دراسة - إنقـرائية الصحف الإلكتـرونية العـربية

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(1).
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Sections
(2).
?(1) Harper Christopher online Newspapers: going somewhere or going no where

Newspaper research journal, vol, 17 No. 3-4 (summer 1996) 2-4,
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(3)Gilliland, john: readability, university of London press, ltd, London 1972, p .12
(4) Smith frank: understand reading: A psycholinguistic analysis reading and learning to
read. Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc N, Y 1971.

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communication

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%25 34 : 25
(2).
.3

(3).
.4
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(4).
(1) Morgan Eric Lease (April ,15,2000)Experimental Typography :Readability , content and
interactivity " , Available on line at http :// www.parsone.edu/ .
(2) Michael Bernard Marissa Fernandez ( September , 18,2002 ) : The effects of line length
on children and adult's online reading performance , Available online
http://wsupsy.psy.twsu.edu/surl/usabilitynews /42/text -length-length. Html.
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(1) Clark, J.M& Paivio, A-(1991): Dual coding theory and educational psychology review, 3
(3), 149- 170.
(2) Detenber, B& Reeves, B, (1996): A bio- informational theory of emotion motion and
image size effects on viewers, Journal of communication, 46(3), 66-84.
(3) Jennifer Mueller and David, Kamerer. Reader Preference for electronic newspaperResearch journal, Vol. 16, No.4 (summer 1995) PP.2-13.
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(1) Misr al Arabia newspaper, available online (URL) http://www. misr alarabia.com .
(2) Alshark alawsat newspaper, available online (URL )http://www alawsat.com.
(3) Al raiallaam newspaper, available online (URL )http://www. al raiallaam.com.
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(1) Gilliland, john: Readability, university of London Press. Ltd, London (1972).
(2) Price, Henry I, The effect of newspaper designing complexity on Readership:
Comprehension, interestingness Pleasiness, PhD Dissertation (Mechigan State
)university, 1972
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(1) Thomas S Tallies. Jennifer, L Boynton& Harry Hersh (1995): Readability of Fonts in the
)windows Environment, retrieved, 13/7/1999, available online (URL
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(2) Nielsen Jakob (November, 1996) Marginalia of web design, available online at:
Www. Useit .com.
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(1) Rich Carole "News writing for web", 1998 (available online) at:
)Http/cwolf .alaska.edu.afcr/pointer/poynter1/htm
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(1)Karen Vargo, Calschierhorn, and others, How reader's respond digital news stories in
layers and links, Newspaper Research Journal Vol.21 No, 2 spring 2000.
(2) Nielsen, Jakob, (MAY, 14, 2000), Eye-tracking study of web readers online at:
www.useit.com.
-11 :(2000) Nielsen
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400

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(1) Nielsen, jakob (May, 14, 2000) designing web usability: The practice of simplicity, 2nd
edition, USA, New, rider, publishing.
(2) Barnard, L. Michael and Barbara chaparro, (January, 17, 2002) finding information on
web: Does the amount of while space really matter? Available online at:
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(1) Bernard , Michael and Marissa Fernandez ( September , 18,2002 ) The effects of line on
children and adult's online reading performance , available online at:
http://wsupsy,psy,twsu/edu/surl/usabilitynews/42/text-length.htm.
)*( CPL . Character per line
(2)Bernard Michael, Melissa, Mills, Michelle Peterson, & Kelsey Storrer (july23, 2002) A
Comparison of popular on line fonts: which is best and when? Available online at:
http://psychology.wichita. Edu/surl/usabilitynews/35/font. Htm.
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(1) Michael & Chaay. "Type and software usability research laboratory", laboratory
Department of psychology, trieved, 7/9/2003
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(2) Jennifer, Mueller and David, Kemmerer: Reader preference for electronic newspaper
research journal, Vol, 16, No .4 (Summer 1995).
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?(1) Harper, Christopher. Online newspapers: Going somewhere or going nowhere

Newspaper Research Journal Vol, 17, No .3-4 (Summer 1996).
(2) AEJMC Conference Papers (Sun, 11 Oct 1998) online newspapers: Living up to their
)potential? AEJMC Conference Papers, Retrieved, 15/5/2001 Available online (URL
http:// list.msu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9810 B&L = aekmc &=0
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(1) Irene, Naphtali & etol,(spring,1999) , "trends in on line Newspapers a look at the us web",
Newspaper Research Journal Vol,20 No.2 .
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(2) Ghee-Young Noh (1998) Motivation, design and personal web presence publishing
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1993 .1994
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(1) Jones, S. (1997) "Using the news: an examination of the value and use of news sources in
CMC", Journal of Computer mediated Communication, available online at:
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(1) Andrew, J, Flanagin and Mirian J. Metzger., (autumn, 2000) Perceptions of internet
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(2) Milan, Meeske, "copy writing for the electronic media" A practical Guide, university of
Central Florida, 2002, pp 19-21
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(3).
(1) Beverly .Zakaluk and S .Jay Samuels, Readability: it's past, present, & future, editors,
published by the international reading association, Newark, Delaware, 1988.p.19
(2) Gilliland, John, Ibid. p. 12.
(3) Ibid .p.14.
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(1) Smith, frank: understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to
Read. Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc., n.y.1971.p.15

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)( 1
Gilliland, John: Readability, university of London press ltd, London, 1972, P.14
(2) Gilliland, John: Op, cit, p .14.
(3) Ibid. p.15.
(4) Goetze, E:"Making text Easy on The eyes" Avator Magazine, (1998, February 5), available
On line (URL) http: // www.avat mag.com /columns/ui/default.htm.p.17
(5) Webster's Dictionary p .767.
. . - "
"(1).
: Legability
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# Legibility
# Visability
# Usability
" " Legibility :
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Legibility -:
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) (1 " "
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this article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License , Lost up dated
Thursday may31, 2007 view this article at Wikipedia .org
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(3).
(1) Legibility Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ibid, view this article at: Wikipedia .org
(2) Smith, frank: understanding reading: a psycholinguistic analysis of Reading and Learning to
Read. Holt Rinehart Winston Inc, N.Y. 1971.p. 55
)*( : ) Times (
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(3) Buswell, Guy Thomas:" Fundamental Reading Habits": A study of Their Development.
Supplementary Educational Monographs. No.21.chicago, university of Chicago: press.1922.
" " 1930 1960

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" " Visability " :
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(1) Visability Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2001-2006 Wikipedia contributors

(Disclaimer).view this article at: wikipedia.org.
(2) Qualitative assessment of text difficulty a practical guide for teachers and writers
Cambridge, Mass: brook line Books, c1996.
:Usability
" " Usability " " Usability

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(1).
Usability
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Jakob Nielsen
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(1) Jakob Nielsen and Marie Tahir, Home page usability 50 websites Deconstructed, New
Riders Publishing, Indian a polis ISBNO-73571-102-X.
Buy from Amazon .co. UK
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(1) Usability Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia 2001-2006 Wikipedia contributors

(Disclaimer) By Smith Ferges
(2) Jakob Nielson and Marie Tahir, Home Page Usability, OP .CIT, buy from Amazon .co. UK.
" : :

(1).
.
""

(2).
.

:

(3).
(4).
(1) Encyclopedia of Educational Research. Chester w. Harris, Macmillan co.n.y 1960, p.1096.
(2) Bormuth, John R.: " Readability: Anew Approach " in: reading Research Quarterly I,
(spring, 1966).
(3) Klare, G .R. & Sinakiao, H.W. & Stulurow. L.M." The Cloze Procedure A convenient
Readability test for training Materials and Transiations". In: international Review of
applied psychology. 1972. pp.77-106
(4) Klare, G.R.: "THE Role of world Frequency in Readability" in: elementary English
.1968.pp.12-22.
(1).
Redundancy
) : ( )
( .

(2).
. "
(3).
.
:
. . - .
(1) A Botel, Norlon & Granovsky, Alain:" A formula for Measuring Syntactic Complexity
Formula". In: Elementary English (April 1972) pp- 513 516.
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Formula " in: The Reading Teacher, 1974.pp-31-39.
(2) Good man, Kemeth: "Analysis of oral Reading Miscues" in: Smith, F: psycho ling uistics
And Reading (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, N.V. 1973) p.162
(3) Goodman, Yettan M. & Burke, Carolyn: nsion reading strategies: Focus on Comprehend
Holt Rinehart and Winston .N.Y.1980.
(1).
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%38 %38
%75 . %50 %90

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Multiple Choice Test
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(5).
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(1).
" : :

.
.
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powers
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- :
0.0596) +3.2672 ( 1.1155) + (.

: 0.923) +8.4335 ( 0.0684) + ( .
(1) Ibid.
(2) Power, R.D.:"A recalculation of four readability formulas", in Journal of educational
psychology, 49, 99-105, April 1958.p.101
- :
0.0877) +3.068 ( 0.0984) + (.

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liske
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( 45 )
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Introduction:The electronic journals appears to forms anew communicational which has been
connected directly with the revolution of technological communication to become
the act of national communication more vost opening whom it has been the
expended for geographical bound easier. Formal for there the constriction of
electronic journal has become the essential role in the process of attraction the
intention of reader became the journal essentially is visual predicted which
depends on eyes. For that the responsibility of director has come to research the
ideal form of the journal to attract the readers.
The study problem:It connects with the measurement of readability for electronic journals on line and
measurement the causes of easy and difficult of the electronic journals. Then we
can summarize the problem of our study in this question: - How we can value the
agreement between the reader and the reader able material? To make an electronic
journal has an ideal construction principle on line easier to become useful for
readers.
The importance of study:The importance of study attacks with the recent study that is tries comprehends to
put scientific efforts and issues for measurement of readability on line hoping that
may be useful for publishers and establish publish in able country and our country
especially to realize more progress and comprehension and knowing , the causes of
difficult and easy for using it in construct the actual role of formal an known office
for publishing the electronic journals for using it in the reading of user to realize
best communication searches.
The type of study:This study consider a descriptive study which try to describe and writes the
elements of difficulty and easy of the material reading in electronic journals and
put methods of measurement for these elements.
The study curriculum:-
The study used the curriculum of media survey in order to describe the properties
of readers of electronic journals and their manners in the electronic journals
especially.
The study specimen:The study specimen is divided into:-
A- The study's analytic specimen:The researcher has analyzed the content of three electronic Arabic journals online
during a year from (1/1/2006-31/12/2006)
The three electronic journals were:-Misr alarabia newspaper.
-Alshark alawsaat newspaper.
-Alrai alaam newspaper.
B-- The study's field specimen:The researcher applied her field study on the Egyptian university students (Cairo
UNI / Suez canal UNI / zagazig UNI) and their numbers about 300 students.
The study's tools:-A content analytic paper to analyze the content of electronic journals
online.
-A survey paper implicated on interview with the student of
The Egyptian university who read the electronic journals.
Results of the study:-
1- by analyzing of elements of easy and difficulty of readability in electronic

journals the collect of study and the student s of Egyptian university .students
finds that these is agreement around and relation between tow studies about the
tired of eyes from electronic journals at first degree in our analyzes study about
(82.3%) from the total of the elements and we found also the opinion of Egyptian
university . students sample this opinion ,the opinion of students who show the
hyper link agreed from its importance in showing and continuous at the first degree
in analyzed study also with (99.98%) from the total of the electronic journals
sample of study we found also in the field study by (81.7%) from the total of the
student s of Egyptian university around the electronic journals sample study.
2-there is a good relation between the analytic study and the opinion of sample
student about the average of more obligation in electronic showing online. and the
obligation has come perfectly and objective at the first degree from the obligation
the sample of journals about (2.62), and the opinion of the sample of the students
comes about (74.4%) from the total of the sample students.
And vise verse, we found the out of ethics had come at the second degree in the
anal ices study about (12.14%) from the total of the electronic journals sample of
study. And we found also it come in the second degree in the field study from the
total of the Egyptian university sample study.
Zagazig University
Faculty of Arts
Media department
Readability of Arabic Electronic

Journalism
An applicated study on
(Misralarabia - alsharkalawsat - alraialaam Newspaper)
during 2006
A study presented for Master Degree

Presented by
Karema Kamal Abdellateif Tawfeik
Supervised by
Prof.Dr. ASMMA Hussein Hafez

Professor of Journalism department
Faculty of Arts
Zagazig University
2010

دراسة - إنقـرائية الصحف الإلكتـرونية العـربية

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