVK bq| Bmjvgx evsK my`wfwK cwiek I AvBb-KvVvgvMZ cwZKjZvi ga Zvi KvR i Ki| wbRK myì mv_ RwoZ bv Kivi `p AxKvii KviY G evsK i _K G ch AbK Avw_K ZvM ^xKvi KiQ| mBmv_ Zviv Bmjvgx AvBbKvVvgv I weK myweavwì eev Kivi Rb evsjv`k evsKi wbKU Ave`b Rvwbq GmQ| m Ave`bi cwZ evsjv`k evsK Bmjvgx evsKjvi Rb wKQy wKQy AvBbMZ I Abvb eev KiQ, hwÌ Zv GLbv Achv| cwZwU evwYwRK evsK eZgvb Zvi gvU wWcvwRUi 16% K`xq evsK KZK wbavwiZ wewae Zvij mwwZ wnme ivLZ eva| G Zvij mwwZi 4% bM` A_ evsjv`k evsK Rgv ivLZ nq| evwK 12% Abygvw`Z wewfb e ev wmwKDwiwUZ ivLvi myhvM iqQ| my`wfwK evsKjv Zvì mwwZi 12% A_ wewfb wmwKDwiwUR wewbqvM Ki mLvb _K weivU AsKi my` cq _vK| kixqvn Abygvw`Z Kvb wmwKDwiwU ev e evRvi bv _vKvq Bmjvgx evsK Zvì m~Y mwwZ bM` A_ evsjv`k evsK Rgv ivLZ eva nq| G my`wfwK evsKi mv_ Zvì myhvM-myweav I Avqi weivU elg mw nq| G elg wKQyUv Kgvbvi Rb Bmjvgx evsKi Ave`bi cwZ Zvì Rb wewae Zvij mwwZ 10% Kiv nqQ| GiciI my`x evsK hLvb 4% bM` A_ ivL mLvb Bmjvgx evsK 10% A_vr Zvì wewae Zvij mwwZi cyivUvB bM` Rgv ivLZ eva nQ| my`x evsKi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx evsK Zvi gvU wWcvwRUi 6% ewk bM` A_ evsjv`k evsK Rgv ivLZ eva nQ Ges G wecyj A_i mve Avq _K ewZ nQ| G elg `~i KiZ Bmjvgx kixqvn&wfwK gy`vivev e evRvi Qvovi Rb Bmjvgx evsK miKvii KvQ `xNw`b hver Abyiva Rvwbq GmQ| mcwZ miKvi gy`vivev e evRvi QoQ| Gi dj Avkv Kiv nQ h, Bmjvgx evsKjv GKwU cwZKj I elgg~jK Aev _K gyw cve| gy`vivev e evRvi Avmvi c~ech G`ki Bmjvgx evsKjv ay kixqvn cwicvjb KiZ wMq h weivU Avw_K ZvM ^xKvi KiQ, Zv AekB cksmvi `vwe`vi|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
195
196
Bmjvgx evsKeev
evsjv`k BZvga ek KqKwU evsK Bmjvgx kixqvn gyZvweK cwiPvwjZ nQ| `Z weKvkgvb G evswKs wmgi `vwe c~iY evsjv`k evsK I miKvi fwelZ Aviv ewk gbvhvMx neb Ges Rbwcq I RbKjvYg~jK G eevi cwZeKZvmg~n `~i Ki Gi AMhvv wbwZ Kieb ej Avkv Kiv nQ|
Clearing Account-G
wewae Zvij mwwZ QvovI evsjv`k evsKi Foreign Currency Bmjvgx evsK Zvi e`wkK gy`v Rgv ivLZ eva| G AvKvDU evsjv`k evsK LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offering Rate) Abyhvqx my` w`q _vK| AvBbi evaevaKZvi KviYB G my` Gm hvq| Bmjvgx evsKjv G my` Zvi nvjvj Avqi Afy KiZ cvi bv| kixqvn KvDwji gZvgZ I wmvi AvjvK kixqvn Abygvw`Z LvZ Zv eq Ki _vK| wKQy Awbevh cqvRb Bmjvgx evsK Kvb Kvb my`x evsK PjwZ wnmve Lyj ZvZ A_ Rgv ivLZ eva nq| Gme KviU AvKvDUi gvag Kvb my` Avm bv|
Avg`vwb-idZvwbmn bvbv cKvi e`wkK evwYR I jb`bi cqvRb Bmjvgx evsKjv my`wfwK wewfb we`kx I AvRvwZK evsKi mv_ KimcU mK cwZv I wnmve cwiPvjbv KiZ eva nq| Gme jb`b my` Av`vb-c`vb cwinvi Kivi Rb Bmjvgx evsK memgq hZkxj| my`wfwK AvRvwZK evsKjv Over night Lending cwZZ UvKv LvUvq| AvgwiKv ev jb hLb ivZ nq Ges mLvb jb`b e nq hvq ZLb Kvbeiv ev UvwKIZ w`bi m~Pbv nq Ges Money Market Lyj hvq| G myweav KvR jvwMq my`x evsKjv Zvì A_ wewfb evsK LvwUq my` cq _vK| Gme evsK Bmjvgx evsKi Nostro Account-Gi UvKvI Over night my` LvUvq Ges Zvì wbR^ wbqg wnmve Ki cvc my` Zviv Bmjvgx evsKi Nostro Account G w`q `q| AwbQvKZfve Gm hvIqv G my` Bmjvgx evsK Zvi nvjvj Avqi mv_ hy Ki bv| evsKi kqvinvviì wWwfW ev wnmve MvnKì jvfi mv_ hvM bv Ki G myì A_ kixqvn& KvDwj KZK wb`wkZ wewfb LvZ eq Ki| 13.9. AwbQvKZfve cv my`-Gi evcvi kixqvi dqmvjv iveZv Avj Avjg Avj Bmjvgxi wdKvn GKvWgx gv gyKviigvq 1406 wnRixi iRe gvm AbywZ beg mjb NvlYv Ki t myì wfwZ AvMZ mKj m` kixqZi `wZ nvivg| evsK UvKv RgvKvix Kvb gymjgvb Kvb Aevq Zvi wbRi ev cvlì cqvRb D my` eenvi KiZ cvie bv| D m` gymjgvbì mvaviY KjvY hgb we`vjq, nvmcvZvj BZvw`Z eq Kiv Zvi Ici IqvwRe| G m` m`Kvn Kivi welq bq| GUv nvivg m` _K wbRK gy Kivi welq| G mKj ZvKIqv Aej^bi Dk mswk my`x evsK Qo `qv Rvqh bq| we`kx evsKi my` Gfve Qo w`j eis AwaK bvn ne| Kbbv Zviv mvaviYZ G A_ Bw` I wLvb wgkbvwi msvi KjvY eq Ki _vK| Gfve gymjgvbì m` gymjgvbì wei hyi I gymwjg mvbì wec_Mvgx Kivi nvwZqvi cwiYZ nq| Ze G mKj my`x evsKi mv_ my`wfwK A_ev my`wenxb jb`b AevnZ ivLv Rvqh bq|14
AviKwU welq njv, my`x evsKjv Zvì Riwi Zvij NvUwZ gyKvwejvi cqvRb GK evsK Ab evsKi KvQ _K myì wfwZ UvKv FY wbq _vK| my`wfwK evsKjvi cviwiK cqvRb Mo IVv my`wfwK G Call Money Market _K UvKv bqv Bmjvgx evsKi c me bq| my`wfwK Money Market-Gi wecixZ Islamic Money Market bv _vKvq Bmjvgx evsK Zvi Riwi cwiwwZ Govbvi Rb memgq chv Zvij (Liquidity) msiY KiZ eva nq| my` eRb Kivi KviYB Bmjvgx evsK Zvi D Znwej (Excess liquidity) Ab my`x evsK Call Money wnme mieivn Kiv _KI weiZ _vK| aygv my` _K euP _vKvi RbB Bmjvgx evsKi G f~wgKv| eZgvb evsjv`k ek KqKwU Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nIqvq GLb Bmjvgx evsKmg~n wbRì Riwi cqvRb gy`vivev cwZZ wbRì ga cqvRbxq A_ jb`b KiZ cvie| Gme jb`bi gvag D g~jabi AwaKvix Bmjvgx evsKjv Zvì g~jab KvR jvwMq jvf cZ cvie| Abw`K Zvij NvUwZ gyKvwejv KivI Bmjvgx evsKjvi Rb GLb mnR ne|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
197
198
Bmjvgx evsKeev
13.10. mskvabi Dk mgvjvPbv KjvYKi Bmjvgx evsKi mv_ my`wfwK cPwjZ evsKi cv_K gwjK| KvRi cwZ m~Y Avjv`v| cPwjZ evsK myì cwZ Aej^b Ki| my`B Zvì Kvhgi wfw| cPwjZ evsK UvKv Rgv ivLv ev FY MnYi my` `qv-bqvi welqwU wfw wnme KvR Ki| G MvnK I evsKi ga mKi wfw nq FYMnxZv I FY`vZv (DebtorCreditor)| Abw`K Bmjvgx evsK MvnKi KvQ _K Avj Iqvw`qv I gy`vivev cwZZ Rgv MnY Ki Ges evB-gyivevnv, evB-gyqvvj, evBmvjvg, BmwZmbv, gy`vivev, gykvivKv, BRviv BZvw` kixqvn& Abygvw`Z nvjvj cwZZ m A_ wewbqvM Ki| G Kejgv wewbqvMi cwZ nvjvj njB Pje bv| wewbqvMi LvZI nvjvj nZ ne| g`, k~Kii MvkZ ev ZvgvKi eemv nvjvj cwZZ KijI Zv ea ne bv| Bmjvgx evsKi mv_ my`wfwK evsKi gwjK cv_K G mKj bxwZ I cwZi ga wbwnZ| G cwe KziAvbi mveavbevYx I wblavv jYxq t n gywgbMY! g`, Ryqv, g~wZc~Rvi e`x I fvMwbYvqK ki NY e, kqZvbi KvR| myZivs Zvgiv Zv eRb KihvZ Zvgiv mdjKvg nZ cvi| (m~iv gvwq`v t 90) kqZvb Zv g` I Ryqvi gvag Zvgvì ga kZv I wel NUvZ Pvq Ges Zvgvì Avjvn&i iY I mvjvZ evav w`Z Pvq| Ze wK Zvgiv wbe ne bv? (m~iv gvwq`v t 91) Zviv AvcbvK g` I Ryqv mK wRm Ki| ejyb, Dfqi ga AvQ gnvcvc Ges gvbyli Rb DcKviI; wK Zvì cvc DcKvi Acv AwaK| (m~iv evKviv t 219) Bmjvgx evsK kixqvn&K gvbeRvwZi KjvYi Drm gb Ki Ges G bxwZi wfwZ mKj KvR KiZ cwZkwZe| cPwjZ evsKi G aibi wekvm I cwZkwZ bB| G `yB wecixZgyLx cwZK aygv Av`vRAbygvbi wfwZ wjq djv ev G `yB cwZi ga Kvb cv_K bB ej `~i _K AZvcm~Z I `vwqZnxb XvjvI ge Kiv GKwU AbwZK I A-Bmjvgx KvR| hKvb wekvmx I mr gvbyli KZe njv Bmjvgx evsK-eevi eve Aev mK fvjvfve Rvbvi Pv Kiv
Ges mskvabi Dk Gi Z_wfwK I evevbyM mgvjvPbv Kiv| my I myz mgvjvPbvi gvagB G eevi wUgy weKvk Ges gvbyli KjvY Gi f~wgKvK GwMq bqv me ne|
Bmjvgx evsKeev Z_m~

1.
199
200
Bmjvgx evsKeev
eZgvb jLK Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW-Gi RbmshvM KgKZv I kvLv eevcK wnme `ki wewfb vb Ges mw` Aviemn QqwU DcmvMixq `k Bmjvgx evsKi cwZwbwa wnme `vwqZ cvjbKvj evsjv`kx RbMYi Gme aviYvi mv_ cZfve cwiwPZ nqQb| gyivevnv cwZi eaZv mK weki kxlvbxq Avwjg I dKxnMYi ivq iqQ| GQvov 1979 mvji g gvm mshy Avie AvgxivZi `yevBq AbywZ Bmjvgx evswKs welqK mjb, 1983 mvji 21-23 gvP KzqZ AbywZ Bmjvgx evswKs welqK mjb Ges 1988 mvji wWmî KzqZ AbywZ IAvBwmi Bmjvgx wdKn& GKvWgxi mjb, gyivevnv wjj& Avwgi wek& wkiv cwZi ePvKbvK ea ej ivq `qv nq| eyLvix, gymwjg, bvmvC kixd Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avj-evKviv, AvqvZ bî 275 eyLvix, Ave~ `vD`, wZiwghx, Beb gvRvn, gymbv` Avng` wZiwghx gynv` kvgmyvnv, Bmjvgx evswKs mK ej cPwjZ fyj aviYv t Bmjvgx kixqvni AvjvK mwVK ee, cv 70, BwUMUW GWyKkb Av wimvP dvDkb, XvKv, wZxq cKvk, Gwcj 2010 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avj-evKviv, AvqvZ bî 280 eyLvix, gymwjg, wZiwghx kixd
2.
Bmjvgx evswKsqi Pvj I mgmv

vbxq Ges wek A_evRvi Bmjvgx evsKeevi Afyw mgv`Z nqQ| ZviciI AvRvwZK A_evRvii Pvwn`v c~iYi DchvMx cwZvb wnme weKwkZ nZ nj G eevK Aviv AbK c_ AwZg KiZ ne| wekevcx Bmjvgx evsK-eevi cv_wgK mvdji KviY njv Bmjvgx Znwej msMn I wewbqvMi AbyKj cwiek Ges Gi bwZK g~jeva mgw^Z KjvYagx j I Av`k| Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni vwqZ I AMMwZi aviv AevnZ ivLZ nj G mgmv I cwZeKZvmg~n `Zvi mv_ gyKvwejv KiZ ne| G cm GLvb KqKwU welq AvjvKcvZ Kiv njv| 14.1. cvwZvwbK I eevcbv KvVvgv 14.1.1. my`wfwK avivi evswKs eev cvq wZbk eQii AwfZv KvR jvwMq eZgvb chvq cuQQ| AwaKvsk Bmjvgx evsK G my`wfwK I cuywRZvwK evsK eevi mvsMVwbK KvVvgv I gbvwK cwiek I Aveni ga cwZwZ nqQ Ges cwiPvwjZ nQ| Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j I Dk cPwjZ evsK-eevi wecixZ| Bmjvgx A_bwZK j ARbi DchvMx wbR^ mvsMVwbK Ges eevcbv KvVvgv Qvov Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni j ARb GKwU `yin KvR| 14.1.2. Bmjvgx evsK cPwjZ evswKs KvVvgvi ga cwiPvwjZ nIqvq Gi eb-`Zv Kg hvq| jvf-jvKmvbwfwK wewbqvMcwZ AbymiY Qvov D`vv, RgvKvix I evsKi ga cZ mK evnZ nq| 14.1.3. cPwjZ my`wfwK evsK-eevi gbvwK Aven cwiPvwjZ nevi KviYB AwaKvsk Bmjvgx evsK cavbZ evB-gyivevnv, evB-gyqvvj Ges evB-mvjvg Z_v Kbv-ePv cwZZ Zvì wewbqvM Kvhg cwiPvjbv Ki, hv cPwjZ avivi cR I
14.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
10. bvmvC, Ave~ `vD`, Be&b gvRvn kixd, gymbv` Avng` 11. Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avj-evKviv, AvqvZ bî 283 12. eyLvix, gymwjg, Be&b gvRvn kixd, gymbv` Avng`| 13. evwlK cwZe`b 2003, Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW 14. gynv` kvgmyvnv, Bmjvgx evswKs mK ej cPwjZ fyj aviYv t Bmjvgx kixqvni AvjvK mwVK ee, cv 79, BwUMUW GWyKkb Av wimvP dvDkb, XvKv, wZxq cKvk, Gwcj 2010
Bmjvgx evsKeev
201
202
Bmjvgx evsKeev
nvBcvw_Kkbi Rvqh weK wnme weewPZ nq| cPwjZ my`wfwK eevi mv_ ePv-Kbv cwZi my cv_K _vKjI mvaviY RbMYi KvQ m cv_KwU evcKfve evaMg nq bv| G KviY RbMYi KvQ cPwjZ avivi evsK eev I Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi gaKvi cv_K my nQ bv| 14.1.4. gy`vivev I gykvivKv cwZ cPwjZ evswKs eevi mv_ KvbfveB mvgmkxj bq| my`wfwK evswKs eevq Gi Kvb weK bB| Bmjvgx evsKjv GLbI evcKfve gy`vivev I gykvivKv wewbqvMcwZi PPv KiZ bv cvivq Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi gwjK ^vZ mK mvaviY aviYv my nQ bv| 14.1.5. AwaKvsk Bmjvgx evsK cPwjZ my`wfwK evsK-eevi cwieki ga KvR KiQ| dj Gme evsK kixqvn& cwicvjb wbwZ Kivi Rb ^vaxb, kwkvjx I `Zvmb kixqvn& msvi gvag wbweo cheY I Zveavb ìKvi| 14.1.6. Bmjvgx evsK Ggb GKwU cwiek KvR KiQ hLvb AvBb, cvwZvwbK cwkY Ges gvbwmK webvm my`wfwK A_bxwZi Dk c~iYiB DchvMx| G cwiek _K m~Y gy nq ^vaxbfve Bmjvgx evswKs g~jbxwZi evevqb GKwU eo Pvj| 14.1.7. MelYvi dj GUv nqQ h, Bmjvgx evsK Abb eev wnme ^vaxb cwiek ^Zfve KvR Kivi gvagB A_bxwZZ Zvi KjvYKvwiZvi h_vh_ c~Yv ^vi ivLZ cvi| 14.2. Bmjvgx vb I ckvMZ `Zvmb evsKvii NvUwZ 14.2.1. cPwjZ wkveev Ges we`gvb A_bwZK I evswKs eevi cfvei ga eo IVvi KviY AwaKvsk evsKviB cyuwRev`x A_bxwZi Aven, Gi j I gb viv AvQb| G cwiekB Zviv cwkwZ| dj Bmjvgx evswKs mK Zvì AbKiB cZq I A`w Ges gvbwmK cwZi NvUwZ iqQ| Zvì mvweK cqvRbK mvgb iL Bmjvgx evswKs welq vbMZ wfw wbgvY, gvwUfkb c`vb I `Zv ewi Rb cwkY c`vbi cvwZvwbK AvqvRb LyeB mxwgZ|
14.2.2. Bmjvgx evsKi Rb AwaKZi gav I `Zvmb Ges Pvj bqvi gZv evsKvi cqvRb| KviY Bmjvgx evsK KgiZ ckvRxexìK m` weKvkgvb cwZi Rb bZzb bZzb cvWv Dveb KiZ ne| MvnKi geagvb Pvwn`vK kixqvi AvjvK c~iY Kivi gvagB Bmjvgx evsK Zvi kZ I kqZ cgvY KiZ cvi| 14.2.3. Bmjvgx evswKsqi DbZZi, ^Z I ejvsk cZ wewbqvMcwZi KviY wk, chyw Ges eemv cwiPvjbv mK Bmjvgx evsKviì AbK ewk eve aviYv I vb _vKv Riwi| AwaK wewbqvM I eemvq Bmjvgx bwZKZv I Bmjvgx AMvwaKvi Ges ea I AeaZvi kviC mxgviLv mK Zvì mPZb _vKv Riwi| 14.2.4. Bmjvgx evsKi Kgxevwnbx hvZ Bmjvgx evsK-eev mK cqvRbxq Bmjvgx `wfx, `Zv Ges vbi cqvRbxq wfw ARb KiZ cvi, mRb evcK I AevnZ cwiPhv ìKvi, hvZ Ki Zviv Bmjvgx cwZi c~Y cqvMi gvag mgvRi cqvRb c~iY KvhKi Ae`vb ivLZ cvib| 14.3. Bmjvgx evswKs welq MvnKì aviYv Dbqb 14.3.1. cPwjZ wkveev I we`gvb Av_-mvgvwRK cwieki KviY Ges `xNw`b Bmjvgx Avw_K jb`b Pvjy bv _vKvi ìb Bmjvgx evswKs welq MvnKì aviYv I vb LyeB mxwgZ wKsev k~bi KvVvq| Kvb Kvb Zv bwZevPK| 14.3.2. AwaKvsk wewbqvM MvnKiB my` I jvfi ga cv_K, kixqvn Abygvw`Z wewbqvMcwZ, nvjvj-nvivgi vb Ges Bmjvgx AvBbi wfwZ A_bwZK jb`b cwiPvjbvi welq cqvRbxq aviYv bB| 14.3.3. kixqvn&i gwjK vb Ges nvjvj-nvivgi bxwZi cwZ kv eZxZ Bmjvgx evswKs cwiPvjbv LyeB KwVb| GRb MvnKK mvagZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welq Dy Kiv Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni GK iZc~Y KwVb `vwqZ| 14.3.4. MvnKMYK Bmjvgx evswKsgyLx Kivi cqvm GLbv GK weivU Pvj wnmeB iq MQ| GKw`K MvnKì kixqvn mK vbi Afve Ges Abw`K Bmjvgx evsKmg~n aygv evB-gyivevnv I evB-gyqvvji gZv cwZZ wewbqvM Kivi KviY cPwjZ evsK I Bmjvgx evsKi gaKvi cv_K wbYq Kiv MvnKì c KwVb nQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
203
204
Bmjvgx evsKeev
14.3.5. cPwjZ evsK-eevq evsKvi-MvnK mK `bv`vicvIbv`vi bxwZi Ici cwZwZ| Abw`K Bmjvgx evsKeevq G mK njv mvwne Avj gvj I gy`vwie, gyqvvgyqvw, eemvq Askx`vi, cYi Zv-weZv BZvw`| MvnKì KvQ G welq aviYv GLbv bq| 14.3.6. AwaKvsk wewbqvM MvnK Zvì eemv-evwYR wbq AZ e Ges wewbqvMmyweavi evcviB Zviv ewk AvMnx| G Aevq Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi cwZ mK Zvì ga Rvbvi AvMn I myhvM mw Kiv GK `yin KvR| Bmjvgx evsKeevi mdjZvi Rb G Pvj gyKvwejv Kiv Bmjvgx evsKviì Rb AZ iZc~Y I Riwi| 14.4. ZvwK MelYv I vbi mg^q 14.4.1. cPwjZ avivi evsK-eevq jb`b I wewfbgyLx mevi cvWvjv kZvxi ci kZvxi AwfZvi ga w`q DvweZ I weKwkZ nqQ| G Bmjvgx evsK-eev bZzb| Ze Bmjvgx cwZZ bZzb bZzb cvWv Dbqb I Dvebi AbK ewk myhvM I iqQ| geagvb Pvwn`vK mvgb iL Bmjvgx evsKjvi bZzb bZzb cvWv Dveb GKwU iZc~Y I AevnZ cwqv| 14.4.2. e`wkK evwYRi Bmjvgx evsKmg~n MvnKì geagvb wewfb aibi cqvRb I bZzb bZzb Pvwn`v gUvZ bvbvgyLx Pvji myLxb nQ| 14.4.3. Bmjvgx kixqvi mv_ mvgmc~Y A_P my`wfwK evsKi I chvR, Ggb Avw_K BbygU Zwii Rb Bmjvgx evsKvi I kixqvn& weklì wbii I mgw^Z cqvm AevnZ ivLZ ne| 14.4.4. AwaKvsk Bmjvgx evsKi MelYv I Dbqb (R & D) cvwZvwbK D`vMi NvUwZ iqQ| G cqvRbxq wekl I jvKeji Afve iqQ| G Afve I NvUwZ `~i Kiv Bmjvgx evswKsqi c~Y weKvki Rb AZvekK Ges Zxe cwZhvwMZvc~Y evRvi wUK _vKvi RbI Riwi| 14.4.5. Bmjvgx evsKeevK mvgbi w`K GwMq bqvi Rb Bmjvgx wPvwe`, wkvwe` I ckv`vi evsKviì ga vb I wPvi mg^q (Knowledge sharing) cqvRb| Gi gvagB G evswKs eevK GwMq wbZ mswk mevB eve Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Ae`vb ivLZ cvib|
14.4.6. MvnKi evswKs cqvRb c~iYK AMvwaKvi w`Z wMq Bmjvgx bxwZi evcvi Avcvm Kivi ev BQvgZv jvMmB Kivi GKwU ceYZv AbK mgq Kvb Kvb Bmjvgx evsKi wKQy wKQy evsKvii ga KvR Ki| A_P Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi g~j Dk njv jb`bi kixqvn cyivcywi cwZcvjb Kiv| Bmjvgx wewaweavbi mxgvi ga _KB Zvì KvRK GwMq bqvi gvbwmKZv ARb KiZ ne Ges Zv GwMq wbZ Af nZ ne| 14.4.7. Bmjvgx wekl I A_bxwZwe`ì ga hviv Bmjvgx evswKs I A_vqb wbq MelYv Kib Zviv MvnKi cKZ cqvRb I Pvwn`v mK eve KviY h_vh_ IqvwKdnvj bb| ckv`vi evsKviì AMvwaKvi Ges wekl I MelKì gbvfxi ga Bmjvgx mxgviLvi AvIZvq KvhKi mg^q cwZv GKwU Riwi welq| 14.5. wbqYKvix cwiek 14.5.1. cw_exi AwaKvsk Bmjvgx evsK Ggb cwieki ga KvR KiQ hLvb RbMYi ga Bmjvgi evcvi cej AveM iqQ| wK AwaKvsk miKvi I ckvmbi gvS kixqvn welq AvMn Kg| dj evswKs cwZK gk BmjvgxKiYi evcvi ivxq ckvmwbK KZci mw`Qv I cqvRbxq D`vMi Afve `Lv hvq| wewfb gymwjg `ki miKvix KZc Bmjvgx `kmg~ni AvRvwZK dvivg evievi GRb cwZve njI wbR wbR `k m evcvi Zvì KvhKi D`vM AbK mxwgZ ev AbycwZ| 14.5.2. K`xq evsK h wbqgbxwZ I AvBbi gvag `ki my`wfwK evsKjvK wbqY I Z`viK Ki, AwaKvsk mB Awfb wbqg-Kvbybi gvagB (^ ewZg ev`) Bmjvgx evsKmg~nKI wbqY Ki _vK| Bmjvgx evsKi ^Z Kgavivi mv_ G Awfb wbqY-eev AbK B mvgmkxj bq| 14.5.3. Bmjvgx evsK Ggb GK cwiek AwZ jvf KiQ, hLvb mKj AvBb-Kvbyb, c_v-cwZvb, cwkY I `wfx my`wfwK A_bxwZi viv wbqwZ| Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg cPwjZ Ìqvbx AvBb-Kvbybi mv_I mKj mwZc~Y bq| ZvB evswKs Kvhg cwiPvjbvi Bmjvgx evsKjv Kvb Amyweavi myLxb nj `ki Ìqvbx Av`vjZ mswk welq
Bmjvgx evsKeev
205
206 14.8.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
cZ AvBbMZ wfw bv _vKvi KviY Ges kixqvi evcvi wePviKì AbKiB cqvRbxq vb bv _vKvq Dchy mgvavb w`Z mgmvi myLxb nq| 14.6. m` eevcbv 14.6.1. m` eevcbvK mve SuywK I AwbqZvi AvjvK Xj mvRvZ Bmjvgx evsKmg~n AbK mgq Amyweavi myLxb nq| Zviv memgq ^vaxbfve Zvì KvwZ eemvwU wbevwPZ KiZ cvi bv| dj Zvì Kvhg wbR^ Pvwn`v gvwdK nq bv| cPwjZ A_bwZK KvVvgvi mv_ mvgm iv Kiv Ges MvnK wbevPbi evcvi chv `Zv ARbi gvag gk G NvUwZ Kwgq AvbZ ne| 14.6.2. ^gqv`x wKQy Znwej Zvì gqv`c~wZi c~e DVvbv nq bv| ZvB evsKviMY mvaviYZ G ZnwejK ga I `xNgqv`x cK wewbqvM Ki _vKb| gqv`c~wZi AvMB AcZvwkZfve G Znwej DvwjZ nj cPwjZ evsK mvaviYZ evBii Kvb Drm nZ bM` A_ msMn KiZ cvi| wK my`gy Bmjvgx A_ I g~jab evRvi bv _vKvq AvKwK Riwi cqvRb gUvZ Bmjvgx evsKjv evBii Kvb Drm nZ bM` A_ msMn KiZ cvi bv| Bmjvgx cwZZ Avw_K gaZvKvix cwZvb Mo Zvjv Qvov Gic SuywKc~Y Ges AbvKvwZ Aevq Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg evnZ nZ cvi| 14.7. Zvij eevcbv 14.7.1. URvwi wej Ges A_evRvi cPwjZ Abvb wmwKDwiwU BbygU eenvi Ki my`wfwK evsKjv Zvì Zvij (Liquidity) msKU GovZ cvi| Avevi AwZwi Zvij Kgvbvi I Zviv Gme BbygU KvR jvMvZ cvi| Bmjvgx evsKjv Zvì Zvij msKU my`wfwK G aibi BbygUi mnhvwMZv wbZ cviQ bv| Gi Rb weK eev cqvRb| 14.7.2. Bmjvgx evsKi Zvij msv cqvRbxqZvK mvgb iL cvwKvb Participation Term Certificate (PTC) I Mudaraba Certificate Ges gvjqwkqvq Government Investment Certificate (GIC) Pvjy Kiv nqQ| Abvb `kI Gic c`c MnY Kiv cqvRb|
AMvwaKvi LvZ wbaviY e_Zv mgvRi AMvwaKviwfwK LvZ evswKs mev mcmviY Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni D`vM wKQy ewZg Qvov GLbv Avkvbyic bq| wkv, ^v, `vZe cwZvb, Uv I BqvZxgLvbv BZvw`mn e mvgvwRK LvZ GLbv Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni AMvwaKvi LvZ wnme wPwZ nqwb|
14.9.
DbZ chywi eenvi
14.9.1. DbZ chywi Quvqvq wekRyo evswKs RMZi AfixY I evwnK cwiek evcK Dbqb NUQ| mev c`vbi DbZ cwZ I bZzb bZzb cvWvi Dveb NUvbv nqQ| wK G cwieZb I ewP AbK Bmjvgx evsKi Kvhg GLbv cwZdwjZ nqwb| 14.9.2. DbZ chywK ^vMZ Rvwbq Bmjvgx evsKmg~nK G `Z GwMq AvmZ ne Ges AvaywbK chywi mevP eenvi Ki eevcbv I wmv MnYKvix cwqvK cybwebvm Kivi gvag gvbyli `viMvovq mev cuQ w`Z ne| chywi mevP cqvM Qvov Bmjvgx evsKmg~n Zvì AMhvvK AevnZ ivLZ cvie bv| 14.10. cPvi Kvhg I wgwWqvi eenvi Bmjvgx evsKmg~n GLbI cPvii wgwWqvi mvdjRbK eenvi AbK wcwQq AvQ| `ywbqvi wewfb vb Bmjvgx evswKs eevi Kvhg, Gi ^Z bxwZ, cwZ, KgKkj Ges Gi mdjZvi bvbv w`K mK GLbv AwaKvsk gymjgvbB AeMZ bb| Bmjvgx evsKmg~n Zvì KvhgK MYgyLx Kivi Rb wgwWqvK KvR jvMvZ AbKUvB e_ nqQ| Bmjvgx evsK-eevi DbZZi cwZ AbK mxgveZvi ga wewfb `ki A_bxwZZ h BwZevPK Ae`vb ivLZ mg_ nqQ G I Zvì Zgb Kvb cPvi bB| Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi aviYvMZ I cvqvwMK kZK wekevmxi mvgb Zzj aiv Bmjvgx evsKjvi GK iZc~Y `vwqZ| wK G eo iKgi NvUwZ we`gvb| Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi mv_ mswk gnjK AMvwaKvi wfwZ G welq Zrci nIqv DwPZ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
207
208 15.2.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
wbqYg~jK I Zveavbg~jK ^Z KvVvgvi Afve
evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKsqi wekl mgmvewj

15.1. Bmjvgx A_evRvii AbycwwZ
15.
15.2.1. evsjv`k miKvi AvBwWwe cwZvi mb` ^viKvix AbZg `k wnme G`ki evsK-eev chvqg BmjvgxKiY cwZkwZe| G evcvi miKvix D`vM GLbv Lye Avkvc` bq| 15.2.2. Avwki `kKi ii w`K K`xq evsK RvZxqKiYKZ evswKs LvZ chvqg BmjvgxKiYi j wKQy c`c wbqwQjv, hv bvbv KviY mdj nqwb| K`xq evsK KZK RvZxqKiYKZ evswKs LvZ BmjvgxKiYi cPv e_ nevi ci emiKvix LvZ Bmjvgx evswKs Pvjy nq| K`xq evsK ZvìK Bmjvgx kixqvi AvjvK evswKs Kvhg cwiPvjbvi AbygwZ c`vb Ki| 15.2.3. evsjv`k emiKvix chvq DrmvnRbKfve `Z weKvkgvb Bmjvgx evsK eevK mnhvwMZv `vb ivxq cwZkwZi Ask| Bmjvgx evsKjvi Kvhg myzfve cwiPvjbvi Rb evsjv`k evsKi wbqYg~jK (Regulatory) I Zveavbg~jK (Supervisory) ^Z KvVvgv GLbv Zwi nqwb| Awej^ G NvUwZ c~iY nj Zv G`ki Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg kLjv weavb mnvqK ne| 15.2.4. Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Rb GKwU c_K AvBb-eev, jvBmGi Rb h_vh_ AvekKZv wbaviY, b~bZg g~jab I Zviji cwigvY wbaviY, SzuwK cwigvwcZ m` kYxKiYi eevmn Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni cqvRb Abyhvqx ^Z myweePbvchy wbqYeev (Prudential Regulation) cYqb Kiv DwPZ| 15.2.5. mcwZ K`xq evsK-Gi D`vM Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Kvhg cheYi Rb GKwU MvBW jvBb cYqbi Ask wnme evsjv`k evsKi GKRb gnveevcKK cavb Ki GKwU dvKvm Mc MVb Kiv nqQ| dvKvm McwU Bmjvgx evsKjvi Rb GKwU MvBW jvBb cYqbi KvR mb Ki GbQ| GwU GKwU BwZevPK c`c| 15.2.6. mcwZ KzqvjvjvgcyiwfwK Islamic Financial Services Board ev AvBGdGmwe-Gi m`m nqQ| `ki Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg Rvi`viKiY GwUI GKwU iZc~Y BwZevPK c`c| evsjv`k evsK
15.1.1. evsjv`k Bmjvgx A_evRvii (Islamic Money Market) AbycwwZi KviY Bmjvgx evsKmg~n Zvì D Znwej A_vr mvgwqK AwZwi Zvij miKvix URvwi wej, Abygvw`Z wmwKDwiwUR ev evsjv`k evsK wej BZvw`Z wewbqvM KiZ cvi bv| myì KviY ^vfvweKfveB Bmjvgx evsKmg~n evsjv`k evsK iwZ Zvij-mwwZi Abygvw`Z Ask Ges AwZwi Zvij H mg wmwKDwiwUZ wewbqvM KiZ cvi bv| 15.1.2. Bmjvgx evsKK Zvi mKj RvgvbZ evsjv`k evsK bM` UvKvq Rgv ivLZ nq| Gfve Bmjvgx evsKi AwZwi Zvij wewbqvMwenxb Aevq _K hvq| dj Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni gybvdv ARbi Ici Gi Aekvex bwZevPK cfve co| 15.1.3. evsjv`k evsKi wbKU Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni Bmjvgx gy`vivev e Pvjyi `vwe wQj `xNw`bi, hv mcwZ KvhKix nqQ| G welq evsjv`k evsK D`vM bqvq Government Islamic Investment Bond (GIIB) bvg GKwU kixqvn& Abygvw`Z e evRvi GmQ| 15.1.4. BbfgU Kcvikb Ae evsjv`k (AvBwmwe)-Gi D`vM mcwZ Islamic Mutual Fund (IMF) ceZb Kiv nqQ| GwUI kixqvnwfwK nvjvj dv Bmjvgx evsKjvi Ajm Znwej wewbqvM bZzb gvv mshvRb Kie| G RvZxq BbygU cPwjZ evsKmg~ni mv_ Amg cwZhvwMZv nvm KiZ mnvqK ne| Dci Bmjvgx Kgb gvKU Dbqb GwU GKwU iZc~Y c`c nZ cvi|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
209
210
Bmjvgx evsKeev
15.3.
mnhvMx I gaZvKvix cwZvbi Afve
15.3.1. Kvb cwZB Kejgv Zvi wbR^ Dcv`vb viv mg nZ cvi bv| ZvK Aviv AbK mnhvMx (Supportive) cwZvbi Ici wbfi KiZ nq| GUv Bmjvgx evsKi RbI chvR| Kvb Dchy cK wPwZ Kivi Bmjvgx evsKjv A_bxwZwe`, AvBb, Byi Kvvbx, eevcbv civgkK, wbixK Ges Gic Aviv AbK cwZvbi mevi viv jvfevb nZ cvi| wK Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni ^Z I wewk cqvRb Ges Pvwn`v c~iYi Rb G aibi cwZvb GLbv Mo IVwb| 15.3.2. wmwbqi Bmjvgx evsKviì DbZZi cwkYi Rb evsjv`k K`xqfve Kvb cwkY cwZvb bB| GQvov K`xq MelYv cwZvbI G`k Mo IVwb| 15.3.3. MvnKì ga _K D`vv mwi RbI Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni MelYv I cwkY dvivgi cqvRb iqQ| Bmjvgx evswKs KvhgK myìfve cwiPvjbvi Rb evsjv`k G aibi mnhvMx I gaZvKvix cwZvbi weKvk NUwb|
wKQz mycvwik
eZgvb cwiek wKQy mgmv I Pvj _vKv mI Bmjvgx evswKs eev gvbeZvi KjvY Gi Kvhgi DbwZ I cmvii myhvM KvR jvMvZ mg nQ| Bmjvgx evsK eevi myz weKvk I Gi KjvY RbMYi KvQ cuQvbvi j GLvb KqKwU evcvi wKQy mycvwik ck Kiv njv t 16.1. `Z weKvkgvb Bmjvgx evsKeevi Rb cqvRbxq Rbkw mieivni j `ki wkvcwZvbmg~n BmjvwgK dvBbv I evswKs welq Ges Gi mv_ mKhy Abvb Kvm ceZb Kiv ìKvi| 16.2. Bmjvgx evsKviì cwkY I clYvi Rb chv myhvM mw I Zvi cwimi weZ Kiv DwPZ| 16.3. GKRb Bmjvgx evsKvii cwkY-Pvwn`v wbYqi wZbwU welqK AMvwaKvi w`Z ne| 1. Av`wkK cwkY, hv KziAvbmybvni vbi mv_ mwKZ| 2. ZvwK welq cwkY, hv evsKviK cwZMZ evswKs-Gi mv_ mv_ Bmjvgx g~jeva I Rxebeev Ges Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j, Dk I ewk mK aviYv è Ges 3. cvqvwMK vb I `Zv| 16.4. wewfb ii evsKviì Rb wbqwgZ Bmjvgx A_bxwZ, dvBbv I evswKs welq McwfwK AvjvPbv, KBm chvjvPbv, IqvKkc, welqwfwK Dcvcbv cfwZ Abyvbi AvqvRb Kiv hZ cvi| 16.5. MvnKìK Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I Bmjvgx evswKs welq AeMZ Kivbvi Rb Iqe mvBU Dbqb Kiv DwPZ| 16.6. mKj Bmjvgx evsKvii Rb Bmjvgx evswKs welq wWcvgv Kvm ceZb Kiv hZ cvi| 16.7. gy`vivev I gykvivKv cwZi Aaxb Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM cvUdvwjIK wewfb aibi `xNgqv`x LvZ mcmviY Kiv hZ cvi|
16.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
211
212 Z_cx
1.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
16.8. Bmjvgx evsKi MvnKMYK wewfb aibi AvjvPbv, mwgbvi, wmvwRqvg cfwZi gvag Bmjvgx evswKs welq mPZb I Dy Kivi evcvi RiwiwfwZ D`vM bqv cqvRb| 16.9. `bw`b Kvhgi evcvi mgw^Z wb`kbv jvf I MvnKì Dy Kivi Rb Bmjvgx evsKmg~n GKwU memZ kixqvn gvbyqvj A_ev MvBWjvBb cYqb KiZ cvi| 16.10. evsjv`ki MvgxY GjvKvq Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni bUIqvK mcmviY Kiv cqvRb| 16.11. Bmjvgx A_bxwZ, evswKs Ges A_vqb welqK MelYvi mcmvwiZ Kiv DwPZ| 16.12. wekevcx Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni ga mK-mnhvwMZv ewi c`c MnY Kiv cqvRb| 16.13. hme gymwjg `k Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ, Zviv Bmjvgx bxwZgvjvi wfwZ AvtevwYR AskMnYi gvag my`wenxb AvRvwZK evwYR cwiPvjbvi Ae`vb ivLZ cvi Ges Gfve Bmjvgx Kgb gvKU MVbi c_ myMg nZ cvi| 16.14. gymwjg `kmg~ni K`xq evsKjv Aviv AwaK `vwqZkxjZvi mv_ Bmjvgx evswKsqi Dchy cwiek Zwii f~wgKv ivLZ cvi| 16.15.
Accounting & Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) DvweZ Awfb I mgw^Z wnmvecwZ I
Ahmad, Ausaf, Development and Problems of Islamic Banks, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1407H-1987AD. Ahmed, Dr. Mahmood, Scope for Micro Enterprise Development in Bangladesh under Islamic Finance, Journal of Islamic Banking & Finance, Vol. 15, No. 1, The Association of International Islamic Banks, Karachi (Asian Region), (JanuaryMarch, 1998). Ariff, Mohammad, Islamic Banking (1988). Raquib, Abdur, Islamic Banking in Bangladesht Prospects & Problems (2004). Ahmad, Abu Umar Faruq, Problems of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh (Unpublished article, 2003) Chapra, M. Umar, Islam and the Economic Challenge, The Islamic Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya and the International Institute of Islamic Thought, London and USA 1416H(1995). Hannan, Shah Abdul, History, Methodology, Problem and Prospects of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh (2004). Hamud, Sami Hasan, Progress of Islamic Banking : The Aspirations and the Realities, Islamic Economic Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, Rajab 1415H (December 1994), Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, KSA. Huq, M. Azizul, Islamic Banking in Bangladesh with a brief overview of Operational Problem, A paper presented at the seminar held at BIBM on June 24, 1996.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
gvb`K mKj Bmjvgx evsK Zvì mKj Kvhg Av`k wnme MnY KiZ cvi|
16.16. jvf-jvKmvb AskMnYi wfwZ A_vqbi Rb bZzb bZzb cwZi Dvebi Rb evsKvi, wekl I MelKì AwfZv, wPv I MelYvi mg^q NUvbv DwPZ| 16.17. Bmjvgx evswKs welq eBc, Rvbvj, mvgwqKx, MelYvc I cqvRbxq UU eB cYqb I cKvki D`vM bqv cqvRb| 16.18. wcU I BjvwbK wgwWqvi gvag Bmjvgx evswKs-Gi aviYv RbMYi KvQ evcKfve cwiwPZ Kivi Rb Bmjvgx evsKvi I A_bxwZwe`MYK f~wgKv cvjb KiZ ne| G Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni mgw^Z D`vMi welqI weePbv Kiv hZ cvi|
9.
10. Islam, Md. Muzahidul, Islamic Banking in Bangladesh : Success, Problems and Potentialities (in Bangla), (2004). 11. Khan, A.R., Towards Identification of the Problems of Shariahbased Commercial Banking, Dhaka University Journal of Business Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, December 1991.
Bmjvgx evsKeev
213
214
Bmjvgx evsKeev
12. Rahman, Dr. Md. Ataur, Islamic Banking : A Challenge to Interest-based Banking (in Bangla), unpublished. 13. Ahmad, Fariduddin, An Empirical Study of Performance of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh, (2004). 14. M. Azizul Huq (Editor), Readings in Islamic Banking, Bangladesh Islamic Bankers Association (BIBA), 1983 & 1984. 15. M. Kabir Hasan Ph.D (Chief Editor), Text Book on Islamic Banking, Islamic Economics Research Bureau (IERB), June 2003. 16. Meezan Banks Guide to Islamic Banking, Karachi, Pakistan. 17. Bangladesh Bank Annual Report 2002-2003. 18. Scheduled Banks Statisticst Bangladesh Bank, January March, 2003. 19. Bangladesh Bank Economic Trends, April, 2003. 20. Annual Reports of Islamic Banks operating in Bangladesh. 21. Islami Bank 18 year of progress, published by IBBL. 22. The Bank Companies Act 1991. 23. The Income Tax Ordinance 1984. 24. Bank Parikrama A Journal of the Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management, SeptDecember, 1989. 25. IBBL Memorandum & Articles of Association. 26. BANK WATCH, Newyork Jan 30, 1998. 27. Bankers Almanac, UK, Jan, 1999. 28. Hannan, Shah Abdul, Islami Arthoniti : Darshan Karmokowshal, Al-Amin Prokashan, Dhaka, 2002. O
mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k
cwiwPwZ I Kvhg
mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm Ae evsjv`k evsjv`k KvhiZ Bmjvgx evsK I Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv/DBvavix evsKmg~ni mg^q MwVZ GKwU RvZxq AjvfRbK Bmjvgx cwZvb| GwU MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvii Aaxb wbebKZ cwZvb| hvi iwRkb bî t Gm-9922/09| Bmjvgx evswKs wkK kixqvn&i w`Kwb`kbv I bxwZgvjvi AvjvK mwVK c_c`kbi miKvi, K`xq evsK, ijUwi KZc Ges m`m evsKmg~nK mvweK w`Kwb`kbv c`vb Kiv Ges Zvì Kvhg kixqvn&i wbixL Zveavb Kiv Gi g~j Dk| mUvj kixqvn& evWi wfkb evsjv`k KgiZ Bmjvgx evsKmg~nK Zvì mKj Kvhg Bmjvgx kixqvn& I AvBbi GKB w`Kwb`kbv I bxwZgvjvi AvjvK cwiPvjbv KivZ mvg_evb Kiv| `ki evsKeevK BmjvgxKiYi cPv Pvjvbv hvZ KjvYgyLx Bmjvgx A_bwZK eev evevqbi gvag `kK mvgwMK DbwZi w`K GwMq bIqv hvq|
-------------------------
Bmjvgx evswKs I Avw_Kwki GK GKwU wekLvZ MelYv cwZvb I kixqvn& idvi mUvi wnme cwZv Kiv| mUvj kixqvn& evWi wgkb kixqvn& bxwZgvjvi GKB cwZ I memZ Kgcv AbymiY m`m evsKmg~nK mnhvwMZv I cqvRbxq civgk c`vb Kiv Ges m`m evsKmg~ni KgKv kixqvn& bxwZgvjvi evevqb Zveavb Kiv| Bmjvgx evswKs welqK eB-cyK-Rvbvj msMn, msiY, cKvk I Abyev` Kiv; `Z weKvkgvb Bmjvgx evswKs I Avw_Kwki Rb ` I hvMZvmb Rbkw Zwii j kixqvn& I evswKs welqK cwkY I MelYvKg cwiPvjbv Kiv; Bmjvgx kixqvn& gvZveK Avw_K jb`b cwiPvjbvq RbmvaviYi mPZbZv I AvMn Zwi I ewi j Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kiv|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
215
216
Shari'ah Board)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
HwZnvwmK cUf~wg evsjv`k c_g Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg i nq 1983 mvj| Gi Afvebxq mvdji cwZ K`xq evsKi Abygv`b I mnhvwMZvq Gici _K evsjv`k bZzb bZzb kixAvn&wfwK evsK cwZwZ nZ _vK| GQvovI `k cwZwZ KqKwU Kbfbkbvj evsK Zvì Bmjvgx evswKs kvLv Pvjy Ges KqKwU evsK c~Yv Bmjvgx evsK icvii gvag Bmjvgx evswKsqi AMhvvq mvwgj nq| Bmjvgx evsKi msLv ewi mv_ mv_ Bmjvgx evswKs KgKvi cwimiI `Z wevi jvf KiZ _vK| dj evsjv`k KgiZ Bmjvgx evsKmg~n I Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvmg~ni ga cviwiK mnv` I mcxwZ Mo Zvjv Ges Bmjvgx evswKsqi mwVK I cwic~Y evevqbi wbwg mwwjZfve h_ I GKK wmv cYqb Kiv mgqi Acwinvh `vweZ cwiYZ nq| djkwZZ 1997 Cmvqx mvj evsjv`k evsK Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni cavb wbevnxe`K Bmjvgx evswKsqi MwZkxjZv ewKiYi j KqKwU mywbw` wb`kbv c`vb Ki| Bmjvgx evswKs wbqgvPvi wbwZKiYi cvkvcvwk wewfb kixAvn& BmyZ mwwjZfve GKK I mvgmc~Y bxwZ-wmvZ (dvZ&Iqv) MnY I evevqb Kivi Rb Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni kixqvn& evW ev KvDwjmg~ni mg^q GKwU h_ kixqvn& evW MVbi evcvi evsjv`k evsK D wb`kbvc Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni `w AvKlY Ki| wb`kbvc c` evsjv`k evsKi ee wbgic t Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni cZKi wbR^ kixqvn& evW ev KvDwj ^ ^ Bmjvgx evswKs wbqgvPvi wbwZKiYi cvkvcvwk wewfb kixAvn& BmyZ mwwjZfve GKK I mvgmc~Y bxwZ-wmvZ (dZ&Iqv) MnY I evZevqb Kiv GKvZ cqvRb| GRb Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni kixqvn& evW ev KvDwjmg~ni mg^q GKwU h_ kixqvn& evW (Common
MVb Kiv hvq wK bv m evcvi wePviweePbv Kiv hZ cvi|
K`xq kixqvn& evW cwZv evsjv`k evsK _K D wb`kbv cvwi ci _KB GKwU h_ kixqvn& evW ev mwwjZ kixqvn& evW MVbi Rb Bmjvgx evsKmg~n wewfbfve D`vM-cPv AevnZ ivL| AZtci 2001 Cmvqx mvji 16 AvM ZvwiL AbywZ GK mfvq Bmjvgx evsKmg~n GKwU h_ kixqvn& evW MVb GKgZ nq| HwZnvwmK m mfvi hyMvKvix wmv mw`b-B cwZwZ nq evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni K`xq kixqvn& evW ev mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k| evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs mev c`vbKvix evsKmg~ni kixqvn& KvDwj/ evWi Pqvigvb I m`m mwPee` Ges D evsKmg~ni cwiPvjbv clì Pqvigvb I eevcbv cwiPvjKMY c`vwaKviej mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k-Gi m`m| eZgvb Gi mvwbZ m`mmsLv 50 Rb Ges m`mevsKi msLv 16wU| mUvj kixqvn& evW-Gi m`mevsKmg~n t 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
[Ryb 2010 ch]
AvBwmwe BmjvwgK evsK wjwgUW Avj-Avivdvn& Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW Bmjvgx evsK evsjv`k wjwgUW GcvU BgcvU evsK Ae evsjv`k wjwgUW dv wmwKDwiwU Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW kvn&Rvjvj Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW mvmvj Bmjvgx evsK wjwgUW GBPGmwewm (Avgvbvn& kvLv) Gwe evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv) XvKv evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv) w` wcwgqvi evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv) w` wmwU evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv) cvBg evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv) hgybv evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv)
Bmjvgx evsKeev
217
218
Bmjvgx evsKeev
15. 16.
mvD_B evsK wjwgUW (Bmjvgx kvLv) vvW PvUvW evsK (mvw`K kvLv)
[bvgi ZvwjKv evsjv eYg Abyhvqx| c_g c~Yv Bmjvgx evsK Ges ci kvLvavix evsKjvi bvg Ìqv nqQ|]
mUvj kixqvn& evW-Gi Dk I Kvhvejx t evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs cwiPvjbvq kixqvn& bxwZgvjvi GKB cwZ I memZ Kgcv AbymiY m`m evsKmg~nK mnhvwMZv I cqvRbxq civgk c`vb KivB mUvj kixqvn& evW cwZvi cavb Dk| Gi Abvb Kvhvejxi ga iqQ Bmjvgx evswKs welqK eB-cyK-Rvbvj msMn, msiY, cKvk I Abyev`, kixqvn& welqK cwkY I MelYvKg cwiPvjbv, m`m evsKmg~ni KgKv kixqvn& bxwZgvjvi evevqb Zveavb Kiv, Bmjvgx evswKs welqK mwgbvi-wmvwRqvg-gZwewbgq mfv I iPbv cwZhvwMZvi AvqvRb Kiv BZvw`| mUvj kixqvn& evW-Gi DjLhvM Kvhg t 1. Bmjvgx evswKs AvIqvW evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKsqi Dci wekl Ae`vb ivLvi Rb mUvj kixqvn& evWi c _K cwZeQi Bmjvgx evswKs AvIqvW c`vbi D`vM bqv nqQ| GB AvIqvW , mvwUwdKU Ges bM` GKj UvKv mvbx Afy iqQ| 2. Bmjvgx evswKs welq iPbv cwZhvwMZv Bmjvgx evswKs welq RbmvaiYK DyKiY cwqvi Ask wnme mUvj kixqvn& evW _K cwZeQi wbw` welq iPbv cwZhvwMZv Avnvb Kiv nq AvmQ| zj chvq, KjRwekwe`vjq chvq Ges Dby chvqGB wZb Mci cZK Mc 1g, 2q I 3q cyivi wnme h_vg bM` 15, 10 I 7 nvRvi UvKv wbavwiZ AvQ| 3. Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqK cwkY wewfb evsK KgiZ wbevnx I KgKZv, KjR-gvìvmvi wkK, gydZx, Bgvg I LZxeMYi Rb Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welq wewfb aibi cwkY Kvmi AvqvRb Ki AvmQ| G ch 591 Rb GB cwkY MnY KiQb| Gì ga evsjv`k evsK I wewfb ivvq evsKi KgKZvMYI iqQb| 4. cvweZ Bmjvgx evsK Kvvbx AvBb (Lmov) cYqb evsjv`ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~n cPwjZ my`wfwK evsKi Rb cYxZ evsK Kvvbx AvBb, 1991 viv cwiPvwjZ nq AvmQ| c_K AvBb bv _vKvq mUvj kixqvn& evW GKwU Lmov Bmjvgx evsK Kvvbx AvBb cYqb I Abygv`b Ki evsjv`k evsK ciY KiQ|
Bmjvgx evsKeev
219
220
Bmjvgx evsKeev
5.
AvtBmjvgx evsK gvwb gvKU-Gi bxwZgvjv Abygv`b bxwZMZfve Kvb Bmjvgx evsK Zvi ZvijmsKU gvPbi Rb cPwjZ Kjgvwb gvKU _K myì wfwZ A_ MnY KiZ cvi bv| evsjv`k evsK _KI my`gy FY MnYi Kvb eev bB| ZvB `ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~n wbRì Zvij msKU ev D Zvij cviwiK mgSvZv I kixqvn& bxwZgvjvi wfwZ hb Av`vb-c`vb KiZ cvi mRb mUvj kixqvn& evW Avt Bmjvgx evsK gvwb gvKU-Gi bxwZgvjv Abygv`b KiQ|
6.
evswKs welqK kixqvn& gvbyqj cYqb kixqvn&wfwK evsK cwiPvjbv mnRZi Kivi j mUvj kixqvn& evWi c _K wewfb wewbqvM cwZi Dci kixqvn& gvbyqj cYqbi Kvhg eZgvb GwMq PjQ|
wbevnxeì mv_ gZwewbgq mfvq wgwjZ nq AvmQ| D gZwewbgqi gvag mUvj kixqvn& evWi cwZwbwa`j Bmjvgx evswKs cwiPvjbvq mswk evsKmg~ni Aevb, AMMwZ, mgmv I mvebv, weklKi kixqvn& cwicvjbi j evsKmg~n KZK MnxZ c`c mK AewnZ nb Ges Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg Rvi`viKiYi Dk evsKmg~nK wewfb civgk c`vb Kib| Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni ga cviwiK mnhvwMZv ewi j cwiPvwjZ G cwi`kb Kvhg djcm~ nIqvq Ges m`m evsKmg~ni Abyivai cwZ cwZeQi Kgc GKevi Abyic Kgm~wP evevqbi cwiKbv iqQ|
Rbvij mUvwiqU
ivRavbxi 55/we, cyivbv cb bvqvLvjx UvIqvii 12 Zjvq mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k-Gi Rbvij mUvwiqU AewZ| evWi mUvwi Rbvij Gi cavb wbevnx| Zuvi Aaxb DjLhvMmsLK MelK-KgKZv-KgPvwi Rbvij mUvwiqUi `bw`b Kvhg wbqvwRZ AvQb| MelYv I Abyev` Kvhg cwiPvjbvi Rb GLvb Bmjvgx A_bxwZ I evswKs welqK evsjvBsiwR-Aviexmn wewfb fvlvq `yB mnmvwaK cyKi mg^q GKwU mg jvBewi iqQ|
7.
BmjvwgK wWU KvW cPjb mUvj kixqvn& evW G`ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~n cPjbi Rb BmjvwgK wWU KvW mK GKwU ivq c`vb KiQ| Avkv Kiv hvQ Zvi wfwZ kxNB BmjvwgK wWU KvW Pvjy ne|
8.
gZwewbgq mfv `ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~ni kixqvn& evW/KvDwji dKxn& m`me`K GKxKiY ev GKB cvUdig wbq Avmvi cPv wnme mUvj kixqvn& evW-Gi D`vM mgq mgq gZwewbgq mfvi AvqvRb Kiv nq AvmQ| dKxn m`mMYi gvbvbqb, kixqvn& evswKs welq GKB iKg wmv MnY Ges evswKs cPwjZ wewfb AvaywbK welq mwKZ wdKnx `wfw mK mgK aviYv jvf mUvj kixqvn& evWi G aibi gZwewbgq mfv ek djcm~ wnme cZxqgvb nqQ|
mUvj kixqvn& evW cKvkbv

evsK I Avw_K cwZvb kvixAvn& evW Bmjvgx evsKeev Bmjvg `vwi` wegvPb Bmjvgx evswKs-G gyivevnv Bmjvgx evswKs-G gyivevnv wewbqvM t KiYxq I eveZv Bmjvgx evswKs-G kixAvn& cwicvjb t KiYxq I eRbxq BmjvwgK evsKm& mUvj kixqvn& evW Rvbvj BmjvwgK dvBbv (eyjwUb)
9.
m`m evsK mdi Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg Rvi`viKiYi j mUvj kixqvn& evWi cwZwbwa`j weMZ KqK eQi hver `ki Bmjvgx evsKmg~n Ges Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvavix Kbfbkbvj evsKmg~ni cavb Kvhvjq mdi Ki evsKmg~ni EaZb
----------x----------

Islamic Banking

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Islamic Banking

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2

mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k

Publishing at July 2010 Price : BDT. 200

wZxq msiY jLKi K_v

wZxq msiY cKvkKi K_v

XvKv, 28 Ryb 2007

mUvj kixqvn& evWi wdKn KwgwUi AwfgZ

mUvwi Rbvij mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k

Bmjvgx mfZvq evswKs I A_bwZK wPv

Bmjvgi `wZ my`

nhiZ Rvwei Beb Ave`yjvn (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvn mv.

nhiZ Ave`yjvn Beb Ave~ AvIdv (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvn

nhiZ Ave~ ivqiv (iv) eYbv Kib, ivm~jyjvnmv. ejQb, Zvgiv

Znwej eenviKvixi SzuwK

my` I gybvdv wbaviYi Kkj

`vg I gy`vxwZi Dci cfve

g~jab wewbqvM SzuwK

Kvievi cwiPvjbvK DrmvwnZ Ki|

Bmjvgx evswKs Av`vjb

3.6. G ch hmKj `k Bmjvgx evsK cwZwZ nqQ

evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKs

GK bRi Bmjvgx evswKs kvLvavix Kbfbkbvj evsKi kvLv msvZ Z_

2008 mvj evsjv`k evsK Bmjvgx evswKs Kvhg cwiPvjbvi

16. evsKmg~n _K msMnxZ I mUvj kixqvn& evW KZK c` cwimsLvb|

Bmjvgx evsKi cwiPq

Bmjvgx evsKeevi AwbwnZ kw

my`wfwK evsK ebvg Bmjvgx evsK

110 Bmjvgx evsK

GKbRi Bmjvgx evsK ebvg my`wfwK evsK

111 my`wfwK evsK

112 Bmjvgx evsK

wewbqvM cwZi egywLZv

Bmjvgx A_bxwZi j ARb Bmjvgx evsK

Bmjvgx evsKi KgKkj

123 BZvw` ewk

evsKvii MnYhvMZv-c cPwjZ|

Bmjvgx evsKi Rgv MnYi bxwZ I cwZ

139 t 800.00 UvKv

gy`vivev wnmvemg~ni gvU Rgv (80%)

Bmjvgx evsKi wewbqvM c`vbi bxwZ I cwZ

100 0.75 75.00

evsK Kvvbx (mskvab) AvBb, 1995-G gykvivKvi msvq ejv nqQ t

11.5. gy`vivev I gykvivKvi ga cv_K

cwZvi kvLv gvU eQi msLv Rbkw

gvU jvfwewbqvM jvKmvb

6518 (-) 1749 1102 2041 3203 766

`vwi` wegvPb I cjx Dbqb

Bmjvgx evsKeev Z_m~

Bmjvgx evswKs t mgvjvPbv I eveZv

evsK I Avw_K cwZvbmg~ni Kvhvejx t 2009-20010, A_ wefvM, A_ gYvjq, evsjv`k miKvi|

Bmjvgx evsKeev Z_m~

Bmjvgx evswKsqi Pvj I mgmv

DbZ chywi eenvi

wbqYg~jK I Zveavbg~jK ^Z KvVvgvi Afve

evsjv`k Bmjvgx evswKsqi wekl mgmvewj

mnhvMx I gaZvKvix cwZvbi Afve

mUvj kixqvn& evW di BmjvwgK evsKm& Ae evsjv`k

MVb Kiv hvq wK bv m evcvi wePviweePbv Kiv hZ cvi|

mUvj kixqvn& evW cKvkbv

You might also like