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THE HISTORY OF ARABIC MEDICINE BASED ON THE WORK OF IBN ABI USAYBEIAH 1203 - 270

by

M. N. Istanbouli

Submitted

in

partial

fulfilment of the for the award of of the Loughborough 1981.

requirements

Ph. D Social .....................

Science

University

of Technology

February

M. N. Istanbouli

1981.

ii -

PREFACE

I was cautioned concerning the to is the the

by many upon undertaking scope its have of the focus topic

the

writing

of this myself If to,

work and

I had committed

need to narrow do so, to I would

as much as possible. my purpose. and up-to-date historiography subject on this

I had chosen objective covering Medicine. my

defeated

My cardinal document

introduce important of

a comprehensive aspects

most

of the

of Arabic strengthened

The lack

scholarly

material

determination.

This

work presents

the

History

of Arabic

Medicine from the

during seventh

the

Golden to of

Ages of Muslim the thirteenth

learning, Century,

approximately based on the

through

work of the the

bibliography of is this

Ibn Abi is to

Unaybelah the

Ahmad. history

Although

main objective some-effort ancient the

thesis

trace the

of Arabic

Medicine during

made to as

explain

history

of medicine

civilization

an introduction. In Chapter Medicine Prophet at the

two, during

a full the the

explanation periods,

of the pre the

development Islam, various is during

of Arabic Islam, the and. the

various

medicine,

medicine three, during

during some effort the

caliphates,

end of Chapter of hospitals

made to explain Civilization.

situation

heyday

of Arabic

As the

whole

work

is

based is

on the made to

work of give of the

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah about

Ahmad, his

an in-depth life, of his of his his

discussion work and the

a full work. the al

picture To give fifteenth Attebalt

evolution is

an example Chapter (sources . and

writing, masterpiece

a translation "Yun al Anb classes

made of Fi Tabakat

information

of the

of physicians).

The fourth of the

Chapter

of

this

thesis of the for

is Arabic

devoted medical

to

an extensive historiography

study and

present

situation

to present

some proposals

future

development.

iii -

At this to extend

point

in

the

opening

pages

of this

thesis,

I would my esteem

like

my deepest respect

appreciation, to my supervisor and sincere

and to express Dr. advice

and profound valuable research.

A. M. Duncan for through my years

his of

academic

help

I would the in

like

to express of the me with of to for

my grateful Arab World

thanks for their

to

the

Rectors

of help

Universities providing

indispensable picture of the

a clear the

and up-to-date

present

situation

historiography

of Arabic

Medicine.

I am also Wellcome of Arfican this work

indebted Institute

the"Librarians the History

of the

British

Library, School

of Medicine London without

and the

and Oriental could scarcely

Studies,

whose assistance,

have been written.

Finally, thesis.

I would

like

to

thank

Mrs.

M. May for

typing

this

M. N. Istanbouli
London February 1981

iv -

AUTHOR'S NOTE

In place names I have in most cases used the Arabic forms. In the case of names already familiar to the English reader, I have used the best known form. Jerusalem and Euphrates. 1he Arabic Such are, for example, Cairo, Damascus,

The personal names perhaps require a brief note. Arabs, maybe, have a confusing way of calling a man the father of his eldest son. In the Seventh Cenikury, this custom seemed to have been even more prevalent than now, so nTach so indeed that the man's original personal name seemed at times to have been forgotten. The name always embodied that of the eldest son, who, Thus*a man might be known as often as not, died in-infancy. for the greater part of his life as Abo al-Gasim, although his son al-Casim died at the age of one month and scarcely anyone had ever seen or heard of him. This cruious custom accounts for the many people In the narrative known as Abu - or father of Incidently somebody else. also, the word Abo makes Abi in the eldest The younger sons of Abu al-Gasim, some of whom in sight be known as "son.. of the father of al-Casim" survivel rtight therefore which would be rendered in Arabic "Ibn Abi al-Casim" Ibn being the word for son. genetive. Arabic titles, In writing I have used the spelling which seemed to to enable the English reader to pronounce them me most likely Translation from script to Roman alphabet always poses correctly. For a lengthy description from Arabic script problems. of translation to English personal and for excellent analysis of the use of Arabic words, thereto, names, names and suffixes see 1jarshal Hodgson the Venture of Islam (Chicago, the University of Chicago Press, 1974), 1: 3-22 -' (Please see the transliteration of Arabic

names in

the

index

at the

bnd of

this

thesis.

-V-

CONTENTS

Page
Chapter One The History the Ancient of Medicine Civilization during

Chapter

Two

The Development Medicine

of Arabic 29

Chapter
0.

Three

The Biography

of Ibn

Abi

Usaybelaih

115

Chapter

Four

Historiography Past Future and Present

of Arab Medicine Proposals for 217

Development

Reference & Bibliography

302

Ll

Illustratims

328 A

Typing Errors

343

-I-

CHAPTER0NE

THE HISTORY OF MEDICI14E DURING THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION_

A.

The Characteristics

of

the

History

of

Medicine

B.

Hisotry

of

Medicine

during

Ancient

Civilization

B. l:
B. 2:

Egyptian
Persian

Medicine
and Indian Medicine

B. 3: B. 4: B. 5: B. 6:

Chinese Medicine The Greek Medicine Roman Medicine The Byzantine Period

-2-

OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE THE CHARACTERISTICS

To follow texture in detail of the its the thread history, associations and In reacts the the medical thought in the whole itself, marvellous to consider the

of

as ancient of

as humanity

a man and his vary with which the the Is

pains

throughout in their of

centuries, essential the is the laid facts

realizing being

how they the

ages both individuality vast

way in

physician before of

upon them - there historian. medical examining thread

the

taste

which carefully

He should

probe

past, the

them with

a serene

objectivityo the

and should centuries politics all origin its that lead

follow in its

of medical with religion, Thus study of the unity

thought culture, of the

through

relations progress.

philosophy, past should above from its of

and social to

reconstruction final goal,

of medical

thought the

to its historical should

and should

demonstrate principles

continuity the

sequence. guide I of medicine the was In the natural is the

These general historian.

are

principles

medical

If

the

history

on the past,

one hand should other hand it

study

and teach range seeking study

what medicine itself for with that-which

on the It

should science, it

science

as an experimental should then, but laws past

permanent. route

on the

one side

the. past exert

and mark the care in

travelled, out in the the

on the

other

should the its

equal

seeking thought future.

that

have guided will

evolution development

of medical in the

and that

determine

and people that should above long highway the of our chief determine illumine call all and what we might t of the unity of medical thought course: namely, the reconstruction faculties both In limits. the Its Modern in its origin medicine and It is the threefold Into is in in life, too theory subdivided and often practice, and We must not into technique and practice. branches and specialities, forget the common source of the original concept of medicine in the sufferings and fears in a way, that of primitive we cannot ignore. man, perhaps even of animals, developing

history

of ideas,

facts

-3-

Thus, the origins nexus that that exists nothing arises Historical research should

of thought in history

and its goal art the samep the is continuous a! intimate in d d without reason. or disappears suddenly a7. In recent times has sho%, that the history -,

of

history be likthe that considered, of medicine of all sciences as a slow but continuous acc,., mulation and ich are forgotten some of w, of knowledge and facts, alteration Up to the eighteenth again. and then come to light over centuries logically Untury'it maintained that the HiPP"icratic School should be regarded as a purely Grecian product fOlIliwing in the Golden We know now that it is more correct to base the Age of Greece. from Babylont Assyria, foundation of this school on Influences and was still Today it Egypt. from is clear that early ancient and even medical knowledge of the Greeks, which until a few decades ago uncertain expression and as a first was regarded by historians Italy, repre-zents results child like attempt at medicine, really obtained from the fundamental concepts of antique civilizations, derived In in their turn from phenomena occuring thousands of years earlier the prehistoric A fine networkt therit ran through the period. history of medicine from the thought of our most ancient ancestors (1) to present time -a thought which - as Arturo Castiglioni indicated interesting truly exhibits We know for instance, cycles. to cite great sea. The tradition Nimereh, light of the Vedas coming from holy the biblical India, the tablet from the of one among many eloquent period of civilized almost examples, that throughout the first medicine was essentially mediterraneant in the countries exclusively that touched this

cultivated

of Egypt, from the Aegaen Islands littoral.

the Papyri

records, and Magna Grecla, all

bright the and

Mediterranean

are the products of the Grecofollowed in turn by the Anals and again by Roman civilization, Rehaissance. the great epoch of the Italian Thus a close bond is masters revealed between the work and thought of our most distant Thence, also of thought and art, is in

Thus the orientation and that of their descendants. the field of medicine, as in other fields of science

-4-

bound closely to the land from which it sprang, to the background of the race. of its environment, and to the spirit is no less necessary to recognize the importance of facts, examined according to their characteristics The experience of recent years has brought nature. realization and collective of the fact that the pathologic It of the history and essential

about a changes in the Individual

are not produced according to time and constitution environment alone, but also that certain diseases have different times and under different characteristics at different circumstances. The history of the great epidemics will note that their characteristics change at different periods and that such change is not entirely due to the modification of the defence measures taken. Also the history processes, the history impression it of facts and of medicine represents not only a history biographic history it be in includes a should part and -but of the great pioneers and those who made their indelible on medical progress, of it is to be accur ate and alive from the history of ideas.

cannot be separated

Although

the main objective of this thesis is to trace the history of Arabic Medicine and the role of Ibn AbiUgabelah in the historiography Is made to explain briefly of Arabic Medicine, some effort the history of medicine during the ancient civilizations, since history

"must surely be an account of the development as O. B. Glubb stated: beginning to its present state. of the human racey from its primitive Such a process, to be intelligibleg If we limit must be continuous. ourselves to turning the spotlight on one or two countries or which events accord with our prejudices, or our beliefs, and leave the remainder of our development In darkness, (2) To explain the history we can obtain no coherent picture". of Arabic Medicine during the Golden Ages and then to jump to the present of history of Arabic Medicine without any effort to explain the history of Medicine during the previous civilizations is to miss the whole idea of continuous development. situation periods in or during

-5-

B. HISTORY OF MEDICINE DURINGANCIENT CIVILIZATION We can fix thought millennium the date of the evolution of medical We observe that In the fourth phases. there had begun to be formed In the

approximately salient before Christ

in its

people of southern Mesopotamia a systematic medical concept from In the second which is derived Assyro-Babylonia medicine. Egyptian development. attained an advanced medicine --nillennium All that have been engulfed by the memory of these civilizations march of time was already lost In the periods that followed soon But their medical thought left In its traditions, after. perhaps traces which penetrated into preserved by various colonies, Hippocratic medicine, which, though it seemed to be a sudden and marvellous apparition, certainly, was more or less directly attached to these ancient civilizations.

Bil.

EGYPTIANMEDICINE While the great civilization in Mesopotamia, was becoming established to it and perhaps independently parallel was developed the civilization of the people that Inhabited the valley of the Nile. Examining the development of Egyptian Medicine, we should remember that the early documentation is very scanty and mostly on papyrus.

Egyptian

In those was predominently mystic and priestly influence times in which the oriental prevailed and in those parts of Egypt that had the most frequent commercial contact with the countries. mythology, the Gods concerned with of health was attributed is Imhotep, health had an important more or less to the the Vizier of King

Medicine

oriental

In Egyptian place, Gods.

and the control The special God of Medicine Zeser (c2800 B. C. )

-6-

The sources

for

the History papyri. "discovered Its

number of medical medical papyrus in the Falyum. (2000 - 1800 with entirely The Egyptian them.

of Egyptian An Important

are found in a papyrus is the Kahun Petrie in 1889 by Sir Flinders or thirteenth fragments show that dynasty It dealt

Medicine

Ascribed

to the twelth legible (3)

B. C. )

gynaecology". believed that

the blood was of great re d to confer

Importance

to

Mummies were painted of blood.

The numerous Egyptian instruments was based documents that

on them the strength

we possess is time

construct list of Egyptian Diagnosisq

a picture surgical of knowledge already

of

surgery. used mostly at

The knife that of

among the

on that a fairly

. animals.

anatomy

appeared

to have reached in the period first its word brain for the before

advanced

position

among the

physicians "The

from

which. documents unknown In in history in

have been preserved. language is

hitherto time

any other in

mentioned 2000 years

appearance

Ed SmItHs papyrus, ' (4) Greek Medicine".

The studies show that

of Peyron on the Greek papyri in the British Museum circumcision In of girls was in general use In Egypt. papyri is contained

one of the six living citizen the proper

a complaint by the Egyptian in the serapelon of Memphis against a mother who had not had her daughter circumscised, although she had reached

age according to Egyptian customs as it was performed Surgery was regarded as a special branch, at the age of fourteen. books are still If we examine carefully and surgical extant. the paypri, as example, the Medical papyri which were discovered (5) by Edwin Smith "in 191611 the oldest which are'considered medical writings and the most complete and important treatise on surgery of all antiquity which "described unchanged even In modern medicine cases still some surgical (6) at present times".

-7-

Medical practice

schools

flourished

of the Medical by special regulation. controlled divided: each physician applies body only and not more. "All some are for the eyes, others teeth, others for Intestines, (7) disease". The position

Sais etc and the at Heliopolisp in Ancient Egypt was Professional The art of medicine is thus himself to one part of the

places abound in physicians, for the headq others for the and others for Internal

in the in the and the system social physician of the that It is known. among established well state was clearly the Egyptians of reputation the enjoyed peoples of antiquity, being excellent In general, physicians. Medicine

of many represents the result better is known it than and study and centuries of observations The search for the Babylonian because it is better preserved. from leads Medicine the papyri of Information Ancient regarding the Egyptian Egypt to Hebrew literature. practices are no longer for whom it represents the advancement to a superior stage of knowledge as among the ancient Egyptians, but are extended and imposed on the entire people without professional physicians. And the Bible on the sUbject of medical practice does times, testament and medicine not appear In the of old Bible as a dist Inct science or art, but only, as a kind of hygienic * law, or giving comparative terms for moral punishment. contains little After the destruction the period that follows of the temple and the Jewish government Jewish medicine no longer had any special independence, but follows the lead of the people among whom the Jews lived in exile. feature Is that, the An essential limited to the priests alone or adepts

-8-

The great development that sanitary the Hebrews can be properly called of hygienic regulations.

legislation the first

had among codification

from that of every other of the Jews differs that in the one God is the ancient people in recognizing because diseases just but health, which also of all source of they come from God, can be Interpreted only as deserves The medicine punishment In general, for our sins. medicine

Egyptian the Jewish medicine reflects on the other. on one side and Assyro-Babylonian

B. 2.

PERSIAN AND INDIAN MEDICINE Persian Medicine

of Persian medicine is divided into great epocs. The first is that included in the ancient books of the Zavdavesta. The other belonging to the golden period of Islamic brought civilization an important Persian as theArab contribution physician to this of Persian civilization. originy

The history

The Ancient

in the period in which medicine flourished to the the Empire extended Its power from the Medit4rranean Indus, from the Caucasus to Indian Ocean. Of this civilization few traces are left today. In order to have an Idea of the one must go to the books books, the Vendidord,

history

of Ancient Persian Medicine to the six of the Avesta and especially

which treats

ritual of the purification necessary to remove the malign demon. In this book are preserved the traditions, inhabited laws, and rites of the people'that the plateaus of Persia when they still and worshipped lived to the soil, in simple Ahura Mazda. pastoral life, close

-9

of Avestor corresponds in and general times to the Jewish medical concept: It has as its basis the demonistic origin of all ill and a changes into religion magical concept of healing that gradually ideation. In general, its origins Medicine
V

the Ancient

Indian Indian

Mediclhe Medicine is ancient

indeed , is*very difficult and , to form an approximate estimate of Indian Medicine, and like the history this is due to the fact that its history of land of the and religious social., political art, philosophy, people who inhabit continuous nor well the great land of India, is neither united, established. literature holds closely even in recent times

The Indianmedical

to the ancient models, sc, that books published towards the end of more than a of the last Century may represent the writing thousand years ago. Its earliest poncepts are set outL in the called the Vedas. The period. ol Vedic medicine sacred writing lasted until about 800 B. C. The Vedas are rich in magical practice for treatment of diseases. The Colden Ages of Indian 1000 may be called from 800 D. C. until Period. the Brahamanistic Medicine of honour, and in India about A. D.

Surgery held a position

many metals

than earlier and methods for using them were knowncenturies in Europe. "In two types of operations especially the Ancient Bladder in in Hindus were outstanding. the common was -Stone Ancient and the surgeons frequently carried outthe lithotomy for the removal of the stone. ' operation of lateral (8) They also introduced plastic the operationwas regarded surgery Indus,

treatment has not been sufficient. as necessary when central An Interesting item in the history of Indian Medicine is the growth of a popular surgery, in which the operation of the nose is especially worthy of note. This often became necessary in

10 -

India,

where the

nose was amputated

as a punishment

or In

revenge. The Indian believed that the cutting of the dead body was as a result, their

prohibited according to their religion, knowledge of anatomy was limited.

Hygiene plays a most Important role In Indian Medicine. form Strict hygienic regulations and frequent ablutions After every meal a generous the basis of religious cults. We after various contacts a bath. ablution was required, recommendation for hygiene of women during find frequent bathing of the eye, the, '. and the puerperium the menstrual period

was covered by seven rules. Considering the environment and the special conditions In which Indian medical thought developed through centuries, it seems natural that religious concepts should be dominant,

In which the individual suffers pain with a severe mind and toward death, which is regarded not as a goes tranquilly beginning better life. but the of a new as and punishment, towards For this reason, Indian Medicine was directed chiefly the concept of the purification of the body towards the t, .I deserving his to of mop man make greaterAestines. endeavour 1, It was also motivated by the tendency toward a deep mysticism which accompanied almost every form of thought and action.

B. 3.

CHINESEMEDICINE The history before of Chinese civilization the period of 2800 B. C. It dates from many centuries was a brilliant civilization

which produced discoveries gift of observation of study.

which revealed not only the profound of this people but also its excellent method

11 -

The basis stage in of

of Chinese magic parts In

Medicine

is

to

be found which is

in

a first predominant and the is

and demonic of China

medicine, the

still

those

where

most to the

ancient the Chinese while

customs of Medicine

supersitions primitives. based on their with it there

are

preserved the second

analogous period,

magic

philosophy was developed on a past

and cosmology, an empirical knowledge of

contemporaneously

and popular vegetable drugs.

medicine

founded

basis of The concept of the universe which forms the essential all Chinese philosophy and medicine Is that of the religion Man is composed, like everything else in the of Confucius: world of wood, fire, earth, metal, and water and consitutes a microcosm. in the macrocosm of the universe. to the Emperor The origin of Chinese Medicine is attributed (9) He is said to have been the Shen Nung who lived about 2700 B. C. first to compile a herbal in which more than a hundred remidies The most ancient as well as the greatest medical are mentioned. (Book Nei Ching is China the is in of still studied work which Among other ancient medical books of Chinese Medicine Medicine). 'Golden Mirror' a work of forty volumesp made about A. D. 1700 and published part surgical W.R. Mose. According for the first time in. 1774. Sikteen into of this work were-translated volumes of the English by

is

Chinese Medicine, the of traditional The Nei Ching blood vessels are supposed to contain blood and air. in a circle and say that "the blood current flows continuously (10) never stops". to the phillsophy In ancient China. Ancient texts speak of the great surgeon Hua Tio and described many operations. In the third Century B. C. there were already in use practicdl methods for the treatment of wounds. However, Chinese surgery made no flourished progress after the Tang dynasty, no books were written on the subject.

Surgery

12 -

in China have been The conditions of the medical profession The without important changes. maintained through centuries teaching of medicine was always confided to a superior college Under the Than dynasty the career of the of physicians. stabilized and to them was given the task of court physicians The instructing students in the canonical book of medicine. detailed first to introduce rules for the medical examination was the Emperor Kublai of the Mongolian the end of the 13th Century, and during 17th Century) medical college court instituted It students. of Peking, a complicated was this dynasty the physicians dynasty who ruled about the Ming dynasty (14th

system of study for that founded the medical the instruction that conducted of the

to which was confided while

the ordinary The self-taught. and empirical practice of medicine were mostly belonged to the second physician called I-Sheg (Sir Physician) and those of class of people, while only the court physicians physicians, the supreme medical If college belonged to the first class.

Chinese Medicine, of the consider principal characteristics we in a rigid, closed system, which has we note that it consists The through the centuries. undergone only minor modifications avoids anatomical observations doctrines traditional being jealous of and only and experiment, faithful to the most minute and extreme exactness of the letter rather than the sense of the ancient text. essentially The influence of Chinese Medicine was early extended to Japan as for many centuries dominated by Chinese civilization she was entirely till the end of the 15th Century when some Japanese physicians to free magic - from the dogmatic Chinese Medicine

tried

medicine - which was exclusively bondage of Chinese science.

B. 4.

THE GREEKMEDICINE
Grecian is

The characteristic

note

that

dominates

all

civilization

The first already evident. are free from any traditional

factor

in it

is that In the

the forms of art same way, philosophic

rigidity.

13 -

though to enter

to abandon into is the too

the

stylistic of free

lines

of

mystic in

dogmatism which no or

and

dominion bold,

thought, too

speculation of off established magic

no hypothesis Finally, medical

hazardous slowly

subversive sloughed its man an also the first

ideas.

thought

concepts

and priestly

dogmatism study

and established of study nature that and of brings

basis. In his

on observation relation to

and a constant animals, Into trait,

a biological medicine. this that

essentially an eminently time In

new note Hellenic

Tempered produced,

by criticism, for

perhaps

history

a medicine

was both

an art

and a science.

for any true progress of Freedom of thought is very essential investigation This freedom thoughty and of observation of science. freedom do find this but of in Hellenic we why culture, existed thought? The answer is found in the critical Greek mentality and in the political In Greece there was never a close Greeks. but speculative life of the and religious priestly

caste, religion it and never edifice, myth, never a political was a poetical Ideas, therefore dominated critical thought. could develop freely, contradictions could flourish laws, with and discussions without to the Greeks assistance culture of the most venerable traditions boundaries or dogmatic established to their imagination unhindered

offerdd by the fear of punishment. The medicine we call in ancient prevailed which--lies Scientific

Greek might be described as the system which times in that half of the Mediterranean area Peninsula. east and south of the Italian

"They not only started began with the Greeks. basic but the provided substantial also medicinev scientific ( 11) Everyone and pathology". anatomy, physiology of our elements Hippocrates, Aristotle, is familiar and with three great figures: medicine Galen. reason and as medicine owes so much to these detailed to about this more going are give explanation people we marvellous civilization. For this

14 -

Before

the

Hippocratic

School

The most important document bearing on the evolution Greek of , In the early times are medical thought and professional practice the Homeric poems which furnish copious facts and Indications. Medicine of the time of Homer was a noble art, the Illustrious heroes who knew the art of war were expert in medicine but already there is mention of lay physicians whose aid was sought The physician was held in great honour, for the cure of the sick. because according to the poet, he was "a man who was worth

more than many others". Axlepius the who is said to have lived about 1200 B. C. God oi medicine and it is said he performed many miracles of healing. He was born at Tikka and "named Ischys, the son of King Flatos, as his father, and Coronis the daughter as his (13) The meaning of this name in the Greek language is mother". "the light". He was "Intelligent, very easy to understand and he (14) knew, the medical profession very well". It is certain that the cult of Axlepius (12)is

In Thessaly, originated and the most ancient shrine of the cult of Axleplus is at Titanos The father of the temple was Alexander the near Sicyon. son of Axlepius. The next is the temple of Epidaurus In Argolis because the centre of worship whole Mediterranean 429 B. C. Ibn Abi Usaybelah ancient phOlosophers of Axlepius basin, and It then spread throughout the is Introduced In Athens about mentioned that "most of the previous agreed that Axlepius

was the (15) first physician who mentioned the experimental medicine". Thabet Ibn Kura's writing indicated that "there were 1200 students (16) belonging to Axleplus all over the regions".

and physicians

The Hippocratic

Physician

I to the period discarded the

Let us move to the other where medical thought

of Greek medicinep had reached and had partially peirod

15 -

conception that his

based upon magic Is said and there may, in

Hippocrates life

by 460 B. C. the year 9 Little is known of to have been born. and religion fact, the have been several books the that "Collection" men of this Hippocratic are schools, in widely divided five or six

name, or none as authors collection. "the work of The books of

of

make up the consists to different living at dates

which authors,

a number of and often of in the the

belonging

holding separated from

various parts

contradictory world

views,

Greek

and writing cases,

each other, (17) centuries". seems Immaterial. someone, IbA Abi and they Usabelah

most extreme Hippocrates attributed In

by perhaps

Whether

was one man or several to the him were written progress the ctes life is of by

The works indicate gave full

a stage details He said

medicine.

about "Hippor

of Hippocrates the seventh was the of first.

(see f igure the great learning

no. 1), physicians

mentioned

beforep

and Axlepius

'He lived of In

for

95 yearspout'of'it

16 yearsas

data

and 79 years as scientist on Hippocrates taken from a bibliography second. Century after Christ

a boy and In the stage (18)Bibliographical and teacher". written that the by Sovares date of in

the

mentioned island the

was 460 or 459 in the small 355 B. C. Ibn Abi Usaybelah stated

birth

of Cos and he died (-") same.

was the character of medical conduct known as the oath of Hippocrates, which has been adopted as a pattern by medical men all over the world throughout the ages and is still used during the ceremony of graduation at most universities and faculties of medicine. the hero and God of whyp Hippocrates, He said: "Hippocrates medicine, produced the oath. found that his nation disagreed about the medical professions, and he was worried that this* would. lead to spoil the profession he so ... taught this profession to his two sons and his pupils and wrote the oath to be sworn by anyone who Is going to learn medicine The oath as mentioned by Ibn Abi Usaybelah is as follows: Ibn Abi Usaybelah explained

The greatest

legacy

of Hippocrates,

without

any doubt,

16 -

"I

swear

by Apollo the

the

physician keep this me this art

and Axleplus, that

and Hygenia, according stipulation his to to

and

Panacea and all and judgement, reckon parents, if

Gods and Goddesses oath

my ability

I will

and this dear him,

him who taught. -ko share to look

equally

to me as my necessities as wish same footing they shall impart

my substance upon his teach

with off

and relieve on the art, if

required, it,

spring

my own brothers, to learn lecture, knowledge

and to fee other art

them this

without

or stipulationv mode of instruction.

and that

by precept, a

and every of the

I will of

to my own sons,

and those I will

my teachers, according that to system the of

and to. disciples law of regimer for the medicine, which, benefit

bound by a stipulation but to others to my ability

and oath follow

according of

and judgment, from

I consider is to manner, With I this

my patients

and abstain I will give

whatever

deleterious anyone I will purity will if not

and mischievous. askedv give nor to suggest

no deadly

medicine like

any such counsel, to produce pass my life under the

and in

a woman a pessary I will labouring

abortion. my art. will

and holiness not cut persons

and practice stone, but

leave

Into to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. I will ever houses I enter, of go, '.into them for the benefit sick, and will abstain from every from Whatever, with voluntary the in it, of act of of mischief females with and further, and slaves.

whatthe

and corruption, both freemen

seduction connection

or males

my professional in not While to me men, may the the life

practiceg

or not

In connection not to

I see or hear, abroad, I will

of men, which divulge, I continue to enjoy In all reverse

ought

be spoken all

as reckoning to life times. keep this and the But

that

such should unviolated, of the art

be kept may It

secret.

oath practice

be granted by all oath,

respected this

should "(21)

I repress

and violate

be my lot.

Especially oath. 1.

worthy

of note are three

precepts

that

appear in this

the probibition

to the physiclan

of practicing

abortion

17 -

2.

The clearly

expressed

duty of the physician

3.

advise, or commit any act-that of his patient. The obligationp for the first

not to allow, the health may prejudice to such

in an oath, time codified The Injunction maintain professional secrecy. not to perform lithotomy was probably due to an agreement that an operation should be practised only by specialists.

One of the books of the ethical group called "on the physicians" is containf series of interesting precepts concerning the ,-a his behaviour of the physicians, the arrangement of his office, instruments and his surgery. books of the corpus Hippocraticum are: on the law, "On the law" a collection on art and on ancient medicine. of precept about the practice of medicine which contains excellent The three other advise about medical ethics:

"The art of medicine is the most beautiful and noble of all the arts, but on account of the inexperience of those who practice it, on the one hand, and the superficiality of those who judge is often ranked behind the physicians on the other hand, it other arts".

exact knowledge of the medical art, for lt should attend a good should possess a natural disposition from infancy, school, should receive instruction should have the desire to work and the time to dedicate to his studies".

"He who wishes to acquire

which is as Ibn Abi Usaybelah. mentioned "as regards the art of medicine, an apologia of medicine, it is written I should state first of all what I believe to be Its scope: to these remove suffering of the patient, o at least to alleviate The fact that even those who do not believe In it can. sufferings. be cured by lt, it is that that this a powerful and art exists proof onell.

In the book "on Art"

18 -

The book

"on Ancient is

Medicine" it

Is Is

the stated

first

in

which

the

history

of medicine Abi Usaybe'ah:

considered,

as mentioned

by Ibn

means to hand, and has discovered both a principle and a method, through which the discoveries made discovery during a long period are many and excellent, while full be competent, conduct his researches will be made, If the inquirer "Medicine its with knowledge of the discoveries (21) (a) point". starting "on Honourable statement already made and make them his

has long had all

The books entitleg the most perfect literature:

conduct"and ethics

of medical

on precepts are in all medical

"The physician who is at the same time a philosopher is like the Gods. There is not a great difference between medicine and philosophyibecause of a good philosopher all the qualities should also be found In the physician: altruism, zeal, modesty, a dignified judgement, serenityg appearance, seriousnessp tranquil decision, knowledge of purity of life, the habit of brevity, what is useful and necessary In life, reprobation of evil thIngs9 (22) devotion to the divinity" a mind free from suspicious, . any doubt proof that along from it, practically with priestly medicine and in fact distinct development. medicine had already reached considerable These medical books give without

Post-HippOcratic The fundamental

Medicine features of Hippocratici" lived

philisophy

again

in the work of the philosopher and the great codifier of ancient (384 ) (see C. B. No figure 2) science Aristotle who as -322 Singer stated "developed coherent theories and of generation heredity. He gave good descriptions of some organsv regarded (23 ) from the standpoint Aristotle of comparative anatomy" . was a pupil of Plato at Athens and tutor to Philip's son Alexander the

19 -

Great. the

He studied of

the

entire

world

of

living and of

things, embryology

laying and

foundation

comparative

anatomy

flourished, inestimable sixty six,,.

the first value (25)

biologist, whose work may be of (24) Aristotle "died at the age of to medicine". great

in the field Ibn Abi Usabelah gave no details about Aristotle and his about his life, of medicine, although he gave full details knowledge in the field of philosophy and metioned books. Among the best anatomical is given by Aristotle that of the ruminant stomach, and he gave fairly accurate He realized descriptions of the branches of the great viens. that the arteries are usually accompanied by veins. "The views description have had a fast thought. influence in determining the direction of medical philosophy, intellectual For more than two thousand years Aristotelian the main inmore or less corrupted form, constituted (26) food of mankind".

of Aristotle

Alexandrian

School

Soon after Aristotle, founded at Alexandria after of Mediterranean the tumultuous the Great,

about 300 B. C. a great medical school was In Egypt which had been conquered by Alexander

whom, the town was named and became the centre trade where men of all races and tongues lived

life of traffic and fertile and Industry, ainled through the will of its leaders to take Into itself the traditional glory. of Greece and by hard work and zealous study to show Itself All these different worthy of this proud position. currents coming together to form the Alexandrian medicine which so clearly in itself the characteristics reflected of Its origin and period. On the one hand was the detailed Investigation of the causes of being diseases, which reflected of vital and of manifestations, , the fervid and produced studies of the Alexandrian philosophers those first step in anatomy and physiology whose genius still

20 -

excites dogmatism side of

our

admiration,

on the

other

hand,

the

persistnce formal for

of-a

which medical

accentuated studies

more and more the

and literary science.

and substituted

erudition

were Herophilus of Chalcedon (b. 334. B. C. ) been first kind. have the its treatise of on anatomy may whose The second Is Erasistratus of Chios who is regarded by some historians as the founder of physiology. The two best medical teachers Alexandrian Investigation "It Medicine seemed about to make great of a-.new path in science. advances in the

the anatomy of the brain to study systematically is the first (27) In addition, we can mention the following and spinal" . achievement by Herophilus observed and tried analysed and described to solve respiratory abdominal movement. the Roman Empire in 50 B. C. organ and female genitals and

the problem of circulation

With the absorption

of Egypt into

of the Ptolemaic dynasty by the death of and the extinction Cleopatra in 30 B. C., Alexandria ceased to have great scientific The school continued for centuries importance. with restricted activity become subordinate the world the point and devoid originality. to the Metropolis. of all Intellectually, it had Rome was now mistress of must be considered from

and the future

of medicine of view of the Roman Empire.

The Greek physician nor magician. was neither prophet, priest, but an independent He was not a deposittry of divine secrets, thought, and animated by the agent guided by his own critical impelling explanation of necessity of searching for a logical natural internal phenomena. contemplation To this, that he added knowledge of himself, that is summarized in the formula of Thales:

21 -

"Know thyself" and his school observation

tbus,

in the history

Ignored

and critical

of medical thought, Hippocrates the sanctuary of the God and made clinical reasoning their field of activiey.

B. 5. RONAN MEDICINE The entire extenal aspect of Roman Medicine advent of Greek Medicine. In spite was changed by the

of the contacts which certainly were made In early times with the Greek and in spite of the proximity of such an important Schools, centre for the development of medicine as the Sicilian Roman Medicine on magic. It based early periods was almost exclusively To the Gods alone were attributed the power of healing. that before the arrival of Greek physicians, At first practitioners. Rome in its

is certain

did not possess truly scientific

professional

a matter medical education at Rome was entirely The earliest important scientific teaching. teacher there (born 124 B. C. ) of Prusa- the prince the Greek Asclepiades to the court of foreign Kings physicians - who was invited

of private was of

sought after by the richest and most powerful families Ascleplades is credited with at least one princiPb xf the very highest importance: namely, that it Is the method of Investigation He taught as a fundamental that is essential and determining. precept of the art of medicine that promptly, safely and pleasently. Hippocratic attitude of relying which he regarded as "a mere meditation regular school at Rome which continued be given: He was in opposition of the on the "healing power of nature" should on death. after him. He founded a treatment

and was In Rome.

came the Methodists 1 who f ormed the most important school "at the time of the greatest splendour of the Empire, many (28) by the Caesarn". of them were highly esteemed and cultivated The most celebrated who maybe regarded of the Methodist school was Sorcus of Ephesus as the founder of obstetrics and gynacology.

Af ter Asclepiades

- 22 -

of woman" particularly valuable for and had a direct influence on this He is the first to prescribe bathing subject for many centuries. to make the eye of the new born with oil and he Is the first differential diagnosis. attempts at The greatest of Latin medical writers was Arlus Cornelium Rome beginning Christian the in the lived at of era. who complete Celsus of called work art, De Artibus Included the military Celsus The

His work on "the disease the history Of obstetrics,

well as medicine. book on general A. D. 25 and 35. The book of Celsus was the first 1478. be in The Florence in to printed and was published medicine treatise account of the of Celsus opens with an Interesting He dealt first history then therapeutics, with diet, of medicine. pathology, The last part plastic from nose. It and then moved to external disease. of his work Is devoted to surgery, that described operations on the face and mouth and the removal of pollypus internal disease

agriculture., rhetoric, philosophy, as and jurisprudence It is thought to have been written between

we owe a great part, of our information on the medicine of the Hellenistic periods and on Alexandrian surgery. It is In Celsus that we find the first translation of Greek medical terms Into Latin.

is to Celsus that

Olen
the early centuries of the Christian era, Greek doctors thronged to Rome. The most illustrious of them was Galen (130-200 (30 ) (29) born "Pergamum, B. C. ) Mysiall was at amd began practicing who (31) He acknowledged his debt to Hippocrates and in Rome in AD 164 . During Ibn Abi Usaybelah said that the Hippocratic method. "he lived for 87 years, 17 years of this age as a boy and for learning (32). He wrote and teacher" aims, and 70 years as a scientist (33). his work amounted to about "four hundred" numerous treatises, followed

23 -

Galen recognised physiology. of experimental that the arteries contained blood and not merely air, and showed how the heart sets the blood In motion, but he had not idea that the blood circulates, and he was forced to base his knowledge dissection the of and piss given the opes of upon examination He Is the founder Ibn Abi Usabelah the human body was at that time illegal. last last the "Galen the the of that physiciansand great was said (34) Also No one was equal to him In the field of Medicine". details Ibn Abi Usaybelah gave. full concerning the characteristics of Galen, he said that he was "brown in colour, well character, he loved fingers, hands, long large broad songs with elbows, he jokes, in was making smiling, walking, and reading, modest too much and travelling too little, cheating his friends silent he loving dress, and was riding and clean very often, wearing him They Kings. to to He were generous walking. was very close fee for his him as a of gold of payments and paid a. number Galen himself mentioned this fact a number of times treatment. (35) In his book1l. point in the ancient history of Galen made a culminating On the one hand his work assembled the Investigations of medicine. this who relying on Hippocrates, utilized of a gifted physician, On hand, the observations. other practical and great experience The writing he represented the speculations of dogmatist, equipped with the Some of his scientific knowledge highest opinion of his own value. and constructing an extensive edifice or rather of his infallibility Galen knew philosophy. of dogma on the basis of an Aristotelian everything the origin Incarnation, who regards had an answer for everything, of all diseases and outlined he confidently their pictured He Is the of the physician of authority cure. time in history,

perhaps, for the first himself as ommiscient and whose attitude act and every word.
his disciples they did not followed follow but of the the the

emanates from every

Throughout rather observer, than centuries, the spirit,

letter ideas of

of his the

work

whose work

was excellent,

philosopher,

who was

24 -

mediocre,

and of of

the

dogmatist,

who gave to his

hypotheses

the appearance

immutable

precepts.

RomanPublic

Health

The great contribution of Rome to medicine and a very great "It is a scheme that system. one indeed - Is the hospital and arose out of the Roman genius for organization naturally (36 ) The discovery Is connected with the Roman military system. , hospitals near Vienna, at Bonn in Germany of Roman military shows that and at Baden In Switzerland well providea forever. in the province. sanitary service was

The baths of Rome in the most ancient times consisted. of the cold baths In the Tiber and in the great basins that had the name of the public oriental private public citizens. Also Roman public for the sick that to spitals warm public planning, Professional for health (infirmaries) comprised I'valetedunaria became the foundation of medical hospitals and pilgrims along strategic roads, town It was only later, when Greek and pools. customs began to be introudced into Rome, that first in the dwellings, baths were built and then the magnificant by the state or the emperors or rich

baths constructed

travellers

healths, sewers

use of mineral springs, cremation, (37) and drains, and putity of food".

practice, status of the physician - medicine at Rome was at first as one explained - by foreigners. practiced The first foreign physicians In Rome were the Greeks. Medicine was regarded as an ignoble profession to which no free man would devote himself. At the time of, the Republic instruction seems to have been delivered and without any control by the privately Athenaians state, medicine formed part of the general culture. that every cultivated

maintained

man should concern himself with Galen for wrote all professions. medicine, which was necessary about the nobility conferred on the physician by the study of

25 -

should possess namely he meant, that the physicians and all the necessary knowledge of life and its manifestations, he estimated that a period of study at least eleven years was philosophy, necessary goal. It to all physicians. of Roman citizenship granted the right was at that time begun to be thought necessary to organize medical Toward the end of the Empire there was certainly public studies. Archiaters, instruction The palatine in medicine. who were true life. an important part in political there* who had an official character, but enjoying title, were in Rome practitioners without a definite and the such as exemption from all taxation various priviliges, right of naming to judges those who refused to pay their honoraria2 Galen received in a single these honoraria were considerable. coupt physicians, played Besides these physicians, case a payment equivalent
/

to attain

this

In 46 B. C. ,

Julius

Caesar

to several

thousands

dollars

today. in

In the days of the last their ranks had great

emperors,

the physicians,

included

the most important members of the court, their opinion weight not Gnly in matters of hygien but often also political problems. in medical a class, history. protected was only by the la%v It

in the most important Romans,therefore, For the first

deserve credit constituted

in Rome the physicians time,

to the more important attained administration. and took part in the political public positions from his It was the Roman genius that snatched the physician humble and uncertain of the granted him the rights position, physicians social. 1adder, and placed for public health. in his hand the supreme responsibility

B. 6.

THE BYZANTINE PERIOD Alaric. by Rome was sacked and

In 410

Italy

was overrun Centuries

latest

In

the following disintegrated.

Empires. The

*the rzoinan Empire i.n the - west gradually It. was. -continued by the Byzantine .and'Medieval
was created by

2G -

1 11,

Charlemagne Caesar. part -%*ls of

who believed Empire part

himself of

the

successor is Africa,

of Augustus a sinall till the Spain

This

consisted of Italy,

what

now France,

Germany,

North countries.

conquest

and the

Balkan

After

the unity

of all

the currents

of scientific

thought

which

of the work of Galen and the greatest splendorma was as a result of Roman power and the greatest of the power o'f the extention Casars, the decadence of the medicine began, this due to many the great wars, the misery of large classes of the factor - especially population,. - But the extremely important for the h+ist the terrible and the medical historian were epidemics which destroyed entire and led to the enormous cities destruction progress country of human life of medical following these epidemics as all and national wealth and hampered the The prostrate science. conditions of the removed confidence in factors:

methods of cure were useless to reduce the huge amount of mortality, led people toward a and as a result blind faith and new efflorescence of magic and mysticism. _ physicians,
Although effect E. Garrison upon medical said that the'I'early disease church had an adverse as a punishment

progress,

was regarded

prayers and repentance. Furthermore, the human body was held sacred and dissection was (3 B)We believe that Christianity forbidden". exercised an extremely sin, on the development of the Medicine of this period. The worship of Christ, regarded as the saviour from all physical God Greek the the and moral ills was sometimes carried of statu temple and adored as the image of Christ. over the Christian Important effect In the worship of the'faith, the souls and of the body. religious with holy medicine oil, Christ is Tbus there both of the physician was formed a Christian of-hands, unction

for

and such chastening

demanded only

in which prayer,

the imposition

were regarded as the most important remedies, those to which the faithful should have exclusive or almost-exclusive The recourse in seeking divine and for the cure of bodily ills.

27 -

Christianity fraternal faithful

gave a different concept the of equality

valuation and clarity

of human life, which to lessen

imposed on all the -11

most severe

s-icrif ices

in order

suffering Although,

of others. the Byzantic

RMY cerl-, -. power lasted f-Uriest is concerned chiefly with the name medical history in the first three centuries of its existence. of four physicians These were: Oribasius (325-403 A. D. ) Aetium of Amida who lived in the 6th Century A. D., Alexander (525 - 403 A. D. ) of the Greek electics

of Tralls and Paul of Aegina (625 - 690 A. D. ) the last and compilcrs. In general,

medicine in the period of Roman decadence returned itself in the shadow of the Church. Under the influence to shelter it becomes a dogmatic medicine of and domination of Christianity which faith assistance is the f irst of the sick, aim is the essential regarded as a work of human and divinity. article. Its

As soon as the seventh Century began, Islam arose and "soon swept over vast areas that-had erstwliilc. bel6ngcd*to the Emperor of the The territory occupied by the Nestorians came early under (39 )As Moslem rule". in the next chapter explaincd in more detailed In general and Arabic when we deal with the Arabic Civilization medicine Thus it in particular. East.

was that the bulk of learning before the appearance of Islam Byzantium it Rome travelled to came to be In Alexandria whence and was carried by the Nestorians who were founded In A. D. 428 by Nestorius, The Nestorians were the patriarch of Constantinople. persecuted and so they emigrated to the Syrian City of Al-Ruha (Edessa), where "they set up their medical school. But persecution followed them, and the Byzantine Emperor expelled them in A. D. 489. So they emigrated to Persia, where they were welcomed and treated well by the Emperor and they settled there and penetrated eastwards

28 -

until Centre there

they of the

reached learning Nestorians

Jundishapur.

And so it

was that

the

Nestorian and

moved from Syria "erected

to Jundishapur next

in Persia, to a large

a university

hospital

became the most prominent cultural centre (40) at the time of the Persian Emperor of Kisra Anushirawan".

and Jundishapur

29

CHAPTERTW0

THE DEVELOPMENTOF ARABIC MEDICINE

A.

Historical

Setting

of Ancient Arab

Arab

Civilization

A. I: A. 2: A. 3:

Ancient

Civilization and the Caliphates

The Prophet The Decline

B.

The Development

of Arabic

Medicine

B. l: B. 2: B. 2.1: B. 2.2:

Pre Islam During Islam of the Prophet Caliphates

The Medicine During the

Ummyad & Abbasid al-Iareali & Others

Jurjus

Bekhrayshu

Yuhana Ibn Maseueh Hunayn Ibn al-Rhazes Ibn Spain Ishaq al-Israli al-Zahrawi Ibh Rushed & Others Ibn Omrun Sina & Others Ishaq

B. 2.3:

In -

30 -

B. 2.4:

In Egypt

& Syria

In Egypt In B. 2.5: Hospital Syria & Medical Practice

31 -

f'UADTC'D

TWn

The development

of

Arabic

Medicine

A. A. l.

Historical Ancient

setting

of Ancient

Arab Civilization

Arab Civilization

When did the history What is meant by the 'Arab' and Arab thought? begin? Is it true to say of the Arabs and their civilization than the dawn of Islam? that its genesis took place no earlier In the seventh Century A. D.?

These and similar questions should occupy a prominent position They in the thinking intellectuals. are key points which of our before we can make an accurate evaluation we have to settle of heritage and establish-'a our national cultural correctly orientated The majority modern intellectual of intellectuals revival.

In the Arab world are still following the old ways of thinking which emanated from the views of some Western historians, some of whom considered that Arab history and did not exist before Islam. although'p the fallacy civilization of this. premise began to be exposed by the efforts of some Arabs The history and Western thinkers. of the Arab nation stretches back into ancient times and all the Arab civilizations which have been born in the Arab homeland are an expression of the Arab of the people of the nation all of whom owe their to a single source. This definition transcends the longorigin held narrow concept of what is 'Arab' to the extent that it embraces personality and geographical roots to the people who owe their national In other words, it includes all those people Arabian Peninsula. whom western researchers have called Semites, which is a all misnomer with no basis of historical fact.

32 -

a modern word coined by Schlozer (1781) and used to describe languages which he had studied and which were several oriental known at that time, in particular Arabic, Aramaic, and Hebrew. These were classified and traced back to a single source, to as a constituting what in linguistic science Is referred Family of languages. Schlozer mistakenly attributed to the people who spoke these languages a common ancestor, Shem, the Son of-Noah in Genesis. (It is worth pointing out that Shem does theory relied not appear In the Holy Quranq although Schlozer's heavily on Arab annalists such as 'Wahhab Bin Minbah and other esteemed authorities, most of whom were Jewish, who had introduced into Arab history legends, one of which was that many Israelite (41) the Arabs were the descendants of Shem". is strange that the Torah, to which the orientalist turned to make his classification excluded from those and definitions, people descended from Shem the largest group in size and importance, the Canaanites. The reason for this sprang from the hatred of the Jewish writers for the Canaanites, the most ancient of the Arab peoples, who settled in Syria and Palestine. This definition researchers, became common language usage among European who used it to refer to all other peoples whose It

The application 'Semite' the European orientalist

is,

in fact,

language was found to resemble Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew. Such as the Akkaadians, the Babylonians and the Assyrians (of Wadi al Rafidin), the Canaanites, the Hammurabis, the Phoenicians reason for and the South Arabians. of whom there The most important the orientalists, Thus the wor, d came to be

are many in the west. synonymous with the Jew, and Semitism began to mean in European languages the struggle of the Jews. the term 'Semitic' has no basis despite its widespread adoption

If

by orientalists,

what can we call

those peoples

who formed the

33 -

majority times,

of the inhabitants of the Arab homeland in ancient the Assyrians, such. as the Akkadians, the Babylonians,

the Arabs and others referred to above, whose languages can be grouped together In the same family by virtue In order to answer this question of their linguistic similarities? fact, the truth of which we must return to another historical most researchers are agreed on, which is that the i4xablan Peninsula, its fringes and deserts, constitutes the cradle from down centuries throughout the which these peoples were diffused Arab world as It is known today, and where they established the human civilization. Therefore, is It not more logical to refer to them as 'Arab people' or 'Peninsula people19 The term 'Arablas to all the peoples used by the Arabs themselves was not applied and It did not become or all the Arab tribes, rallying cry until just before the dawn (according first

the Aramaics,

a general of Islam. to what Century Assyrian of Syria

mention of the word 'Arab' we can gather from cunieform text) goes back to the ninth B. C. It appears in the text of*the history of the King Shalmaneser 111, which describes one of his invasions (Bilad al Shan) in 853 B. C.

nationalistic The oldest

the sources of the terms 'Arab- and 'Semitic' it is necessary to mention what have been called the Hamitic languages (spoken by the descendants of Ham, Noah's other son, just as Semitic languages are those spoken by the pnogeny attributed to Shem). into Attention has recently been focussed ancient languages. Most notable and the Berbers in North Africa. on them by researchers among these people were the The languages

In tracing

ancient

Egyptians

they spoke manifest many linguistic similarities with the so called Semitic languages, enabling us to group the two families together In an Inclusive family called Semiticgreater linguistic Hamitic by western is possible reserachers. to attribute area extending to the ancient Arab peoples a from the Arabian Peninsula to

Thus it

wide geographical

34 -

the most western extremities From this of North Africa. 'cradle' the Arabs spread all over what is now the Arab World. The above Is a necessary preface the Ancient Arab Civilization. for any Investigation

of

'Arab' nationality, In view of this long-standing which can be traced back to ancient history when the Arab people established in Mesopotamia and the first, human civilization the first the ) Nile, having been founded more than five thousand years ago the historian several historical of the Arab World can distinguish eras characterised effect of conciseness, innovations by cultural on man's Intellectual and material it which have had a profound history. For the sake

is possible to specify two periods as the most significant eras In history with respect to the richness of their cultural accomplishments and the legacy they handed on to The ancient civilizations succeeding generations. which flourished In the Arab World at the dawn of history, and the G61den Age of Islam, which bagan in the Seventh Century A. D.

The greatest revolution World with the founding which bridged civilizations.

In human history

took place

in*the

Arab

of those first mature civilizations the gap between pre-history and the age of urban It Introduced socialp economic and political order

and the bases of science and technology and the first written (prose and poetry - embodied in the cuneiform literatures literary Perhaps the most texts discovered in Mesopotamia). these prominent phenomenon that emerged from and characterised is that for the first time in man's long history civilizations (more than a million years) he began to struggle against his environment and the hold it had upon him.
There followed the the diffusion the Arab and assimilation civilizations

process

of

cultural began in

whereby

innovations

which

35 -

Initially this occured in the spread to other peoples. Mediterranean area - In the civilization of the Aegean with its centre In Crete and then that of Greece, which borrowed institutions most of its civil The development and the Nile. of logic and ordered thought discoveries and developments turn, the foundations from the Societies of Mesopotamia In Greece of the science was the basis for man's greatest In In the field of Philosophy.

had been laid on what of this philosopy had borrowed from the thoughts, legends and way of Greek culture life of the Ancient Arab civilization and other civilizations. The various methos of writing used by most of the peoples near East Europe can be traced back to one source In the first written form invented in the Nile and Mesopotamia more than five. thousand years ago. For a long period of time In early history the development of human thought depended on two famous ancient in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in the Nile cuneiform scripts, These two scripts the dawn of the were used up until in the, era. However, while they were flourishing living in Syria second Century B. C. one of the Arab societies (Sham) Invented a simplified based on a limited phonetic script which was both efficient to be considered This has and easy to learn. inventions in human history, one of the greatest

valley. Christian

alphabet

among other people and societies apd the alphabet spread rapidly language with the becoming the base for most known written Therefore, "The understanding exception of Chinese and Japanese. of the Arabian necessary who have Moreover, cannot-fail from the A. 2. seems no less if not more people, of their affairs than a knowledge of the history of any people whatsoever, (42) flourished since the decline of the Roman Empire2. of Arabia as Andrew Crichton stated that, "the history to be of interest as the home of liberty and Independence (43) yoke of foreign conquerors".

THE PROPHET AND THE CALIPHATES The emergence of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula after the sixth

36 -

Century A. D. led to the appearance of the Arab civilization (44 ) as 'said by Sousa, but in fact the emergence of Islam again, in the seventh Century A. D. was the greatest social revolution that the Arab people have ever experienced and the "religious culture which began In the early decendents of the seventh Century had developed into a unique system as purely Arabic in Origin, (45 )Both Arab, the belief". -, and the world as a way of life of That the peninsula Arabs transformed. whole became radically the principles of this great cultural that the an Indication among themselves is in itself revolution soil in which they planted the seeds of their doctrine was not, historian would have us believe, as some ignorant or hostile chose to propgate corrupt and depraVed. Rather upheaval cultural a fruitful-interaction and social betweenthe was adequately ready to accept It thereby generated progress. it

principles of the new fourth Arabs, which - following the political and the existing of the warring tribes - formed the basis of a new unification between This interaction Islam Its cry. as rallying with nationalism civilization old and new provided the impetus for a high principled that spread rapidly throughout the that Arab Islamic civilization bringing together first civilization and only truly international the-cosmopolitan and people, until world culture Therefore we will give below a brief backof the present day. Caliphates Mohammed Islam. the the and propher of of ground diverse nations The Prophiat Mohamnied' "Mohammedwas born In Mecca on 20th August 270 A. D. (see figure Abdallah, ). He the-posthumous of an esteemed son was. no-3 The death of his merchant of moderate means, and of Aminah. (46) he barely left the when six years old" . an orphan was child mother, He married the Later he was intrusted to an uncle, Abu Talib. been and traded and rich widow Kadijdn so he had travelled (47) in contact with Christian peoples of the desert and with Hanifs" .

37 -

announced his mission In 612 A. D. when the Persian armies were already in occupation of several (48) In the beginning of his mission, Byzantine provinces". "Mohammed, the Arabian Prophet, In convincing the people of Mecca (making the Hegira necessary) then, the (Quarysh) his influential tribe and of most valiant members (49) were "converted by him and went to his support". From Medina, where he had returned after "his Meccan triumph", he reappeared again in his native city during the tenth year the Muslim after (the Hegira) In order to conduct personally pilgrimage (50) he had great difficulty of his divine vocation

of farewell where with solemn words of the last declared "his mission accomplished the Prophet Mohammed revelation, (Allah) God had now entirely that the the and proclaimed grace of (51) Shortly, descended on his people with Islam". In June 632 A. D. died without naming anyone to succeed him the prophet Mohammed (Khaliphah) determine of his own people to (52) who would be the best one to succeed him". It to the descretion but left

The Caliphate

For a short

period

of time,

the bisappearance

of the Prophet

plunged the Medinese community, directing nucleus of Islamijinto provide a successor untransmittable his successor religious

which continued to form the It was necessary to crisis. the who, without being able to Inherit

of the ppophet, would be prerogative leader of the society of believers. as the political "The vital organization which Mohammedhad formed under the (53) sign of Islamic faith would not die with him. , by

After

stormy periods, Omar endorsed Abu Baker as Indicated the epithet as Al Siddiq (Caliphate of the prophet).

- 38 -

In 633 the Arabs penetrated into Palestinet Transjordania, and "entered Syria in 644 on the Peak of the Byzantines, who were (54 ) Abu Baker with the Arabian". engaged in confrontation designated Omar Al Khatab as his successor when he died in 634. During Omar's rule, the Muslims penetrated Egypt and from there they moved t6ward North Africa and he "continued not only by conquering the Roman dominions outside Europe, but (55) On also the entire domain of the Sassanian Empire". his death bed he entrusted the nomination of a successor to a (Majles al-Shoura)

Council

Ali, Talha, of six eminent Muslims: Zubeyer, Abdul Rahamn-Ibn Awf, Saiad Ibn Waqas and Othamn During Bin Afan's Bin Afan. They elected the last as a Calip. the development and the continuation of the expansionst policy of Islamism, which (56 ) After Othman's murder in 656 began during Omar's decade". rule (644-656 A. D. ) the Caliphate "witnessed

A. D.

t and son-in-law cousin of the prophet. Empire from 656 - 661 A. D. It is very sad to say that the between the Umayd and Beni Hashim appeared and In the rivalry years-. to come it was to rend the great Empire into shreds, and "The Umayad Governer of Syria divided Islam into rival parties.

Ali

Ibn Abi Taleb became the Caliphate.

He was the He ruled the Arabian

There Safyan. Haawlyah Ibn'Abi was-some misunderstanding was (57 ) By his outstanding between Maawiyah and Ali. , leadership a province to be used by the entire (58) Muslim world as a model. , and he succeeded In founding a dynasty in his family, the Bani Umaya, who held the Caliphate (59) During his rule, Damgecus and the empire for ninety years' . became the capital He founded an orderly of the Muslim Empire. Muslim Society, and developed a stable well organised state. was developed to a degree (60 ) The well known hsitorian probably higher than any Caliphate. , F. K. Hitti described his characteristics as he stated: His prudent by which he tried to disarm the enemy and hisslowness to anger, and his absolute share opposition, left him under all circumstances master of the self control mildness In Haawiyah, the sense of politics fie transformed Syria into

39 -

not my sword where my lash suffices, nor my lash where my tongue is enough. Even if there be one lair binding me to my fellowmen, I do not let it break, when they (61 ) 1 if loosen, The most I loosen, they pull,,. and pull Important Caliph was Marwan (683 - 685 A. D. ) the founder of apply He was succeeded Oy the Marwanid branch of th Umyad Dynasty. (685 - 705 A. D. ). his son Abd al-Malik Under his rule and that of his four sons who succeeded him the. -dynasty at Damascus During the reign. of reached-te Zenith of its power and glory. and Hashim the Islamic Empire-reached its greatest from the shores of the Atlantic ocean and expansion, stretching (Please the Pyrenees to the Indies and the coast of China. al-Wahid 4). No. see public During registers) tongues to Arabic. period, the language of al-Divan (the began to be changed from a multitude of this

situation.

"I

"In 727 A. D. open revolt against Umayad was proclaimed by their cousins, the Abbasids, descendants of an uncle of the Prophet After the success of the Abbasids, the Umayad house al-Abbas. (62) was exterminated".

The Abbasid

Caliphate

The Baghdad Caliphate,

reached its height third Caliph, al-Mahdi particularly

founded by al-Saffah and al-Mansur, in the period between the reigns of the

al-Maimun. brilliant m9n, that the Abbasid dynasty acquired a "halo in in popular imagination, and became the most celebrated (63 ) Following the rule of al-Walhiq, the history of Islam". the Caliph al-Mustasim, the the state began to decline until thlrty-sevent in the succession, met final destruction at the

al-Watiq and more and the ninth, in the days of Haroun al-Rashid and his son It was mainly because of these Illustrious and

40 -

hand of Mongols in 1258.

"An idea of the degree of power, by the Abbq_o Caliphate at the glory. and progress attained highest and most promising period may be gained from observing the security of its life foreign in its the court and relations, Baghdad, and the unparalled capital,

aristocratic intellectual

awakening which culminated under the patronage of (64) Under the rule of Haroun al-Rashed began al-Maimun". the translation of classical mathematics from Greek and Sanskrit increase in mathematical to Arabic and, in general, an overall *and the other fields of science as we will explain The-Abbasid period Is remembered as "a brilliant and The rules distinguished of Islam. prosperous era in the history themselves influence as great scholars patrons of learning, and under their to the advancement considerably contributed (65) dynasty in Baghdad, Un'der this liberal of world civilization". "the great movement of Arabic Science flourished and opened the (66) leads us to This situation way for the Islamic Golden Age" . but unified, emphasize that the Arab world was not politically shared a common culture.

activitylater.

After

of the Umayad dynasty in Damascus in 750 A. D. by Abdul Rahman, a youth. of twenty, was among the four people who escaped, making his way to Spain, where, "He he fought to reach power and maintain the Umayad dynasty. the overthrow the Abbasid family, the Intellectual movement and, made Cordova as a centre (6 7) Cordova, the new Abuout the tenth century, of world culture" . city of the Umayads "took its place as the most cultured capital (68 )and in Europe" Its university was founded in the principal initiated of the world, and attracted and Muslim from Spain and other parts of Europe, Africa The Muslims' mosque. It institutions became "a place of pre-eminence among the educational both Christian students, and Asia" .

(69)

which had began with periodic conquest of Sicily, raids as early as 552 A. D. had been completed in 827. During Sicily the next 189 years, "under the rule of Muslim Chieftains, was transformed Into a province of themuslim world with Palermo (70) as Its capital".

41 -

A. 3.

The Decline After Abbasid Umayads the the rule, the of and six Muslim Empire experienced a fifty year period of gradual political breakdown in which "fragmentation eventually overcame unity". Centuries

deterioration This political set the stage for the invasion of the Empire in 1258 A. D. by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan, and (71) had "ravaged Asia terrorized who and grandson of Gengiz Khan , (72) ,The Mongols were ruthless Europe". warriors and their guiding (The by Gengiz In Khan these words. creed was expressed greatest joy is to conquer one's enemies, to pursue them, to seize their property, in tears, to ride to see their families (73) to possess their daughters and wives ,
Khan and his surrendered Hulagu, men swept after in across Baghdad,

their

horses,

When Hulagu, Abbasid of his Caliph scorn,

the

powerless

a weak defence. a sack

As an indication to Baghdad

had him put less libraries

and trampled cities, art

death.

Although

suffering inhabitants elsewhere which years

than

some other of in

was plundered, and many of their system for destruction of

pri: celess the

and works Mesopotamia

were destroyed. continued great

were massacered. in had made6e

The Mongols Syria, fertile

and the

irrigation of

region

and prosperous

thousands

was ruined.

B.

OF ARABIC MEDICINE THE DEVELOPMENT of Science as in that of any expression of human intelligence and emotion, the past is never the past, but continues as very active in every form and at every manifestation between the progress of The close relation of the Present. In the History medicine the than any other with science essential connected more Is the of civilization quite evident. and advance need of life It is perhaps not sufficiently that the modern art appreciated with old magical rites and religious Hippocratism, creeds, with classical with dogmatic doctrines discoveries, but is also intimately associated and revolutionary not only with the economic, intellectual, and political condition of life of healing Is linked

- 42 -

of different their their

nations

at different their art.

times, laws,

with their

their wars,

wealth their

or

misery, their trade. literature and their of all

philosophy,

the mightiest It of today: constantly

affects facing new threats

medicine Is one of the suggestive agents active in their life both the individual and the group, and menaces, but offering horizons for the future. also new

Furthermore,

promises opening unexpected The history

has often and these Interferences of this evolution by been marked by the immortal touch of genius, illuminated light the flashing and beautified of heroism and of sacrifice, Its progress has sometimes been by the radiant smile of poetry. dogmatism, by hatred and intolerance. But from the most remote past up to our time, medical thought, the noblest expression to deliver of human aspiration man from physical and moral evil, has maintained a striking historical a and only through unity, knowledge and a comprehension of the past it is of the history possible to understand or to judge the medicine of today. Therefore it is very essential to give an account of the development of medicine during the previous periods in the next pages.

Arabic

The West has not done justice to the Influence of the Arabs on development of medicine, most of the Western writings the historical have given little and prominence to the Arabic Scientific (74 But the fact is intellectual to this field" . contribution the torch of science and thought in an age that the Arabs carried Professor doing so. capable of civilization was no other when George Sarton has stated insist on the fact that, Arabic writing scholars and their assimilation, in his monumental life of science: 11I must though a major part of the activity of in the translation of Greek works consisted They did they did far more than that.

They created a new one ... not simply transmit ancient knowledge. However, a few Greeks had reached, almost suddenly, extraordinary But one might heights. That is what we call the Greek miracle. speak also, creation though In a-different of. -a-new. civilization The sense, of an Arabic miracle. of international and encyclopaedic

43 -

magnitude within we can describe, To give a clear

less

than two centuries

but not completely

is something (75) explain".

that

to medicine, of the Arab contribution picture we will explain the development of Arabic medicine during the Pre Islam and during Islam where the Golden following periods: Age of Arabic economic, civilization as Muslim culture political and religious We will world. during powerful, influence over a large part explain these developments exerted

of the civilized of Arabic culture

periods: in Spain and then in Syria Although,

Islam according to the following Abbasid Caliphate, UmmayadCaliphate, Arabic Medicine and Egypt.

to trace the the main objective of this chapteris history of Arabic medicine during the above mentioned periods, is made at the end of this chapter to explain the some effort of Medicine

hospitals progress of the and the practice during the heyday of Arabic civilization.

B. 1.

Arabic

Medicine

Pre Islam

In pre Islamic times Arabic medical knowledge was negligible due to the unsettled, nomadic, desert environmen the Arabs The only settlements lived in. were to be found In the vicinity had of oases where towns such as Mcca, 11edina, and al-Taif grown up. The only contact the Arabs had with the other civilizations trips came by way. of the trade caravans which made bi-annual from Mecca, travelling to Syria In the north and'to Yemen in the "there were some medical practitioners Nevertheless, in south. pre Islamic Arabia such as Ibn Huzwwn, Harith Ibn Kalda al-Tbaqfi, (76) Nadr Ibn Harit, and Ramtha al-Taminis",
Ibn he Abi Usaybealah gave some details about and , Harith Ibn Kalda al-Thagafi

said:

"He was --f rom al-Taif

to -Persia

44 -

there and knew the where he studied medicine and practised (77) , Ibn Kalda described medicine as a diet: It profession. is said that he met with Kisra Anushirwan, the emperor of the Persians. Ibn Abi Usaybeah gave full details of that meeting. 4'Whenhe came to see Kisra Anushirwan, the latter asked him : Ibn Kalda al-Thagafi, he answered. who are you? I am Al-Harith

he asked. What is your profession? Physician, he answered. Then the emperor was astonished on being told that al-Harith "What on earth" he demanded was a Bedouin and a physician. "are the Arabs doing studying to become physicians, when we know them to be ignorant, ill-ted, and feeble-minded? ll Harith repleid: "your Majesty If these are indeed Unruffled, of the Arabs, then, they are in the greatest need to heal their minds and feed their bodies. " Kisra of a physician was so amused by this reply that he rewarded him amply and had (78 ) Then Kisra asked him , the scribes record the Incidem. the qyalit'ies-,.
to sit down and during and asked for that his meeting, advice. as asked him Some of his number of advice to the questions

emperor: avoid having

while don't eat the you are

a bath while
drunk., meal while

you are full.

you are angry.

And making love

have your little best to meat is

have good sleep the lamb and avoid cow meat

When the emperor asked him about his advice on "making love" He replied: "It Is too harmful to make love with an old woman, she will pull out your power ... always try to make love with (79 ) According a. you.ng one Uecause she will make stronger". to Harb 1bn Mohamed, IbinKelda mentioned four things hurt the body. 1. 2. 3. 4 are: making love while having a bath eating They

you are'full while you are full

unfresh meat and (80) making love with an old woman

45 -

Ibn Abi practicing Islam;

Usaybea,

also, pre

mentioned Islam

other

physicianswho the early period

were of

medicine they were:

and in bin

Al-Nader

(the cousin of the Thakafi (80b) in Abdul Malek Ibn Abjar al-Kanani Name, who was living (80c) Ibn Athal, known and distinguished Alexandria well , (80e) (80d) Abo Al-Hakam, Hakam al-Dimashki in Damascus. physician (80g) (80h) (80f) Tayazok Issa Bin Hakam, and Zaynab of Damascut physician the Arabs of Bani Daous, she was a well-known the eye diseases. physician (80i) among

Bin Kelda alal-Harith (80a) Propher) Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Nameme

and she was treeting

With regard to the drugs, the only drug which was known by the Arab at that time came from plants and leaves of trees, live They incense. bones, to tended and certain pods, animals' and to eat a simple them against many Illnesses. frugally diet, and this was:, well protected

B. Z.

PURING ISLAM to give a full about the Arabic and clear picture the various Medicine during Islam, we will discuss briefly, factors which ledto, the cultural awakening among the Arabs. In order In fact, the first factor is the Quran. As the Quran, urged Muslimsalways
"We shall themselves (81) true. ,

to resort

to reason and thought:

portents on the hc4Kizons and within it is

show them our until it will

be manifest

unto

them that

The Quran distinguished were not in favour

"Are those

between those who were learned people.

those who know not? But

and who

of learned
with

who know equal will

only

men of

understanding

pay heed. "(82)

46 -

In many places of the Quran, there are some verses concerning knowledge "Allah (God)" there is no God save him, the Alive, the Eternal. Neither slumber, nor sleep overtEke Him. To Him belongeth whatsoever Who is it that in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth. He Knoweth that which is intercedeth with Him save by His leave? (83) in front of them. He is the Sublime, the Tremendous. , "Allah (God) is the light The of the heavens and the-earth. 'is a lamp. Is as a niche where-in were a shining an olive star. neither of the glow forth (at

of his light similitude The glass is as It The lamp is in glass. This lamp is kindled from a blessed tree,

East nor of the West, whose oil would almost (84) itself) though no fire to uched it.,,

A famous and sidnificant part of the holy Quran commended the Prophet Mohammedto: read in the name of God. Read by thy God he had the taught taught what never known. with pen, who man who The Prophet to knowledge, Mohammedhimself has said many sayings pertaining some of these sayings are the following:

for every Muslim" "The quest of knowledge is obligatory "Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets" "Seek knowledge from the cradle Therefore It to the gravel'

Is no wonder to see that the Quran and the sayings of the Prophet Mohammed"played a double role in the creation (85) and cultivation of science. " The other factor which led to the cultural Arabs is that Islam, did not differentiate and another, and permitted no discrimination "It colour, or social class. indulgent to other religions, that many Christians recalled (86) in the Islamic Empire . ,, awakening among the betweenone human being whether of sex,

religion, was an extremely tolerant this becomes evident when it is and Jews had important posts

47 -

Lastly,

the fourth

factor

is the Arabic

language of the Quaran and it Therefore it out the Empire: spreading

language as it is the was the only language used throughwas the only instrument In the

of learning and it became the language of science in many of the countries of the world of that time. and culture After this intorduction we will explain in detail in the following

of Arabic medicine pages, the development and the contribution during Islam through the various periodt but first of all we will start with: "the medicine of the Prophet".

B. 2.1.

The Medicine

of the Prophet

The whole of Islamic medicine is deeply rooted in the Islamic tradition, and the whole of Islamic medicine is also "related to Islam through the Injunctions contained in the Quran and the Prophet sayings (Hadith) concerning health and various (87) questions related in one way'or another to medicine. " If of the Prophet Mohammedand his sayings we study the life (Hadith) we will notice that he made great efforts to persuade the people to take care of their health and we will see that factors of the housing and

he considered that health is one of the five food, clothing, life of human being (health, security). In the field sayings of the body health of the Phrohet: Is built

we can mention the following

"The rel igion

"Who has a hair, "In order to

upon cleanliness
take care of for

(as)
it"(89) my followers, their teeth

he must

not

make difficulties

going to order them to clean (90) (very. hard tool)') by al-Sewak

I am not

48 -

The follower eating

of Islam is ordered to be moderate, moderate in "Eat and drink but not too much. "(91) and drinking.

In order to keep the person healthy without causing any harm for him, Islam gave him the right not to fast during Ramadan (the fasting month) and to delay that for another time, when he or she will be cured from his or her illness.

"Any one who Is ill in Ramadan or on a trip he or she had the right to not fast and delay that for another time of the year. "(92-) The Prophet stated a number of pieces of adviceUn order from the dirty clean to avoid the illness to

keep the water water.

he must not put someone awakes up from sleep, his hand in the pot of water before he washes them three times as he did not know where the hand was (93) during sleep" "If The Prophet orders us also not to breathe to have a bath In unclean water. In the water and not

With regards to food, the Prophet ordered not to eat the meat of dead animals and not to drink alcohol and not to eat the He said that the cloth forbidden food for religious reasons. and the place where the prayer is said must be clean The and not dirty, otherwise his or her prayer is not correct. Prophet ordered the Muslim person not to make love except with his wife, for many reasons, one of these is to avoid the of prayer from a patient suffering He ordered not to contact a healthy person. everyone not to enter any affected area with any epidemic disease like cholera, and If any person is in one of the affected. areas, he ordered him not to get out of this area to antoher one in veneral diseases. disease infectious He also advised order to avoid spreading the disease to that area. He said

49 -

It, do in is hear. the enter not that area one plague you (94) it.,, do in happened of it out if get not you were while and "If From what we have explained above, we notice that most of medicine as the teaching the prophet's medicine is preventive disease "is the diagnosis to the cure not and and of medicine (95) Prophet's responsibility" .

50 -

B. 2.2

DURING THE UMAYYAD AND ABBASID CALIPHATE

Islam the This

spread available period

and the

Muslims

were keen to

collect

all

preparation, deriving and the into felt the the from

manuscripts and books of the ancients. (750 900) be may called a period of influenced on the one hand by the current the ancient traditions of in In of the the the Quran, Arab tribes on the other

fundamental

regulations which

hand by Greek medicine, schools influence

translations this period. mbgic

penetrated also was

and academies. of Egyptian began to Aristotle,

currents, develop. were

and hermetic

medicine, philosophers,

when alchemy notably

The Greek astronomers became we find

studied,

and geographers, familiar the to

especially It is

Hippocrates during this first

and Ptolemy period that

students. authors

names of

who were the

representatives belonging to the

of the Nestorian No fewer eleventh

transition family than

period; Bakhtishu, of

such as those which

produced court

famous physicians. up to the

seven

them were

physicians

Century.

Under Persian into

the

Umayyad Caliphs

of

Damascus there who translated Christian of

lived

a Jewish Syrian

physician,

Masargiawaih

from

Arabic This

a book by a Syrian was the of the of the first Arabian golden

priest

and physician that fell quoted and

Aharon. into the

work

Greek origin

hands

physician period

and was often medicine

by the especially

authors

of Arabic

by Rhazes.

By far was the the

the

most prolific

and best Ishaq report

translator (809

f; om the 11 In

Greeks (96)

Christian of

Hunayn Ibn

original

as mentioned

an authentic rby Bergstfassero

-74). by him was discovered.

1925

"

51 -

The Christians one and a half under the rule

played centuries of

a large of

part the rise

in

these of

achievements. Baghdad

Within came the

Islam,

Abbasids

and Damascus and Cordova centres for learning

under

Umayyads and became world medicine.

and particularly

Among the following in this based

famous

physicians

of

the

Umayyad period a number as the Fi

were the of quotations work is

the reader will notice and from Ibn Ibi Usaby'ah chapter masterpiece; Uyan al-Anba

whole

on his

Tabakat

al-Atalia.

lbathal

lie was a Christian Muawiyah. in Damascus.

and physician

to the

first

Umayyad Caliph, physician Bin Abi Sofyan. " (968)

"He was a well

known and distinguished friend time, of to Muawiyah during the

Ile was a close him most in the died

lie accompanied "He was skilled nobles

of the science

day and night.

poisons during

and a number of the period

and princes

by poison

(97) of Muawiyah. 11

Abo al-Ilakam

al-Dimashki in of theraputics, drugs for his he helped

He was a Christian Myawiyah his to prepare

who specialised him a number to

enemies. to

He lived the

a physician

second

use against (98) fie was also be more than a hundred. (99) Umayyad Caliph, Yazid.

Hakam al-Dimashki for a long time. (100) Ile was like

He was living his father

in - well

Damascus and lived known in the

theraputics.

52 -

Issa

Ben Hakam al-Dimashki "I

lie was knoun Issa fever. him it the air

as Jesus. his

Yousef house in

Ben Ibrahim

said:

visited

Ben Hakam. at

Damascus while and ice to He reassured

I had a bad drink. me: 'I that I told know are not

lie gave me delicious was not in good to do so. better

food

of my country Iraq

than in

you.

Things

beneficial

are useful

Damascus. '?,

Issa. Ben Hakam told father's feet very in advice:

Yousef

Ben Hakam that food and to after

he followed wash his bath

his and it is

to eat

fresh

hands

as cold water (101) useful.

as possible

his

because

Tayathoq

He was a good physician caliphate. Wali He served al-Malek in 714.

in

the

early

stage

of the

Umayyad the in

al-Hajaj

Ben Yousef

al-Thakafi, in

of Abdul

Ben Marwan who was bom Taythoq served al-Thakafi advice

al-Taef to

661 and died

who trusted al-Thakafi

him as a good physician. are the following piveepts:

Among Taythoq's

"Don't Eat Don't If

make love fresh take you eat meat.

except

with

a young

girl.

medicine during

if the

you don't day, but not if it is

have any disease. alright provided don't steps. "

you don't sleep

have a nap, you walk

you eat than

at night, fifteen

unless

less

It old

is

said

that

some King noticed to lose asked him his asked:

that

Thyathoq

was getting he would die best I must

very very physician follow not

and they So the time. my life another

were afraid King

him and that advice "Describe that

soon. at that

as he was the to me what you will the die

The King because like you. "

during find

I am afraid Taythoq

and I will

answered

King:

53 -

"I get

will ill

tell

you ten

things.

If following:

you follow

them you will

never

and these

are the

1. 2.

Don't Don't

eat eat

while

you are which will

full. your not teeth be able having are to unable digest meal. to it chew, afterwards.

any food

because 3. 4. Don't

your

stomach water

drink

while

you are two days. amount for

your

Have a bath Try

once ever7 is

to have the it

necessary important try-to

of you.

blood

in your

body

because In every

very

season

have an aid

against

vomiting

and

constipation.
7. While hesitate 8. 9. Go to Donli the you are to riding if you feel that you need to piss, don't do so. 6verynight too much, it and before affects little. you go to your life bed.

toilet

make love

whether

you make love

too

much or too

10.

Don't without

make love

with

very

old

women, it

is

a cause of

death

any notice.

When the these

King

heard in

this

advice, and to

he ordered put them in

him to

write box.

all

sayings in

red gold

a golden

He died was Edal

90

Hejri

al-Adwayah

and wrote a number (How to prepare the

of

books. One of them (102) drug).

The translation in the the time

into of Khalid

Arabic Ibn

began Yazid

under

the

Umayyad especially in Alchemy, had not and they above as Empire,

who was interested Islamic

rulers

of the in

first science. mostly look

great

Arabic

much interest brought from

Medicine Christian, after their

was more personal, as we explained health in

physicians Jundishpureto

Damascus.

54 -

With

the

change in

in

the

capital

to

Baghdad,

when the climate

Abbasids

assumed power diverse Arabic works from to

750 a more intellectual and medicine middle

developed, into of a great

on science Syrian earlier

were now translated etc, thought as part

Greek, exploit

Persian

campaign of all

creativity, of force, such vital but between Islamic to come. to rulers

and experiments their health and

ages.

The preoccupation driving to important

with

was still astronomy irrigation for its

a powerful were and. land

and mathematics pursuits

as agriculture, curiosity impetus for forward soon made of their

survey, the

a genuine

intellectual

own sake was active age carried or four

800 and 850 and the civilization "The Muslims be the

of this

Arabic

some three original distinctive

centuries which "

contributions achievements.

proved (103)

greatest

The centre

of

the the

world first

in

all

arts of

and science the Abbasid

became the dynasty, the

city

of

Baghdad which took for his caliph

Caliph

al-Mansur, ninth most

capital. renowned of the

The age of Haroun in the Arabian

al-Rashid,

century golden

Nights,

was among the with Greek the

of historical

ages.

He surrounded

himself

fore-

most physicians medicine.

age who studied

Persian,

and Indian

First Jibrail,

of

the

physicians

of

this

period

who was "the to great Baghdad honours.

head of the in

- we may mention hospital of Jundishpur Caliph Al-Mansur him to

is and

Jurjis

was called him with examination pass-the as it

765 by the

who received attend an not .

11004)

Al-Mansur

called

of medical examination

competence were debarred As a result

and those from of

doctors

who did

medical this

practice

- exactly some expelled'

happens

nowadays. successful

exAmination,

860 men were from the

and hundreds

of them were thus

profession.

55 -

Jurjis

Ibn

Jibrael

He had experience Mansour

in medicine the

and therapeutics. city of Baghdad. the his

He served Al-Mansour

al-

who established plenty

gave Jurjis

of money. felt

Feython, in

translator,

said:

One day al-Mansour instead, the the

some pain but

stomach, to

was treated cure him, call At important is no one clever ordered al-Mansour. in all

by a number of physicians he became worse. to a meeting

no one was able his

Then he asked with him for

secretary

physicians meeting, in

consultation. the most there

al-Mansour the the whole

said: world?

"which

one is

physician like Jurjis,

They answered: of Jundishapour,

head physician of'a number to

he is

medicine

and author

of books.

Al-Mansour Caliph

someone to He said told this his Jurjis time to

go and ask Jurjis to

come and see the

he was unable If you don't to him: don't

go immediately. agree, you will

The man of be forced to his to

al-Mansour come. At

him: stage

he agreed,

when he said why don't be in "

good-bye

son Bikhtayshu, His father

son said

you take a hurry

me with

you?

answered: serve the

my son you will

have the

Kings.

He came to al-Mansour produced told

serve

the

Caliph. call

After some of the Caliph

two years his

of his

service family Fathyoun has

asked him to famous physicians the close the

relatives,

as his much.

liked between

him very

us about

relationship Calph

al-Mansour Jurjis:

and Jurjis "who is al-Mansour said, unable to

He said: looking said, "I "I

One day, after heard old here

al-Mansour,

asked Jurjis

you hem? that wife

I'my students"

answered. Jurjis

you don't and she is

have any women. " rather " to to

have_an to

weak and she is Then the him with his friend's reason

travel three did

from my home women to the

country.

Caliphat

ordered Jurjis Bin answered

beautiful not accept

be brought

3000 Dinars. advice was? Jurjis Issa

women according asked

Shahla. "I

The Caliph.

him what the marry

am a Christian,

we Christians

once only,

and my wife

56 -

is

still

alive. Another

"

This story

answer of the

made him more respected excellent is the relationship following: everyday

in among

the

Court.

our physician had fallen about the his ill

and the in. the

Caliph year 152,

When Jurjis asked on a bed to

the

Caliph

situation

and ordered

him to

be brought

Court

to meet him. Jurjis give to

One day al-Mansour cried loudly

asked him how lie I'llolir nice it would

liras feeling. be if

and answered: to

you would in order

me pemission

go back to my home and if as-Mans6ur

country I die, said: fate to

see my relatives with

and my son there, " The Caliph Muslim bravely..

I will

be buried follow

my parents.

110h Jurjis, will

my advice again

and b, ea answered

and your "No, I prefer I 11

be heavenU.

Jurjis die

be a Christian be buried smiled

and to with

as a Christian they Jurjis are

as my parents. in heaven you am the tl time very

want to

them whether "alright

or liell. helpful,

The Caliph I have till found

and said: comfort

a great

in my body from from all disease. look

I met you

now and I am relieved be accompanied

Then he ordered him on his way

him to

by someone to

after

back home and granted him 10000 Dinars and asked his men to carry there if Jurjis him along to his country died on to be buried 0 g there alive his way. Ibn Abi Usaybelah has told us that lie arrived (105) by Ilunyan Ibn Ishaq. and one of his books was translated

Belditaushu

'14 I -- was a servant greatest and died Caliph in Tours King

of

Jesus.

Ile served

Ilaron

al-Rashid, in al-Ray with

the in 766

of the 809.

Abbasids.,

lie was born

Ile had a good relationship

Charlemagne

of France.

Ibn'Abi

UsaybIah had told

us that

Ahe

xuler

one day and explained to Yahya Ibn Khalid and how Belditaushu proved that lie was the best physician at that time. Ibn Abi Usayb1ah gave tile following interesting

iet Bekhtaushu about that meeting

57

story

of his

meeting: let

When I met Bekhtausu us have an idea Yahya Ibn Khalid

I said

to the

ruler

Yahaya Ibn knowledge. calling Kuraysh Jurjis. to the the

Khalid, The ruler best

about agreed

Bekbtaushu's and he suggested Abo and Srabeyon

physicians

at that

time. Darvour

They were: Ibn

Issa,

Abdulla

al-Tayfouri,

When they Caliph: with

arrived

and saw Bekhtaushu, al-Moumeneen, the not

one of them said us is " able to

"Oh, Amir

one of of

debate the urine horse's

Bekhtaushu al-Rashid

as he is asked

best

us alall. "bring

Then,

Caliph

one of his it. but

men to "

some horse's put the as

and see whether urine in

he recognizes bottle said: cheating:

The servant clever

a water bottle said

the

Bekhtaushu

soon as he saw the urine". this is Abo Kuraysh the Caliph's

"This

is

not

a human being's a liar said Bekhtaushu, Oh, and if it

"You are

urine". it is is

The Bekhtaushu, never

politely: urine

my respectable is into him:

Shekh, it

a human being's the his said: Caliph

as you have said an animal. "flow did "

clear

that

human being confidence "It

has changed and asked got the

The Caliph

admired

you know 11 Bekhtaushu and smell. " Bekhtaushu " Then the answered: great (106)

has not

same thickness you medicine? the Caliph

asked:

"Who taught Then

"my father deal

Jurjis".

granted

him a very

of money and appointed

him as a head of physicians.

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah to the

also

mentioned family.

the

following

physicians

belonging

Bekhtaushu

Jebral some of It

Ibn his

Bekhtaushu precepts bad to full a little eating too

Ibn

Jebrael

Bin

Bekhtaushu Abi

as recorded

by Ibn

Here are Usaybelah.

is

drink is

while

you are hungry, is

but

eating

while

you are Eating than

worse. from what is what harmful is much better

much from

beneficial.

58-

Here is Abi Ibn

a list

of

some other Ibn Issa

physicians Abdulla (well Ibn

mentioned Bekhtaushu,

by Ibn Obeyed

Usaybelah: Jabrael,

Jebrael Khusayeb,

known as Abo Kuraysh), Ibn al-Jayfori, Ibn Israel Yazid, Ibn Sahel Israel of

al-Lajlaj, Zakareya al-Kuset, al-Kofi,

Abdul

al-Tayfori, Yazid Sahel, of Basra, Ibn

Zakreya Ibn Yazid,

al-Tayfouri, Sabour Ibn

Abdour Sahel, Ibn

Israel

Ibn

Mousa Ibn

Maserjoueh Ibrahim

Salmoyeh Ayoub

Benan physician Masaweh Abo Ishaq. the In the last

al-Muatasem, Ibrahim Youhans, following

Fazrim,

(known al'al-Abrash,

Ibn Ayoub al-Abrash, Youhana Ibn pages

Jebrael'al-Kahal,

Masaweh and Hunyan Ibn give some details

we will

about

two,

as they were very famous.

Youhana

Ibn Masaweh (The Me; u of the

Latin

writers) Arabic tongue' 1(107)

"He was the He was of

first

Syrian origin

physician

to

use the

Christian of the

and practiced al-Maimum,

medicine who about

in Baghdad, 830 put the task him in of

was physician charge Ibn Abi "Ibn of

Caliph

a school

of translators some details

who were given acquired in Asia

translating

Greek manuscripts Usaybelah gave

Minor

and Egypt. He said, Haroun books a number in was

about time

Ibn Masaweh. of the Caliph

Masaweh was a physician At his request.,

at the

al-Rashid. purchased of books women.

he translated

Greek medical the author of

in Byzantium on fever,

and was himself headache,

nutrition, to

and sterility

The successor in

Haroun work

al-Rashied, on dissection for his use,

al-Muiatasem, that

so interested special

Youbanals

he made a

dissectiai

room available brought for

and he used to in Africa.

have apes specially Ibn

him Ifrom Nubia

Sulayaman

Hassan told Haroun till the

as mentioned al-Rashid, time of

by Ibn al-Amin

Abi

Usaybelah

that and all him.

Ibn Musaweh served continued the Kings He died in serving of Bani

and al-Malamum and nearly meal with

al-Moutawakel

Hashim had met him and had their the caliphate of al-Moutawkel.

243 during

59

From his

sayings, the

it

is

said

that

one day someone asked never very get old any good women. "

him. " What is from? "

bad thing "Making

you will love with

He answered:

Ibn

Masaweh is

the

author

of a number

of books:

al

Burham al-

30 parts, Aghtheya, al-Fesed the

al-Basera, al-Ashrebah, Wa al-Hijaman, the

al-Kamal

and al-Tamam, Fi al-Sefat lie wrote the gall

al-Humjat, Wat,

al-Mongeh al-Jezam.

al-Elayat, of books sterility, for the of this (108) " of the Damasceny,

a number bladder,

on Embryology, stomach,

eye diseases, colon

veins,

and constipati-on. "al-Abdal" Ishaq

"He wrote home part request. literature as Johannes

Caliph

al-Malamum for

a book called Hunayan Ibn physician the is

bo.ok he wrote This outstanding

upon his

known in the and also 857,

Renaissance

and Mesul

older, in

or Joh of Damascust before first many works published

lie died

leaving

as we mentioned was the headed Aphorisms,

among which in

the

most in

important a volume

in Bologna

1489,

by the

Aphorisms

of Mainronides.

Hunain

Ibn

Isha

The best of the

of

the

pupils

(Mesus) Masaweh of Ibn Ishaq,

and the known in

most the

illustrious West as

translators (809

was Hunian

Johannitius mastering of his

873). By hard in dint he d of work ede succe. the four languages prefectly of the cultivated world Arabic, the Persian, guidance Greek of the and Syriac. Christians prepared He also studied of the

age:

medicine day. of the

under

and teachers for the

No one could

have been better. al-Maimum to

immense work accompanying

translation mission

which which

entrusted Byzantium

to him. in search

After of

was sent

good translators,

manuscripts, and the exceeds task

he gathered was begun. -Not

around Hunain's only

him an excellent own activity he translate

team of

as a translator or revise the works

imagination.

did

60 -

of Plato, Alexander part

Aristotle,

Autolycus,

Menelaus,

Appolonius but also of

of the all

Ijana, grelater Greek

of Aphrodisias three authors

and Artemidorus, who provided Galen, the

of the

basis

medical was not

science: content

Hippocrates, with in translating the Latin

and Diocorides. number

Ifunian which

a large Middle Ages.

of works,

made him famous

"The translations today of the

of Hunian the

were regarded for textual

as classics criticism

and are of the medical

greatest and for

importance

Greek writers texts

reconstruction

of many ancient 11(109)

whose originals

have been lost.

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah name is with

gave details

about

Hunian's Ishaq

life, al-Abadi. Ibn

he said: He stayed

"Hunian's first

Abo Zayed Hunian his teacher then give to

Ibn

in Basra Arabic

Shekh Khalil he moved to

Ammad who taught It is said

him the that

language, used to gold equal

Baghdad.

al-Malamoun,

him when he finished the weight Hunian order of the travelled to search Caliph, thanked

translating book.

a book a sum of Ibn Abi Usaybelah

translated

mentioned

that

to many countries for manuscripts called the him Caliph,

and he reached and books

as far

as Rome in them. of "I

and translate

One day,

the

and gave him a grant then the Caliph kill said:

50000 Dirahms, would like

Hunian

you to

describe like to

to me a keep this althe learn Caliph a

drug to secret".

one of my enemies Hunian answered: useful

and I would

110h, Caliph drugs, else, but

Amir

(prince) that

Moameneen I know only would about wish Hunian not it, ask for please

and I thought if

anything let

you want me to refused drug the at

me do so".

The Caliph the poison to fulfil

Hunian's once. But orderto

and ordered insisted

him to prepare that

he was unable refusal behaviour

Caliph's

and as a result be informed prison his in the for about a year

of his his

he sent there.

him to Hunian without called

prison stayed taking

and asked in the

reading,

translating the Caliph

care

about

situation. front other of hima side

After great

a year, him:

him and he put and a sword time to on is

amount of money on one side "Look, Hunian, it

and told

Gi -

choose. If if

Answer

my previous

question the

about

poison

drugs.

you agree, not, I will going

you will kill to kill "It

have all this

money and some more, Hunian said: "If Caliph Then the

you with

sword". Lord. "

you are smiled

me, I have the is very good that

and said: only

you refused be able Hunian Caliph to

my order prepare the him to kissed

as I asked a poison. ground tell "There

to know whether

you will you. " his

Now trust

us as we trust the Caliph. to fulfil

and thanked two

When the

asked

him why he refused are reasons, Religion more our Also,

order,

Hunian

said: of my

religion ordered

and the us to

principles to

profession. and still principle. human being, take keep care it of

do good with not allow their

our enemies, follow hurt this any to

friends. the

It

is

forbidden does not is for

profession my profession Lord swears So I did for

us to help

because

and only promise to

them and the physician drugs.

makes the upon this not

physician not to to

and the lethal

give

or even both Lord at of last

possess

want not

follow the

them and I was ready will grant me heaven " him:

you to kill

me. because

as a result

of my faithfulness to hear

to my religion what'Hunian laws had indeed"

and profession. said and told

The Caliph "Both

was pleased

of them are sum of money.

very

respectable

and granted

him a great

Hunian

had two

sons, of

David

and Ishaq. he lost during Tuesday of

He said all the of his rule

in his books. of

article Hunian

on the. Fihrist was born the said 15th that in

Glalon

that

194 Hejri

and died Caliph in

al-IMouatamed, is

of Abbasid he died Usaybelah Hunian because that strong I thank "the

December,

1888 and it "(110) difficulties and the Hunian wise, happen regard me to the the to

as a result also

a stomach

disease. the

Ibn Abi which

gave some details from his

about

faced

particularly all of

relatives jealous. the will With

other

translators admitted weak or wise

them were very face

difficulties these

everyone,

man and if trust in

difficulties to him. this

man must

God and pray me in than

myself,

God who helps

and helps

succeed

and makes me more respectable

my enemies. "("')

62 -

Hunian Toward most

proved the

that

he is life

the

greatest

translator reputation scientist

in Arabic of being in all

history. of the Islam. (112)

end of his

"he had the and most

illustrious

physician

famous

Hunian which

left

more than most

one hundred in

writings the Orient

of his

own books,

those

had the

influence a general

were three to medicine

in number: in the method "Ten a and in

"Medical form with of

questions, questions of this

introduction This

and answers. "(113) period, eye"

was a favourite works, in Arabic

writers

and two opthalmological which is preserved

dissertations sale rnitan dissertations in the series explains

on the edition is of

in Latin the ten the most

by Constantinus. ancient systematic which eye,

11(114) The ten manual follow of ophthalmology closely. brain and'

dissdrtations, anatomy of the

Galen the

Hunian the the

describes

optic

nerve, of also

examines the

nogology,

aetiology

and symptomatology, of useful medicaments. the

diseases must

eye and the

properties diagrams

Mention book.

be made of the the to first similar to

which

accompany of the the

They are

known on the works find

anatomy

eye and they Middle Ages medical

are much superior in the West. Lucian - not

So no wonder Leclerc only but the also

produced that the

during

renowned

French

historian Hammarneh Arabic most

called greatest one of of all

Hunian

by Sami K as stated in the ninth Century scholar most gracious His exemplary his characters life and helped

medicine, impressive ethical

the time.

servants

establish

standards

of behaviour

for

profession.

There

are

other in

famous translators their own right. the

who were also These include

prominent the philosopher Greeks.

philosophers al-Kindi Thabit topics

who translated Ibn Kurrah,

work of Aristotle many books

and other

who wrote

on a number

of medipjl Ibn Luqa written

as well

as on philosophy Indian physician

and astronomy. a treatse

Qusta

and Mankah the by the Indian

who translated Shanaq.

on poisons

63 -

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah in his 9th

also book:

wrote

another

chapter Pi

concerning

the

translators namely translator to Arabic. very the

"Uyun al-Anbe under the heading

Tabakat

al-Ataba"

chapter

physicians He just

who translated mentioned the

The classes of books from Greek medical or without a

names with the

briefinformation.

He mentioned

following

physicians.

Jurjis, Issa Ibn

Munaman Ibn Yahya Ibn

Ishaq, Ibrahim,

Ishaq Kusta

Ibn Ibn

Hunian,

Hubaysh

al-Alasam, Ayoub who al-Karki, al-Turjman Bin Bessel,

Luqa al-Balalabaki, Ibn Shudi Taythorn Istafan Rabta, Yousef

was well al. Rajaj Abo Nas6r Mousa Ibn al-Sankal, Ibrahim Ibn

knows as al-Abrash, Ibn Matter, Ibn Nari Khaled Gorges Ibn al-Salt, al-Batriki, Banas, Abdul Ibn Bin

Shudi

al-Karki, Homsi, al-Muttran, Hayroun

al-Nalamial, Beseel Istath

Ayoub,

al-Turgman, al-Ralassi, Thabet

Ibn

To.dress al-Nakel, Youthana

Ayoub al-Rihawi, al-Nakal, Yaheya Ibn

Abo Yousef al-Batrig Behrez, Bin

al-Kateb,.

Bekhtushu Ibn

Kayad al-Rahawi, Abo Othman salad Boko, Abo al-Hassan Mohamed bin Mousa Bin

Mansour Yalagoub Ali Bin

Yashola

Bin

al-Dimashki, Ibrahim Ali Bin Bin

Abo Ishaq Boks,

Ibrahim Bin

Shershouia

Katrib,

al-Monajem, al-Athqouf, al-Katib

Thadours Yahaya - known as Ibn al-Monajem, Mohamed Ibn Mousa Bin Abdula Malik Issa Ibn Yonis al-Hasseb, al-Payoum, Ahmad Bin

Mohamed - known as Ibn Ibrahim Bin Mohamed Bin. Mousa al-Katib, al-Kateb, al-Modaber 115) "( Ibn Ishaq and Mohamed Ibn Abdula al-Zayat. Abdulla translations, composition centureis the

After

this

development paved half period period the of

in the way for the in of ninth

field the

of

age of the It

translation in the latter

age of

dnd innovations from

and tenth

most is

creative the

the the

history greatest

of Arabic glory their

ciVilization. medicine

called

of Arabic masters.

and writers observe to

show an independence writings in all a spirit fields

from

We can also

in their

of observation especially in Chapter the

and a tendancy field book: classes this of period: of

develop

new lines

in the 10 of his heading

therapeutics. Uyun al Iraq's Anba Fi

Ibn Abi Tabakat

Usaybelah al-Ataba the

under following

"the

physicianslomentioned

physicians

during

64

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

started

with: the Ki ng's

al-Kindi,

on of the

Arabic full ' name Bin

philosophers of this al-Sabah Ashaith Adi Bin Bin

and one of

own and gave the yalakoub Mohamed Bin Moalweyah

philosopher: Bin Bin Omran Bin Kaise Bin Ibn Martela. Add Bin

Al-Kindi Ismalal Moadi

Abo Yusef Bin

Ibn

Ishaq al-

Omran Bin Bin Ojebla

Karb Bin

Bin

Rabilah Bin

Malaweh Bin Bin Zaid

al-Harth

al-Akbar Afair Bin Bin

Bin Maaweh Adi Bin al-Harth Bin Bin

Thour

Kenday Bin Yashjub Bin

Bin Mora Bin Kahlan Ibn

Bin

Arab Bin His father,

zayid

Saba Bin the

Yaalroub

Kahtan. al-Mahdi following Thabet

Ishaq

al-Sabah-was Ibn Abi

prince

of Kufa the

and al-Rashid. physicians: Bin

Also Ahmad Bin

Usaybelah

mentioned

al-Tayeb Abo Salad Sanan Bin Harani, physician Salad Salad Bin

al-Sourkhose, Sanan Bin Thabet Bin

Abo al-Hasan Thabet Kurah, Bin

Kura al-Harani, Bin Thabet althe Bin

Kura Abo al-Hassan Ibrahim Bin

Abo Ishaq

Zahroun

Abo al-Hassal of

al-Harrani, Abdous, al-Dimashki, Maja Bin Ali

Ibn Wasef al-Sabela, Bin Ghaleb, Daylami Ibn

Ghaleb, Abdol

al-Moulatated, Bin

Abo othman Salad Daylam,

Boushr

Ddwoud Bin

Abo Orthman Kurneb,

Bin

Yalagoub

al-Ruki, Younan, al-Abas

Kouweyri, Adi,

Abo Yaheya al-Mrozi, Zareh, physician al-Husayen Bin Mousa Bin of

Yaheya Bin al-Magosi, Ishaq

Abo Ali (the Sheleta, Abo

Sayar,

Bin

Issa Bin

al-Taher,

Danyal al-Dahli,

al-Motatabeb,

Omran Bin

Fenon al-Mothabeb, al-Ahwazi, Nazef salad Bin Ibrahim al-Balabaki,

Abo al-Husayen al-Romi, Yaheya, al-Takreti, Boks, Ali, Abo

Kashkereya, al-Yamami, Bin

Abo Yalgoub Abo al-Faraj Ibn

al-Kous Bin

salad Faraj

Yaheya Bin al-Fadel Dinar, Louka

Abo alAbo

al-Tayeb, Jaber Bin

Butlan, Ibn Bin

Jaber Bin

Nasek Bin Ibn Ibrahim

al-Takreti, Boks, Kusta

Maskaweh, Ahmed bin Issa. Bin

Ahmed Bin

al-Ashaith, Ibn

Mohamed Bin Kawsen, Ali

Thawah al-Mouseli, Ibn Ibn Issa, Kayal

Mohamed al-Baladi, al-8!Kahal, Salad Ishaq Bin Bin Ibn

Shabel

al-Baghdadi, Zahid Salad al-Alama, Bin

Bekhteweh, al-Mokabli, Ibn

Abo al-Ala'a al-Nayley, Jezelah, Abo

al-Hassan, al-Rahawi, Ibn

Habeb al-Lah, Bin

al-Khatab, Dawheh Bin

al-Wasti,

Abo Jaher,

al-Burkhashi, al-Telmez,

Amin alAbo

al-Telmez

Abo al-Faraj

Yaheya Bin

65-

al-Faraj Ali Bin Bin

Yaheya Bin

al-Telmez,

Abo al-Barakat

Habeb al-Lah

Bin

Bin Mulka, al-Fadel, al-Husayien

al-Bad'a al-Antari, Bin Abo Ali

al-Estrabi,

Abo al-Kasem

Habeb al-Lah Ali Salad Jamal Bin al-Din al-

Abo al-Khanem Ali Bin Bin

Habeb al-11ah Bin Bin Athradi, Bin Athradi, Abo Naser Bin Sader,

Asfadi,

Hebat Ali

Bin Athradi, Ali Bin

al-Hassan al-Din

Athradi,

Fakher

al-Mardeni, salad Ibn

Masehi, Bin

Abo al-Faraj, Ibn

Abo al-Husayen al-Maresta Neyan, Bin

Habeb al-Lah. Mohtathab alBin

al-Moamel, Habel, (116)

Din Bin Yonis. "

Shames al-Din

Habel

and Kamal al-Din

This

intense

activity

in

translation, by the from Persia

combined Greeks

with

the

application by

of the medical to bear

principles traditions fruit.

transmitted derived The art

and supplemented was not

and India,

slow precious

of medicine over

became more extensive, the vast territories all the

manuscripts Muslim centres, appeared

were distributed and commentaries North

of the important Soon there the.

Empire in

were made in Egypt

Spain,

Africa,

and Syria. in

Arabic

ph: sicians predecessors.

who lost Hospitals

no time

attaining

fame of their earlier, to direct

were built, appointed

as we mentioned Caliphs the under control the

and celebrated them.

physicians

by the supervise

The government a function of hisba, their

even had to which

of medical "Hishall, officials druggists, orthopaedists. be put they to

practice,

was exercised the

a handbook to fulfil

drawn up with chapters: syrup, the

object

enabling and and should

special of

pharmacists surgeons which

perfumers,

makers

veterinary questions

These books different

outlined

these to

experts,

and the

instrumentswhich

ought

possess.

There

were by now many competent doctor 925). of Islam

physicians, question

perhaps

the

clinical (d. 313

was without

Abu Baker

greatest f al- T7\ .

-66

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

mentioned Fi

a great Tabakat

number al-Ataba

of those under

physicians the heading 11

in his

book Uyun al-Anba

"The physicians

who appeared-on

Belad

al-Ajajn

(Persia).

Although

we are to

going give

to mention detailed

the

names of all of only about

those the the

physicians, skilled

space allows prominent doctor

information first

most

talk among them and we will (al-Rhazes). Abu Bakr al-Rhazi

greatest

Abu Baker

al-Rhazos

He is

the

best

known writer all

centuries indisputable called

by physicians authority.

through works were studied whose , as an over the world and cited Abu Baker Mohamed Ibn Zakareya

He'is

al-Rhazi

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah city

gave a lengthy south the east there. childhood in this medicine said that

detail

about

him: it

"He was born was ruled travelled art

in Ray (old by the Arabs

of Tehran) of

in Persia,

during

Caliphat

to Baghdad and stayed and poetry young. Tabari. Bemerstan to build His during teacher his

639 . Al-Razes in He showed a great interest and taught medicine Bin was Ali Rebin

Omar in

when he was alal-Odedi

profession in

Ile studied and it al-Odedi advice purpose, th is

Baghdad when he entered the

he was one of and the proper asked ruler to

men who agreed

Bermerstan about the

of Baghdad asked build this Bermestan. to then put he a

al-Rhaze's For this piece

place

al-Rhazes

some of his sides the

students

of meat

in each part best place

of both

of Baghdad, Bermestan

considered piece

to establish unspoilt.

where the

of meat was still

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

said told

that

Kahal

al-Din ruler's

Abo al-Kasim aim of

Bin

Abi

Tabeb al-Baghdadi the Bermestan

him that the

the best

building

was to house

physicians.

He ordered

67 -

to in

be put Iraq.

before There out

him a list

of top

physicians

who were working Ile chose qualifications, figure, fifty and the

were more than of the hundred

one hundred. according to

physicians experience. ruler, them. again,

Al-Rhazes ten last

was onq of them. physicians figure and also he selected three

From this al-Rhazes three

selected From the al-Rhazes

was one of and he

physicians, This that

was among the

physicians. him this

distinguished was the best,

between-these therefore, Al-Rhazes

three

and he found

al-Rhazes the and gave time.

he appointed wrote

head of hospital at that

Bermestan. a description

a book about of the patients

and situation

The judge, (Identification not study

Saled

said of the the

in

his

book al-Taeref of nations) sciences, religion; for a number

Fi

Tabakat

al-Omam did

classes religious of

in

depth final

that al-Rhazes and he did not this

understand and held

the wrong

aims

. he was confused unfairly.

views,

and critised

of people

Mohamed Bin Yaquob said one country and he wrote asked

Ishaq

Abi al-Faraj known as al-Nadim that al-Rhazes in his book al-Fahrist another. He was friendly it to with him. a book

Bin

Abi from Ismalel

travelled Bin

to

Mansour Ile said

and dedicated about his them the

when. oneIle was a the If were deal

al-Hassan a big

al-Warak hand, to

al-Rhazes sat

he answered: in frontof of

Shekh with first

students sat first the

him in

row and next

students row of of

al-Rhazes. if they would

a patient unable with to the

came he asked give case, dealt an answer, and if with it. care of

students, al-Rhazes answer,

the did

students not

they

know the

al-Rhazes generous, them

himself helpful

Ile added that people. them free

al-Rhazes He would of charge.

was very often

and took

grant

treated and money a sum of reading, blind the writing at the reason for

Ile was always and became all that

and re-writing. age. *But

Ile had p? or eyesight we did of not agree at

end of his this

was as a result

"a hit

on the

head by the

68 -

Caliph

al-Mansour in

after

he attempted before him,

to which

perform

certain successful', too

experiments

alchemy

were not

that he lost his sight because "he ate and 'we believed 117 )and because he worked very hard many beans"( took told from for interest : It is in said and is and Ibn al-Rhazes

Al-Rhazes Usaybelah alcohol a scale

a great us that fermented

chemistry that said

Abi prepared

sugars, the

to have invented of fluid.

measuring

specific

gravity

Rhaze2 fame in unquestioned that fact how it till

the

West bacame immen& the his seventeenth life

and his

authority

remained

Century

he "dedicated wrote leads

to medicine, ailments

and Ghada Karmi mentioned (and in never married the evils of love and

a book on physical men astray). "(118)

about

Al-Rhazes beneficial drugs.

was a firm use of He called physicians He led field,

believer

in experimental tested professional their medical

medicine plants

and the

previously for high to

and other of practitioners by studying training at in between He was unhealthy,

standards education or obtaining quacks

and urged medical hospitals. the health

continue

treatises,

attending the called fight for

lectures against

and charlatans trust

consultation family from

and mutual doctor to practice. doctor

skilled warned

physicians patients that

and favoured changing

doctor

unwealthy

and unwise. pointing patients, He advised kinds of food

He prom9ted out that

p,-ichotherapy, encouraged recovery. eat the

by S. Hammareh mentioned as hopeful comments from doctors better, to and promoted allow their speedier to in

made them feel his they colleagues preferred

patients recommended the

modern medicine of a balanced health. dress,

the but he at diet for the preservation practitioners

-a same time

practice stressed

importance of good and to

or to

restoration

He admonished eat and live

avoid

pxtravagance

simply.

69 -

Although

al-Rhazes

was familiar

science as his great medical (Fig no. 5) and al-Mansuri tradition He spent most died in all fields

whole field (continens work al-Hawi (Ad almansorem) prove, with awareness and preparing Fi al-Tibe this of

the

of Greek in Latin)

he challenged

showing

what he was doing. the date for but his he

many years

collecting book al-Hawi to

comprehensive before

(continens) excellent

he was able

complete

medical

encyclopedia.

In

al-Hawi

al-Rhazes

quotes their

the

medical in

opinions with fact, It that

of his

various own. The

authors (died into

and compares is

interpretations huge, so -

encyclopedia 994) Latin

enormous

al-Majusi

knew only by Faraj It

two complete Bin Salim in

copies.

was translated the size title to be printed

1279 and under book of its

Continins, in the

was the 1486.

first

medical

West in

In his criticisms made of spirit masters

book,

Dubitationes which earlier

in Galenum, scholars, Being permit his

he expressly Galen thinker admiration He attached ambigious, he wrote

quoted himself,

the had

including a free great

their

predecessors. did his not critical

and an independent of the Greek

al-Rhazes to dull for

judgement.

Hipporcate's and unnecessarily which

Aphorisms, brief. provides covered states:

example, these

as disorganized, deficiencies, of the One of

To correct a better in the

al-Murshid, medicine of

treatment

topics the most

on general celebrated

Aphorismo.

these decision very

"When Galen 4 is bring

and Aristotle when their

agree

on a subject, differ, it

the is

of physician, difficult to

easy but

opinions "

them into

agreement.

The great clinician

fame rests and his

on al-Rhazes's of

supreme clinical

abilities

as a

description The most the Liber medical

sighs-. of many illnesses book of is the al-Rhazes work from the

were unsurpassed. point which 1408, of view of

important historian,

on smallpox, published in

was called Venice

de pestitentia Nirephori Logica

and was first collection.

by Vallah

70 -

In this correctly

famous

and much discussed the difference

book between which

; he for smallpox

the

first

time

defined exact

and measles.

"He recorded through pestilentia It is founded the

case histories of Meyerhof.

have become known partly The book Liber and completely observations completely of a great great infectious and to their de original. of and intellect.

researches

11(119)

can be regarded on the

as certainly

experiences

and personal the patients

a physician to This draw from is the

who knew how to examine his first observations accurate Castiglioni the study

conclusions as mentioned

by the

medical diseases. measels. sign

historian Al-Rhazes, Both

that the we of possess two kinds: distinguished smallpox described indications in for detail according

forms

are

and symptoms,

with

different

diagn6sis.

We quote of

the

most

interesting

passage

of this

famous the

description excellent

smallpox:

"As to

any physician of the surely works

who says that smallpox, he must at all,

Galen ignorant

has made no mention of this never cursorily disease, read ...... nor his

and was entirely be one of those who over has

have either them very not for for, this

or who has passed says that mode of he is works treatment

If,

however,

anyone

Galen

mentioned

any peculiar

and satisfactory cause, some of his

disease,

any complete

certainly which

correct,

unless

he had done so in in Arabic, just the

have not

been published than the we have seasons of

he has had no further mention of it (120) ) (ch. I am now to mention 1. cited. .... is most prevalent, year in which the smallpox end of the The eruption pain in the autumn, of back, the and the smallpox in beginning is the of

which

are, the latter (121) (ch. 11). spring, feLver,

preceded nose, its and approach,

by a continued terror expecially which face, the in sleep.

itching

These are in the

the

more peculiar with his fever, body,

symptoms of then also

a pain patient

back, all

a pricking of the and the eyes,

feels

over

a fullness colour, of both the

which

at times of the

goes and comes, the body, cheeks, great

an inflamed a redness uneasiness,

vehement

redness

in both whole

a heaviness

symptoms:

71 -

As to other,

the hard,

white warty

pustules

which is

are

very

small, they

close are

to each of a of

and containing badness ripening. eruption, it is in

no fluid, proposition the

bad kind, difficulty relieved

and their in their upon their after which all of

to the' degree patient be not continues sign. or black besides,

And if but his it

condition is a mortal

unfavourable as to-those they are

finished, a greenish,

And colour, a

are of

or violet, and when,

a bad and fatal of the it

kind, heart

swooning and still apprerance

and palpitation more fatal. of the

comes on, they fever

And when the is

pustules,

increases (123) a bad sign.

are worse the further

The other Almansorem, Ishaq, medicine. "the first it

important dedicated contains Ibn Abi

works to

of the

al-Rhazes governor

is

the

Liber

medicinalis al-Mansour most

ad Ibn

of Ghorasan, treatises subject

a compend of ten Usaybelah

on the

important

gave the

of each treatis of the parts body,

intorudction the effect fifth

to medicine second of on the is

and description the features

of the the health travel, the

human body, on the the

knowing and drugs

of the the

third

food

and the

fourth

on the sixth on

care, the

beauty

and making-up, the eight

seventh

on Orthopedics,

on poisons, tenth on are the of

ninth

fevers. seventh all "It

on the diseasis of head to feet, 124) Of these books, the worthiest "( on general surgery latter and the called ninth, in Latin

and the

of note on the

treatment

diseases was often

and the read

Nonus Almansoris. Western the Universities of

and commented upon ir. the printed separately or with

and was frequently Galen. 1025)

Micnotechne

In physiognomics,

al-Rhazes4lwent

his

(126) own way".

Interesting by Ibn Abi

also

are

Usaybelah.

certain (127)

Mphorisms

of Rhazes that

are mentioned

72 -

Out of

al-Rhazes's

sayings

are the

following:

"The truth everything experience

in medicine that is

is

a goal

that is

one cannot worth

attain,

and than the

written

in books who reflect

much less "

of physicians

and reason.

111he patient

must see one doctor

only.

"

11When the without

doctor

chooses the

the

experiment books,

without fail.

comparison "

and

reading

necessary

he will

"If

the-physician he will

is reach

ableAo happiness.

cure "

with

the

food

and without

drugs

I'If

the

patient it

goes to

a number of physicians he will be faced

for with

the the

purpose fault of

of treatment, each one. "

may be that

A prolific and physical writings

author

al-Rhazes but life his

wrote he is

on philosophy, best remembered

logic, for his

astronomy historian by unusual summed up

sciences,

on the

sciences, profound

indeed

as our medical was matched His writing

S. Hammarneh said, capacity all the for

erudition

understanding

human nature. medical

theoretical by his

and empirical own experiences

knowledge

of his

time,

augmented

and observations.

Late that

in

life,

al-Rhazes

went blind. suggested of

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah,

told

us

"when an oculist "I the have idea

remedial this old

eye surgery, world, of

al-Rhazes

replied, cherish hope of in 925.

seen enough of suffering it. "

and I do not for the

the

ordeal

an operation al-Rhaze

seeing

more of

Shortly

thereafter,

died

73 -

Ibn

Sina

(Avicenna)

(980

1037)

The ninth, of Arabic context educated

tenth medicine.

and eleventh

Centuries

are

the

Golden

Age

Many famous names were yielded previous civilizations

in this

who studied-the in the

and were

whose education most He is Abo Abi He was a child juridprudence and medicine thirteenth read the

the physicians today unlike of , has norrowed down exclusively to medicine. The widestsense of this Ibn period Abdallah was Ibn Ibn his Sina (980 1037).

famous physician al-Hussein prodigy (al-Figh), by the Century. metaphysics a difficulty, of al-Farabils.

Sina education philosophy, (128. ) by al-Ahmad. of the he in

who completed mechanics 18.

as mentioned

age of

The earlier

philosophers

A man of profound of Aristotle eventually forty

and universal times in

learning, to, on the

an effort

overcome treatise

dispelled

by chancing

To give Usaybelah and often Sina

some details told

about

Ibn read

Sina his

us - is to been translated.

way - as Ibn autobiagraphy which is

the

best

Abi preserved

Ibn

said,

"my father insisted city

was a man from that in the

Balkh

of

Khurastan. village of

Although Efshan

Russians the

he was born

in the of

fact and this Encyclopedia by Professor is assured S. H. Naser and mentioned in the articular by in Britanica famous historians and stated most and Ibn the Abi rule Usaybelah. of Nouh Ibn He moved to Bokhara Mansour. He got of Auzbekestan and stayed and I moved to Quaran . Quaran and a and during

near (129) USSROII

of Bukharah that

republic in Persia

Ozekestan

We believe

he was born

married

in Kharethen Bukhara. literature. part of

where I was born. for a teacher When I was ten,

Then my brother to teach the me the whole

I asked

I learnt

literature.

This

made me well-known

and an astonishing

74 -

person. learnt

My father a lot

was one who believed My brother

in

al-Esmaeleyeen a believer belief

and

from him. When they them.

was also their

of alI did not

Esmaeleypen. agree me to with go to

were discussing and Indian seller the him stay to

My father

and brother"were mathematics. to learn

discussing They advised mathematics.

philosophy,

engineering the vegetable

Indian

Then Abo Obehda al-Naely, his father agreed to let

philosopher, with

came to Bukhara, us at home to teach juridprudence I was tle best on this subject. me. and of "(130)

Before for his this

he left purpose

us I was able I visited

understand

Esmael al-Zahid. to write a book

students

and I was able

Then Ibn

Sina

studied

geometry

and astronomy, medicine.

he dedicated Avicenna

himself

to Aristotelian himself thinking philosophy politics with

philosophy logic, than six which

and the he treated

occupied

as a method itself.

of philosophic He divided

rather into

as a part departments, in nature, both

of philosophy three

"practical" and theology - existing Usaybelah is told

economics and -ethics, mathematics, and three physics, and applied sciences. the Ibn story

as pure Sina himself:

Abi

us how Ibn by Ibn Sina

studied

medicine,

which

mentioned

"I

wished

to

study

medicine was not in

so I started to time.

reading study,

the

medical

books.

I found very me to

medicine

difficult short

therefore, progress

I made enabled of this and

good progress be taught

a very, top

This

by the

doctor

and I began taking number of cases

care from

some patients. experience. teaching the

I discovered At the subject same time as well Ibn Sina,

a great

I was reading 'at the age of

Juridprudence (131) , sixteen.

The young with of all

physician,

was recognized All

by all

as a person knowledge were his

a marvellous medical his great work

memory and a profound works of his time.

and extensive these

characteristics About

due to excellent

efforts, ability

hard he told

work and intelligence. us the following:

75 -

When I return and start drink to reading regain

home at night, and writing, my activity a short

I put

the

candle tired reading.

befoie

me

When I feel and continue period, which

I have a When 1, and all my dreams I

went to bed even for were about' the solved with all

I dream I found

difficulties cases

in my stuides. This

a number of kind of

science.

during my sleep. (132, ) "

made me familiar

Ibn his

Sina death

had a stormy in his fifties.

life

urhich

led

him to

suffer

and caused

Ibn Abi before

Usaybelah his death.

gave some details

of Ibn

Sina's

situation

The Shekh Ibn was his affected al-Dawlah, felt to very stay ability his

Sina

was very

strong,

and his

greatest

power

to make love. mood. ruler, It happened during

Ile was a sex maniac

and this

one day when he uras accompanying war near al-Karakh, Ibn Sina him To enable war, it

the tired

the

and had a pain ruler to hurt. disease, from time same effects of other andhelp relief

in his himwin his

colon. the

with eight

the

he injected had no effect became worse, the ruler, (a kind drugs.

himself and his

times

pains, his

but

intestines another himself with the

Although

condition his

and he got injecting of drug

he continued to time with

way with al-Kurfus with there to

Bezer along but

as Valum) physicians,

other

Ile asked the His steal There

advice

was no improvement. kill in him and Iran

caretak(rtried his his money. health

one day to give They took improved the that

him Ilashesh

him to. Asfahan, he did not

a city care

but

take

of himself way lie ignored for last only thing

properly, his

He went with and said

ruler

to Hamadan, On his cure

treatment of

God would at the

him. He livdd This is the

a nunber mentioned president). It in is

days and died the life His that near

age of 53. Sina, the the arch

about

of Ibn

Shekh, near the

al-Raeas

(the

tomb was under hisbody Korkepbad

Riwaq of Hamdan. there

said

was moved to Asfahan door. "(133)

and buried

a place

76 -

Ibn

Sina

had a stormy experience but

life which

as explained led him to

before. write

He gathemd and on was without which medical was

personal

copiously

many subjects, any doubt

the

most

important Fi that Tib

the. Canon Al-Qannn of medicine his This

composition (Fig. No. 6) all

an encyclopedia theories up to and lucidly. of Greek personal description of simple

summerised them out

the

own day and set encyclopedic systems, It deals with with with

systematically the contribution Sinals

work embodies the addition

and Arabic experience.

of Ibn

disease

and classification, and the classification functions of in was translated He legistaed shown in the that clinical constructed and eloquence book up to of it should the "It 1114. as is

and causes,

therapeutics with

and compound medicine, body and with time with

hygiene, topics.

parts for

of the the first

many other

by Gerard

of. Cremona in authority with the

medical title

matters that

an absolute the law.

he selected, an immutable the with accuracy full style the in the werv

Canon,

idea

constitute historians, logically his the forcible end of to

The clarity therapeu'de

of the

of the diagnosis sufficient

indications,

and exaggerations, to confer on this

seventeenth

Century

an almost of all

indisputable countries. " It (134)

authority has led

mind of the of

physicians innumerable

the

publication

commentaries.

This

work in

Latin part on this

translation of the It

was the is

bible

of medical

students

and essential until the 18th

syllabus

of the

Westem to give

Universities some more

Century.

worthwhile

explanation

valuable

book.

The Canon of medicine books. medicine,. diseases to their (that is The first the

of

Ibn

Sina

is

divided

into with

five

large

concerns second with

itself simple

essentially medicine, all

theoritical third with

and the

and their locality. those

treatment. The fourth

lie examines book treats parts

diseases

according diseases once. "

of general of the

which

attack

different

body at

77 -

The fifth drugs. second their

is

devoted

to the divided treats lengthy

composition into

Each book is treatise symptoms, (Fen) with

and preparation of (Fen). treatises The diseases and especially

general

observations

and detailed In and

precepts the third

about the pulse and the examination of the urine. (Fen), the author describes therapeutics general purges, the bleeding and so on. treatment it is These two fin up to at the all

especially very all

remained 17th to Century

important over is true,

standard world. saying that

medical that less

Therefore, "his than

unfair

see

some historian author It is

independence

considerably

as a medical (134a) , was once believed. are to dependant his upon the personal writings

some of his but it is

writings unjust

previous

physicians

diminish

observations which teacher of the set his gained

and comments and his as a result of his

significant

additional He was a brilliant

efforts. eager

and doctor. illness

He was always that against otherwise his

for

practical

knowledge he to check

he had studied. clinics would first

Wherever give

he travelled,

up free

him opportunities

book learning cases that

hand information. would

Here he could to him.

observe

have been inaccesable and then possible followed

Ile carefully with

recorded

observations of the

through

a systematic under

examination consideration.

cause and treatments

of maladies

The first 1473. with period. the first In

complete 1523 the

edition

of the illustrious

Canon was printed the Italian of the subject works

at Milan of Ibn of the "it is

in

Gunta Press

published

Sina

comments by the most And the of its Lantin kind to

masters said,

translator form the

Canon

of a special

study,

(.134b)

It

was mentioned found

recently

by Tass News that of Canon al-Tib and this

"some scholars of Ibn is Sina

from dated

Ozlekestan the the

a manuscripts

end of the

13 th Century of precious

manuscript

considered by one man

most precious (134c) only. It

manuscripts

as copied

78 -

The second on drugs The third book Alsoit it is

book

contained

a great

amount of new information Greeks.

which

were unknown to the Sina is

book by Ibn a full

devoted of about

to

pathology.

This

includs. contains

description

symptoms of many diseases. veneral part diseases of his and book to before.

information that Ibn Sina

no wonder diseases

devoted

veneral

as he was a sex maniac way in which passage the

as mentioned

To give treated, pleurisy:

an idea

of the the

diagnostic the

part

is

we quote

describing

symptoms of

It The sign there felt is

of

simple pain

pleurisy beneath breathes

are the

clear. ribs

The fever which

is

continuous, is sign sign only is is

a sharp

sometimes the third fourth case it

when the and then is alo

patient is

strongly....

a difficulty dry it

and frequency

of'respiration,

the

this in by sputum, accompanied (135) of the lung" an infection book by Ibn Sina is

signifies

The fourth

such as smallpox treatment of fever

and measles. in its

on a number of epidemic The first of it chapter forms.

diseases is on the

various

The fifth dislocations preparation a textbook Ibn Abi subjects,

Fen is are of

a treatise well

on --; jurgery, in which fractures The seventh Fen is about described. drugs the were, accepted as

and the

drugs

and these time of

up to the

Renaissance.

Usaybelah

mentioned

other

books

of

Ibn

Sina

on many

some of these (appendixes)

books

are the

following:

al-Lawaheq (the book of healing)

an explanation contained

of

al-Shafa,

al-Shafa nature of

an explanation

of the

79 -

and mechanism in Hamadan in writings -this still

of

science,

this

book was written It is the the

by Ibn

Sina

twenty

days only.

longest longest

of his trea+-W on Wal Mahsoul

in existence everwrittenby

and perhaps

subject

in twenty

volumes,

Adweyah al-Kalbeyah

any one man.. , al-Hasel he wrote it during his early life, and al(136) (the drugs of heart), and other books. the the (137) and astronomy. hindered 11-he tells arrogance, -

He also happiness, the

wrote the

a number fate, introcution

of essays to music,

on,

power of

of nature,

the

classification

juridprudence,

endless,

chemistry

Relating by false us, the

the

events

of his "People

own life wondered with pride

Ibn

Sina

was not

modesty.

at my attainmealts, and considerable

and thought statement is

he wrote true.

He was we mentioned mathematician, and Ilth Century. the

"The Master" most illustrious

philosopher, physician of

scientist, the 10th

He was determined the of philosophy study,

to

know all

there

was to his

know,

he next

examined method

of Greeks, theory, this

and devised experiment,

own integrated critique

utilizing applied basic

and research. its his extensive early medical

He first and its career

systematic question

approach

and end of his writings.

- with and proof - to

and to

During

the

time

of

Ibn

Sina,

the

Arabic

medicine

was a highly medical regulations under the physicians And practice in

developed today: most

profession,. Arab doctors City of

comparable had to

in manyways with with licensing into

comply

areas.

hospitals

were divided

wards,

supervision brought Arab

doctors attention

and lay to

administration. outside the

Travelling urban

medical

people filtered, them with

centre.

laboratories

evaporated, mixing

crystallizedl syrup, gums,

and distilled and fruit rinds

raw drugs, to improve

sometimes their

taste.

80 -

In the distinct

Western school

World, of

Avicenna's

influence

was felt,

though by S Naser

no

"Latin as it

Avicennism" can with his that

as referred

can be discerned, the His work of thought, Ibn

Averroes. thought of St. far

The translations and wide the in the

of West.

Sina

spmad with

blended

Augustine, ingr-edient especially authority d place

Christian thought Franciscan

philosopher

and theologian, medieval

was a basic scholalastics, medical

in the in for of the

of many of the Schools. centuries equalled Galen.

The Canon became the and Ibn only In the Sina enjoyed

several honour and pilosophy within

an undispute. physicians, influence

by the East

early his

Greek

Hippocrates in medicine, 9till alive

dominating over thought. the

and theology the circles

has lasted of Islamic

ages and is

With to

the

death himself

of

Ibn from

treat

of Arabian where

philosophy

1032 "despite his attempts (137a) the centre and from exhaustion colic , from the east to Spain shifted and medicine Sina-BinHamadan years later at Cordova, next, other it but than produced first we must and

in

a hundred of great the

and fifty physicians

a number mention Ibn Sian

as we explain physicians Usaybelah.

name of the

other Abi

al-Rhazes following:

as stated

by Ibn

They are the

"Teydros,

Berzeweh,

Rib

al-Taberi, al-Taberi,

Ibn

Ribal-Tabiri,

Abo alal-Sejestani, al-Nasri, Ibn Bin Ali Beder

Hasson Ahmad Bin Mohamed, Abo, al-Khayer al-Elaki, Ibrahim Ibn al-Hassan

Abo Suleymun

Bin

Touh al-Kamari, Ibn Abi

Abo Sahel Sadiq,

Mendeweh al-AsFahsri, Ibn Khatib al-Raj, Ibn

Taher Ibrahim

al-Sejari,

Quteb al-Din Abbas.

Mohamed al-Selmi, al-Din Najeb Mohamed Ibn al-Din,

al-Samanel Behram Bin

Yehaya Bin

al-Makhrebi,

Mohamed al-Kaylani

al-Semarkandi, and

Abo Hamid Mohamed bin al-Din al-Esmaeli.

al-Sharef

Sharaf

Ali Bin Omar al-Semerkendi (138) ,

Ibn Abi under

Usaybelah heading

also

wrote

a', very

m-all

chapter

only India

the

"The physicians

who were from

3 pages (chapter 12). of

81 -

He mentioned

the

following

physicians:

"Kenkah Saleh

al-Hendi,

Sanghel,

Shanaq,

Judor,

Menkah al-Hendi

and

Bin

Balah. 1,039)

B. 2.3.

ARABIC MEDICINE IN SPAIN

f

The Golden during Under to this the the

Age of tenth

Ummd dynasty century, both

in Andalusia politically

reached

its

peak

and intellectually. who reigned from largest from 912

the rule and his

of Abdal

Rahman an-Nasir,

961,

son al-Hakam

11, who reigned over the

961 to

976,, of

dynasty IberiAn

established Peninsula.

soverignty Once military

portion

and naval

superiority

had been achieved, and patronage, the scene, "lustre .

education

and scholarship physicians to the

were encouraged began to appear on

and many eminent

adding

by means of their and substance capital

professional progress (pheonecian

efforts of Arabic name carta

and

writings medicine contained 900 baths, universities or girl

11(139a)The 200,000

Cordova

houses

and c 1,000,000 each with libraries. not read in its free

inhabitants, attached

-tuba) 600 inns, 17

600 mosques, twelve

school,

and 70 public

There

was hardly and it (139b)

a boy became

oyer

who could and cultural capital,

and write Europe ,j .

the most beautiful became "the a great as well unrivalled comparable

city

Andalusian

Cordova,

And Spain (140) into was converted" institutions, time it was it was

metropolis, as trade

where educational and industry,

and religious At the

flourished.

in Europe, with

and in medical

achievements

Constantinople.

Al-Nasir mountain new r-apital and it

built six

a new royal miles al-Zahra, northwest after

city of his the

on the drowded favourite tenth

slopes Cordova. wife,

of

al-Arus,

He named the Zahra (flower) architecture

became a monument to

Century

of Muslim

82 -

and ingenuity world. quarters, It

and quickly contained

won the

admiration royal

of

the

entire

magnificant schools

palaces,

residentiAl

a mosque with

and gardens.

Such civilization philosophers Sina were Abi

could comparable

not

fail

to produce of the Ibn East.

physicians

and

to those

Rhazes and Ibn and Averroes.

comparable

to Abual-Gasim,

Zuhert-

Ibn

Usaybelah Fi

wrote tabakat

a special al-Ataba.

chapter It is

on the

his 13th

book thapter under

Uyun al-Anba the heading (Spain) mention

"Classes

of physicians there". In the

who were in Belad following whom Spain pages

al-Maghreb

and stayed the well

we will

known physicians

produced.

Ishaq

Ibn

Omran

He is during ruler

a well the

known physician rule of Zeyad Allah in

from Baghdad, Bin to al-Kalb go to

he entered al-Tamemi. Spain, Dinars, agreed

Africa The

gave him an offer by the

order that

ttansportation and a letter that Ishaq had

to bring signed the

him from Baghdad ruler stating

and one thousand the ruler

right

presenting appeared

to go -back home as soon as he wanted to do so. By Ishaq Ibn Omran, the medicine and philosophy in Spain. He was intelligent and as a physician in compounded city it books drugs and differential well diagnosis. known by its He wrote are in in Kayrawan(a

distinguished He stayed

in Tunisia), capital

mosque and university, Kayrawan Nezhat a number of

was the out

of Africa.

al-Nafes,

al-Fasd

of them his well (141) and al-Nabed.

known books

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

mentioned ruler

an interesting Zeyad al-Dawalam to return

story Ibn

about al-Aghlab

what happened when to the

between Ishaq

him and the his

asked

permission

to Baghdad according

Contract:

83 -

"One day, of his ruler

the

ruler

Ibn

al-Ashab,

felt to

uncomfortable Ishaq sure

and one advised whether the it

men brought not to drink But the advice pain.

him a yougart the yougart

drink.

as he was not his

was fresh. it on the

ruler

disregarded physician. Ishaq is to

advice

and drank the night he again. not they

of another He called him, "it

During his that

had severe Ishaq follow paid asked

and asked fault

advice you did till the the

came and told my advice" him one thoudand for some ice

your give to

and refused Dirham. to

any treatment he received

After

sum, he ruler to

be brought his stomach the

him and asked better,

eat all the ice until . After him to vomit. then told him;

was full. ruler felt

Then he forced Ishaq

vomiting

"You know , if the yougart, continued it would have died, but I prevented ruler stop was unfaithful paying Ishaq place and ink Ishaq all of the bottle, for indeed, his city because payments.

to your with

instestines It

you The to for

my treatment. his

he asked Ishaq,

officials left

therefore with

the market a chair, writing ruler lot

of al-Kayrawan,

him he carried his days the get a

and some papers. people.

He spent

a subscription about

Some people that to

informed to

saying: The ruler Ishaq to

"You gave Ashaq the approved be sent

chance

of money". ordered

he was so foolish and he hurt the ruler the him by of his said:

and he hard foolish

prison

labour. attitudp.

Ishaq

was brave When the

enough ruler

and told

came to

prison

Ishaq

"I the

swear Arabs,

in the

name of God that so.

you "the

so called" you will mind

Master never or

of

-are not

I am telling and you will time lo

you that se your

be in later, your

good condition,

sooner

as I gave you a long mind as a result

ago a drug with

that me. "

will

damage

of your

behaviour

84 -

11

Al

Ibn the died

Abi ruler

Usaybelah spent

mentioned his life this

at the

end of this man. (142)

story his

that mind and of

as a crazy condition. the

He lost Ishaq

as a resultof and essays wine.

wrote

a number

books

on drugs,

Colon,

urine,

and on drinks

especially

Ishaq

Ibn

Suleyman

al-Israeli

He was from of Rhazes, in the th6 fall West. of

Egypt

and came to greatest

Kayrawan physician eminent of (908

of

Tunisia, of the

a contemporary Arabic civilization After the

he was the

He was especially the Aglabitic Fatimid, De iFebribus as classics ruler al-Mahdi

as an oculist.

al-Kayrawan,

he entered

sqrvice

of the

De elementis, and De urinea eleventh printed in "the

His 934). writings (looked upon by him as hi work), chief 's in into Latin the translated and were Africanus. Ommia Isaci Christendom. lost in Arabic These works Were (Lyon 1515), and were A book by Ishaq but extant Veneto about to called

century under the

by Constantinus title opera

widespread

use throughout

Gukde of physicians, into Ita lian

in Hebrew di Saienze behaviour

and translated Mediche of the 1861), physician

by Soave

(Giornale maxims

contains in the

many important

the

De particularibus separately printed

dietis

of. the presence (Padu, 1487) is subject of

patient. supposed diet.

His

treatse be the first

work on the

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah years,

mentioned but

that

Ishaq about

al-Esraeli this

lived

more than as a number sixty. he stayed One But

one hundred of the all day, "Not references true his

we doubt that his

completely more than is that

mentioned

age was not

thing life

as mentioned as a bachlor. asked Ishaq,

by Ibn. Usaybelah Therefore It would a*book

he had no children. you be pleased on fever and if

a friend at all,

you had a son? " will-

I have written which will

my, book 11(143)

be a method

make my name live

forever.

85 -

Abo al-Qasim He is

Khalaf

Bin

Abbas al-Zahrawi

(al-Bucasis

4632-1013)

the

most

distinguished

surgeon

of the in the

Arabic

civilization. Latin as

Abo al-Qasim Albucasis sometime medicine years

Khalaf

Bin Abbas al-Zahrawi He was born

was known'in royal city, taught death in

or Abulcasis. between

al-Zahra and practiced 1013, two

936 and 940, until

where he studied, before his

and surgery the

shortly of his

after

sacking

beloved

country. Abo al-Qasim

He was a comtemporary al-Zahrawi Most extant some contain linkage supporters Yathrib with lived in

of Spain.

Ibn

Sina,

the

surgeon

manuscripts his the other ancient

give

his

father's al-Ansari, tribes

name as "Abbas" which called city suggests

and a the or

nickname, Arabian

Al-Ansari, of Median

of Mohamed at the as ti was known earlier.

sacred

Muslim

He was cheifly due to surgical unequal the fact

remembered that al-Tasrif large

for

his

book on surgery. chose to afi-Ta'alif (aid

This

is

mainly his one

western treatse).

scholars Ajaz

translate to

only the

book to the

11-Man,

He was skilled sometimes

inthe

use of as "the

simple

compound remedies - surgeon". also includes The celebrated of are about

and thus He wrote the work on on

described

pharmacist al-Tasrif it

famous manual divided the into

on surgery three parts,

called

as an encyclopadic sections section,

although drugs.

preparation "are

and dosage of illustrated (Fig. with

surgery surgical techniques the

drawings There

one hundred of including He

instruments for

). 7 no. to the relieve

descriptions conditions, bodies.

operating of limbs, the of

various of

amputation

removal

foreign

invented he devised

many of a pair

instruments forceps either, dental it for is

in his

book and in particular AI-Zahrawi, cosmetic

use in midwifery. said that

was no mean dentist operations to correct

he performed "(144)

ireegularities.

86 -

There

are

interesting use of

observations artifician

about teeth

disorders

of teeth. bone. Ile

Ile

recommends the "presented and crushing instruments, of forceps'for

made of beef

in his

!nasterpiece in the

stones

new ideas on wound couterization (144a) He had made himself bladder. , or modified including )He included 11(144b the books observations "an early form

he had invented use in

childbirth. alike

a number of and practices nowdays. " treatise, accumulated (144c)

observations which

and experience

are mentioned

on surgical

and encyclopedias of thirty Abo al-Abbas years

Al-Tasriffs`voluminous is a compilation a career of the that

compendium medical

consisting that fifty that

data

during teaching

spanned It victims is

almost noticed

of training,

and practice.

he had wide experience He expressed whom he called with full his patients,

in treating-accielent his concern for the

and war casulties. of his in his students, relationship and paid were poor of

welfare

"my children". and took for rich their great cure

He was ideal careto

win their whether the

trust they

attention or

and safety

and lonely

and elite. individual

' He stressed and physicians. cases against for

importance

good relationship close with observation ethical that some

among doctors of the norms

He also

emphasized on compliance

and insisted dangerous purpose

and warned adopted

and dubious gain.

practices

physicians

of material in

His

surgical the

Areatise Canon of Ibn

which Sina

surgery

held

the

same authority "personal an a wise a

as did

in medicine. revealed ancient also to

He included us not but only also

observation author

and statements with

that the It is

who was familiar practitioner. of the

text,

and skilled good account and invaluable picture of

valuable

in pre-senting numerious

surgery

of the that it

period contains. the

and in the It gives

illustration insturments

an excellent 11045)

the

used-by

Arabian

surgeon.

87 -

His

book acquired teaching

the

most enormous and Italy

reputation in the

in

the West, period the

surgical

in France

Medieval all

was entirely great surgeons

based on his of the 14th

work. Century

From al-Tasrif, drew valuable of ancient

information,

and regarded

him as the

greatest

surgeons. in his little

Especially introduction, progress study of Galen.

interesting on the among the of

are reasons

the

author's

observations,

as to why surgery He attributed classic it to

made but

Arabs.

an inadequate

both

anatomy

and the

writers'especially

Solie of his haemorrhage, the omnipotent never

interesting

observations surgeon his the for

concerned never to

with

arterial that

he recommends the God is operate watching merely for For for

forget

work

and he, gain. for

therefore, Also the interesting of

should are the

sake of hernias,

indications wounds. together

stones, injuries of time, the

treatment

abdominal holding

of the

intestines,

he recommends large the cuts. other

the-edge with

wounds and applying care, but also,

He described operation the

Lithotomy in use at the for

a special

such as trephining, goitre anddv. eursysm.

amputations,

operations

fistula,

For

disorders

of the

bladder, bronze

he recommends cateleter for that

the

use of

a silver

catleter up to the that that

instead time. suture, surgeon is

of the Various are should of

had been used

sutures

wounds and particulatly and all in details. the instruments In the of writer: (2)

double the

carefully use are

described specified

following the uterus,

a sample proofthat

al-Zahraw's the most

statement important

on abscess Arabian

he is

is liable to be affected "The uterus with (3) small lumps (4) puritus (5) fistulae (8) hot sivillings i. e. abscesses.

(1) (6)

cancer, fissures

ulcers (7) warts

88 -

11 (Abulcasis) incision if with it

will

mention

here

only

a scalpel. hot and it

Examine is

abscess (the first

that

need

swelling), and a hurry

'You find

pulsating, (When ripe)

inflamed, do not be in

accompanied to incise

with before

fever

and redness,

ripening. then let

and when these on a double two feet being seat

symptoms let to her the

subside, rest

the

woman sit pull her thighs

on her part her of

bed, let abdomen, Tie

her her

together her Let the

lower

apart, tie.

arms under midwife (which suitable you will the from sit

knees. right

her

with

a suitable vaginal the insert speculum

on the

side, You must

use the insert

speculum to the otherwise than instrument should

I have depth hurt

drawn). of the the

speculum it more,

vagina, If

do not your vulva that the

patient. pads over The spiral

be longer the

vagina, going

apply deeper. upper the

the

to prevent moves in the

speculum assistant

be in the turns abscess thin,

end. spiral It

You hold

speculum cervix.

your

round

to. open the with it the at hand, its

When you see the it soft scalpel. and a broad in the

and touch

and you find with

you should in

incise

top

W hen pus is plug

evacuated oil Let wool

completely, of the roses plug the

insert oil

wound a soft some astringent in in incision soaked with

immersed

or green protrude cervix

to which the

has been added. cervia. infusion suitable Apply

from

around After

and on pubis days treat

of mallow. ointment

two or three heals.

the

until

it

You may wash the be followed to ointments

uterus

and wound by injecting of liquerice

water

and honey longa.

to

by infusion afterwards.

or artistolochia

Return

If, hawever, do not

you find it

that with

the

abscess

is but

deep into treat it

the

uterus,

approach in the

mentioned

the scalpel (145a) Tagsim. "

as I have

It Abi

is

very

surprising did not

indeed mention

that

the

Arabian

historian about

Ibn

Usaybelah

any information

our-great

89 -

physician Ibn Abi

even he did Usaybelah

not

mention from

his

name at all, family

although a number

mentioned

al-Zaher to find surgeon

of physicians or much better

and we are to miss

unable great

any reason -to ignore

this

With

the

decline

of

the

Caliphate, Arab

which

was threatened and externally wars of the of the miliatry that had belonged decline to

internally by the Orient Empire. invasion to in the the

by strife growing and the power

among the of the a great East. its

dynasties, and: the

Christiandom. finished Osman Turks part with

occielent

the

decline

Eventually occupied Arab 12th where in the

by successful territories

of the

The school most illustrious

of Baghdad began to scholar in Egypt of great moving still

Century, the rulers

places the

such as Saladin was the founder

resisted and

enemy,

as Saladin progress

hospitals way.

promoted

the

of medicine

in every

possible

In

Spain,

in of

spite great

of the scientific Caliphs

wars that progress of Marocco, flee

were prevalent, which produced Al-Edrisi, a scholarly Spain two important on drugs. on medicine best

there

occured

a period of the for the family

a number Mohamed of

famous physicians of the

and philosophers.

ruler,

who refuge at on

political court of

motives the King

had to of

from wrote work

and find

Sicily,

works

geography philosopher

and also al-Kindi

an excellent (d. c 873( they andthe

He, with'the and pharmaeology writers. (L. giving necessary

wrote

among many other But the Zuhr (L. greatest Avenzoar) this

subjects of all

were the most

scientific

celebrated of Ibn in

of them was Ibn Rushd Averroes).

who was a comtemporary accound on each of Arabic of the medicine

To complete

Spain, is very

some explanation

above

scholars

90 -

Ibn

Zuher

(L.

Avenzoar)(1901

1162) the "famous and his teacher and the friend

This of

is Ibn

Abdal Rushd. the

Malik He is

Ibn Abi

al-Ala,

known as the of Ibn Sina

wise man". speculations

He in opinions the to

opposed medical contrary greatest

philosophy

matters. to Galen.

He was confident He held to

enough to express who attached one of the

surempiricist He is itch

importance in

practice. and the that was to

first

discuss*feeling expressed Middle medicine progress to the

bones

mite.

He clearly throughout separation ham of to the the

tendency

be manifest the did that

Ages and the and surgery, of science discussion castes

Renaissance, a condition in the

namely, that

great followed between

c enturies

and gave rise the medica

constant

and grave and the lesser

struggle

and surgical profession

representatives

of the

such as the

Barbers.

He left al-Taysir and diet).

six Fi

medical

books,

the

most

al-Mudawat

Wal Tadber

valuable of which being (simplification of therapeutics

Ibn

Rushed

(L.

Averroes)

(1126-1198)

Spain

produced

Ibn

Rushed as great

if

not

greater

than

thinker

and commentator and his respects. of Andalusia. Therefore, Aristotle) and it in the philosophy

of Aristotle. resembles in that

He, too, of Ibn Later

was a doctor Sina

by profession

in many important Governor

He was born

Cordova.

became the than

He was a greater he was called "prince in

philosopher

physician. His work Middle (on Ages

of philosophy". the early part

was much studied was called Occident by Dante gave rise which

of the " Its

the"grand to is that

commentary. great the intellectual most

influence movement phenomena 14th

known as Averroism, in the hisotry

one of

interesting thought

of medical

and philosophical

of the

Century.

91 -

His than

view that

was however, of other

more Aristotelian as mentioned teaming mover who is

and less by Dr. with the

Arabs

new-Platonian (145a (1)) Fuller foxms which of the minds

From him it actualised generated

was potentiality by the from prime

latent fisrt

God.

Last mover is for

and lowest of the hight

of the

emanated, minds This, like

in the

human intellect, active

the

lunar

sphere.

Aristotle, truth, which,

intellect same

the all

of universal all in times

and eternal and places,

one and the

men in resides

as contemplative, of his the so far other

reason, conscious activity as each personality also that All,

each human individual For Averroes, is to to wholly it,

independent as for his

operations. of contemplation

master, and, his is

impersonal, from

one of us attains and ceases it is the

he escapes

particular

be himself. operation body

Moreover,

as Aristotle,

thought, is not

only

of human consciousness survives in us is its dissolution.

supported that is

by the

and that

then,

individual

and personal intellect in

destroyed undistinguished.

by death. There

The impersonal

us alone

remains

is no such thing

as personal the

immorality.

Doctrines spheres,

like

the

eternity

of

Universel of the

the

emanation

of soul

the

and the

destruction in Islamic himself

and death and in

individual eyes.

were as heretical it and sought later to

Christian

Averroes the one are,

knew

defend

by a method avoid

not

unlike

unsed said, the

by free of is

thinkers degrees reached It's

to

condemnation. one is the

There

he

two kinds other kind

of truth, by theology, simple

philosophic

and, satisfied is

whose demands are religious and symbols. faith

by probabilities. satisfied with

grasped

which

imaginative

pictures

Ibn

Rushed

is

an Aristotelian medical is work

philosopher "al-Kulleyat of medical. and the fact Fi

encyclopedic on medicine) the function

and commentator whose (generalities al-Tibb" He recognised in cases of

a collection retina

knowledge. of immunity

of the

smallpox.

92 -

This Latin

well with

known compendium, the title

al-Kulleyat,

was translated unknown

into

of Colliget 1255, its

by an otherwise chapter

Bonacosa

in Padua in

on respiration was made the of the (Venice

contains subject version of of

a remarkable a special the Colliget

critique of Galen which (145b) The translation study. was by Jacobus Mantinus

second 1552).

Ibn Abi called

Usaybe"ah him al-Kadi

He gave some explanation about Ibn Rushed. (the judge) "Ile was a friend of Bin Zaher. he believed the end, that the Ibn Zuher will write two books

When he wrote

al-Kuleyat,

a book on al-Jezeyat and al-Jezeyut will

and at

be a complete

book on medicine".

al-Kuleyat (146)

But the

fact

is

that

the

work of

Ibn

Rushed

contained

more As a sample on the

Galenical discussion other than Ls medical writing we quote of

medical the

observations. paragraph

following.,

Uterus:
I'The uterus" higher and is expand, those level richly and to lies than behind the the bladder It nerves. that is It It to It

and rectum. fim-d is

reaches

bladder. with

by many ligaments liable to enlarge and (i. e. has two cavities an external orifice. monses. having than has by the is the

supplied contract

and diminish. cervix) lead openings called in

of body and of contain

These cavities There behind testicles. several are also

vascular tubes

that uterins are

secrete homes smaller The vulva is. closed

two uterine two ovaries.

them the

The ovaries ends

The neck protecting is richly

of uterus.

vulva.

appendages. supplied

The opening by tiny

hymen which made up of fibrous

vessels,

and which

a membrane composed of

longitudinal

and transverse

layers. 146a)

N. B. the

vagina

is

regarded

as a part

of the

vulva.

"(

93 -

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah with

mentioned

that

Ibn

Rushed was "very in old torn with clothes, him for "

intelligent, His teacher period

good opinions, Bin Haron

dressing

was Ja'Afar and gained When Ibn

and he stayed a great Cordora the Ibn ruler

a long

by his

help

amount of medical from Ashbelyah, al-Mansour, leave to he but Cordova of it. after

knowledge. developed a short and to There

Rushed cameto with ordered vear contact made the with

a good relationship period, the ruler Alyasaneh, first which

Rushed to and not It is with

live

in

Cordova, with ruler

go out that

he had his

Jews. angry

said Ibn

there first

were two reasons

Rushed;

as Ibn Rushed behaved Ibn Rushed saw the me my brother,

disrespect

towards

the

ruler.

When

ruler

instead

he always -addressed him "do you hear (prince). Secondly; When he wrote Amir of an impolite sentence ruler). (He meant the "He saw this (147) This on Jewish

a book on animals animal leads at the one to King believe

he included of Barber" that than Ibn

Rushed had more influence

and Christian left

thought

on Arabian. "some of them on Astronomy" was "the observation (148)

Ibn Rashed

a number many original can only

of

books

and among his that smallpox

contributions 149) infect once. "

Although, Jewish we must Maj'd

we believe and Christian remember that said

that

Ibn

Rushed had more influence than on Arabian, a major at the

on same time

thought his

works

played

role

- as

Fakhri

the Renaissance

in the development that of western philosophy in his school of Athens placed Raphael, painter, Ibn Rushed (Averroes) among the masters of

the Arab philosopher Hellenic thought .

To end our we are

account

on the other Abi

development physicians Usaybelah.

of Arabic

medicine in

in

Spain and

listing

below by Ibn

who appeared

Spain

were mentioned "Ibn

al-Jazar,

Ibn

al-Semnah,

Abo al-Kasim Ibn al-Safar, Ibn Abo al-Husan Abo

Meslemah Bin Ali Ibn

Ahmmad, Ibn al-Zahrawi,

al-Sameh,

Suleyman

al-Karmani,

Khaldoun,

94 -

Jasafar Aban,

Ahmad Bin

Khamis Bin

Omer Bin

Domeh, Hamdan Bin Bin Yuzid Bin Roman

Jawad al-Tabeb, Ibn Malouka, Abi

al-Nasrari, al-Nasmi,

Khaled

al-Narani, Omran Bin

Ibn Malouka Fateh Ishaq Ibn Talmoun, al-Tabib,

al-Nasrani, al-Harani, Yeheya Ibn Salad Yeheya, Bin

Omaro, Mohamed Bin

Ahmad and Omar sons of al-Harani, Ishaq, Abid Soleyman Raboh, Abo Baker Hafez Bin Bin Taj,

Om-al-Bawen, Aspegh Bin

Omar Bin Talmeh,

Bertek, Bin

Mohamed Bin Bin al-Katani,

Abo al-Walid

al-Katani,

Abo Abdullah Ahmed Bin

Ahmad Bin

Hakim Bin

Hafson,

Abo Baker

Jaber, Ashboni, Ibn

Abo Abdullah Mohamed Bin Bin

al-Malek

al-Thakafi,

Haron Bin Mousa alal-Ozeri, Abo al-Arab al-Remely, Abdul Rahman Bin alAbo alKastar,

Abdon al-Jabeli, Ibn Julyul, Ibn

Ishaq

al-Haythem, al-Bagh

Yousef Ibn

Mohamed, Ibn Zahabi, Eassan, Khayat, Ibn

Honech,

Wafed,

al-Nabbash, Rahman Bin

Abo Jalafar Khalef Bin

Bin Fhamis Askar al

Al-Tolytely, Ibn

Abdul

Darmi, Ishaq

Moniaem Ibn Ishaq,

al-Fawal,

Murwan Ibn Najah, Hasaaya Bin Bin Hasday,

Bin

Hasday Bin Abou al-Fadel Bin

Abou al-Fadel Bin Ibn Yousef Samjon, Huseni,

Yousef

Bin

Husday, Yousef al-Sharef'

Hasaaya Hasday,

Abo Jalafar al-Ghafeki,

Ahmed Ibn

Al-Barri, Khalof Bin Abdul

Mohamed Bin Bin Salt, Beklaresh, Ibn

Mohamed al Abo al-Salf

Abis Aziz

al-Zahrani, Bin Aid al-

Jemeyah Bin

Bajah,

Abo Jalafar'Bin Yousef Bin Bin

Mansour Morater,

al-Tarjali, Abo Abdalah Ibrahim Bin Jalafar Abdul Bin Abo, Bin

Abo Mohamed Bin al-Dani, Abo Yazid

Ibn Pash,

Abo al-Mayat Malik

Z-bo Morwan Abdul Abo Yeheya Bin Jalafar Hassan, al-Baji, al-AHassan Bin Sabek,

Kablal,

Abo Ishaq Abo al-Hakam Bin Abi

Kasim al-Eshbell, Hassan,

Gaandon,

Ahmed Bin

Abo Alalu

Hamed Bin Aziz Bin Moslem Abi Ahmed Abo, Jalafar

Abo Mohamed al-Shazoni, Abo Jalafar al-Zabri, Ibn al-Hala Bin

al-Masdon,

al-Ghazal,

Abo Baker al-Nadrmi, Abo Ishaq

al-Kadi Jalafar

Abo, Abdullah Al-Hersi,

Tamlous,

al-Zahli, and Ibn

Abo al-Arab Bin ( 2198) al-Assam.

al-Romeyan,

Abo al-Arab

al-Kenenari

The Arabian Christians

culture remained

in Spain, to the

after

it

was reconquered but we must

by the always

small

territory,

95 -

remember that in Greece

Europe

flirted

and fought

with

Arab Islam as long

and Italy.

But nowhere and as mutually we notice this fact, that

was the productive most

relationship

lasting, Spain. are not

as strong Therefore, neglecting

as in mediveal hisotirans that Director 11What do in Spain? " and 9th in nowdays when of

of the

so not

wonder Utnay asking

we find Sarda, him;

Andrew Lycett the S., -anish

spoke to Arab institute

Don Francisco of culture

you regard He answered Renaissance to the 13th

as the him;

greatest

achievement

of Arab the

culture

"The transmission of Europe thus making

of Oriental, over period the

Hellenistic from the

and culture Centuries,

possible

Renaissance

the West. "(150)

However, in the

Arabian 14th

medicine

still

flourished see in the

in

Syria

and Egypt pages.

Century

as we will

following

B. 2.5.

EGYPT AND SYRIA

As mentioned in the Cordora. physicians Abi 14th but

above tkere Century, worked in

are

a number

of physicians neither

who appeared to Baghdad nor important and Ibn in Cairo. with Ibn

those

who belonged

Damascus and Cairo. in

The most

who appeared and Ibn in full

Damascus were al-Dakhwar and Ibn in in this the next al-Nafis chapter accounts we will

Usaybelah, deal

al-Haythen detail give

As we will

Aby Usaybelah, achievements chapter

we will of the

chapter

of the end this some during

physicians

of Egypt, then medicine

on the

development state

of Arabic of hospital

by giving practice

e.xplanation the heyday

on the of Arabic

and mdeical

civilization.

IN EGYPT

Ibn well

Abi

Usaybelah

wrote

a special The most Usaybelah

chapter important as Ibn

(14th)

on "the

classes

of

known from Egypt". by Ibn Abi

physician al-Haythem,

in Egypt although

was mentioned

96 -

the most we will on Ibn

important mention

physician later, but

of first

all

was Ibn

al-Nafis

as

we will

start

our explanation

al-Haythem.

Ibn

al-Haythem Abo Ali in Iraq). life. Mohamed Ibn Ibn Egypt from there with Basra till all (a the kinds

Ile is city

al-Hasan

al-Haythem and stayed familiar

Then he moved to He was very

end of his of science. his

intelligent, to his very

No one was equal time.

knowledge hard. and wrote and its

of mathematics He outlined a number of related and explained books in

during a great himself. general

He was working of Aristotle's

number

books

Ile was an expert but theoritecally

in medicine only

subjects medicine.

as he did

not*Practice

The friend Abi told al-Kasem

of

Ibn Bin Ibn

Abi Abdul

Usaybelah, Ghani Bin lived

Alam al-Din Mozafer at first

Bin

Abi

al-Kasem

Bin

al-Hanafi

al-Muhowdes, and its to do They from al-Azher

him that

al-Haythem

in Basra willing to

counties good sacked all his

and became a minister. wiseljr. post and left him from his services

He was always his time

and behave

He devoted as minister; for Egypt

science. he resigned

as a result and stayed

in Cairo

in

mosque, cost of

where he wrote living life in there this

a book each year. by selling his books, in he died

He was able and spent Cairo (151) in

to pay the the rest He wrote

of his 44 titles

way until

430.

and a number of essays treatise

as well.

His

fame came from during greatest

"his

on optics Century. of

to Kepler one of accurate the

the

seventeenth investigators

which became known ti. 51a) " He was considered and an (151b) " as theoretician. of all time

optics as well

observer

and experimenter

The works twelth

of that

Ibn

al-Haythem

became known in Europe andthe referred great to

during

the

and thirteenth "Joseph

Centureis Ibn Agnin

historian Ibn

Sarton

mentioned

al-Ilaythem's

97 -

work

in

Potlemy"

became known by "John Peckham, 151dj the Archbishop in 127 by the Polish of Canterbury an , Me ) Witels. 11( Ibn al-Ilaythem's and above all, physiciatrist book (compendium of optics) to Ieonardo was "very important works da vance, famous and in the 17th 151f) Kepler. "( Century it was very useful to the

optics (1510)

as being and his

greater

than

those

of Euclid

and

Ibn

al-Nafis,

Ali

Ibn

Abi

al-Hazem

(1210-1288)

The most al-Nafis,

important Ali, Ibn

physician Abi

in Egypt

was without

any doubt

Ibn

al-Mazem

who came from He wrote

Damascus to

Cairo

and became cheif on the work Hipprocatic Sina

physician'there. writings Canon is

numerous Ibn

commentaries Sina. His

and on the the most

Canon of

on Ibn Ibn

important

work Tashrih which

of the

thinker, commentary pulmonary Portuguese described of

al-Nafis. analysis of

His

work was Sharh of the Canon) three in

original (a al-Canon

on the circulation Servetus, the

he described before discovery. in the "He

the

blood

centuries with hundred this

generally circulation

credited three

lesser

years

advance

Servetus, in

and Realdus the history

chapter This at

Columbus ...... it'constitutes an important (152) " of the discovery of the circulation. that

was at It

a time

when no one realised down by the between the bolld the

blood

circulated Galen, side of that the

all.

had been laid

Greek physician right and left

there heart.,

was communication between of of which

passed view

idrectly. remained

Though this unchallenged until

was not, the time

course, Ibn

the

case this

al-Nafis.

Ibn wall

al-Nafis as Galen left

explaiqed had said, through

that but the

there the

were no openings blood passed In other from

in the

the right

heart side

to the

only

lungs.

words,

he propounded

98 -

today's although

knowledge Nafis

that

there

was a pulmonary

circuit.

Yet,

as a great the great

to, lived from 1210 1288 who and was acknowledged teacher becoming the chief to and doctor, physician he was the originater this discovery, of major , 1553 that the first description of the pulmonary and then it was credited to the Spaniard it

hospital until

was not circuit Michael,

was published Servetus.

"It that

was not the

until

the

early

years put the

of

this

Century,

G Karni

said, doctor Lying agreed of

record

was finally found

straight manuscript (152a)

when an Egyptian of Ibn al-Nafis it the is Although finding

Muhyi hidden that Ibn

al-Din under Dr Karmi

al-Tatawi the put dust the

of Centuries". record agree

straight that is it

after

manuscript

al-Nafis,

we do not al-Tatawi,

was found

by an Egyptian

physician, Katayah

and this

mentioned

when he referred when, al-Tatawi Tashrih

to P. Ghalwengi"( was reading in to the

again by 'IS. ' 152b) who stated: manuscript of Ibn

"that al(152c)

by chance, Nafis that

Sharah Ibn

al-Canon the first

a German library discover the

he discovered pulmonary circuit. ,

al-Nafi-was to from received on-his of the "in

The first dermatoligist, The author years ago)

person

discover Aleppo, an outline

this Syria,

was Abdul who dealt Dr.

Karim with

Shehadah, this

from (Paris)

matter. (12 Shehadah himself 11-'Ibn al-Nafis repeated and on

ph. D Theses pulmonary"

entitled which

discovery his Latif article

a fact

he himself Arabic

Arabic" 11 focus (152d)

on the

physician

Abdul

al-Baghdadill.

The work of the most therefore,

Ibn

al-Nafis

on the in

minor the

circulation history

of the

blood

was

important

discovery

of medicine the'real circulation

is he doubt the first any without master, 'William the other Harvey who discovered predecessor o; (153) " blood in 1628. of the

99 -

It

has been queried, previous

why Ibn Ibn his it

al-Nafis Sina

collected

the

sayings of writing The to have anatomy rules; the of the Germany one

of the

scholar

on anatomy on this necessary

instead subject. for

a new book answer an idea of the although church to

containing this is that,

knowledge is very

anyone as the

from

previous

scholars

especially according it in this

Galen, to

human body was forbidden some physicians gave permission in .. out practiced

religious until

secret,

Even*after in limited

pernission "in

human body was carried year, four Spain

numbers,

times

once every three years and in France and England (153a) , Secondly Ibn al-Nafis followed anually. a

different

of each paragraph as he started at the beginning (Ibn Al-Shekh he continued Sina) said and saying saying: ..... he then his but I (Ibn Nafis) mentioned am saying ..... ..... (Ibn al-Nafis) explanation and 6omments. method

Thirdly, the

Ibn

al-Nafis, as an art

in

his

introduction science.

of his

book the

considered art

anatdviy

and not

know, we -As and the

gained

by practicing, between

and science the anatomy his

by searching, as art

and he also anatomy help as the said

distinguished science

as he mentioned of is science

that

intvaduction art of anatomy. to

would

understanding the anatomy

by the science out

He then the

an art, carried fifth book is

and method

reach

science which he

and this mentiondd The reader kind of

method in the

by using under

some instruments the instruments will find the will

chapter and his

of that art

anatomy. " this of that

of his

description of

description for a long

as a result moreover

practicing reader

anatomy Ibn

period,

the

notice

al-Nafig,

new subject anatomy between of the

dealing was, -in some way or another with a known nowdays as pathology the when he explained veins alive and the different state of this kind of anatomy

and dead person. in Egypt

We mention by Ibn Abi

some other Usaybelah,

physicians although

who appeared Ibn Abi

as mentioned did not

Usaybelah*himself,

100 -

mention the in fact

anything that Ibn

on Ibn Abi

al-Nafis

and this died in that Abi

is

w believe

due to

Usaybelah

1270 and Ibn his

al-Nafis

1288 after

18 years, after the

and we think death of Ibn

achievements

were completed

Usaybelah.

The other

physicians

were the

following:

"Boleteyan, Tawfek,

Ibrahim

Ibn

Issa,

']Khalof

al-Toulani,

al-Hassan 'Bin Nestay

Bin Jureyj,

Zeyrek, Ishaq

Sa8ad Bin Ibn Ibrahim

Ibn Nestas, al-Batrik, Mansour al-Nafes, Ali Bin Bin

al-Balessi, Aiyour Sahlan Bin

Mousa Bin Aiyour

dl-Azar

al-Esraenli, Sahlam,

Yousef

al-Tamaemi, Omar Bin

Abo al-Fateh al-Haker Ishaq Rahmoun, Belmozafer al-Din, Ibn Bin Younis,

Bin Mokasher, Tabit Bin

al-Mouseli, Bin Fatek,

a Abo Bisher Raduan, Bin Efranem Bin

al-Mobasher al-Zafan, Ibn

Salameh Bin al-Dyen Abdullah

Mobarak

Slameh, al-Shekh

Rahmoun,

Zaurbe, Sharah

Ibn Molaref, Jumelah, al-Raes Kad(ae, Ibrahim al-Mahali, Abi

Abo al-mansour Bin al-Modawar, Bin

Abo al-Beyan Mebat allah,

Abo al-Fadel Shoal

Bin

al-Naked, Bin al-

al-Mowafaq Bin Mossa, al-Sadid al-Din

Abo al-Bakak

Abo al-Malali Bin al-Raes al-Shekh Fateh Bin

Temam, al-Raes Abo al-Barakat Bin Bin Abi

Mousa Bin Neymon al-Kurtobi, Bin Sayla, Jamal Bin Abi al-Asald al-Din Bin

al-Bayan, al-Din

al-Rawafer,

Jamal

al-Hawafez, Abo Suleyman

Shehab al-Din Dawoud Bin Abo Shaker Nasser al-Din Rashid Deyala Bin Abi Bin Abi

al-Zobeyer, Bin Abi

Afdal Fanah,

al-Din

al-Khonji, Bin

al-Nona Abi

Abo Salad Bin Abi

Abi

Syleyman, Abo Rashid

Suleyman,

Abo Nasser

Suleyman,

Suleyman,

Abo al-Fadel

Bin

Abi

Suleyman,

Abo Huleykah, al-Din al-Din

Mohazeb al-Din Asad Al-Din ( 154)

Abo Salad Bin Abi

Mohamed Abi Malekah, al-Hassan and

Abo Asled, Bin al-Bitar".

IN SYRIA

The infoxmation Fi Tabakat

on Syria of

is Ibn

to

be found

in

the

book

(Uyun al-Anba a translation

al-Atteba)

Abi

Usaybelah.

Although

101 -

of'-chapter believe that

15 is

being

given

at

the

end of

this

chapter, is useful.

we

a brief

explanation

on this

subject into

The physicians

in

Syria

can be divided

several

groups:

Those

in

charge

of

work

at the

hospital

Those who worked The physicians Private

on their

own and had dispensaries

of Aleppo of certain briefly princes and

physicians

Those who were mentioned

by name only

Ranking is only

these possible

physicians

according pointed

to

as S. Jadon al-Din

and reputation prestige 154a) in the case of those out at the new hospital

who served

Salah

and those

who worked type

of Damascus, the their need of

because Salah

each had a special or the hospital,

of work to meet consequence

al-Din are full.

and in

biographies

Syria her to

was worthy live

of note

for

the

number in the

of physicians twelth from Century all

who came to as she of life.

and practice physicians, reasons for

medicine scholars this

attracted

and others were:

walks

Some of the

the

movement the the

of the

centre

of al-Din

power

from

Baghdad to Egypt to

Damascus

during during

reign reign

of Nour of Salah

and from

Damascus

al-Din

--

the

urgent

need for

physicians

owing

to

the

Crusaders

the

e,gtablishment of medicine

of

such at. the

institutions

as hospitals hospital

with of

a school Damascus

new (Bermestan)

Ibn the for

Abi

Us., ybelah of

mentioned Salah

a number

of physicians

of

Syria

and

physicians

al-Din

whose biographies

have been presented

us by him were eleven

in number:

102 -

NAME

GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

FAITH

Ibn

Khalaf

unknown unknown village district Iraq Baghdad Baghdad al-Rahbah Egypt Spain Damascus

(154b)

Samaritan Christian

Abo Mansur Abo al-Nazem Abo al-Paraj Al-Naqash Ibn al-Mutran

in Huran of Damascus

Christian Christian Muslim

(154c)

Christian became Muslim Muslim Muslim Muslim Muslim

Al-Rahbi Ibn Musa Al-Bayasi Al-11ajib

The significance were not faiths than is Muslims, than

of thus his

this

chart

is the

that

four

of these of Salah

physicians al-Din to other there for more

showing own, also

tolerance

other SyribL..

seven were from to

countries Syria,

still half

-*Presuming that indication of these

Abo Mansur it

have been from centre, of

was the

attraction

than

physicians.

The bibliographies number Ibn

of

a number

of physicians

show that

a great Syria,

of them were already medicine at

phisicians Cairo,

when they Abo al-Foraj, and al-Naqash in

came to

Musa studied

al-Baghdadi at Baghdad, search of more by the

at Cairo, This is

Abo al-Foraj, an indication

al-Baghdadi that they

came to Syria profession

income the

expecially,

the

medical historian

was classified "as being

later

distinguished paid of all

al-Qalqashandi 11(154d)

highest

professions. that

Ibn to

Abi learn

Usaybelah medicine needed

wrot6

his

grandfather to

wanted

his

sons profession, those in this

because

he knew it

be an honourable he believed that

greatly practicing world

by the

people although

and because enjoying

medicine, in

honour

and wealth

camd first

rank. "

103 -

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

appeares that

to

be in

agreement

with it

his most was from been those period of the in

grandfather honorable his the

by saying and profitable to of write the

medicine professions.

was one of the He said of it

intention beginning

about profession,

the

classes since

physicians

had not about to the

done before, highest which

Syria al-Din and for

and he would and divided

provide

anecdotes

classes they

them according

had lived.

was worthy had

of

note the build In

for

its for

numerous more with

hospitals. hospitals the in ransom at

Nour Syria,

recognised to (154e)

need them this

he proceeded Crusaders.

also one

way

was built

money (154f) Aleppo.

Indeed in every question

it

would district which (in

seem as if he visited he put ot

Ibn in

Jubayr Syria the

saw a Marstan from the nature

(hospital) of the

one of

Shekhs at Homs:

"Is of

there these

Homo) a Marestan 154g) districts? "(

in

accordance

with

the

town plans

He was especially and recorded expenses of

impressed

with

the

new Marestan it, saying fifteen of the that

of Damascus the daily that it

some information this new Marestan

about

were about records

Dinars,

had superintendents patients and that early for great in the and the the the kind

who maintained of food

name of the for them

and medicine to

prescribed go to the the

physicians day to visit

were accustomed and to prescribe he

Marestan treatment Islam's

necessary

patients.

The hospitals

concluded

were one of

glories. II to t

Nur al-Din of time chief the

appointed phiysician office

Mohamed Ibn in al-Bermestan

al-Hakam

at Nuri.

portant'post 5T This is the first is time

therefore in Syria.

is mentioned in Syria. It of chief physician an indication of the importance at this of medicine

104 -

There of

is

evedence

that

comtemporary with Ibn the Matrun

physicians of the

and dignitaries work. an author The for

Syria

were pleased Jamal al-Din

contents also

Minister

praised

a work which Minister told the

he considered

to be without

precedent. Ibn

Another Ghazal

who was also father of Ibn

a physician, Abi

Amin al-Dawlah

Usaybelah:

III have heard the classes with of

that

your

son has written those a book of

an unsurpassed who visit is

book about me are I nature.

physicians, It is

physicians great there value

pleased

it.

and althougli none of this

have more than I wish the

2000 in my library, ask him to

you would to

send me a copy of the it, and in return

work made for he will

Minister

whom he dedicated

receive

a large

sum of money and a role

of honour.

Syria

produced were; to

a great Muhib the

number al-Din

of physicians. al-Dakhware, Ibn

Some of al-Mutram

the

most

important was devoted medical Ibn for Abi

(who his and

practice of both

of medicine,, the elit in

and was known for common people)

treatment Usaybelah

and the Syria

who was born He himself him.

and pra, ---ticed

medicine of we will

a while

in Egypt.

has mentioned In the following of Arabic and

a number pages by the Medicine also

physicians end this giving medical complete profession.

who had preceded chapter on the

development on the the

some explanation education the picture during

Hospitals

hayday

of Arabic backbone

Civilization of the

to medical

as they

were the

B. 2.6.

Hospitals

and Medical

Practice

The teaching showed rapid Civilization. Caliphs in the that Muslim Jent" in

of medicine and marked It was in hsopitals world Islam.

and the progress Islam,

organization during under the the

of

sanitary

services

heyday

of Arabic of the Arabs,

patronage

were first throughout the

established, period

and they

flourished

"Rafidah hospital

as mentioned It

by A. al-Badir one ordered

of the Empire. (155a) was the by the prophet

first to be

was the

105 -

pitched accessible field

in

the to

mosque on Kandaq day (a battle) the anny and so was counted

so as to first

be

as the

hosPital.

Things abdel they

did Malik

not

change much until a special at public

Ommyad Caliph residence expense.

has assigned

fal-Waleed for lepers, was the

Ibn where first

were hospitalised in history.

This

leprosariwn

Later, with

the

Islamic

capitals The Caliphs

and larger and people for their

towns of

were all

provided competed and doctors and cooks and

hospitals.

distinction elegance proficient

in extending orderliness. of the various most

substantial On their specialisations,

funds staff,

superb most

some had the the most reputed

pharmacists

highly

perfected

pharmacies.

They housed even the

servants, princes to

and ytensils Caliphs. hospitals in patients.

which Generous

were unrivalled appropriations their

homes of to

in

cash wL-re granted out

these as

so as to maintain

services

and well

Such abundance affluence Caliph

of hospitals distribution Aziz Abdel them.

in

Islam of

was the wealth. go round

result It with is

of advancement recorded that and find desire and of

and their Omar Bin

used to

alms

no one accepting publicising doing stated centre Abdel highly taken living. their

Moreover,

the

Caliphs by serving

had the the

honourable Taqiy first el-Din

mention

public

them good. that in Malik paid into the Islam in

al-Maqrizi,

an eminent a Bamerstan Caliph the

historian and health Ibn with blind to be

one who had built above mentioned (706).

was the 88 A. Ij.

al-Waleed hospital

He supplied the with lepers the

internees custody

and ordered and furnished

and the

means of

comfortable

In

his

book

"Tarkh

al-Rusul al-Tabary

Wal Muluk said:

(History

of Prophet

and

Kings)

Mohamed Jasir

106 -

Al-Waleed He built constructed every

was to the

Syrians

a very

highly

regarded

petson. He also

the mosque of both the minaret, with

Damascus and Medina. the lepers

supported

and furnished with

invalid

an attendant

and every

blind-person

a guide.

There

were two kinds could be;

of hospitals, general like

stationary

and mobile. in the

Hospitals Metropolitan It would

such as those Cairo, that

abounding

cities

Baghdad, to note in the

--Damascus, and others.. in Spain (10th with A. D. ) A. H.

be interesting of 500,000

Cordova

a population

4th Century, library

had 50 hospitals, 600,000 these volumes hospitals in in

500 baths, adclition'to

a public

containing Of, in Baghdad, in Tunisia like those

70 private-libraries'.

the Egypt,

most famous were al-Athudi al-Nouri were for in Syria hospitals purpose

al-Mansoury and Andalusia. which farious

and those

There

specialised a special

were constructed in Islam:

and were multi-

al-Leprosaria We have already establish of its indicated that al-Waleed was the first to the nature Ibn A

such, sanatoriums. infection. al-Jawziya rancid About wrote to

-IYet the transmission a treatise

the Arabs

discerned. of this

disease

al-Quyyim, leper the

in which near by,

he, said:

smells, disease

tliose, who sit

and communicates

by intercourse.

Prison

Ilos2itals of the 4th. Century A. R. (tenth A. D. ) and in a

At the beginning

107 -

year

fraught

with

disease, wrote to

Ibn

Issa

Caliph Thabit

al-Mugtadin a highly

Bellah's significant

Minister, recorded

Sinan

Bin

message which

was as follows: in

"I

have thought possibility

(God bless of being

you)

of those

who are

detention

and the their are the

attacked

by disease, their of after

due to They

numbers furthermore,

and to the impeded doctors illness. shall with comprise their

inadequacy from for looking

premises. their

interests ward off to select

and interviewing dangers of doctors regularly, their sick

consultation

on how to instructed

So you are hereby be to visit the

whose job supplied to

them in their and syrup. other by offering

jails

medicine all

They must extend treating the

services

prisons,

and removing

ailments "

them the

appropriate

medicines

and drinkables.

This

is

the

first

time

in

history to

as far

as we

know,

that

medical

care

was extended

prison

inmates.

Mental

Hospitals

In

the

early to

part

of the the

Ommyyad Is rule mentally ill

there

were founded The Arabs persons his the "social mentally

several

asylums used'to

cope with

or deranged. as destitute In hold

consider

imbeciles state should

and idiots

for

whose case the medicine" in respect,

be responsible. The Muslims in the

Rene Sand attested: recommend tolerance for built treatment to

ill

handling hospitals.

of them and reserve By and by

them compartments they had asylums

in their them.

house

In the

deed pertaining to al-Nouri shall

to

the

Waqf (endowment) in Aleppo, to

by which the his

the

royalties

were tied Each lunatic every dress

hospital

we read gake off

following: clothes they shall al-Salat

have two serVantSt hime with dean cold

morning him in

and bathe spotlessly

water.

Then, him to

clothes

and help

perform

108 -

(prayer) from out, the

ritual.

They shall

have him

listen they to

to

recitations take to case in the him

Quaran by a good reader. the open air should

Then

shall listen

and in

be allowed " This

beautiful Islamic chains hospitals. and bodies of lashings.

voices East while

and musical lunatics in asylums

tunes.

was the

in Europe

were kept their negligence

shackled

with to

and fetters Their naked.

and prohibited was lowly, died of

from food

admission meagre

residence They often

and severity

Mental the

asylums

occupied could

a special visit

suite

in

general

hospitals to them.

where

major

doctors

patients

and attend

In his "In the

authoritative city

book on geography, there is

al-Yagubi

states: where

of Nalmcmiya "

a Hezkel

monastery

lunatics

are treated.

Orphaneges

and Nurseries of their The first

These houses and deprived take al-Din action

were set of being

apart

for

children

bereft for.

mothers to

breast-fed

and cared (549-630 to this

on appropriating Governor

such homes for of Arpil

Kokbery,

a purpose was Muzaffar A. 11.). Ile appointed social service.

wet nurses

and servants

to

attend

Infirmaries
Early in the Abbasid inaugurated and other Malik the the treating who gathered a servant. be moved kinds; aged, hisotrian physically

era,

al-Maqrizi, homes for

great the

wrote: disabled

"al-Mansour and orphans Ibn Abdel

homes for first invalid

insanity". them in

Al-Waleed specially equipped

was the each

homes and assigned As for from

mobile one place

hospitals, to another

there

were those

which

could

as need be.

They were of three

109 -

Emergency

I' t, ipitals

The first the

such hospital

was mentioned

on the

occasion

of by

Khandaq battle

when "Salad

Ibn Malath"

was injured

an arrow.
2. Military Hospitals

Muslim

armies

had their the

hospitals Caliph

administrated went to to action. S

by resident had his Ibn that he

surgeons. doctors al-Mutran, accompanied red tent doctor to

Whenever on his for side

war he always army.

to take

care

of him and the Salah

example, all

was so close theatres of

el-Din

him in a very

He had a special tan ment felt of that another to his

with

wide

door.

When the the

was overworked, to the

he ordered Sultan

appoin

attend

soldiers. TheSelucid

Casualities

were transferred

female hospital

nurses. carried

Mahmoud had a mobile its doctors was

Abdul-Hakam

on 40 camels and one of (the Andalusian). al-Maghraby

3.

Ambulances

These were hospitals vessels of medical

moving assistance in time

around for

in

the

chinaware, patients Sinan letter

bowls in need, Iba to Thabit

and or was

treating

to manage casulties the first one to Ibn areas to

of epidejmics. them. In another

institute Issa of

Sinan of those

from Minister in the with rural

we read: Iraq,

11 1 have been thinking

who may be attacked these areas

by illnesses

no doctors

help,

because

have no professionals medical and stay quarters. supplies in each "

so could

you please to

send doctors travel around

furnished among the move to

with people other

and drinkables quarter as long

as needed

and then

Further

instructions

of

the

same nature

ran

like

this.

110 -

"Write of the diseases. wait This

to your villages If

medical

assistants stricken

and; urge with to these

them to make rounds and raging they should

and places there

epidemics places,

are no roads

until being

new roads done,

are opened up or older bless them. "

ones are

repaired.

God will

The hospitals a strict sections, attendants, section medicine, also chills

were not

run

fortuitously,

but

in

accordance into

with

well-planned one for -maids, had several surgery,

system.

They were divided needs managers for different in

separate equipments, Each internal

each sex having office boys,

instruments,

and supervisors. cases like

pavilions opthalmology

and bone setting. those attacked

These were pania

subdivided

so as to house

by fever,

or diarrhoea. The hospital physician who and equipped Abbas of excusite

The halls

and rooms were relatively and each section doctor. chosen Drugstores quarters jam,

spacious. a house

had a superindendent was the in chief

were well hospitals.

supplied Abdul varities

specially

of the

al-Qalaqahandi beverages, ingredients and vessels

describing pastes, in of

them perfumery to

as containing and relevant measures,

exclusive chinaware, Every of youth. store bowls was

addition different

precision

volumes assisted

and shapes. by a number

headed by a pharmacist

There

were male and female midwifery both mother

nurses.

It

was the the

physician of the

in

Islam

who encouraged healthcare skill of to

and sanctioned and child is

importance providing in

and in that

best

possible. al-Zahrawi their

A good example as he devoted duties and if care

given section the

al-Tasfif to

a complete needed

on midwives physicians's

perform

under

supervision A hospital position

with

utmost

and proficiency.

had a director was counted

to

look

after rank

its

administration, table of

which

as a principal

in the

ill

In organisation. (approx. marvelsof testifies caliphate. to his office that It the

his

book "Badi in the

al-Zuhur records

Fi Waqu al-Duhur" of ages) Ibn Iyas in the

flowers job

of the to

director a deputy

was a key position of the Sultan

was charged in state

who wefit

honours.

Qalqashandi the Fatimid

also reign titles

says that in Egypt of artisans high

the greatest were those

professional held by the chief

positions physicians. doctor of the

in

Among the as top private "Golden arose, doctor kinsfolk

and craftsmen, ranking sit with job

was rated Caliph's

grade. doctor Hall" out to

Another

was that in

who used to in the palace servants the

on the four

bench

thefamous When emergency on the required

associates. calling

came the attend to

or eunFchs

patients, courtiers.

who habitually

were royal

or distinguished

Rich

gifts

and affluent Caliphs

repeated and Princes

favours, to the

and stipends doctors

were

awarded their

by the

including a private

ammounts.

For example,

"Gebril Caliph

Bakhtishu, Harun

physician received thousands

and a favourite a monthly pounds

of the

al-Rashid, of several

honorarium

of the

equivalent

As for

salaries, a month,

in

general,

the

Caliph's for less

doctors

were paid at the

50 dinars palace. a month rise to

and 10 dinars in the

one boarding received

Those working and had an equal 30 dinars.

hospitals for extra

15 dinars the salary

amount

work making

Furthermore, Outdoor

the

hospitals patient

adopted received

two ways of the medicine

treatment: from the hospitals

when the

for home use, 'and indoor . designed for his illness

when he was admitted untill he was cured.

to the pavillion A: doctor in a section

112 -

could Doctors

also also

be borrowed worked

by another

for

consultation

when necessary.

by rotation.

Clinical curricular with about

studies

were given Ibn

in Abi

the

hospitals wrote;

in

addition "I Used to

to extra sit

seminars. Shekh (scholar) ailments,

Usaybelah Din al-Rahby

Radeyel

and notice

he inquired the cures.

how he diagnosed the opportunity remedies.

them and prescribed to discuss with In the

I had likewise, and their doctor, effective

him illnesses he had a fellow Nothing

hospital

Omran by name, who was a brilliant and useful Describing Ibn Abi than his

physician.

was more interesting the Ibn his profession". Abdel round Rahim, of his finda the

to hear professors

them discussing Muheb al-Din "after the library There to back making where

Usaybelah, he would

relates retire

that to

patients, great doctors, lectures

one would he received

number the for

of books personnel three

on medicine. and the

students riding

whom he delivered 156) home. "(

hours

before

In

the

hospital theoretical

medical

education Abi in

was carried training Usaybelah

on

and many students A good example who was first attended the

sought of this trained Nasiri from

and practical Ibn Nuri at hospitals Cairo

there. himself

as we mentioned at the hospital

Damascus and then

as well. the hospital

al-Andalus at

came all their

11 any prominent practitioners Cairo, to Damascus, Baghdad way and get more experience came from It times the is it very Persia in to to the

to be trained profession. Baghdad note for for

Others, a similar this state,

such as al-Rhazes 156a) purpose. "( that from early that

important

from

was obligatory to Mecca once in get

students

to make long which often the faithful

voyages,

pilgrimage at least

and Medina a life the kind time,

had to religious way to

undertake with

joined on his

scientific at

aims to one of the

of training hospitals.

pilgrimage

medical

Not '"Tunis,

only

the

history

of

al-Nouri were

hospital centres

existed, of

but

Fez and among others

learninj'"Y

Cairo housed

113 -

collections different "the were great direct

of manuscripts Islamic libraries descentants description

and printed and other al-Azhur, glorious

books

covering

the

scientific Zeytuna libraries

collections and Karawiyyon of Islam. tradition, national

of Zahirya of the

They were the and also struggle.

haven of the than

pious, the

preserving stronghold

revered of the

more often (158) "

not,

The method

of

teaching applied and then

medicine before. learning with

in

our

time

has not started

changed by studying After

much from-that tablet training a diploma upon oath at the the the texts in

"The student to write

prescriptions. doctors,

associations

skilled

he was granted

authorising before of the

him to practice supervising

college

al-Mustansrys The college medicine

This was done medicine, (159) teaching The 1, professor. . (Iraq) was the most advanced of was thoughtto be the into first in

seventh world to

Centuzy. introduce 160)

and pharmacology

the

regular

curriculum.

"(

A doctor

had ample opportunity

and freedom These tests disposal of

to test uere the

and innovate in Such Yussef Tammam.

treatment. for means ways and books placed at the special illustrious Quskanash, Ibn Hibat figures Ibn Abi Allah Ibn

recorded

profession. Sahin Ma'alim in

as Abo al-Bayan al-Fadel al-Nagid

al-Modawar, and Abdul registers

Tammam, had then

which. they The renowned of. the sick.

jotted al-Rhazi

dowi their left

expekiences

and noteworthy to tales

remarks.

us a bood denoted

and stories

Finally, the

these

physicians outward that containing on the help

did

not

ignore on his

the

influence

left They

by

physician's

appearance

performance. in dress

pre-conditioned a brief-case As he arrived from the

he must be shaved, medicamentsl scene he must him in curing

neat

and carrying

instruments declare his that

and bandages. he seeks assistance

God to

patients.

114 -

This stood Arabs,

brief

review time that

of the

level with

on which that of the

the

medical

profession succeeding

at that attests

compared

attained former

by the

achievements

in medicine

were genuine civilization or any other Towards to

and unprededented. to which this

We know of no earlier could be attributed . began Castile, Khan in

genuiness which it

source

from

could

been borrowed

the

Middle In

of the

13th

Century to

the

Arabiaipower 11 of Nulagu Asia

decline.

1236 Cordova

fell by the

Ferdenard under

1258 the

Baghdad was destroyed grandson (161) of Genghis

raven

Khan "who had ravaged

and terrorized

Europe".

Although, plundered,

suffering priceless the

less

than

some other and works

cities of art

Baghdad were

was

libraries

destroyed,

and many of

inhabitants

were massacred. in Mesopotamia had made was ruined. Syria with after in

The Mongols and Syria the But the the region

continued and the fertile great

their

destruction of

elsewhere which

system

irrigation for

and prosperous before

thousands

of years in

as we mentioned decline next of Arab

some physicians a subject about on the

appeared we will most

civilization,

deal important Medical

chapter of that and his

and in particular period, masterpiece namely

the

physicians historian

brillinat Fi

"Uyun al-Anba

Tabakat

al-Attaba".

- 115 -

CHAPTERTHREE

THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN ABI USA. YBEl.AH

INTRODUCTION

A:

Ibn Abi

Usaybelah

who is

who

A. 1: * A. 2.A. 3:

Brief His His

Definitation family life and studies

B:

Ibn

Abe Usaybelah's

Characteristics

C:

His

Shekhs, -Friends

and Students

D:

His

works

D. I: D. 2:

Yun al-Anbba A translation (the physicians

Fi

Tabakat

al-Atteba Fifteen Syria) -

of the

Chapter

of Bilad

al-Sham

116 -

INTORDUCTION

As mentioned the topical

at the

end of the

last

chapter,

the This

Arabs

continued is

classification suited to Islamic

of knowledge. and Arabic (d. 950), Khaldour Al-Farabi sciences of

classification Distinguished (980-1037)*, had their book Ihsaaland its sciences

especially philosophers Alghazali

studies. Avicenna (1332-1402) in his

such as al-Farabi (1058-1111), and Ibn classification. into natural and their

own schemes of Uhum divided propaedeutic the science

knowledge sciences, of society

language

branches, and

and metaphysical branches.

Ibn

Khaldun

in his into three

book "introduction parts. rest The first of Islamic subjects. -

of

Ibn

Khaldun" embrased and the

classified al-Quran second part

knowledge

part studies

and al-Hadith included

and the

philosophy third

composed the

and allied " (162) part.

Linguistics

and literature

The Arabs on the his

did

not is

neglect al-Fihrist

bibliography. by Ibn

One of al-Nadim.

the

ancient

books introduces

subject

The author books

book

as a bibliographical nations books, first divided of classes. in all

catalogue branches authors of

of Arabic knowledge,

from Arab

and non-Arab data book on these is the

and bibliographical This has come to us. into that by the book. this Orientalist This

their

and their

genealogies. that

Arab book on bibliography his "It list into should ten parts

The author a number is

and each part however,

be mentioned, This of

a practical

classification. an index

book was edited names in the

Flugel, edition

who compiled was published

proper in

in Leipzig

1871.11(163)

One of Khalifah al-Kutub

the

outstanding 1656).

bibliographers His book entitled with

was Mustafa Kashf

Abdullah Bin

Haji Asami

(d.

al-Zunun is

Wa al-Funun

(dealing

names of books) thousands of It

arranged and

alphabetically. dissertations, by the Ministry

The author and treated of Education

mentioned about in

books

300 subjects. Turkey in 1940.

. was published

117 -

In the

field

of

histogrophy most

of Arabic distinguished Fi

Medicine historian al-Atibba is

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

(1203-1270)

was"the on the

His masterpiece information

Uyun al-Anba classes of

Rabaqat

of medicine. "(1614 (Sources of collection

of physicians) Arabic

an early

of 400 biographies

leading

and Greek physicians.

In the

the life

following of history Ibn

pages

of

this

chapter and his

we deal

in

depth in the

with field

Abe Usaybelah of Arabic

achievement

of the

Medicine.

As Hoppocrates because concept Ibn Abi of the

should attempt

be regarded that

as the

first

medical the

historian work and period Medical period;

he made to, interpret of the school of-the first

of the

physicians should account

preceding Arabic

Usaybelah for is the

be regarded

as the

historian his work

he gave of the for its

physicians bibliographical

of his

especially

valuable

references.

We will

give

first

his and his

background, work

then

describe with

his

life, of his

characteristics writing.

and conclude

an example

A.

IBN ABI USAYBEIAH WHO IS WHO

A. lo

Brief

Definition

IlIbn

Abi

Usaybelah

Muwaffak

al-Din

Abul

Abbas Ajimead Bin born in in

al-Kasim Damascus Cairo at may He in Izzal

al-Saidi in the

al-Khazaraji, studied hospital. botanist in for

physician medicine

and biographer there,

600 (1203) al-Nasini

and afterwards special 634 which ' in

Among his Ibn al-Baitur

teachers

mention (1236).

be made of the received the

a position years in

hospital the office

in Cairo,

he exchanged to the Emir (165)

following

of physician in

Din Aidemir

Sarkhad.

There

he died

668 (1270)".

118 -

A. 2.

His

Family

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

was a member of of the

a very to

good family the court

who had

a very At that

good position, period most

and were close

and rulers. were wellthe Abi

members of the

family in

known and distinguished opthalmology. who was bornlin I'served. at the Yousef Bin His

physicians, grandfather

especially there

field

of

was known as Ibn for of Al-Nasser Salah

Usaybelah period. Ibn He with Abi (166) He

Damascus and lived Court (his in of King treatment science in

a long

al-Din

Ayoub,

was regualrly

successful).

was very such well al-Hawafez

interested.

and had a good relationship al-Din oculist.,,

known physicians and Ab al-Hajaj

Damascus as Jamal Yousrf al-Kahal,, (the

Ibn in let

Abi 1575.

Usaybelah's

father

was also

a physician, Abi

born

in

Cairo grandfather

When he became a young to his friend with

man Ibn Sihab

Usaybelah's

him be close al-Kahal by their

Dr.

al-Din

and Abu al-Hajaj properly the

Yousef medicine the

and stayed help

them till of other

he studied top physicians,

and that

such as

president

Mousa al-Kurtobi.

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah's

father Jbn Abi

was very Usaybelah

clever

in

his

profession

especially of

in... opthalmology. his ability to

has given He said: of the

us an example "In the Abi year of

cure Salah

eye diseases. the servant

609 the

eye of

King

Bak Ibn

Ayoub was much afflicted, by the failed father he will treatment not best to physicians give the right.

and it and oculists treatment 'I will by the

became weak. of to treat help that cure the of

He had been examined and all of them

time, the eyes

illness. of this

When my man, and the it had

saw him he said; recover till his sight

God'. "

He started for

he succeeded. before. The-King

This

was like

a miracle,

happened

was very

grateful

and very

proud the court accept Kingis

of my father's staff and to

knowledge. accompany desire to his

So he asked times.

him to be one of The King did

him at all stay in

not the

my father's offer

Damascus, the year

so he accepted of 616, My father

and started

work in

worked

119 -

at the he died to the

Damascus Castle in 649.

and the Nour Din the near

Great

Bermistan a place

till close King

He was buried

Bab al-Ferdes the

Quseyoun mountaifi-h Yousrf

Damascus during ruler

al-Naser

Bin Mouhamed the

period of the (167) of Damascus.

It

is

good to mention in the

that

Ibn in

Abi all

Usaybelah's classes for

father his

was praised

by a great achievements

number of people field

excellent in the treatment

of medicine

expecially

of eye diseases. Abi Usaybelah's Rashid Abo al-Nassan Ali Ibn Khalifah

Ibn Bin

uncle

Younis

(Aleppo Bin Abi

Bin Abi al-Kassem Bin Khabefak, was born in (168) Jamal al-Din in 579) He with medicine studied . having previously and studied al-Quran al-Hawafes, with Ibn Takey al-Din Saleh Ibn the Ahmad Bin Arabic Latif with Ibrahim Bin language Bin Ali and Galen's al-

mathematics al-Hassan. books with

Sulbman.

He studied al-Din

al-Shekh His uncle I

Mowafak also music

Abdul

Yousef Abi

Baghdadi. Mohamed Bin Din Ali Din Bin Ibn

studied with

astronomy Ibn al-Dyjour al-Nakjouni

al-Jadi al-Taban,

al-Masri,

Haq alal-

Sehab al-Din

and Shojala

al-Husen

al-Baghdadi.

Ibn to

Abi

Usaybelah

tells

us that in the to

"when my grandfather year 597 uncle my , medicine

returned who was nearly it in

al-Sham.

(Damascus),

started practice years old, (169) He was working Damascus". with Ali the and Mohazab al-Din Bermasten Zanki which Abdul Latif during

twenty

and teach Abdul

Mowfak al-Din Bin Yousef reign

Rahim Bin in

al-Baghdadi of King

was built art

the

Nour

alall

Din Bin

and studied completely

and Arabic.

"My uncle five

taught years

thesesciences

before

he was twenty

old. "

"In Abi his

15 Ramadan 605 al-Sultan Baker respect, Bin then he ordered

the

great

King

Issa

Ibn

al-Malik

Ayoub summoned my uncle. him to

He heard his

him and gained staff at Court.

be one of

120 -

After Majed Bin

that al-Din

his

achievements

reached Izel

the

ears

of

the Bin

King

of Balabak,

Behram Shah Bin "Then he ordered

Din Farkhashah

Shahan Shah my grandfather father.

Ayoub.

him to from

be summoned with the period of his

because

he knew my grandfather arrived the King

When they other Court

granted

them a great importnat

sum of money and person time . in the

presents.

My Uncle with

became a very the kings

and he stayed

most of his

11(170)

A. 3.

His

Life

and His

Studies

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah's al-Kasem

full Bin

name is Khalifah the After

Mawafakal-Din Bin Younis 600 h.

Abi

al-Abbas al-Khouzragi. educated and arts He wished to father, were

Ahmad Bin

(171)

al-Saladi in a very

He was born family,

in Damascus in

year

as we explained. learn medicine in this

he studied father's than

literature help.

he began to gain

by his field the place

more knowledge

he gained the best

from

his

so he travelled working. reading gaining as the the

to Cairo, very In

where in the period, field

physicians Bermestan in

He worked books.

hard

there short in

al-Anseri

a very

he succeeded of medicine. him to the

a very King

good knowledge about his Court

the

As soon be

heard

knowledge, staff,

he ordered but King

appointed Izzek Abi the Din,

as one of the wanted

of Sarkhad,

him to be summoned to his offer

work

Usaybelah cities

accepted of

and came to

Ibn court. Sarakhad (one. of at his He liked in the the year

of Horan there

Syria). in that

(see Fig. No. 8) city till he died

climate of

and stayed

668 H.

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah He said: Ali

has told "when the

us about Sultan

his

studies

in

Cairo

and Abdul

Syria.

appointed in the time

Mohazab al-Din whole with of Egypt my father,

Rahim Bin and Bilad

as the

head physician

Alsham the

(Syria) Court"(

he was serving

I was at that 172)

as

121 -

Ibn Abi

Usaybelah "at

has told that time,

us about al-Shekh

his

activities

in

the

Bermestan

when he said: was in the position of

Radey al-Din physician with

al-Rahbi, in the best

Bermestan all,

who was the most well

eldest

and the

known along from

Muhazab al-Din of patients, know from

and Omran. I sat with

As soon as they al-Shekh Radeyal the

were free al-Rahbi

treatment

and I began to

him how he diagnosed

and why what he prescribed treatment In into diseases their in and carried research on . fact never were such fine physicians found in the Bermestan since (173) it was built that time. " or even after Muwazeb al-Din lived in Damascus he started known physicians profession. in Ibn teaching

diseases,

When al-Shekh medicine. went to

A great him to those But

number of well about "I all, the

and others Abi Usaybelah to who

leam

was one of from him.

people, first of

stayed

Damascus in in the in the for

order

learn

I was working were working other

camp when court this of al-

my father Sultan.

and Muwazeb al-Din I went to to study

see him with Galen in

people

purpose,

and started treating the

books..

I was with

him when he was under his

paitents

the

Bermestan

and I trained

During that time, aland practices medicine. supervision Omran was also with him, and as a result Hakim (Physician) meeting both of them at the of their Bermestan)very (174) " experience. under also fine achievements further

of

were produced got training

He says

"I "( 175)

and good experience

their to

supervision. Usaybelah.

Al-Hakim was very

Omran was a good friend proud in of the him as a teacher Bermestan

Ibn Abi

He "I

and as a friend Abi

as well. and

was working Omran lot

and we 'Ibn

Usaybelah

became good friends.. of science

He showed me kindnedd, and the way of medicine. that

goodness, His

of knowledge

diagnosis

and treatment to Ibn describe. Abi "

of diseases (176)

were so marvellous

I am unable

Usaybelah

moved to

Sarkhad"in

the

month

of Rabe al-Awal

122 -

634 to

serve" the He also

court

of the

Emir

(prince)

Izz

al-Din of

al

Mouazemi. Shekh.

studied

under al-Din

the

supervision

another president Shekhs time and

His name was Rafi in Damascus. under his

of Judges

"Ile is

al-Jebeli, (al-Jebeli)

he was the one of the at that

and I worked apart there from

supervision. book "al-Eshakat, between

I studied

Ibn

Sina's

and al-Tanbehat us. 11(177)

was a good relationship

Another

tea_cher

of Ibn Abi

Usaybelah

Khosroshahi. when he arrived "the

He tells

us "I

alwas Shames al-Din met him (S. A. al-Khosorshahi) and studied under his supervision with my as he was on good terms

in Damascus"

book" Romouz al-Kunouz" (17B) " father.

Mouwafak Ibn the the Abi

Ibn

al-Mutran

also

was one of was in 623.

the

physicians in

who taught 623 under especially al-Rahz some who and

Usaybelah

and this of Ibn

"1 studied

supervision practical as well, 1,079)

al-Mutran

a book of medicine Mohamed Bin Zakareya

part it

of Abo Baker was a very

others

useful

book and I gained al-Khou. li

knowledge

We may mention

Shames al-Din

him. He "I met very proud of said, -was the book under his supervision al-Tabera Ibn Abi

him regularly by Ibn

and read ) Shalan. "(180'.

Usaybelah of

also the

was interested subject. He tells

in Engineering us. "al-Sharaf

and he had al-

some knowledge Tousi came to

Damascus,

he was very

distinguished to

in engineering, him in knowledge

mathematics at that time.

and medicine,

no one was equal "(181)

I met him regularly.

Moreover, great "the

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah

was a very

good poet, In

he recited

number physician Judges

of poems on a number Rafi of al-Din al-Jabeli 182)

of occasions.

one he praised president

when he became the

of the

Damascus. "(

One of the trying

characteristics best

of

his study

was that

he was always

to meet the

physicians

them by correspondence.

whenever he could or to contact When he (Mowafaq al-Din Abdul Lafit

123 -

al-Baghdadi Aleppo, to

the

teacher to travel

of his there received

father

and uncle) books

stayed

at

I wished

to meet him but his

I was unable in his

do so.

But I always

and correspondence.

He sent and this

me a number of books is a letter him very which

and correspondence,

I-sent

handwriting 183) when he was in Aleppo. "( and expressed his willingness

He praised to meet him.

much in the

letter

B.

IBN ABI USAYBEIAHIS CHARACTERISTICS I Ibn Abi

Usaybelah with

was without a marvellous engineering was a result

any doubt knowledge poetry, of his

an example

of

a very Medicine and other

good person art, literture,

in many fields. and astronomy

music

subjects which

and this

characteristics

some of

we may mention. in this was have

He was very connection the teacher

intelligent a letter of Ibn of Abi

from

an early

age.

Let

us mention who

al-Shekh Usaybelah's

Mowafak Abdul father.

Latif,

always

seen his

intelligence

since

"I He writes , (184) he was young. "

He was well that

versed

in

sdience. one hundred subjects. "

As evidence books (185) in

we may mention addition to his books

"He read nearly and other

in medicine

He was very it was to it

respectiful find that

to his

teachers.

He tells

us how nice kissed a book I'llis he

Shames al-Din by his

al-Khousroshahi

because situation respected

was written became very his Shekh. "(

Shekh in his

own handwriting. of him because

important and I am proud 186) (teacher)

Ile was smart

and well

dressed.

Indeed,

as we find

in many places

124 -

of his

books

giving

us a full

description

of

his

friends

and teachers, Me nice

what they

were wearing ....

and their

appearances. with a

Shames al-Din 187) face. "(

al-Khouli)

was good looking

"He (Mouwafak wearing rich

al-Muttran) (188) dress. "

Ibn

... was smart

and well

dressed,

He was a dedicated hor the against 11.1pray country to God to the Tartars.

patriot its

He described land

with to its for

pride

and aftiration battle state.

recovered

and how Kutez in

won the previous

The country country

reverted safety

keep the

ever. "(189)

He was brave battle clearly any effort clear against

and averse the

to

intrigue in Aleppo was King against ran of his

He explains

in

detail

the

Tartars

and Damascus and he mentions Naser. the He did not make a

how much of to defend

a coward himself king

enemy,

and he gives result of his

description

how"the

away and the country.

cowardice indeed ruler. this

was defeat

and loss

"(190) cowardice battle

He was brave from will the have

and as a brave

man he never his Abi

accepted

Anyone who reads reaction about Ibn

description Usaybelah.

of the

Ibn Abi the his his facts that role

Usaybelah which

hated

an unfaithful by the the enemy to

person.

He explained and about

was played with

physician give

Seyen al-Hafezi some information untrue country

correspondence country about the

as a spy. the state

At the of the great

same time enemy which power

he reported led his

feel

enemy had very any doubt.

and would

win the Tartars

battle won the

without battle during end is to

He added that al-Hafezi the

although gained

the

and the their that

physician yet

(a good position will is avoid known. The

rule, he will

end of the country, the

spy is and this

lose

his

what happened being killed

al-Hafezi,

whotrescaped

with

enemy to

125 -

by his of King

own people Kutez

when they

won the battle king of Egypt

under

the

leadership (Syria). "(191)

who bacame the

and al-Sham

He was faithful Dinal-Rakbi at the was the Ibn Court Sultan

and kind which he sent

to his

father.

His

letter

of Sharafai was in Sarkhad

al-

when Ibn Abi al-Din

Usaybelah

of Prince,

"who Aybek al-Moazami (192) Sharaf al-Din asked of Damascus 1218-1227) Izz in his letter to the to him to of return Sarkhad to Damascus since it was

Abe Usaybelah

Damascus was incomparable a paradise, living in Usaybelah; good since and in

city

because

who was order to be very ulose to. his father to Ibn Abi Damacus. ' Sharuf al-Din siad in his letter "come back, you left as your father 193) is sad and not feeling

Damascus. "(

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah his father.

answered lbn Abi

Sharaf Usaybelah

al-Din said as the

showing in his

how obedient answer; the

he

was to

"I for

have missed a long time.

you very

very

much

land

misses

rain

Whenever

I remember you,

I find

my eyes nearly

full

of tears.
if some one asks me to
to this my father, feeling I as he

Be sure,
or to

choose the
will is choose very

whole
the

of the

world
No

be close about

latter.

wonder

kind.

I will

come back to the persons. "(

from educated

land where I grew up, 194)

to

be not

so far

He had great Din Abdul

affection

for

Damascus. in the

In

his

poem to Mowafak of that the road the poetry. from of

a17

Salam of llama (city

middle

Damascus to Aleppo) Damascus.

he shows us how much he loved is an extract from

city

The following

12G -

"Maybe the Julak

which (Damascus) will be near

time

I spent

in

come back again after being to so far her boundary.

and home will I am very

much looking her

forward citizens aim for

How much I missed Damascus is wants Every the

last

any one who

to xeach an aim and beauty is there and you may select what

you want. If you are wise another the like describe city world her because if you

describe Throughout paradise

you will

be foolish. never find a

you will (195) Damascus.

He was proud that Bin the

of educated

women.

He mentioned Ahmad Ibn Abi

with

pride Assalad

physician

Abo al-Abass

al-Fadel

(the son of the scientist) Halwan was known as Ibn al-Alemeh (male) Alemeh (scientist Alem (scientist famale). Ibn Abi Usaybelah mother the said that "he is known as Ibn Alemah because his

was Al-Emeh

(scientist)

daughter

of Damin al-Louiz. information doubt to

of Damascus. (196)' "

She was known as

By giving he wanted because

this

about tell

the

daughter

of Damin al-Louiz proud of her

without

us that the

he was very

she was educated

and

name of educated forever as he did

women must be when he

in the history to remain w1jten 4 her in his boolt. mentioned

Ile was very

proud

of being

Arab. his

In every country, her

poem, her

in many places every city, loved when

he showed us how much he loved her nation, he wanted their her to give people, full

especially details in

physicians Arab

as he did and

about the

the

physicians

achievements he told

and roles us without

civilization that is the

as a whole. Arabs are to very compare poems

Moreover skillful them with

any doubt and it

and intelligent some other

people nation

impossible lie said

such as Persia.

in his

127 -

to his was in

friend Sarkhad

the

physician

Saraf to his

al-Din letter.

al-Rahbi

when he

in answer

"I

came to

where I lost the skill

my gratitude. of the silly Aras is

Do you think equal to the

No, not He was modest many places friend

skill of the (197) 11 at all. and grateful. books. lot

Persions?

These characteristics us mention was his his his

appeared poem to his and both

in

in his

al-Rahbi,

although

al-Rahbi .

friend

of

them were good physicians

He started

poem by saying:

"Oh dear

sir,

you reached

the

highest the

rank highest level. "

Your knowledge

and wisdom reached

He was very as an order friend.

modest. he must

He considered do. He never friend

the forgot

advice

of his

friend

anything al-Din

done by his

He sent

to his

Sharaf

saying:

IfOh God, I am very

grateful during

to

you. the past time your do so. 11(198)

You showed me kindness I will kindness thank for you forever good is

and thanking best way to

the

He had a critical notice I hear.... that the this

approach. mentioned and that,

In many places information about

in the

his

book we saying:

physicians

he told

me this

and that,

and after

he mentioned afterwards this

the

information

whichreachedhim But I say, were right with

by some friend, some comment about

he continued whether

saying: they

information

or wrong.

In his

explanation

about

the

life

of Radey al-Din on his that it advice is

al-Rahbi about the

he food

gave some comments and explanation and the eating and his views that:

necessary

128 -

to eat parts

as soon as you feel of the body and this

or wish leads to

to do so, a long

to

care

for

the

life.

Ibn "I

Abi

Usaybelah right

commented saying: way to say that the food must not be eaten al-Rhaz

say the real the

without about

appetite.. the

One day I was reading of having human being that the food.

a book of has

arrangement that,

Al-Rhaze twice it al

mentioned to the him: body.

must eat if not

a day. will

One said for

do care

about Abi

advice,

be harmful

Ibn

Usaybelah

continued,

Rhaze was right

in his

advice.

"(199)

He enjoyed had a fresh

himself. and young times

It

is spirit.

apparent

to

us that

Ibn

Abi that

Usaybelah he spent His friend

Moreover his stay to in

we notice Damascus. to life

some enjoyable asked him clearly in order

during

in his to return

poetry back friend

come back to the him.

. Damascus from of pleasure

Saekhad

again told

of playing

music

and his

"Don't Life is

stay short

anywhere

else,

except

at

Damascus.

Come back to Come back to

enjoy

your I

time playing

among her

beauties.

pleasure

and music. 11(200)

The above advice Ibn Abi for is Usaybelah

of his

frined,

without times in

any doubt

suggests

that leaving fact 0

had exciting town true, in his in the

Damascus,, before of Houran. we know that This Ibn

Sarkhad to

a small

mountains if

be considered admitted

especially answer that

Abi

Usaybelah life again advice in

he missed forward to

the

pleasant back,

Damascus and he was looking also because his

coming his

to Damascus, as. an order:

he considered friend.

friend's

Ile answered

129 -

"I

am looking

forward

to

come back to

repeat

the

lovely

days which that

we had before. advised is an order land

I believe Without

what you have I will (201)

any doubt

come back to'the

Where I grev up.,,

He wrote a number number of Anyone which

poetry.

Ibn Abi

Usaybelah by himself. friends

'was a poet. Also in the

He mentioned a

of poems written letters from his

he received form of poetry.

can read his he sent to his

masterpiece friend

of poetry

Mowafak Abdul description,

or she will description In his the

find

an excellent well

on "Damascus" 1202) Salam . the exactly, of Egypt.

He same

as the

known poet

Ahmad Shawki he wrote time.

masterpiece

on Damascus which the

after

he entered Ibn he a great in of Abi

boundaries

of Damascus for he wrote teachers Above all

first

Because

Usaybelah

was a poet

a number In his and other he learnt his

of poems. Moreover book he mentioned physicians by heart

knew a great deal his of his

number of poems. friends,

mentioned a number

bibliographies.

them, thinking of

even when he was writing of his poetry

bibliograpV.

he was always any part

and as soon as he remembered he wrote father it down.

a poem, straightaway,

In his

story

about of

his

and the

day when he had a copy merchant who

of Manaf came to Since

al-Aada

Galen,

through gave it

a Persian to Izze

Damascus and then copy was the

al-Din

al-Sowayddi. time in : al-

that

only

copy available said: "My father

at that gave it

Damascus Ibn Abi Din Bin

Usaybelah then

to Ezz

al-Sowayaddi,

al-Sowyaddi some part

thanked of that

him by poem"poem came to come to then my his

and straightaway mind and he found mind now from that

we find himself poet

that

continuing is the

saying "what (203) following" ....

he mentioned

a part

of it.

130 -

Ile was tolerant there

of

love

and passion. Usaybelah

What a fantastic and Emad al-Din about him, out

fri6ndship. al-D]Lnayseri. nearly

was between

Ibn Abi

He has given eight pages his Abi

us much detailed on his poetry. life

information

and nearly

seven pages that poetry,

of the

eight find friend

concerns that Ibn

When you read seems to As still considered affair to Ibn the

you will best affairs of

Usaybelah

us to have been the his personal state matter

of al-Donayasri, and his in only doubt, love private with

as he told life. someone is

him about till

now - the as a secret is the

falling

and the without

one who will especially,

know that according

closest

friend

oriental Usaybelah

mentality. was the closest ear find that

Therefore friend about of his

we may mentionthat al-Soweydi, private

Abi

moreover, from

he found his friend.

an attentive Also affairs, book all that

affairs was not it fact of

we will

Ibn Abi contrary love Abi

LUsaybelah

ashamed of those us in his us to

on the his friends Ibn

he mentioned and this

and told leads lovers

poetry, Usaybelah

believe

because

was proud the

as an example

of that

poetry

we may mention

following.

He said: a lovely

"I Like

fall the

in

love

with but

moon. will heart get jealous of her.

peer, fire

the

peer

From the I sent

of my burning

her

a letter letter: You are have you at any price . 11(204)

I said my lover

in that

and I will

He was a dedicated a person may give Khalifah:

linguist. of

An example foreign

of

his

admiration was great. al-

for We

who knows a number a case of his pride

langusges Rashid

in his

uncle

Din al-Ibn

Ile told

us with

great Persian

pride

"My uncle

spoke Persian poetry

and knew the by Persians,

grammar of the

language.

Ile recited

- 131 -

He also reader it is

spoke Turkish"( that it. is very for

205)

This

was an indication

to

his and

good to

know many foreign to speak, them to discover

languages read the

very

necessary languages nations.

a physician

and write knowledge

a number of of the other

to enable

He was a philanthropist. efforts which

He mentioned physicians especially from

with

great mentioned regarding

honours in his the

the

were made by the of medicine

book in the of the

field

building

hospitals

by donations of this al-Din matter

a number of noble the build to the

physicians. a Judge hospital.

As an example of Balabak

we may mention effort

son of

Bader

and his

"He, Bader a great which worked the they

al-Din Icontinued number of houses by the till

his

efforts

till

he was able the great

to

buy

and attached Nour al-Din in

them to

hospital He to since

was built very hard

King

Mahmoud Bin annexing hospital patients the

Zanki. houses

he succeeded the halls

hospital were very

and making small

of the for

very

large

and unsuitable standard at the

and he rebuilt the water and and the

many of made it patients. "I found

them to run in

a higher the hospital

and he connected disposal of

physicians and those get thanks

Then he continued; what he had done were marvellous will live 11(206) forever and his efforts name will

establishments for those efforts.

And this, person sum to because live for

again, who is build

another to

call

from

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah or to

for

every some

able the

provide

some efforts the

donate

hospital not forget

or to enlarge their efforts

existing

hospital names will

God will ever in

and their

history.

132 -

Ile was very writing description make a real of a person

accurate

in his

description of persons, reader that

of persons. you will imagine he is find the

In

his an excellent

and his

description

and he will picture who is

make the

person the

and life

of his familiar

and feel to

reading

him and known personally. the Najem al-Din

Let Bin

us see his al-Mounfakh

description of

of one of

physicians:

Damascus who was born

59311. Ile said:

"He was broum, spoke one very fluently, able to

not very

fat,

with

skilled

mind,

very him in

intelligent, research, no

clever, with

no one like

nervous,

him in discussion, (207) " and irresistible. compete Arabic the that has a to

He was fond different each kind loved

of Arabic of fig. (see

writing.

As the to

writing

kind

writing no. 9)

according

school Ibn

belonging Abi Usaybelah

we notice

Arabic

writing

and it

was one of his that

hobbies.

In many parts attention to

of the

his

book we notice of kind It the the

he always

paid

some reached

condition books. there

copy of each book which of writing to of be the people

him especially the author

about of. the

and type is not

and he praised writer known by the original copy

necessary groups

because

at that the

time

were

special the

as scribes, author,

persons persons that author

who wrote who wrote

book as dictated copy of the original

or the from

another

by copying written Abi

copy. himself.

In most

cases the

copy was Ibn what

by the

To have an idea, Arabic writing

how much

Suaybelah

was fond Izz

of the

we may mention

he told

us about

al-Din

al-Soyadi,

he said:

IlIzz

al-Din

wrote

by his

handwriting

a great to

number the style

of books. of Ibn to alal-Kufi.

Out of them, Bawab and the

were handwriting other complete

belonging handwriting

which

belonged

133 -

Every the

kind

of his stars,

handwriting

is

considered than

shining

and more worthy

much better (208) jewels. "

than

He was generous of the

and proud of

of hospitality. Dr. "I Imnad al-Din that

lie told al-Dansere

us that that of

one he

characteristics He said:

was generous. (209) Hatem.

found

he had a spirit

He was against religions and the example

Fanaticism. nations. for

A test

of

Islam for

is

to God

respect

all

and all fatherland of this.

The religious Ibn Abi of pride

everyone.

Usaybelah a number about

gave an excellent of their Let Christian acheivements, us mention He said

Ile was a good friend he told us with in our

physicians. life, roles

Moreover

and contribution us in his (Abo al-Faraj's Mowafak al-Din

civilization. Abo al-Faraj. best

what he told "His His father father

biography father) Ibn

about

was the Bin

of

my friends from

Ishaq

al-Kaf

was a Christian kindness life last and he for

al-Kark. friendship was taking good.

He was a friend towards care of

who always all in

showed his time

me, during our

of his order

and his

friendship

to make it times, clever,

He was a distinguished His handwriting 11(210)

man of his in the

he has was

a good memory. marvellous.

style

of

al-Mawfoub

He was well Rahbi during He said: the week:

organised. the week to

He gave us some of the He organised park worked for

regular

works

of

show us how much he was well his time

organised, during for

"He was well Saturday,

organised. going to the

a walk,

Saturday

him was a day of for bathing, every the

rest,

he never

on that went to

day. the

Thursday public for bath

Thursday,

he usually regularly. classes,

and he paid his friends

fees

of bathing top

Friday the best

visiting and

and a number of his guests

families

receiving

at home . details that of the Ibn Ibn Abi UsaybeUt's .-

Anyone will friend for

read

these

plan

of

a week will-say

Abi

Usaybelah

was well-

134 -

organised

as he told

us these

details

with

pride.

He was open minded. received merchant al-Sowaydi copy to agreed western

Ibn

Ab Usaybelah

told

us that

his a

father

one day a copy of from Persia asked read to it. Ibn Ibn

the. book by Galen,, Damascus in father told in every

through 623.

who came to

The physician

Abi Usaybelah's Abi Usaybelah friend

to

send him this his to father the

us that order

send the

copy to his

read

author's

as he that

believes

physician the other

scientist, foreign

and nobleman must be open minded (212) authors.

and read

C.

HIS SHEKHS, FRIENDS AND STUDENTS

It-may work

be useful of Ibn Abi his

now and before Usaybelah friends and

giving

an explanation the Shef Vi of Ibn

on the Abi by

to mention his

Usaybelah, himself.

students

as mentioned

His

Sheikhs

The word Shekh refers subjects many parts the Abi including of the the

to

the

person This to. refer

who teaches word is to the still

people in

different use in

Quran.

Arab World

person

who teaches to Ibn

Quran and other Usaybelah's

With regard matters. religious SheW (teachers) we may mention the medicine father of and other

following subjects to the by Ibn to

foremost the

Shekhs who were teaphing of Ibn Abi Abi

generation

Usaybelah's All

and then

generation Abi

of Ibn with

Usaybelah. honour,

them mentioned Ile said: (213) Fakher ' Omai-.

Usaybelah

great

and respect.

Abdul al-Rahim were Muhazab al-Din (214) Mahmoun Ibn Saded al-Din Din al-Mardeni , (215., ) al-Jabeli. al-Din "My Shekhs

alRafela

135 -

His Friends

With the

regard following

to

the

friends

of

Ibn

Abi to

Usaybelah the

we may mention classification:

physicians

according

following

Those who told

him some events (216)

and dates (217)

Shekh Shames al-Din Hakim al-Fadel, abi , (218) Bin Mansour al-Tonokhi, Khalil Bin Abi al-Fadel al - Din (220) (219) Essmael Sadid al-Din Mahmoud Ibn Omar Abo al-Zaher 1 , (221) Abo alAbo Ishaq Mouofak al-Din Ezel al-Din Ibn Ab Bouri, (222), Ibn al-Moutwals Fateh Bin Muhana al-Nesrani Shames al-Din (223) Ibr Kadi and Shames Radey al-Din Bader al-Din al-Kahal, , (224) al-Din al-Kutubi His uncle Rashid

Those who seht him poems (225) Sayef al-Din al-Ilafez al-Amed (226) al-Shybani Najem al7Din Najeb al-Din Abo al-Pateh al, (227) Abu Naser Mohaned Ibn Mohamed Muhazab al-Din Labourdi , Isamael Ibn Sharaf al-Din Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Khouder al-Halabi, (228), (229) Petyan. Sl.ames al-Din Abdulah Ibn Rafekah Sadid al-Din al-Din Jamal Mohamed Ibn

(230)

Those who copied Sarem al-Din (232) Bayase Sadetah

from

their (231)

bools

al-Tabneni Abdul

al-Sameri al-Wahab

Ibn Andul

Razak Ibn (235) Mowafak , (236)

1 Ahmad

Abi

Zakarl (233)

Yameya Ibn Abdul Karim Ilebat al-Lah

Isamel

al-

(234)

al-Muhandes Abi al-Kasim

al-Din

We may mention Abi Usaybelah thanked him for

also 'this his

Rashid books

al-Din which

Ibn

al-Souri

who presented advice

Ibn and

contain

some nedical 11(231)

present

by a letter.

136 -

Out of Abi

the

above mentioned was very other of

physicianj,

we may say that Abdul that nobel Abi

Ibn Rahim one of of

Usaybelah the

proud Abi

of Muhazab al-Din also we may believe was the

more than the

Shekhs, Ibn

good friends

Usaybelah

Damascus the said, friend if "It

Judge,

Rafea

al-Din

al-Jabeli. between

Ibn

was a beautiful al-Din he told

friendship Ibn Rafeka, his

Usaybelah Aut his best us'. 1(238 about it, especially love

was Sadid

no wonder private

we know that

him all

life

and his

affairs.

HIS WORKS

In

fact

the

masterpiece many times

of Ibn in the of

Abi

Usaybelah's pages

book to is

which

we Fi

have

referred

previous

Uyun al-Anba classes of

Tabakat

al-Attaba

(Sources

information

on the

physicians). are now lost, but

He wrote

various

works

on medicine in his al-Tadjarib and Ma'alim

which

which

are mentioned "Isabat Atibba

incidentaIly min, al-Adwa his work

masterpiece. Wa al-Fawaid,

Among them is Hikayat But h6 al-

al-Munadjdi Fi Ladjat fame to on this

al-Umam. 11(240) Tabakat about al-Atem. this

owes his is based

Uyum al-Anba

Fi

some information

thesis As our book is very

important.

D. I.

Uyun al-Anba

Fi

Tabbakat

al-Atteba

The book inestimable history authors

is

a collection value for the art

of

over

400 biographies, of Arabic biographies science. of

which It

are is a

of

history with

of the

healing

educators times

and to his

in medicine

and allied

sciences

from

ancient

time.
The work in two versions;

appeared

a major

and a minor.

The

137 -

latter material

was completed drawn in part

in

640/1242 from the

and with Tarikh

the

addition of Greek, Ibn

of new al-Kifit

al-Hukama of

d. Damascus 1248 containing and Islamic Leipzig Physicians,

414 biographies

Syrian

astronomers, Vereags

Dieterlchsehes

Printed by philosophers. Buc Handburg (Theodun Weicher) 11(241)

It

produced very

the

major

recension

667/1268.

From the

two versions after contained

a not the

careful death.

copyist

produced

a re-written style of the

version

author's

The literary

UYunt which

have been studied by A. Muller some features of a popular style (see Fig*no. 10) who also prepared an edition of the text based on the original in but this versions, work was so badly printed Cairo and to the 1299/1882 "repeat that the (Ibn he had to indices Abi in include a third a long volume list which of corrections contains

mainly

variants

Useibia

Herausgegeba

von August

Muller, in several

Konigsberg commercial

1884) "(242) editions

The Uyun was later

and was reprinted al-Hayat, No. 11 )

published (Dar in Beirut 1965 with

al-Fikr

1955 -'1956) by Dr Nezzar

and Dar Maktabat, Reda (see Fig.

some commentary

Before

giving

any more information of Arabic Usaybelah the Arabs

about

this

important

book, to effort

we

must give our history Abi

some definition

of Afxgust Muller Medicine, this to thesis discover in the field as without

who contributed his marvellous to of appear.

on Ibn efforts about

was impossible a great deal

His

led their

'knowledge' of Arabic

achievement

of the

history

medicine. (Augustus)

Muller

1848-1892.

Biography Halle.

of

German orientalist,

born

in

Stettin

and died

in

From 1964 to Halle

1968 he studied Trained extraordinary

classical in Halle in

and oriental 1870. In

philology

in

and Leipzig.

1874 and 1882 or respectively

he was appointed in Halle.

and ordinary

Profess

138 -

His

most

famous writings

are:

Die

Griechen 1973)

Philosophen

in

der Arabische

Ueberlieferung

(Halle, Hebraische Ibn per Abi Islam

Schulgrammatik

Olebrew

School

grammar)

(Halle,

1878)

Ussaibia

(Konigsberg,

1884) in Onkenl universal

in Morgenund (Berlin,

Abendland,

history

1885-87) uber Semitisch-Griechische and fifth Grammar) for 1893) Philosophie(1887-90) Arabisbhe

Jahresbericht Guide to the

fourth

Grammatik. Translation (Leipzig

(Arabic

editions of Caspari's (Halle, 1876 and 1877) Sacred Books of the

of proberbs and Baltimore

Old Testment

He also

organised

the

catalogue (Berlin,

of (Leipzig

the

library 1880-1881)

of Deutsche and published by Kuhn

Morgenlandische the Oriental

Gesellschaft Bibliography (243)

1882-92),

continued

and Scherman.

The book of Ibn study and practice

Abi

Usaybelah"emphasizes of the healing to art

the

importance

of the tradition

was sanctified

and equivalent

which in Muslim (244) theology. "

Aims of

the

Book

He thus profession, that

reiterates its

that doctrines,

more attention regulations

should

be given

to

this

and precepts. greatly to public

He laments health biography and

although

medical

men contributed written ancient

and human welfare, in chronological

no one"has sequence. of

a comprehensive and medical 11(245) objectives Main of tool, full sages

physicians To know the work, the

and of their author, his

accomplishments. aims and the of his is book the is

main the

of his as the picture.

introduction for

introduction

any book

doorstep

the

139 -

For

this

reason,

the

full given

text below.

of

introduction

of

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah's

book is

"Praise raise illness,

be God who spread the decayed who brings bones,

the

nations of

on earth the souls

and who will and healer of graces, of and

creator favour against

by his

an abundance him the

who promised

he who revels disease craft Allah

and indignations, with is complete no God but

and brought wisdom. ending

punishment most painful down cures (remedies) I testify with paying that there back the evil that to of by out all and.

and perfect a testimoney

souls,

and purified falsely

reasoning our Master Arabs his his with

from the atrouty of utteriny saved And I testify and then degenerating. his slave and Prophet with night, who was sent the refulgence

Mohamed is

and non Arabs, brightness

who illuminated the darkest

senderis wondrous the truth

and who destroyed and rooted

sword the prophecy

haughty the

and the of

oppressors polytheism. as long and bless His

disease

May God grant as lightning His people,

him his flashes

permanent and clouds

and everlasting pouring

blessing rain,

down the

possessions who made law, of believers the

of grace their and all

and generosity aim, and bless

and bless His

companions wives, mothers

Immaculate "

honoured

and glorified. is

After

above:

The medical

profession

the

most honourable and it is mentioned

profession in the science There

and the

most beneficial religious to the

profession laws.

book of of are the

God and the body equal of

Even He makes the The physicians both said: of these

religion.

two kinds

desire;

good, gift of

and pleasure, health,

can be achieve. d. for man by the which both of it comes from impossible This care if the to last life,

because the health last

pleasure life, are

and good from continuing Medical

obtain

without

and strength because health.

body. takes

can be achieved of present health

by the

profession back

and returns profession is in

long-lasting

So it

must, its

as the medical by being

honourable learning the

and necessary whole of

We must it in all

succome it parts.

industrious

- 139a)

As matly people its out from its

practiced origin

it till

and wanted one time.

to

know its

origin

and

There

were in pasttimes for their learning own

many physicians and their books virtues,

who were clever of which this

and favoured book is

a record

and their

a witness.

No one as far biography of tiieir of their their get debt them. poor

as I know has written ancient

a comprehensive, sages to

chronological and some

of these

and medieval So I am going jokes

and physicians mention list

accomplishments. sayings, stories, to

do so to

and discussions,

and to

books science to their This to the

in order

show how much God belonged and learned. which to is

them to We are in the in

and made them intelligent books is the and the debt knowledge student

contained teacher

of the

the

and to

charitable.

I have mentioned

a number in Medicine

of physicians and some books.

and philosophers information about

who were so interested their eachaie life, talks right

and the place

name of their according

I have mentioned classes and ranks.

in the

to their

But

regarding of other

all

physicians diffenent

and all branches the of

educated sciences,

people I will

and other mention

people them.

--bythe Akhbar Thawi

strengti

of God - in

book

"Malem al-Ummain and

al-Hekam.

I have "Ketab

divided (the it

this

book

into

fifteen Fi

chapters

and named it, I have complete president

book):

Uyun al-Ana friend the law, the the King the

Tabakat

al-Atteball. judge. the the of Abi

dedicated Master the

to the

scholar of

of Ministers, religious of Abi faith, Saed,

physicians, servant of belief

Imman of Scholars, state, the Bin heart's

Son of

loyal

the

perfection Ghazal desire). Bin

stalwart

al-Hassan and his

(May God grant

him happiness

From Allah ability.

I ask help (246)

and success.

His

is

all

power;

His

is

all

140 -

1.

The first art

chapter:

on the

reasons

for

the

rise

of

the

leading

and by whom and how it

was originated.

2.

The second some legacy

chapter: no matter

phisicians

who started

the

art

and left

how fragmentary.

3.

The*third Askelepios

chapter: and the

Greek physicians Asclepiads.

the -

descendants

of

4.

The fourth

chapter:

Greek physicians

who becarne the

disciples

of Hippocrates. during

5.

The fifth Galen's

chapter: time

Greek Roman physicians followed him.

who appeared

or subsequently

6.

The sixth

chapter:

Alexandrian

physicians

and their

Christian

contemporaries. in the

7.

The seventh period of

chapter: Islam.

Arab physicians

and around

early

8.

The eight was Syriac Abbasid

chapter: and uho

Syrian lived

physicians, during the

whose mother first period

tongue of the

dynasty.

9.

The ninth the

chapter:

Biographies legacy on their into

of Arabic

scholars and the

who translated patrons under

Greek medical carried

whom they

activities.

10.

The tenth Northeast

chapter: Syria

Biographies (al-Jazirah

of physicians Baker)

from

Iraq

and

and Diyar

The eleventh al-Ajam

The physicians. chapter: (Persia) who wrote in Arabic.

who appeared

in Bilad

141 -

The twelth works

chapter:

Biography in Arabic.

of Indian

physicians

whose

were translated

The thirteenth North Africa

chapter: and Spain

Biographies (al-Maghriband

of physicians al-Andalus)

in

The fourteenth

chapter:

biographies

of Egyptian

physicians.

The fifteenth of Bilad

Biographies chapter: (247) al-Sham (Syria)

of prominent

physicians

His

last

chapter of the

15 writing the

' is

translated

in

this

thesis to

as an

example the

of Ibn

Abu Usaybelah of the

coniplete Medicine.

discussion_of

development

Arabic

D. 2.

AN EVAIVATION OF THE BOOK

Alihough the first

the

book of

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah's

is

consi4ered no mention

book on Arabic

medicine,

he provides

of persons of Ibn based

who, like him, was a pupil such as Ibn Nafis, (d. 623/1230), He but whoLhe disliked. al-Dakhwar work on the such and that
them

his

bibliography Djuldjul, Abi

productions

of

his between

predecessors, their
either amplified

Ibn

and a comparison Usaybelah's

mass of raw

text

of Ibn
or

shows how he
material was

copies by

how this additions.

successive

Without a high

any doubt, degree of

the

author

presents discernment, standards, and most

in

these

biographies and

Hitorical

scholarship his work

compet ence. considered the early .

"Even by modem one of texts the finest history

can be among

instructive.

on the

and philosophy

of the

health

science

11(248)

142 -

With

regard

to the manuscripts, have survived,

we am

lucky, of

that them are kept

several in the well

editions

and most

known libraries

of Oriental Cairo,

collections Vienna, condition, Bulaq editions British

throughout Paris, all Leiden, of them of 1300/1882 of

world:

Damascus, Beriut,

Oxford, based

London. upon the of

Some in excellent praiseworthy Cairo

and sequel London, by Sani

1884 of Max Muller. are three copies valuable

In the of this

Library

there

manuscripts Arabic

as mentioned manuscripts

Hawarnah on his Fi

book on the

Uyun al-Anba 210ff, titles 1602, 3lLs,

Tabakat

al-Attaba cm with elegant Mulla

add.

R. ch 7340 containing 20th Rajab in 1011/

16 x 18.5

margins Naskh,

and corrections, by-Ibn Muh Shafi also

Zayn al-Abidin table of

Isfahan, as an

who inserted index.

a complete

contents

The same on. 3045 Naskh, National 19ty Safer,

253ff.

33 Ls,

22 x 32.50 from

Cm, ordinary one at the

1297/1880 of Cairo

copied

the

Library

The same:

add 23346.

The first editions, Yaqub including Ibn the Ibn Sina's last Ibn

manuscript concludes al-Quff, the

mentioned above add. (ff. 209-210) with the his student, notes author of (hawarshi)

rich

7340 as all of books book of On of copies.

bibliography several third

marginal which

on the

Conon,

unfortunately

have been lost.

page and in a different is inserted that which this these is is

handwriting not written found

on biography in most other

al-Nafis

Although after his

we believe death, very still

by one of his annotations throw further the are light

students

additional since they

considered two of Mamluks the

important,

on

most distinguished in Syria,

physicians and Egypt.

during

early

periods

143 -

The first plus a part

twelve

chapters

of the

manuscripts are missing.

add.

233364,

of chapter well-preserved

thirteen part

And. the the text in

remaining

coincides Cairo

with

vol. 2, P. 52 to the end of the begins from with Daniyah the biography 'Denia)

It Bulaq 1882. (1096-1134) Abu Umayyah of al-Salt Spain, who was a poet,

in Eastern

phaxmicst,

mathematician

and musician. important effect that it was copied

On the

title is

page

of

this

very to the

copy there from the

a statement

author's

autography Cabine

bequeathed of Ibn

as a Waqf donated Urwah at the mosque.,

to the that

library

(Maqsurah) from it.

others

may benefit

This the

book becomes even more significant healing art when we relayed 19th that this by Orientalists Century, of part (in Ja,

in

the text

history been -has since the "A

of

recognized middle French

and other

scholars

of the

(Wustenfeld, of this

Lecleve).

translation

book has been published Paris diss. 1854-6) and a German

by Sanguinett, translation (Algiers edited, of Bilan-

Asiatique

by Hamed Waly Berlin 1958), "H. translated al-Andlus". Jahier

191011(249)Recently Nour Coldine have

and Abdel the

Kader

and annotated (250)

chapter

on the

physicians

The copy of Cairo IsA. Bey Mujah

2 vol.

al-Ahba

1882 - 1884 Faud al-Awaluni

supplemented Faculty

by Ahmed

of Medicine

Cairo- .
To give below himself for the

C-.
an idea the story notice this book we will Abi

about

value

of

give

an interesting and we will Kings. Ibn

mentioned that this

by Ibn

Usaybelah even

was very

valuable,

Abi Usaybelah

writes:

144 -

"A-1-Sahib He told

Amin al-Dawlah

(the

ruler)

was my fathers I hear (the like the that

friend. your son of

my father

one day 'Sadid

al-Din, al-Atebba

has weitten physicians) All very the

a book on the Tabakat and not one has written who visit

classes it book

anything me that

before. is

physicians

me tell

useful

and breaks

completely

new ground. thousand

As you know books, but like

I have a collection I do not

of nearly

twenty subject.

have any book on this son to write story. "I

So I would Ibn Abi in

to ask

your his

a copy for understand Ezzal

me. " at that

Usaybe I ah Sarkhad, My came to the copy and because full story

continued where the father

time

ruler

was Prince to me.

Din Aybak al-Moazami. his book, letter, I

wrote

When I received my copy of the Mohamed al-Husayni because I liked

Damascus and I brought scribe, my books Shames al-Din regurlarly

I called

who used to handwriting him the

his

he was famous and he quickly I wrote

in Arabic copied

literature. my book. After

I. told

I had bound the

copy the

a poem praising the

al-&, heb Amin al-Dawlah. president of the judges in

I sent

book to him through Rafea taught al-Din me the al-Jabeli books

Damascus

, and had become a close

Shekhs the of one of Ibn Sina al-Esharat friend.

had who Wa al-Tanbehat, received my of 11(251)

When Amin al-Dawlah pleased

my book and, the work. He sent

poem he was very me through the

and he admired of the Judges

president

Damascus a great me and added: 'I

amount of money and many presents. wish you to let me know of any future

He thanked work.

Ibn his

Abi book,

Usaybelah but this

tells time

us another he gives

story the

about

the

value

of He

opinion

of a friend.

writes:
"Oh, this this Mourafak book, book, al-Din, you have the the success of your dreams. In you have By

you have reached you have told valuable

highest physicians For

pre-eminence. of old;

of the heritage.

recalled

their

this

book God gave you grant you

life goodness in this and for this to come tj(252) goodness in the life .

book He will

I ;.1,

145 -

On the There

other are

hand

he wrote

only

the of

best

of

his

profession. Jews Ibn and

some short The Salah of are two

biographies

Semaritans, Ibrahim very briefly

Christians. who served biographies same ruler them a mere

Semarittan al-Din is

physicians mentioned .

al-Khalaf and the the of

three less lines.

-Christian than a half

physicians page in

who served length, one

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah physicians.

appears He tells

to have been prejediced. us of the

certain Rafi well

--against disappointment of of philosophy, judge the as

al-Din

al-Hill,

one of his of medicine

teachers

as a teacher

and chief work in

of Damascus, presence Ibn of the Abi

who upon examining author, Usaybelah to but death found for

a copy of the unmentioned. to

himself referring

Criticizing

a physician he added,

who had been sentenced you mention this than one, he, and

by Salah not

al-Din,

you did

mention

others

who are better

pointed

to himself.

The above points hformatiorr important reference of Axabic

will

not

prevent

us to

say that

the

previous

about -the work shows that Ibn Abi Usaybelah was very at that time and vhich makes it a very important for every physician who is reseraching the history

medicine

now and forever.

In

the

following chapter

pages of this fifteen of this

chapter book the the

we will first

give

a translation of al-

of the its kind

translation of Bilad of

the chapter entitled Sham (Syria) as the information is bound in this valuable book.

physicians physicians

on the

Syria

146

CHAPTERFTEEN

The

Physicians. al-Sham BY

of

Bilad

IBN

ABi

USkYBEIAH

=7 147 -

TRANSLATION YUN AL-ANBA Fl

OF

CHAPTER 15

OF OF

TABAKAT AIATTEBA

IBIN ABI USAYBI'All

In Ibn

the Abi

following. Usayb1ah's is entitled

pages,

a translation Fi

is

given

of Chapter al-Atteba. al-Sham

15 of The

book Yun al-Anba The Physicians -

Tabakat

Chapter

of Blad

(Syria).

Abo Naser

al-Farabi Mohamed Ibn His Mohamed'Bin father

His His

full city

name was Ibn was Farab

Ozalegh

bin

Tarkhan. army.

in Turkey. then

was a commander of the Ile vas a great known in mathematics, but he

Ile was in Baghdad, philosopher very did Ibn

he moved to Damascus. Imam. Ile was well

and respected

intelligent, not practice. Bin

and had a good knowle. dge of medicine _ Ilamdan al-Taklubi, to Ile. met Prince, Sayafthe of Daulah governor

Abo al-Ilassan 916-

Ali

Abdulla

of Aleppo,

OG4, who was governor and al-Farabi, the the

scientists

such as al-Mutanabi, I have copied travelled down from in

Abo Firas some of 338 and

philosopher. -that al-Farabi the

Siek' s writings

to Egypt He died Ali four take

came back the

to Damascus in 339.

same year. Safy said

in Damascus in Ibn Ilan-dan silver of. his lamb's

month of Rajab

Prince

al-Daulah he got Ile did It is

and members of his everyday appearance, heart with from Prince his wine.

govenrment Safy

that

dirhwn care

al-Davlah. money.

not

home or his

said

that

he ate

lie wrote which the fine

a number

of books writing Also

on statistics

and the

complete

city

he started 330. (I)

in Baghdad on music,

and completed

in Damascus at and

end of sciende.

philosophy

and al-Rhazes

Issa

al-Raki-

Ile was a celebrated of medicine court Abdul and great

physician skill

in his in his

day with

a good knowledge Ile worked personal al-DaUah at the

profession.

of Sayaf Allah Ibn

al-Dawlah Jebrel

and was one of his said that when Sayaf

physicians. sat down to eat,

148 -

physicians (2) was one of them.

twentyfour

sat

down with

him and Issa

al-Raki,

Al-Yabroudi

His

full

name was Abo Al-Faraj He was well

Jarjis

Ibn

Yuhana Ibn in all

Sahel

bin

Ibrahim. of medicine. was born Sadenaya

known and distinguished from Damascus told which is

branches"' al-Yabroudi village ' near,

A Christian

me that a big

and brought with a great

up in Yabroud,

number of Christian of Damascus told them with a hot loaf

inhabitants.

Al-

Muluk

"some citizens and ate

me that

a baker

bought

some apricots dizzy after his

of bread. to the

He felt ground.

he had finished neighbours

eating

and fell

Although physicians everybody

thought

lie was dead, but they all

they

asked

sonic So they When

to try agreed body,

to revive-himi that prayed the the baker

failed.

was indeed him to

dead. the

Therefore

washed his they very called all the arrived clever

and carried city, they the

cemetery.

outside physician.

met al-Yabroudi, people talking

who was a' about the so for him

Ile heard brought to

dead man being details.

th tomb.

Al Yabroudi

asked

They told

him everything. Ile started Ile opened his to

Then he said to examine the

Itput

down so that to see the '

I can see him". signs of death.

body and

mouth and gave him an so-called dead man "

emetic.

Everybody eyes,

was astonished get

see the back

open his Al-Yabroudi in

speak, in

up and walk four

to his

shop alive.

died

the year near

hundred

al-Yaakebah

church

Bab Toma (the include

Ile was buried and .... Door of Toma) a place in of Ibn al-Moufaki.

Damascus.

Al-Yabroudils

books

(3)

a critique-

'Jaber

Bin

Mansour

al-Sekari

Ile was from Mousal, who had the was Amad highest Abi

a good muslim reputition al-Ashath

a very

distinguished His

physician teacher

in his and his

profession.

Bin

pupil

Moliamed Bin Thauals.

149 -

lived

all

his

life

and stayed

there.

in Mousel, (4)

but

his

son Zafer

moved to

'Damascs

Zafer

bin

Jaber

al-Sulcari

His

full

name was Abo Hakam Zafer

bin

Jaber

Bin Mansour

al-Sukari. with

Ile was a good muslim a good knowledge Faraj ibn Ail longer of than

and distinguished the (the his sciences physician) father. there

in medical arts.

profession, Ile met Aba al

and the

Tabeb

and worked

urith

him in Baghdad. in 482, but

Ile lived

He was in Mousel until his death. books

he moved to Aleppo a number animals.

and stayed in

He taught was on -

of physicians (5)

Aleppo.

One of his

Mawhoub bin

al-Zafer
4

His

fullname

was al-Fzdel

Mawhoub bin

Zafer

Bin

Jabir Ile lived

Bin Mansour in Aleppo.

al-Sukkari.

Ile was distinguished

in Modicine.

Jaber

bln

Mawhoub

This

is

Jaber

bin

Mawhoub Bin

Zafer

bin

Jaber

Bin

Mansour in

al-Sukari.

Ile was well

known and expert

in medicine

and lived

Alleppo.

Abo Al-Ilakam

This Baheli knoun

is

Abo al-Hakam al-Andalousi

Obeyad Allah al-Morabe. and for his

Bin

al-Mozafar

Bin

Abdullah

al-

fie practiced jokes.

medicine.

He was welland

for

his fond

poetry of

He loved

pleasure

was very fie was

drinking. and played

Ile loved the

musical

too much. pleasure and drinking Aude (an arabic musical'instrument).

150 -

Ile lived the in

in

al-Hajrin family,

a house in al-Labadin. who were the al-Din most powerful

He often family Bouri

praised

al-Soufi

Damascus when Majed Taghteken and returned on Wednesday, at

Abak bin

Mohamed bin

bin

Atabek Basra died

was governor. to Damascus, the 6th

He travelled where

to Baghdad and until he

he remained 549. After

of Al-Kuda, Abk Tabib Bin

he had been house, his

drinking face what

Zeyen al-Muhk Next

al-Khayat's he kept

began to bleed. had happened.

day he had some visitors a poem which the bleeding, never

who asked beside When another

So he recited

him and gave to he looked poem. persons). (It in the

anyone who asked mirror

same question.

and saw the

he recited

included

some obscenities

used by educated He lived in Aleppo.

Ile was distinguished

in medicine..

fie praised brother Iraq month

Moayad al-Din al-Danlah. cities in his

Aba al-Fauares He wrote

Bin

al-Saufi

and his al-Basra in the in

Ezel

a poem describing to his

and other of

when

he was close 549. it

death the

al-Kuadeh

the year

He recited after his

following

poem and ordered

son to mention

death.

"My death

and my end sadden me. will let live on after me and mourn for me.

I hope my poetry If If it I is possible, return,

me come back. hurry will me to the tomb.

cannot

do not

My family They will

and any friends leave and leave

say farewell. in this awful place.

me alone

"If

I've

made you happy by dying glad that you have outlived

and me.

You are

Remember my pupil, I was pleased When we were I entrusted That So do There in with serious my work

Da Keyor, him before

is

still

with

you.

my death

and after.

and when we had fun. to him, because join Allah the memory of Allah. " he knows me.

a little not forget

while the

he will memory of us except

is

no memory for

151 -

Abo al-Majed is

Bin

Abi

al-Hakam Bin Abi Obeyad ruler

This Allah

Afadeh

al-Dawlah Bin scientist

Abo al-Majed Abdullah with

al-Hakam a celebrated

Bin

al-Mozafar

al-Baheli,

and distinguished engineering (an Arabic father Sultan Aleppo Syria al-Fadel Bemerstan

a good knowledge music

of medicine, the Aude His of the of in Abo

and astronomy. musical instrument).

He learnt

and played

He was a singer Ile worked during the Mahmoud Bin war against Damascus. told

as well. reign

taught the just

him medicine. king, Nour

al-Din

Zunki

Attabek

and Damascus who won the and Palestine. Bin Abi (hospital) drugs. first He died in

the

crusaders

Shames al-Din taking patients the

al-Faraj

al-Kahal the

me that

he saw him in care of them,

treating After to to the

patients, his

and prescribing hospital, the great books. under five palace well

visiting castle, palace

at the patients from in the of medical studied year

he went

where itself.

were and then furnished hall,

the which

He sat two cupboards

contained with him.

Physicians his supervision. and .....

came to

discuss

Many students Damascus in date). the

hundred

Abo al-Majed (does not give

died the

in

exact

Ibn

al-Bathough

This

is

Abo Jaiafar

Omar Bin in

Ali

Bin

al-Bathough drugs.

al-Kaliai Ile had a good in in Damascus his shop,

al-Makrebi. knowledge for a long of

He was expert diseases

compounding treatment.

and their

He stayed Ile sat for them.

time.

He had a shop in or prescribing of creams, from

Allabadin. drugs tablets,

treating

his in

patients the form

Ile prepared

many drugs his rare patients, medical

and sold His

them to

who benefited books.

them.

hobby was collecting comments on them. Ile tried, a very long life

Ile studied on Ibn to write

them and wrote

He wrote rather

a commentary unsuccessfully

Sina's poetry.

book al-Canoon. Ile lived

152 -

He lost drunk died

his too

sight

at the

end of his

li,. fe,

because his

he had body. Ile and

much a., s' a young man which year 575 or 576. of Galen's ook.

had cooled

in

the

Ile recited

a poem on death

another

in praise

These are Hippocrates,

some of

his

books:

Shareh Sinals

Ketab

al-Fousoul

comments on Ibn

book al-Cann'on.

(9)

of

Hakim al-Zaman This

Abdul

Moniem al-Jelyni Moniem Bin Omar Bin Abdullah He was an of medicine brilliant Bin

is

Abo al-Fadel

Abdul

Hassan al-Ghassaiii outstanding and the in figure

al-Oundalezi, of his time in of

al-jelayni. the the profession eyes.

treatment

of diseases

He was to

literature there till for

and poetry. he died. his

Ile from came Ile had a long

Spain life.

Damascus and Ile had a shop

lived in

Alabadin al-Din

profession. Ibn Ayoub. orders,

Ile was very Ile often for

close

to King him. Ile wrote him year

Salah

Yousef

praised the

" number " grant.

of books

on his

which in

King

paid the

He knew chemistry. (Ibn Abi hundred six and ..... date).

Ile died

Damascus in give

Usabdah does not

the

exact

He wrote near

a poem praising the poem in the

Salah

al-Din

and sent

it

to

his

camp

Akka during the

war against month of

al-Faranj. Safar in

Salah the year

al-Din 587.

received

Abdul on art, war of which

al-Muniem behaviour, Saldh he wrote

al-Jeleyani the in in

wrote

books the

on the the

following prophet, of Salah

subjects, the

wisdom of 583, the

Quran,

al-Din it

characteristics

569 and comments on compounding

al-Din, 00) drugs.

153 -

Abo al-Fadel is

Bin

Abi

al-Wakar (a city in

This

Ismael road

Bin

Abi

al-Wakar

who came from Syria). where

al-Maiara Ile lived

on the

from

Aleppo

to Hama north to Baghdad, under

Damascus. scientists Damascus.

He travelled and studied

he met many of the coming back to subjects. Nour as a

them before

Ile was distinguished He worked Zunki,

in medicine at the court him the King

and related of al-Sultan above all both

He was intellegent. al-Din Mohammed bin

who trusted of

others

physician. and on his died in

lie was in travel,

attendance king

at the

court He (11)

and the

rewarded al-Awal

him handsomely. in the year 554.

Aleppo

on 10th

of Rajab

Abo Zakereya

Yaheya al-Bayassi

This

is

Amin al-Din

Abo Zakereya

Yaheya Bin

Ismael

al-Andalousi medicine and alThen

al-Bayassi

a distinguished

scientist.

He studied

was distinguished Maghreb (Morocco) he moved to al-Din Abi

in mathematics to Egypt

and science. in Cairo His Ilebat there.

He came from for a while. teacher Allah

and stayed

Damascus and lived al-Hassan Ali Ibn

was Muhazab known a great

Issa

Ibn

as Ibn'al-Nakash number number the King of books

al-Baghdadi. on medicine

He in his and on other for Ibn Ibn

own hand wrote subjectS. al-Nakash.

He made a lie played

of engineering Ile studied al-Din

instruments music under

Oud. Salah

al-Nakash. the field

Ile served of medicime.

Yousef

Bin

Ayoub in

After

serving to his

him for leave

a period the court

in BeKar he asked and live in

the

King's The King sum

permission granted

Damascus.

request

and gave him gifts for his service.

as well lie lived

as a regular in

of money as a reward (12) he died.

Damascus until

154 -

Sakerah

al-Ilalabi man from the the

He was a short Aleppo. Bin Abi

Jewish

community

of Safe

city

of Khalil Nour love

Ile practised al-Fadel Mahmoud Bin

medicine.

The Sheikh al-Tanoukhi said

al-Din

Bin Mansour Zanki

"When King deeply in King In

al-Din with left

was in Aleppo, ill.

he fell

a girl. Aleppo his for

She bacame very Damascus,

One day when the his beloved about her. there. her

he left

fact situation.

he left They told called that having the

heart

in Aleppo. her health Sakrah

He asked

health

him that the

deteriorated. to examine

Then the Sakrah

King found

in

physician not her eat

she could treated that

and her moods fluctuated. with the other her to physicians, alone.

After he told She gave him I will (if rapidly treat God

along

servant

he wanted

to visit he said will cure

permission. you with allows) "please

When he came a treatment that never "I

her, "My lady

you very

and you will do". He said, hide

need anything want you to She said, He. said of

further".

She said I

answer "yes

me whatever I promise

ask and not without She repli6d professed own country own country? favourite worry, he went this
to she "this

anything".

to do so people"? who their in your your in

causing

you any harm. " (a group said

"Who are your from Allaan did

"Allaneyah" ChristianityNe are Christians,

families

Persia

11 1 know that me what

so tell "beef".

you eat what is

" She said,

Ile said,

"Lady

drink? you will

" She said be cured

"Such a drink", recover of

He said, your health.

"Do not " Then

and will a piece

home and cooked milk,

as

cow meat.

He gave some of and told-her

returned and saying went

meat with
eat. ate is

garlic
she

and a loaf
food her Then She drank el

of bread
appetite her

As soon until good she for

saw the

was

full.

he gave it and

some drink sleepy,

you. "

feeling

to

bed.

After of

that food

Acame much better. she b, and drink for

Then

he bought she -

the

same kind recoverd

two days and afterwards full of jewels

completely.

She gave him a tray

155 -

He said King health fact

to

her,

"Thank

you, your

but

you must also

write

to

the your In

telling through she wrote

him about to the

illness

and how you regained him to

my assistance". King

She promised and a letter the

do so.

t hanking

him and telling

him that had cured could the read

she had nearly her by his her letter

understand her

point of death but Sakrah Vone treatment, w1ii'ch of the physicians , She asked the King at case except Sakrah. reached to send Sakrah a present. When the esteem King He showed his skill". to death

end of the

letter, grateful Majesty to

he summoned him. to you for she was very her life your near

and said. "believe me to was give

"We are me your cure her

He answered, but " The King

God helped

complete answer

as he decides. him "what I want Aleppo)"

pleased you? " in the

by his

and asked Majesty, (near

do you want me to 10 Fedans of

He answered village whatever forever.

"Your

Land, five "you will

of Anadan

The King of it

said will

recdive property rich

you have asked for " Then he returned for the

and all to rest Aleppo

be your

and became a very life and his sons

man.

He was wealthy after his

of his

were wealthy

death.

Afif

Bin

Sakrah

This the of

is

Afif

Bin

Abdul

Kaher

Sakrah

a Jew from

Aleppo.

He knew family, most books al-Din

profession whom practised

of medicine. medicine

He had sons and a large and lived which in Aleppo. for

One of his King Salah

was "an Essay Yousef Bin

on the

Ayoub in

Colon", (14) 584.

he wrote

Ibn

al-Salah

This Bin

is

the

Sheikh

Najem al-Din

Abo al-Foutouh

Ahmald Bin Mohamed and was lived in

al-Sorri,

known as Ibn in medicine.

al-Salah.

Ile knew philosophy Hamadan, but

distinguished

Ile was from

156 -

Baghdad. asked

The ruler

of Mardin

1104-1152

Bin

al-Kazi

Bin of gifts.

Artek

him to

come with

him and gave him a number till in

Then he moved to Sunday in Damascus. 542. (15)

Damascus and stayedthere He was buried al-Sofeyah

he died cemetry

on a

outside

Shehab al-Din

al-Sahrodi Omar Bin. '.... and astronomy. Shekh Fakher al-Din (not

This

is

Abo Hafez philosophy see our

complete). Al-Shekh

He was outstanding Sadid al-Din al-Sahrodi They became young man is anyone and this very

in art, came to friends. intelligent. but will

al-Mardeni. told us "this

The Shekh Fakher Never in all

al-Din my life

have I found no care

likehim, carelessness he where

I am worried be the cause

about

him as he takes death". to Biiad

of his East

When al-Sahrodi al-Sham, then with

knew this went to

travelled he met the against started al-Din son of

from

the

Aleppo,

formal

physicians

and debated

them,

prevailing

them all, of him and so that they became very jealous to harm him. Salah Therefor; e, King Ghazi Ibn al-Maler Yousef Salah Bin al-Din Ayoub - the Governor of Aleppo 1167-1215, the to 2nd the other physicians him and summond Al-Sahroudi gave a full case of the trouble. speaking frankly, and proud made the to logically of him that physicians he did not and scientifically. he bacame even still close

discover

what was the at, that The King to the

account

meeting,

was so pleased and this they

court

other

more jealous. in God, to

Therefore, hoping death.

conspired King

say that that

believe

to make the -

so angry

he would

have him put

They sent It if

a letter

to stays

King here, If

Salah

al-Din

in

Damascus, everything liberty every

which

said,

al-Sarhoudi King from

he will

corrupt him his pevert

and everyone him

including travel because

Ghazi.

you allow he will

and let place

place

to place,

he visits,

he is

an enemy of God. "

157 -

Therefore, of Aleppo, must permit

King which

Salah

sent

a letter him, allow

to

his

son,

King

Ghazi

instructed We cannot

I'Shehab al-Din him to be free;

al-Sarhoudi we cannot

be killed. him to

live.

"

When al-Sarhoudi to face death

heard sooner place

the news and realised he begged to give the

that King

he would to or

have

or later, and not

send him to drink the so that rest or of

some solitary he might his drink; life

him any food

meet his-fate. alone he died in the

As a consequence, castle of Aleppo

he spent taking

without

food old.

at the*end

of 586 when he was 36 years Omar said

AI-Shekh al-Din exactly

Saiad al-Mardeni

al-Din

Mohamed Bin

when al-Shekh he said be his "it fate".

Fakhar happened

heard

the news of his I knew that this

death was to

as I foretold,

To continue alchemy.

my own account,

al-Sahroud,

had some knowledge with story. this

of

He had some interesting is accounted in the

experiences following

science,

one of which

"One day" Sadakah, (the city) the city

relates "I

the

physician, to

Ibrahim with

Bin

Abi

al-Fadel

Bin

met him and walked of Aleppo) with alchemy a group

him through

centre

al-Midan

Bab al-Faraj (a-place al-Khaber

in

the up

together topic of

of students

and others. about it.

He brought After he had is and

and began talking he stopped all its the

walked city of

on a little Damascus. to

way,

and said, delights. East "

"How beautiful We looked buildings.

the

Look at

were astonished were clean,

see toward built close

some tall

They

white,

to each other, behind voices

and were highly we could see many As we marvelling

decorated. beautiful had never at this

They had large women. We could like

windows, hear this the

which of

singers.

seen anything wonderful sight.

before, I was in

we spent another

an hour world. '?

I felt

Safey_al-Din Bin Saker told

Khalil

Ibn

Abi in

al-Fadel year

al-Katib 579, in

Shekh Deya al-Din Shehab al-Din school president of of Omar

us that

the

al-Shekh

al-Sahrordi which the

came to Aleppo headmaster was at

and stayed that time

al-Jalaweyah the

al-Shref,

158 -

al-Hanafeyah a lecture cheap long

Eftekhar which

al-Din.

When Shehab al-Din Shekh,

went to hear a dilak No one he was a his regards (a

was given

by the

he was wearing and a kettle. that

dress). but

He was holding it The headmaster, brought out

a stick Eftekhar, a very

knew him, distinguished worthy son to

when he spoke, man.

became clear

he was a

knew that

man.

Therefore poor

good dress

and told

go to the

man and tell man to

him "my father come to the

sends his lectures

and invites with the

you as a learned other learned

along you th6se

men. My father the

asks me to give school. his he said where

clothes'to al-Shekh remained these He took

wear when you come to Shehah al-Din silent for aside.. a large He said

" The son went to message. my son, He put "

and delivered then a matter

father's "look

an hour-and There's jewel to

clothes out

I need your incomparable the

help. in

as big

as an egg,

size and

and colour. find the to

the beadmaster's to buy this letting jewel

son, "Go to but

market it

someone who wants price it. before

do not

sell tell

whatever whether told

me know.

Then I will the market.

you

sell

" The young man went to to buy the merchant the ruler it cost that jewel went Then the time

A Merchant

him that

he was ready .

for, twenty-five to King Ghazi Bin Salah

thousand

Di. nars

who was at that al-Din him the jewel and told was so struck thirty Ibn thousand Eftekhar by its

of Aleppo. 25,000

Ile showed Dinars. to The King buy it see ( for

him that size

and colour The merchant

he offered "I

Dinhars. to get

said,

must go to

al-Din him. merchant

his'approval". the it price

Then he met Eftekhar's with your father

son and told because the

"Go and discuss thought that

belonged

to Eftekhar to tell

al-Din). him about the

The headmaster's offer for the

son went to jewel exact as they price, and said

see Shebab al-Din had agreed. he took to the

As soon as Shehab al-Din stone and broke al-Din Kiss his the "my

had learned Jewel son, into take

the

a large son to your to

fragments these

of Eftekhar father. a dress,

clothes

and go back him. "if

hand for quite

me,. and tell to get one,

I want

have

I am The

able

and I am not and told the him. but

in need of his his father the

favours".

son went which

to Eftekhar surprised the

al-Dln

what

had happened, the

greatly for

Meanwhile, merchant

King

asked him,

merchant

jewel,

replied

"Sir

159 -

the

owner

is

Ibn

al

Sharef

Eftekhar, King

the

headmaster to the

of school

alon and King

Jalaweyah. his told horse. him that

He has it.

Then the the

went called

He sat. down in he wanted to a poor that, if the

hall,

Eftekhar

al-Din told the

jewel.

The headmaster staying for at the

111t belongs the King

man who is he thought

school". man is and the

When "Oh Eftekhar Shehab man was in his

learned I think

a while that this

and said

al-Din, al-Din

I am not 11 Indeed King

mistaken, the invited King

al-Sarhoudi.

was right

al-Sahourdi. castle.

Then the

him to

come and live

He afterwards confronted citizens infuriated that angry that all

became a man of great the other Shekhs.

importance Ile started to

and honour. speak to the manner, It is

He

of Aleppo them. the

in an overbearing They conspired King ordered toget his

and disdainful him killed.

which said

although with

execution,

he later

bacame so

those

who had advised prison

him to execute large

al-Sarhoudi fines on them.

he cast

them into

and imposed

Sadid that

al-Din the

Mahmoud BinOmran

Ibn known as old clothes, He related,

Rakekah not

told -

me his

Shekh used to or his the

wear very

caring

about

appearance with which shoes him to

livelihood.

"Once I was walking a short dress of on hishead of mine,

Mayfarkin blue, big

mosque. a length for him. of

He was wearing cotton A friend

was nearly that

and a pair seeing us

were too

together,

"Why are you walking came up to me and said, with that "This is the greatest beggar? " "Don't say that, " I replied. 11 My This is Shehan al-Din al-Sarhoudi. of our time. scholar friend went on his way, astounded by what I had told him".

Some citizens Aleppo and that

of Aleppo there

told

me that

al-Sarhoudi of verse

is

buried tomb.

in

are two lines

on his

His

books

al-Alwan Bin

al-Lawheyah al-Taluehat, wa al (which Emadeyah he wrote for Emad al-Din al ; Bin Dawoud Bin Artek, the ruler

include

Arsheyah, Abi Baker Bert),

Kura Arslan

of Khurt

160 -

Al-Lahmah al-Nour,

al-Mokawamal, al-Ma, araj,

an appendix al-Motarahat,

to

al-Talwehat,

and Hikmat

Ilaykel 16) al-Eshrak

Shames al-Din is the

al-Kloubi

This

judge

of

judges, Bin

Shames al-Din Bin Issa in

Abo al-Abas from the city

Ahmed Bin of

al-Klalil Khoy (in

Bin

Saiadah

Jaiafar

Bazerebejan).

He was erudite of medicine. and charitable. keep the the reign f asts

religious

law and

had a good knowledge good looking, used to came al-Ade to generous say his

He was "a wise. man, modest, He was a good muslim, and read the Issa sons Ibn of holy he Quran - He al-Din.

prayers,

Damascas during

of King with the him to

al-Malik Salah in

(1180-1228). with

He quarrelled the King

Shames stayed and promised profited time from

who asked

remain

Damascus who to

him whatever his teaching. the the

he asked.

lie had many pupils,

I went to meet him from. time of Ibn Sahlan under in him.

and studied him to kind.

Tabserah post

The King He until

appointed was very his death. of the

of Judge and gave still in the

of Judges lessons at pains

Damascus.

Ile lived while

al-Adeleyah in

He died,

in year

his

Damascus on 7th of a fever.

month, of

Shaiaban

637 as a result

His

books

include elrm

Tatemah Bin

Tafseer

al-Quran which

of Ibn

Khatib for

al-Ray. King

al-Naho, Issa Bin

al-Osoul,

Abi Baker

al-Suetan (17) , Ayoup.

al-Kab

he wrote

Rafeia

al-Din is

al-Jebi

This Bin

Rafeia Ibn

al-Din Abdul

Abo Hamid Abdul Hadi al-Jebi.

al-Aziz

Bin

Abdul

Wahid

Ismael

He was distinguished science. school supervision. Ile lived in I

in Medicine, Damascus. studied

religious, He taught in

law and natural al-Azraweyah under his

in Bab al-Naser,

medical

science

Ile was a friend

161 -

of Amin al-Dawlah. Shames al-Din al-Din the the

After

the

death

of

the

judge

of King to

judges Emad post he of

al-Khoubi,

Amin al-Dawlah appoint

advised al-Jebi in his year

ruler of

of Damascus to After his

the

judge

judges. rich

appointment about in the

Damascus, behaviour. 641.

became very He died in

and people

complained

the

month of Zey al-Hejah judge of judges in The following

When him by

he became the sending Sareh

638 1 congratulated are which some of he wrote his for

him a poem. al-Esharat

books: Fakey al-

and al-Tanbehat,

Din Omar Ibn Bin Ayoub, Mafi

al-Malik

Behram Sham Bin al-Kuleyat on the

Farkh

Shab Bin of Ibn

Shahensham Ketab

lkntesar Alasaned

of Al-Cannon prophet's

Sina,

Jamein

saying.

Shames al-Din

al-Khasroshahi (Khosroshah and wrote al-Ray.

This is

is

Shames al-Din near

Abdul

Hamid Bin

Issa

al-Khasroghahi sciences Bin

a village books.

Tabriz).

He knew the

medical al-Din

medical

His

Shekh was Immam Fakher the period

Khitb

He arrived and stayed lived there

in Damascus during with until him in al-Kark. in

of Salah

al-Din the

al-Dawoud Damascus and year 652.

Then he moved back to the of month of Shawal in

he died

He was buried

on the

mountain

Qaseyoun.

When he arrived his teachers.

in

Damascus I met him, both

I admired Izzue

him as he respected Din Mohamed Bin al-Labodi I wrote a

When he died, al-Urbarely passing.

al-Shekh

Hassan al-Ghanawi poem lamenting Some of his his

and Nayme al-Din

books

are Mukhtasar of Abi Tetemet

Ketab Ishaq

al-Muhazab al-Sherazi,

fi

61-Fekeh Mukhtasar

ala Kitab (19)

Mazab al-Imman al-Shefa of Ibn

al-Shafei Sina,

Ketab

al-Bayeynat

of Ibn

al-Khatib.

Sayfe

al-Din is

al-Amadi., Abo al-Hassan al-Amedi. Ali Naser

This

Sayf

al-Din

Ali

Bin

Abi

Bin

Mohamed Bin Aba al-Maiali

Salem al-Taghlaisi

- fie served

King

al-Din

162 -

Mohamed, the Ayoub, the

son of

King

Takeyah

al-Din on the

Omer Bin road

Shahem Shah Bin Aleppo serving died Issa and him

ruler famous

of Hama (a city for its the windmills year

between there King

Damascus, for to

and stayed When the Sharaf

many years Damascus. Bin

until

617. King

he moved Bin Abi

When he arrived

al-Din

Baker

Ayoub showed him great

respect

and gave him a large, Ile was a very with his way of successful teaching, on

sum of money and appointed teacher, and his his impressing knowledge. Romoz al all

him a teacher. audience

of his

I met him and worked Kunoz, because the in first

under time

his

supervision friend of my

books

he was a close a hall

father. to his school. us great his lived 631. exact in

When I visited house. After

'himfor

I went with near

my father the Adleyah

He was living we had sat

Damascus in

down and exchanged

greetings,

he showed are al-Din year

kindness. words).

Then he looked "I never

at me and said

(and these you. " Safe in the

have seen a son like in the month of

Damascus until

he died

Safar

Among Safe Hakak, Ghayat (which al-Amal Amal Fi Mouraghi Dalil

al-Din

al-Amadi

books

are

the

Ramouz al-Kunoz, al-Maram he wrote Fi Fi for

lebass

al-Arab, Kashf al-Din,

* Ibkar

following: al-Afkar Fi

Dakaer Fi

al-

al-Osoul, al-Tambehat Shayat alalWe al-Mutaka,

Flem al-Kalam, King Ibn Takey

al-Tamoeha the ruler

Sharh

of Hama), al-Sharef

Alem al-Jadal,

Sharh Ketab Sharh Ketab

Shehab al-Din

Alem. al-Jadal, Fi al-Dajal, Elim

Shehab al-Diri al-Faz

al-Sharef al-Hukama Fi

al-Mabean Gholaset

Fi Maani

al-Motamed, al-Soul Fi

al-Arabs,

Moutaba

al-Souf

Moutaba

al-Osoul,

and Manaeh al-Karaieh.

Elim (20)

al-Arabs

Mowfak al-Din

Bin

al-Mutran Abi Eleyas Ile teacher alwas also was

This Bin

is Jarjis

Mowafak

al-Din

Abo Naser

Assiad

Bin

al-Fateh

al-Mutran. the

He was distinguished Arabic al-Din languages, Abi al-Yamen

in medicine. His

taught al-Shekh Kendi.

Grammer,

literature. Zeyad Bin where to

Hmama Taj He was born to

al-Hassan his gain father

and lived

in Damascus,

a physician. He travelled

He travelled

to many countries and to get

more knowledge. of

Rome to study

practical

experience

163 -

the

Christian Bin

science. al-Talmez.

Then he went to Ile' studied of medical he died.

Iraq his

and met supervis

Amir .ion for to

al-Dawlah some time

under

and read

a number there till

books.

Then he returned

Damascus and lived

He was very of medical Ibn al-Mutran

intelligent books. His

and worked teacher charming,

vety

hard.

lie wrote Bin

a number al-Nakash. and liked Ibn Ayoub.

was Muhazab al-Din studied

was very

many subjects Yousef

expensive

clothes.

Ile served

King

S-alah al-Din He held service

He was a very and wielded acquired

respected power fortune

physician. during at the Salah his

an important at the especially for court.

position Ile also

great

a great

same time, al-Din

when we gifts

remember how generous on all to him those

King

was, his

he showered

who served

him and on any of very poor.

subjects

who appealed

, as a result Ibn

he died

He trusted travel very with proud

al-Mutran.

Ile always he went. even in the

asked

him to

stay

with

him or was

him wherever of himself,

Consequently presence of

Ibn the

al-Mutran King.

Some one who knew Ibn al-Din al-Din and his affection was fighting there

al-Mutran for Ibn

told

me this his the

story

about It

King

Salah -

al-Mutran. one of tent in

"One day King wars.

Salah was well belonged

a battle was only

during one red

known that to the day, King

camp, that it. On this

and that King

no one had another round the

like

particular another

as the

was walking to his told 'I own.

camp, he noticed

red tent, the King tent. smiled

similar

Ile was astonished it: tent to belonged belonged to

and asked who owned Ibn that This al-Mutran, foolish the Ibn

When they and said,

him that knew the the tent

to down.

al-Mutrah Ibn

I.

He ordered that

be pulled his

so infuriated

al-Muiran

he stopped the King

performing himself

duties.

Ile ofily to him,

resumed them after humouring

had come and talked sum of money. "

him and giving

him a large

I was also

told

the

following

story!

164 -

"A physician court of

named Abo al-Faraj al-Din.

al-Nasrani to

served the

for

a time 'I have

at

the

Salah

One day he said their

King,

some replied,

daughters 'write physician and other thirty his

and I need some money for

dowry. ' the of list

The King to

down everything went items,

you need and bring out a list cost. al-Din

me. ' So the jewels, reached furniture nearly

away and wrote together dinhars. to buy all story, Salah with

clothes, The total sa-w.the

their

thousand accountant heard as usual, his face

When Salah the items,

list,

he ordered When Ibn come to his his

omitting

nothing. and did the not

al-Mutran duties from

the

he became angry al-Din

King

saw him one day and he noticed reason for anger.

that the

he was angry accountant 11

and guessed

Then he ordered he had paid Abi

to pay him the

same amount of money as

al-Faraj.

Our Shekh Muhazab al-Din and about his method

also

tol'd

me the

following

story

about

him

of treatment.

"One day Asad al-Din who was at this ruler him. of Aleppo Aleppo I went time

Sherekoh, the

the

uncle

of

Salah

al-Din

al-Ayoubi, the road see road,

commander of the

army of Nur Homes (a city

al-Din, on the to

and Damascus was visiting and Damascus). He asked ruler. him to the

between

Ibn

al-Mutran

come to the

with sick

As we were walking debilitated

along

we saw a very Ibn al-Mutran of his

man, who was utterly and asked but the

by his to

sufferings. the waek you. '

stopped illness,

him some questions man did 'Eat not reply

discover

nature to talk. After On our

as he was too will cure

Then Ibn

al-Mutran his

said, advice,

snake

and it on our

he had repeated return Ibn journey

we continued young

way to

Homos. us that

we met a healthy hands. man whether

man, who greeted at this

and kissed Ibn al-Mutran it

al-Mutran's asked the

We were

so surprised

he had seen us before. to eat snake.

He replied, I of the treatment.

'Believe followed

or not, advice.

I am the '

man whom you told to

your

We were pleased our

see the

success

We bade him farewell

and Continuedcn,

way. "

To continue

my account, both

Mowafak

al-Din

Assiad

Bin

Eleyas one of

Bin

al-Mutran

had two brothers,

of them worked

in Medicine,

them Hebat

165 -

Allah the

Bin name).

Eleyas

and the

other .....

(the

author

does not

give

Mowafak in

al-Din

died

in

the

month of Rabeia writings of

al-Awal Abdul al-Din

in the

year

587

Damascus. the

I copied poet,

from\the

Razak Bin Bin

Ahmad

al-Ameri, after year

a poem praising on 3rd

Mowafak month

al-Mutran

he became a Muslim 585.

of the

of Ramadan in the

of Mouafak al-Din are the (his aim in writing Rawdat al-Albaia whole medical knowldege), in the but

The books

following: this

Bustan

al-Atteba sum up his the work.

wa

book was to to complete the

he was unable of our

I found

two parts

handwriting

Shekh, the

physician

Muheab al-Din. of Ibn al-Mutran.

The first

had been copied noted to

under that him.

supervision al-Mutran al-

But Muhazab al-Din the second part

Ibn

died

before

he had read al-Saheb al-Din

Al-Makalam well

Nasergah it to

Mafez

arranged Yousef

this Ibn

book very

and dedicated the original -alal-

King

Salah

Ayoub. of

I found Jamal

copy of this Jamalah Tadabeer Ayoub, it to Ibn

book in the al-Mutran's (it

handwriting clerk,

al-Din-known Fi

al-Makalah

al-Nejmeyah it for

al-Soleyah, the father son).

seems that al-Din, Ketab

he wrote but

Najem al-Din he dedicated by Abi the month

of Salah Ekhtesar ali year

when he died of

his

al-Anuar

Kasdaneyeen in

Baker

Ahmad Bin in the

Bin Wahsheyah which 581, Lokez Fi (not

he completed Ala

of Rajab al-Atba, mention

al-Hukmah, complete.

Mazhab Da, Wat to his

al-Adweyah each drug said

al-Mofrudah and its use),

Ile wanted One of

Adab Tub al-Muluk. he left a number his

son-in-laws books

that

when he died,

of medical took

and other

them and lost

comments in note form (21). them afterwards.

and that

brother

Muhazab al-Din

Bin

al-Hajeb

Ile was distinguished

in the

medical

profession,

knew mathematics,

166 -

literature there. al-Din Medicine with learn stayed the

and grammar. He studied al-Tosi,

He was born with

in

Damascus and lived Bin al-Nakash Sharaf

medicine

Muhazab al-Din

when he was in Mousel, and other

he was the Ibn

wisest al-llajeb

man in travelled

and methematics physicians him. for Ibn

subjects. Abdul Aziz

Mowafak al-Din him after

to meet him 'and Tous, so they to

from there

They found a-period. al-Dahan

he had gone to Ibn was. al-Hajeb

Afterwards, al-Monajem

travelled

_Erbel, with him and assisted works from his a I-Dahan, was from moved to him thirty stayed at

where

He met him and worked Ile copied to some of his Ibn ILe Damascus. Thoiayleb. Then he him and gave and For his Ile

him in his

research. and returned and called for al-Din

own hand writing and lived

was known by Abi Baghdad

Shojaia

him,

in Mousel King Salah

twenty

years.

Damascus where, Dinars. the built

encouraged he often

He was a good Muslim, four place including (which Majdoul of poems. there forty is months in the

fasted

mosque for a special of books

or more each year.

sake, they wrote

a number Fi

mosque, in al-Kalasa. (which is perfect), al-Zeyag known, Ghareb very al-Haeth hard.

al-Manbar 10 volumes, wrote to

al-Faried al-Khelaf number he died

widely

al-Wade.

He worked

He

a great

Ile went on a pilgrimage. near his his father's

When he went and

Baghdad,

and was buried years away from

mother's

tomb after

family.

Muhazab science.

al-Din

Bin

al-Hajeb

worked

very

hard,

delving

deeply

into

Ile had a good knowledge in medicine Later

of engineering. maker near in Medicine great Zunki. ruler

Before the

he became mosque in

distinguished _Damascus. top physicians. was built the until to the court

he was a clock

he became famous He worked Nour in the Ibn

and be.came one of the (hospital) he served which at

Beremestan Afterwards

by King of Takey

al-Din

al-Din

Omar, the al-IIajeb King

of Hama, whom he served to Damascus before until King Hama his Ibn (22) death. going After

he died. Egypt, death

Then Ibn

returned Salah al-Din

;where he served of Salah al-Din, with

he moved to him. Ile died

serve in

Takeyal-Din

and stayed

two years

167 -

AI-Sharef

al-Kahal

This Egypt

is

Burhan

al-Din

Abo al-Fadalel al-Sham (the Salah

Suleyman. (Syria).

Ile was from

and moved to profession at the (23)

Bilad of

Ile was distinguished of eye diseases). Yosef Bin Ayoub till

in the

al-Kahalah of King

treatment al-Din

He worked he died.

court

Abo Mansour

al-Nassrani a good knowledge al-Din Bin the a

He was a distinguished treatment number of drugs. (24) years. of

physician, He served

with King

of

Salah

Ayoub for

Abo al-Najem

al-Nassrani Mansoni, Bin

This

is

Abo al-Najam Kayes Bin

Bin Malik.

Abi

Shaleb

Bin

Fahd Bin

Wahb Bin Fateh Bin

He was a famous physician. told me that Abo Najem's of Damascus). the (south Hunan of

Abo alfather was

Muhana al-Nassrani in the village When Ab al-Najem studies.

a peasant by al-Ayar.

lie was known physician King of Salah

was a boy he went to Abo al-Najem a very Ile treated served

Damascus and began his al-Din state. with the Yousef Bin

the

Ayoub and he enjoyed him for a period.

good position his family

in the along the year

He served other

physicians.

Abo Najem died, in Damascus. In Amin al-Daula His book, Abo al-Fatah al-Mohaz (25) Fi Ibn al-Tib Abi

599 he had a son called who was also theoritical a physician. and practical

al-Najem

contains

knowledge.

Fakher

al-Din is

al-Saiati Mohamed Bin maker) Ali

This Saiati

Radwan Bin (the clock

Bin

Rustom. al-Khourasani His father

alcame from

Ile was in

Damascus.

168 -

Khurasan most a lot

to

Damascus and lived of clocks his

there

until

he died. of his

lie was the time. Ile gained The first who was poetry alal-Din with

famous maker

and astronomist Ali

of money from of his

profession. Ibn

He had two al-Saiati

sons. the poet

was Baha al-Din the is best well poet known. the

Abo al-Hasan age. The other

He died

in Cairo. al-Din

His

book of

son was Fakher

Radwan Bin Fakher

Saiati studied him for

outstanding under

physician, al-Shekh

and famous Radeyal

writer.

medicine some', time.

Din al-Rahbi and diligent Fakher

and lived in his al-Din

He was intelligent medicine Taj

studies. al-Mardeni,

He was further and literature served King Abi

taught

by al-Shekh

by al-Shekh Baker Bin

He in Damascus. al-Din al-Kenedi Ayoub (one of the Ayoub Kings of Egypt). time. He also lie pleased of Ibn served the Sina King King in Issa Bin the

He became a minister al-Malek Oud (the medicine. al-Adel Lude).

at his

as a minister. He was a follower in Damascus.

by playing 6f the field

He died

This

is

a verse

from

one of h:6 poems.

People Because I spent

are I

jealous

of my position,

look

down from my horse. in study, nights in sleep. their

my night spent

While

they

How can they he who studied

be equal, with him who slept? "

His

books

are: of

Takmel Ibn Sina

Ketab

al-Kulay

of

Ibn

Sina.

Al-Harash (27) and others.

on al-Canon

and al-Mokhtarat

in poetry

Shames al-Din

Bin al-Laboudi

This Bin the

is

Shames al-Din

Abo Abd Allah

Mohamed Bin time,

Abdan Bin the best

Abd al-Wahid in

al-Laboudi, medical

a remarkable

man at that

physician Bilad

profession.

Ile travelled

from

Damascus to

al-Ajam

- 169 -

(Persia), al-Hamadani by the brilliant discussions. served Bin

where he studied and other of Ibn

medicine

under

Najeb

al-Din

Assad taught Ile was a acute Ile in

important Sahlan,

physicians. al-Yaed al-Elaki in

lie was also Mohamed. very

student

man, energetic,

distinguished an example Bin,

science, of

He was considered Gheyath al-Din with

a Good Sheikh. al-Din in the

King

Shazi

King

Salah

Yousef

Ayoub and stayed serving al-Kher there in

him in Aleppo. the After death the of

He trusted the King

him and month of Damascus al-Nouri age of

continued Junadi

him till 613. practicing

King's

death, grand in

he came to Bermestan

and stayed and died 51.

medicine of the

in the Keiadah,

in Damascus on 4th

621 at the

Some of Sharh

his

books

are:

Al-Raiy of Ketab Ibn

al-Muataban al-Khateb,

Fi

al-Kada

Wal Kadr,

Ketab

al-Mulakhas

j Resaluh Ibn

Maforsel,

and Sharaah

al-Masael

of flunyan

Fi Jamia al(28) Ishaq.

Al-Saheb

Najem al-Din

Bin

Allaboudi

This Bin

is

Najem al-Din

Abo Zarareya

Yaheya Bin

Sham's

al-Din

Mohamed best in year ' 607. showing

Abdan Bin

Abdan Bin time.

Abd al-Inahed, Ile was intelligent

who was one of the and was learned in Aleppo in the

physicians science, art He came with signs the

of his his

and literature. father to

He was born

Damascus, when he was young, His teacher in medicine Ali. Prince Be Shazi

already

of his physician

intelligence. Muhazab al-Din He served al-Mujahid at his Bin court

was the There

Shekh

Abd al-Ramm Bin King Ibrahim (the

he bacame a very

good physician. Ibn al-Maler Howes and lived lie was given times,. King in of both

of Howes), the ruler of

Assad Sherkewah serving

him finally and accompanied city. al-Kamel

becoming the

a Minister. at all to see

many responsibilities on his travels Ayoub Ibn

King

and in the al-Malek esteemed and paid period

Ile went to Egypt after the King's

Najem al-Din

death

643.

King Najem al-Din in Alexandria there for a short

him and appointed him three and then thousandhe returned

him a supervisor Dinhars to Bilad a month

al-Diwan

Ile stayed

17o -

al-Sham He recited

(Syria)

to

be responsible

for

the

(Diwan)

in

Syria. it near

a poem when he returned in the month of the from poem when he returned in the year

from

Egypt

and read in 661. month

Bab al-Sardam another al-Akher wrote

al-Kuiadah Egypt it in near

Ile wrote of jamad, lie

the

664 and recited

Bab al-Saradeb.

in his dream. Ile also poem when he saw al-Khalil ( Jerusalem from Egypt in the about when he returned wrote poems in the year 666) and on other occasions. middle of Jamadi al-Awal a third Some of his Mukhtaser al-Tanbehat Mukhtasar Fi books are Mukhtaser of Ibn Mukhtasar al-Hikmah Sina

al-Keleyat Ishaq Oyour

Canon, Wa Sina.

al-Masael of Ibn

of Hunayan Ibn Sina, Mukhtasar of Ibnal-Khateb Ketab

al-Esharat of Ibn

al-Mulakhas

al-Ray,

Mukhtabar

al-Moamelen

al-Osobeyeen,

Mukhtasar Fi

Okledeas, Afak

Mukhtasar Fi

Musadanat al-Ilikmah, al-Ilesali Okledeas al-Masaiel Fi al-

Okledess, al-Nanaheg Pi Flen

al-Lamaiat al-Kudeseyah

al-Hikmah, Pi al-Oluun

al-Eshaak

al-Hulaneyah, Yi al-Muhtaj al-Tubeyah, al-Fukaha,

Kafeyat Eleyah

al-Ilesab,

Shnyat Tadkik ala Tarek

al-Slayat

Wa al-Mutawasetat. al-Khelafeyah, Barshatha, (which Senaiat

al-Mabaheth Masaiel Khelaf

Tahkik Makalah

Edah al-Raey

al-Sakhef

Men Kalam al-Moufwafak old). Fi Khayat Sharh al-Ehkam

Abd al-Latif Fi alal-Saer,

he wrote al-Ahkam,

when he was 13 years al-Risalah

al-Soneyah Nezhat al-Jaber

al-Mukademah Fi al-Mathel

Motarazeyah, al-Resalah al-Mansourgah al-Mokarab

al-Ayat al-Kamelah Fi

al-Bayenat, Fi Elun

al-Nazer

Wa al-Mukabelah, Fi

al-Resalah Ikhtesar al-Zeyaj

al-Edad Ala

al-Wakfeyah, al-Rasid

al-Magni

and al-Zrhi 29) ( al-Mujarab

Zayen al-Din This is

al-Mafezi Suleyman his Bin Ali

Zayen

al-Din

al-Moayad

Bin

Khatib

Okroba. Abd of

lie studied al-Rahm the Bin

medicine, Ali

teacher practical

was a Shekh Mumajab al-Din and theoretical King al-Hafez

and gained with his

knowledge Nour

profession

help.

He served

al-Din

171 -

Arselan Taibar al-Rakah at Jaebar him full

Shah Bin castle

Abi

Baker

Ayoub who was the castle river known to Eupharates). happy

ruler

of between

(an ancient on the

Dosarah

and Bales Castle. responsibility

Ile worked with his work, gave he so that had

The King

was very

and trusted man at that literature of the ruler the amount al-Nasser him.

him totally, time. poetry,

became a very

important of art,

Zay al-Din and military

a good knowldege affairs. Bin Mohamed Bin Din al-Hafezils

He was a friend Ghazi, the intervention

King's sons al-Naser heppo. Through of the of the

Yousef ayal as of

he enjoyed daughter

same positLon Governor this ruler the state of

before. Aleppo. marriage

Zaya al-Din He gained

married a great

of money from became the enjoyed

and when al-Malik

Damascus he accompanied position held the in the post state.

He again

same He

He was well

known in medicine. Army. about I his sent

of Commander of the my feelings

him 4poem on his

appointment

to express is

character.

"Zayal-Din The very A prince A prince In the On the art field

supreme

in every

office, great, and in virtue,

pinnacle

among the in his

accomplished renowned for

learning

perspicacity without

and experience, peer, triumphed.

of-medicine of battle

he is

he has always in his

Many the Many the

patient

he has cured

as a physician, wars. "

enemy he has killed

When the al-Nasser Zay al-Din Tartars,

Tartars

came from go into

the

East

demanding

that

al-Malik tribute,

surrender, sent offering

exile

and pay them a heavy the King

a message to him his

KhaKan Mulako,

of the

friendship. urging

The Tartars attack.

were pleased. Meanwhile by army. he

Then he sent tried making to

them letters al-Malik the Tartars

them to

frighten that

al-Nassear, were very

who was a coward, strong

out

and had a large

- 172 -

The Tartars after killed

therefore fighting.

attacked the

Aleppo

and were victorious entered the city, they the wealth buildings. lie invaded King alThe ease. They by looted

a month's the

When they

men, debauched the houses al-Nasser was defeated Sayafe took

women and boys, the to Castle leave

ransacked King Egypt, Malik Tartars appointed many troops

and destroyed was forced by the al-Din

and other Damascus. under his its

al-Malik but

army of Egypt Kutuz and lost

al-Mouzafat consequently

crown.

Damascas and won the fo the city. him King

war with

Zay al-Din and people

Governor called

He was surrounded

Zay al-Din. invaded

Finally, large ln the

however, Muslim valley army.

King

al-Malik

al-Mozafur the Tartars

Kutuz in

with

He defeated

a memorable

battle who

of Kanian,

where many Tartars who fled with its wrath

died. of his

Among those fellow first

escaped Bilad rule Sultan the

was Zay al-Din, al-Sham 'Syria)

Muslims. the

regained

independen6e, him) Bebar

under

of

al-Malik al-Malik of Egypt (30)

al-Mouzafur, al-Zaher Ruker

(God bless al-Din (Syria)

and then of the (1223-1277) who became him his crown

King

and al-Sham

(God grant

forever)

Abo al-Fadel

Bin

Abdul

Karim

al-Muhandes

This

is Molayad

al-Din

Abo al-Fadel

Mohamed Bin

Abdul

KarTm Rahman

al-Marethy. (The engineer). The first

He was born

in Damascus. Engineering wasasa of the

He was known as al-Muhandes.. before he learnt The people great Ibn medicine. were Bermestan (God

lie studied of his works. life

stage

merchant. doors

pleased with his (hospital) which bless told that to him)

Most

of the al-Din told

was founded

by King Nour Sadid al-Din

Zurki

were made by him. Bin science

me that

he had been friend

by Shames al-Din he had studied have wider in ideas

al-Mutwaia to

al-Kahal

who was his job

be better

in his

as a merchant time he was

and knowledge. mosque near

He said, al-Munab,

at that west

working

al-Khatoun

of Damascus.

173 -

Everyday familiar till

he reached with the

the

place

and at the till

same time the

he bacame work, all he studied the subjects

a new knowldege work, thoroughly. all

when he finished the

he finished

he studied

he learnt

and understood and then

Then he studied of his time to

book of

al-Majasti,

he devoted

engineering.

To continue Sharaf

my account, al-Tousi

he worked

as an astronomer.

He met aland

al-Sharaf

who was well Damascus.

known in engineering He studied with his Abi with his

mathematics supervision medicine stayed in

when he came to and gained

some knowledge

help.

He studied He I found the person

under with

Ali

Abi. al-Majed

Mohamed Bin of his

al-Hakam. books. books, the those

him and copied books find the of the Galen

a number his

medical In the

sixteen will

handwriting. of Ibn Abi

reader

handwriting clocks

al-Hakam, after

who repaired clocks in the years

mosques, He got

and who looked payment practicing for

regularly. great till

a regular

practicing medicine

medicine for many

Bermestan, he died.

he continued

He travelled sayings) al-Thana and Abi al-Salfi time after

to Egypt.

He studied in the al-lah year

the

hadith

(the Rashid

prophet's al-Din Abi

in Alexandria Hamad Bin Taher

572 under

Hebat

Bin

Hamad Bin Ahmed Bin

al-Fadel

al-Harani Ibrahim same

Ahmad Bin

Mohamed Bin

Mohamed Bin

al-Sfhai. as well a long

He studied

literature He died nearly

and grammer at the in the seventy year 599 in

and was a poet. illness. He lived

Damascus his to

years.

One of

poems in his Safey al-Din.

own hand described

the crescent

moon and was sent

The books

of

Bin

Abdul Rolyat

Karim

al-Muhandes, Ikhtesar in his

Resalet kitab

Fi Maerefat al-Akani of many books the book which

Ramez al-Taknesr, Abi Faraj

al-Ilellal, Ile copied

al-Asfahani. themlo to the the

own handwriting other than

and donated he donated al-Adeneyah

mosque of Damascus, Ibn Anvah,

mosque of

al-Ilurouls.

Wal Seyasah,

al-Mufradah

174 -

Mowafak

al-Din

Abdul

Aziz

This Abi

is

the

Shekh Mowafak

al-Din

Abdul

Aziz

bin

Abdul

Jabar great

Bin care

Mohamed al-Salmi. treatment of his

He was a very patients, and drugs

good man, who took those charge

in his poor.

especially free of

who were very and even gave beloved Damascus Bin which he

lie gave them food

them money. by all. near the

He was a good hslim, at first in then

a charming

person, in

He studied mosque,

al-Ameneyah the mastery medicine

school under

he studied complete

Eleyas in

al-Mutran,

and gained

of this

subject

became outstanding. at the al-Din grand

He regularly (hospital) Bermestan Zunki. him for

met other which

physicians. by King

He worked Nour Bin

was built King

Mohamed Bin with

Then he served many years

Abdul

Baker

Ayoub living money.

Abdul in of

and receiving

large

sums of

Mowafak the King

Aziz Damascus

died from

(God the in

rest

his

soul) of the

while colon Ile

still

serving the in

disease the year in

on Friday

Twentieth Qaseyoun's

Zeyal-Kuiadah

604. 555 and

was buried sixty

mountain.

He was born

was nearly

when he died.

Saad al-Din

Bin

Abdul

Aziz

This Jabar

is

Saad al-Din

Abo Ishaq

Ibrahim

Bin

Abdul his

Aziz

Bin

Abdul in looks, and When the Ile place al-

Bin

Abi Mohamed al-Salmi. knowledge man,

Ile was like

father

behaviour, an honest

and intelligence. in scholarship,

Ile was a good muslim, faithful in religion.

learned

he was in Damascus he used to stay in the whole month of Rammadan (fasting) without oversaw of the the building in of al-Ilan Baleyam the order time.

mosque throughout talking to anyone. market

school

in the

al-Kame'a al-Adel caliph

Damascus during to. the

reign

of King

Mousa Ibn

Malik

according

of the

Immannal-Muntaser, good in medicine the year

of Baghdad at that subjects. at the great

Ile was very in

and all 583. Nour

related He worked

Ile was born Bermestan King

Damascus in was built

which

by King Mousa Bin

al-Din

Zunki.

Then he served

Aba al-Fateh

- 175 -

Abi Baker lie received reign. from year Sultan al-Malek soul) his 626,

Bin

Ayoub and went to King came to him to

live

in power

the

East

with the

him. King's the crown intie The

many gifts

and enjoyed

during

When the brother's

Damascus and received month

son King

Dawoud in the

of Shaaban there.

he came with

Damascus and stayed of the date physicians. death year in the

appointed al-Ashraf

him president until 4th Baker the

He served (God rest 635. his

of his

on Thursday Abi the the

of al-Muharam, Bin

When King al-Awal in

Mohammed Bin the at year court 635, with

Ayoub succeeded ordered him to

in Jamadi be given allowances

new King

a position and benefits the new at the in his beginning

same. responsibilities, during until his the 644. brother's King died

as he had enjoyed ruler of the for two years of

reign.

Ile served

on Thursday

night

22 Rajab till

Saiad

practicing

medicine

he himself

al-Din stayed died (God rest in the

Damascus in soul) (32) 644.

Damascus in the

month of Jamadi

al-Akher

year

Rdayal

Bin

al-Rahbi Bin Abo al-Hajaj foremost Yousef Bin Hayaarah . physicians, respected by the esteemed

This Bin

is

the

Shekh Radayal al-Rahbi, in public

al-Hassan

one of the and in private in the

and renowned King. to do eood to

and greatly pursuit gentle of

He was very

diligent

learning,

hoping spoke

people.

He was a kind, anyone in his life.

man who never

disparaged

or harmed came fromtle

His

father

city

of

al-Rahah

(on the

River

Euphrates, but

now known as Rahat Malik). was especially Ile was born city on the reputed in

Ile had a good knowledge al-Kahalah (ophthalmology).

of medicine,

in the River to

island Euphrates)

of

Ibn

Omar and lived al-Rahbah for

in Nasebean many years.

(a

and in

Ile travelled medicine very

Baghdad

and other

cities,

where he practised Shekh al-Mourafak,

successfully.

In Egypt

he met the

176 -

known as Ibn He arrived of King died in in

Jamea al-Mesri

and learned his

a lot in

from

him.

Damascus with al-Din

father Zanki year

555 during

the His on the

reign father Qaseyoun patients time.

Nour

Mahmoud bin following

Sadey al-Din and was buried his like shop to this for

Damascus the

mountain. and to

He used to go regularly copy out under many books.

to

treat

his

Ile lived

a long

He studied

Muhazab al-Din al-Din the rest Yousef

al-Nakash bin

to meet King good position a month he even

Salah for

him the chance gave which , Auoub. The King gave him a Ile was paid thirty dinars Once

of his Castle the

reign. and the King

and'lived refused to

in the

Grand Berinarestan.

accompany

on a journey. on the

When King Wednesday succeeded al-Din to

Salah 27th

al-Din Safar

died 589, than his his

(God rest brother, sons.

his

soul)

night

of

King

Abibaker

Bin ordered

Ayoub, Raday

him rather

The new ruler but

work wherever to keep stay all in the

he was ordered, Damascus. privileges Abibaker's his The King that

he refused

and requested that Salah Ibn Ile the

permission he could al-Din. al-Malik was paid

agreed

and decided under Issa

he had enjoyed death, when King was not

Even after al-Adel fifty

King

succeeded, dinars until

position

affected.

a month his

Grand Bemarestan

to go to and given the right (God irestihis death. soul).

Ile taught leading of the or

medicine physicians

to

a great

many students,

some of in their

whom became turn. his Most students

and teachers of Bilad students.

physicians of his

of Medicine (Syria) al-Sham

were either

students

One of his Rahim Bin relates, here

earliest Ali,

students

was the

Shekh Muhazab al-Din studied under said to Ibn me,

Abdul Ile

who had previously

al-Mutran. 'All

"One day the

Shekh Raday al-Din physicians

my students

become happy their

and successful

who have

done much who had been Some or profession

good to his

patients.

Ile mentioned

many physicians profession. teach

pupils.

Some were leading others were alive. for the

members of the Ile refused subject. to

were dead, those with

non-Muslims of the

no aptitude

Ile was proud

177 -

and esteemed Muslims

it

highly. my life.

lie said

to me,

'I

never

taught

non-

throughout

There and the

were only Ibrahim after they

two exceptions; Bin trying Khalaf all almanner

one was Omran al-Esraeli Sameri. of I only accepted me to to

other

them because, teach them, on their

ways of getting friends

persuaded

one of my

closest not In

intercede

behalf

and him I could physicians'. Baker part, Mohamed and other Bin

refuse.

They both under

ended up as eminent him the book of Abi the very practical "

625 1 studied al-Rahzi, I found

Zakareya books.

especially my studies

useful.

The Sheikh He was very Hannan Ali Din strictly

Raday al-Din careful Bin Yousef

was successful his own health. al-Kufti

in trade, Jamal told

which al-Din me that

he enjoyed.. Abo alRaday al"I have food

about Bin the

Ibrahim rules

observed that he felt about

of health. chef

Ile related, and used to

been told whenever punctilious span. I reached observe live air for

he had an excellent hungry. this

ask for

Someone once asked rule. He replied. 'As you are span, very is it

him why he was so live out my natural

'To

He was then the this ever,

asked,

old really

and have nearly necessary I will breathing myself to not the

end of your rule

natural

any more? ' enjoy the

He answered, the I'do rest not his

'Although

I want to

of my life, want to rule until hasten

and drinking '

water.

underground.

Indeed

he observed

he died. "

My father reported this hall,

was told to have where

a curious said, I've

story

about the

Raday al-Dan. since past the twenty-five

He is

"Do you know that been living the for

day I bought years. it since

I have never the

once been in the

room above? with

I haven't to buying

entered it. "_

day I inspected

property

a view

Raday al-Din the ijgland of

was born Omar., (God rest year a hundred

in the lie fell his

month of sick

Jamadi

al-Awal

in

534 on in Muharam

on the in

day of Eid

al-Adha

630 and died the for following nearly

soul)

Damascus on Sunday 10th

and was buried years and did

on Qasyoum mountain. not lose his sight

Ile lived or his

178 -

hearing.

At the

end of his but ago. Ali time

life

he bagan to recall sons,

forget that elder al-Din

events had was

that

had happened happened al-Din

recently

he could

events the

a long

He had two and the

Sharaf

Abo al-Hasson

younger

Jamal

Othman.

One of his me that left

relatives

who was with with for his right

him during hand felt and then death. death

his the

last pulse

illness in his his

told

Raday al-Din considered that (head

wrist,

a while

expressed

sadness

as he realised his Zonkeyah

he was approaching cloth) and, facing

Then he moved bravely, passed away.

Some of his of Abocrat. writing, but

books

are:

'Shareh al-Masael complete.

Ibn

al-Tayeb

Ekhtesan did not

of Hunyan (33)

of Ketab al-Fousaouf (which he started

Sharaf

al-Din

Bin

al-Rahbi Ali in Bin Yousef Ibn 583. Haydarah He followed and studying. from Yousef and his

This Bin

is

Sharaf

al-Din al-Rahbi.

Abo al-Haasan He was born with

al-Hasan father's

Damascus in love of

in his He wrote father

footsteps

a great

reading

many books

and commentaries. Mowafak some books al-Din

lie learnt Abdul

medicine Bin his

and from al-Shekh He wrote

Latif with

al-Baghdadi. the help

on science

help

of other

Shekhs.

He studied good poet. think. Court

literature, He liked

becoming solitude

pre-eminent so that

in

the read

field.

Ile was a and the

he could

and write to go to

He was honest and meet the which

and proud.

Ile was unwilling for Nour some time

King.

He worked by King

at the

Grand

Bermestan our his

was founded

Shekh Muhazah al-Din house in Damascus to medicine,

Abdul

Rahim Bin to that learning Sharaf

When Bin Zanki. al-Din (God bless him) gave Ali as a school al-Din for the Ile soul)

al-Awagaf

be used Sharaf

teaching teachers, taught

he stipulated great

be one of

as he knew his there Ilth for

and wide died

understanding. (God rest his

some time.

al-Din

on Friday

of Muharam 667.

179 -

The physician Shames al-Din that beforv

Bader

al-Din,

the

son

of the told his

Balabak both

judge,

and me

al-Kutubi his death

known as Khawatemi, Sharaf he would al-Din die in

informed

students while

and those I've just I

who visited

him that

a short

at the

moment of occlusion said, " he urged them,

of two stars. "so that right they

"Tell

people

what

may r\-.alise

how learned In fact his

was during prediction

my life

time

up to my death. "

was fulfilled. one on the death of a number of poems to me, including (the physician Jamal al-Din Othman) in the year 665.

He recited his It brother ran:

"When I reached And all I turned Above all, That broke my loving

the

age of eighty gone, dejection. it was your death

family

to melancholy my dear my heart

brother,

and drained

away my strength.

The days gave me no solace Rather Let they made me- disconsolate. in these " forlorn days

me be patient

For my own time

is-close.

He sent of King

me another Mohamed Bin

poem which Bid Baker

he had written Bin Ayoub in

in

635 on the

death

Damascus.

When I was in he sent in'verse Abi (Both

Sarkhad,

serving form

the of

Prince

Ezzal

Din Aybak

al-AAzami, the letter of Ibn

me a letter of

in the

a poem and I answered before: Characterists

them were mentioned

Usaybelah)

The books

of Sharaf

al-Din

Ensan Wahalat Hawashi Abi Ala

Aiadaeh Ketab

are the following: (an incomparable Wa Manfaiateha Al-Rahbi of Ibn Sina and Ilawashi Ala

Khalek book), Shareh

alalIbn

Sadek of

al-Canon (34) Hunyan.

180 -

Jamal

al-Din

Bin

al-Rahbi

This

is

Jamal in

al-Din

Othman Bin

Yousef

Bin

Haydarah

al-Rahbi.

He was born physician.

Damascus.

lie was a noble from his

man and a foremost father and other skilled in physicians. his

He learnt

medicine

He was a good physician, treatment. was built interested number in until of He served by Nour in trade. times for

who was marvellously many years Bin Zanki

al-Din

at the great Bermestan which (God bless him). He was He travelled Tatars a arrived

He worked to

as a merchant. goods,

to Egypt 657, in

import

when the Egypt,

Damascus in he died

he left

Damascus for 20th

Cairo

on the

of Rajab

where he lived (35) in 658. al-Akher

Kamal al-Din

al-Homsi Bin Nasser Ile

This

is

Abo Mansour

al-Mozafar

Bin

Ali

al-Kurushi.

was a noble He learnt physicians. physician Fadel

man and a celebrated medicine from al-Shekh reading

scientest. Radya al-Din al-Canon Abi with

Ile was very al-Rahbi the help

generous. and other

He started and judge

of

the Abi al-

Baha al-Din Bin

al-Thama

Mahmoud Bin

Mansour

'Bin al-Hassan

Isiael him.

al-Tabari

al-Makhzoumi,

when he came to

Damascus taught

Sharaf the trade help

al-Din of

travelled al-Shekh of his Taj

to

Rome in

608.

He studied

literature in

with

al-Din

al-Kendi. the

He was interested profits of trade.

and most

income in

came from Damascus. not

He

had a shop in money from persons they Baker

al-Khawaseen This

He was unwilling the King

to earn

medicine. consulting proficiency

did

prevent

and other when Abo but by charge.

from

him on their in medicine. to serve

diseases

in particular by King with

knew his Bin

Ile was asked him and stay which patients paid 9th

Ayoub among others He worked al-Din at the

him,

he refused. the King Nour

Great

Bermestan the

was built free of

al-Zunki, to work there till

treating

Then he was forced salary. He stayed

officially he died

and they

him a regular Shaiaban in 612.

on Tuesday

181 -

lie wrote Makalah

the

following Ikhtesar

books: Ketab

al-Resalah al-Ilawi Alla of

al-Mushelah, Fi

al-Kamelah (left al-Rhaz

Fi

al-Adveyah

uncompleted),

al-Kuleyat of Ketab al-Canon, (which he wrote on 1st Rajab Taialek Fi al-Tub, Fa, alek Fi al-Bot (36) is a great work). 603) and Ketab al-Masalef of Ibn Ishaq (this al-Esterka,

Taialek

Mowafak

al-Din

Abdul

Latif

al-Bazhdadi

This Bin but

a Mowafak al-Din Ali Bin

Abo Mohamed Abdul

Latif

Bin

Yousef

Bin

Mohamed

Abi Assad - known as Ibn he was born in Baghdad. Ile was, friendly disposition.

al-Labad. celebrated

Ile was from Mousel, in science and of

a very

Ile wrote language

a: number of and knew art

books.

He was,

learned

in grammar and Arabic himself to medicine of people

and medicine. profession. let him from the guidance Baki

Ile devoted Ile received his of earliest

and was renowned as pupils. chance of His learning

in this father

a number years

have the

under

a number

of teachers, Abo Bin Thabet

most notably, Zarah Taher

Mohamed Ibn Bin

Abdul

Mohamed al-Kudsi, Mowofak Hadith (the al-Din's prophet's al-Din I found copies

known Ibn al-Batk, and Abo al-Kasemyeheya father, was a brilliant and Islamic time, working,

al-Wakel of the His

Yousef, Quaran,

scholar law. reading handout books

sayings) spent his

uncle

Suleyman

Mowafak

researching writing, by other enjoyed father of

and writing. he made several authors.

a number

of books

in his

of his

own books

and wrote

He was a friend friendship literature. in which,

of my grandfather were in Egypt. taught

and they Ile taught the my works

a close and uncle

when they

He further Mowafak in

my uncle

Galen

a subject to

al-Din it.

was very

interested,

striving

understand

everything

lie came to was very to

Damascus from Egypt to his students.

and stayed

there

for

some time. last visit Ile him)

Ile

helpful

I saw him on his neither tall nor

Damascus. well of with himself

He was a thin a good turn and disdainful

Shekh, of

short.

spoke proud

phrase. of other

Ile was (God bless physicians.

very

Ile often

182 -

criticised books,

the especially

physicians al-Shekh

of Bilad Ibn Sina.

al-Ajem

(Persia) from

and their his own

I copied,

manuscript.

He wrote the

as follows.

"I in

was born 557.1

in

house under

of my grandfather al-Shekh listening.

in

Darb al-Falozeg I never played. from said

studied

Abk, al-Najeb. I got

I spent al-Shekh

most of my time of Baghdad, "All

a certification

Khurasan, of the

al-Sham

and Egypt.

My father

to me one day: you. time I hope that the art of

greatest their

people

of Baghdad know about at that especially

you follow writing,

ways. " I was learning Quaran and poetry,

Arabic

and the

al-Motanabi

poems.

When I grew up, al-Anbani, father

my father

sent

me to Kamal al-Din

Abdul

Rahman of my which

who was the their

Shekh of Baghdad days

and a good friend (the school

during

school

in Alnazenneyah in that it, Baghdad. he taught while 'What

was established art of rhetoric. I did

by Nazah al-Mulk The knowledge understand Finally to learn.

He taught was very his other is

me the recondite students too difficult students teach I President

so that

not

any of

were overwhelmed. for young people must go to them. will If

he announced Therefore, student,

I teach

I suggest-that al-Wash, ability the

these who will to study, the in

see my former a student to teach

al-Wajeh and the taught

shows progress him. "

be able

Al-Wajeh people. willing

sons of but me. hands.

and of most health him for me with classes the great in

of the

important

lie was blind, to teach both night. felt that

good

and honest. first

He was very time,

When I visited Ile taught his

he embraced from morning mosque. to me.

me with until I

kindness

I attended all his out

the

al-Zafereyah especially the

expositions my lessons mosque.

were addressed and he explained

At the

end I read we left about out his

difficult

points,

before

the

On our way back home, he asked me questions When we arrived read under he went to his teach at his guidance house, until he brought

my studies. books for me to when By

I knew them by heart. I stayed on to

Then, listen.

Shekh Kamal al-Din,

183 -

the

time

that

I had completed

my studies

I understood in

and knew and yet

more than

he did.

I passed. most my learning

of my nights grew. (the

reading

more reading,

so that

IfI began my studies I mastered exposition studied and Ibn passed could his in only

with eight as his

the

al-Lameia Every

Arabic

grammar), to his

which'

months. students

day I listened it. of that

insofar

recalled

Then at home I 11amzeh I end I

commentary,

the

commentaries commentary

Shekh Omar Bin I could until find.

Burhan

and any other

on my knowledge discuss each point

to my best with total

students,

in the

confidence. (828

Then I studied born in al-Kufah,,

Adab al-Katib lived

of Ibn

Kutybah

and taught Mushakel

in Baghdad,

839) who was became a judge in al-Quaran Ali the al-

Daynor. in a short

Then I learnt period. it

al-Quaran reading

Laho and Khareb al-Edah of Abi

Then I started in many months. a long time until in

Fasi.

I learnt for

I continued I had a full a few days,

studying grasp learning reading

commentaries subject. everyday.

of the one section al-Muktadab

I learnt While

al-Takmelah I read other

books,

I continued

(Abo Mubred 826 - 898) and the'book al-Abbas of of Ibn Dre stewah (871 this During the 956). to I did forget period, not study Sema al-Hadith from our Shekh Ibn Fedlan in Dar and al-Tafakuh al-Zahab which is a school built by Fakher al-Dawleh Bin al-Mutaleb.

Al-Shekh in

Kamal al-Din Islamic writing on law, guidance

wrote

one hundred I

and thirty learnt most

books, of his

mostly books. and

grammar,

law and Sufism. two large but books, able

He strated the other his

one of them on literature to finish them. (the I learnt greatest near

he was not of the

under

a part

book of

Saybeweh

authority I to started

on grammar, reading book al-Paraed

who was born then

in Basrah I learnt on it al-Khatib

and died it.

Sheraz).

al-Muktadab, and the

I paid

Saybeweh's read

commentary of

by al-Syrafi Tabrezi, to Ibn

attention (903-938). who was aldaughter

Then I a special Khashab of Aberi.

Wa al-Oroui al-Shajari.

student I

of Ibn

With. ivgard writer

read Mane al-Zujaj 11

by the

Shahadah the

184 -

Mowafak

al-Din

further

wrote Ibn

that

one of his

best

Shekhs was the him excessively

son of Amir and thus

al-Dawlah

al-Telmuz.

lie praised

was proud

of Iraq.

He went was very man that

on: well

"One day a man from Morocco dressed, as he was a Sufi. by his

came to Baghdad.

lie

He was such a handsome even before they

people

were touched

good looks

had made his

acquaintance.

He knew Ibn

Naeli,

he said in

that

he came from passed into the

the

son

of

al-Mutalathewah. Moneiam.

He moved from Morocco When he settled highest Ibn people including

when it

hands of Abdul

Baghdad,

he met the

best

physicians and the Ile taught

and the Shekh of me the He had mastered Sheks

al-Radi those and Ibn the

al-Kazweni, who met him. Beshad all

Skenah.

I was one of of of al-Mesab

introduction the books of

on grammar. the books

Chemistry, Wahsheyah.

Talmast,

of Jaber,

and the

books

Ibn

Ile met Imam al-Naser and started in

Den al-Lah, to study to

he was very devote hard. all

happy with He mentioned, my time to

him. "I

Then he travelled gave up sleep the books

and pleasure of al-Ghazahi al-Mezan, Sina's

order

studying

(the

greatest

philosopher

1059 -1111), al-Makased, al-Meayar, Then I started reading all of Ibin al-Shefa. I gained a great the amount of book of Behemenyar, Ibn Hayan and the

and Mahak al-Nasar. I learnt al-Tahsel, Sufism of al-Nagat, the Jaber

book.

of knowledge. Ibn Sina, the

student Ibn

book of

Wahsheyah. al-Sinah.

The scholar 11

who confused

me most was Ibn

Sina

in his

book

He wrote: who could Mousel,

11 In please but

the

year

585 1 could or my mind. not

not

find

anybody

in Baghdad

my heart

Consequently a fellow

I moved to spirit except and law, research I refused al-Muhaje next to'it. albut to

even there

I could

find

Kamal Bin not the

Younes,

who was very lie spent

learned

in mathematics time in chemical

in medicine. exclusion

most of his else. agreed to

of everything but I finally

I met many people. work in the which Ibn is

many posts, al-Moalakath I stayed

school

and the for

Dar al-Hadeth, working hard

in Mousel

a year,

by day and by night.

185 -

The people

of Mousel

were very

impressed

by my erudition. the

"I

heard

people

talking

about

a,l-Shehab that

al-Saherwardi, he was the greatest

soscholar

called of this books to find

philosopher, or previous of any previous the truth,

and claiming ages and his writer

work more valuable

than

the

on medicine. Ibn Younis to

I became eager send me some of his I had no understanding Many parts some sections revealed to

so I asked me al-Talwehat, that mistaken

books.

lie sent

al-Lamma of their foolish. contained that

and la-Maarej. time

discovered

on reading

people in

and were completely were wrong, incomplete, him by God. When I entered physicians of Al-Shekh of the

judgement. He left secrets

and some downright pretending that they

Damascus and found including: a group Taha al-Katib, Hebayrah

there Jamal of the

a number of the al-Din family Juhar, Abdul

most noble the son

of Baghdad, Abi al-Najeb, Ibn and Ibn

Latif,

of the Ibn

president ar-

presidents,

Ibn

al-Attar al-

Matob al-Wazwe Baghdadi respected in the had several infuriated angry.

al-Wazer.

I met al-Kindi

al-Nahaui. Shekh, but

We had some discussions. who was very him, intelligent that

lie was a very and enjoyed a good positir)n audience. I This

state

he was so proud with

he angered by the his grace temper

his

debates

which

of God I won. and became very

him so much that

he lost

I wrote (I

a number of writing it it

books

in

Damascus including, I wrote Fi al-Zat which Erab

Ghari-b al-Khatabi for this book, twenty alal-Kindi.

started

in Mousel. al-Wadeh

an outline al-Fateh

I called sections, Jareyah

al-Mujard), al-Alef

of nearly al-Zateyah of

Walam, Ruba, al-Mutakalemen,

Wal Sefat

al-Senat

was a criticism

"I

found

Shekh Abdullah His opinions

Bin Naeli had divided against

I-iving the him.

in

Damascus at the city-into critics two

West

Mosque. those al for

whole

camps,

him and those

Among his

was al-Khatib and

Dawlae.

When I met al-Naeli,

whose views

on chemistry

186 -

philosophy some things

had aroused for him.

such controversy, I felt that

he asked me to

do do

what he was asking question for

me to me in his

was dishonorable position. character. knowledge wasting studies subject. aptitudes. I told

and out

of the

a man in my

him so frankly.

He disappointed science, him, I

When I spoke to him about very your limited. time. Therefore, devote most

found

his

I told

'You are to religious in the your

You should become the

yourself

and will But '

renowned as it

scholar suit

abandon

chemistry,

does not

He was very had said. but it

downcast As he did the

by what had happened not, however, time that

to him and by what I I left him,

heed my advice, I saw him.

was not

last

He went

to

Salah a sick

al-Din man.

of Akar

to

complain the

about

al-Dolei and stayed

but

he returned till he died.

He entered

Berinestan his

The Governor the subject. al-Din Army, to

of Damascus took Then I visited

book as he was.. and subsequently Bin Shadad,

interested went to the judge

in

Jerusalem

see Salah of the

of Akkar. who had heard

I met Baha al-Din of my popularity that by.

in Mousel. go to him a draft. about judge. as if

He was very

pleased to the

see me and suggested whose house composing was for that it

we should

see Emad al-Din writing He told literature a letter me tat

al-KAeb,

was near

We found without

al-Diwan, letter

directly

my country. we should so thin that

He talked go to it see the looked

and then the

suggested

When we arrived, his

Shekh appeared but

body was nothing

a head and heart.

As he was writing moved with giving religious to the the

and dictating words because that him.

to

two men, his

face

and his

lips

he was trying whole

to enunciate

clearly, I discussed 'Go back ' I

impression topics with

his

body was writing. with

He was pleasd find ' a regular He said, the loss

me and said, and grant. is not

Damascus, 'I Sultan

where want is to

you will

payment

replied, as the

go to Egypt. with

'The time

right

preoccupied

of. Akka and the

slaughter

187 -

of

the

Muslims and asked

there. for

' his

insisted

that

I wanted wrote

to

go to

Egypt

help.

He therefore then.

a letter

commending

me to

his

deputy

His

deputy,

Ibn

Sana al-Malik, Shekh,

who was a very

powerful

and

much respected me to money. them that a house

met me on my arrival I could me-to lodge, the of the In every the judge giving

in Cairo me a large in the city Consequently mail, officials

and took sum of and told they used to to

where

He introduced I was the

officials judge. official told the

guest

gave me many presents. come every take care ten days,

which

in Egypt

of me. II Mosque (God bless men: My al-

I stayed purpose Seymeyae, al-Kasim found

at. al-Hajeb in going the to

Ioia Egypt

Loia's

him). Yaseen

was to meet these

president All

Mousa Ibn of

Baymon al-Yahoudi fact Al came to Shakani do things, gold

and Abo see me. me that which Mousa I

al-Sharele. a charlatan

them in

Yasin

and humbarg. that do.

told

he knew alchemy. Ibn in the could

He said to

he could He could

Omran was unable any amount waters sit of and of the Nile

produce

and anything produce friend

any quantity. or a tent tent.

He claimed and that

he could

he and his

under

the

Mousa was a good man, but officials. copied change. from He had written Galen and five al-Dalalah, to I hm in found

obsequious

and sychophantic which hardly

to the had simply been

a book on medicine, other books with

a single Jews. Ilebrew. on the Ile cursed When laws of

He wrote

which a language it

was a book for other than

anyone who wrote I read religion. this book,

obnoxious

as a calumny

One day when I was giving man enter features. in very Everyone old

a lesson with

in

the

mosque,

I noticed and fine

clothes,

a charming

face

round

me acknowledged the Inam of the

him respectifully. mosque asked me if al-Sharei.

When I knew

I had finished the

teaching, me this

Shekh and told A

was Abo al-Kasim

I kissed

188 -

his

hand.

He came with discussion. time. the

me to my house

and we dined

together. the finest

We had a long physicians very past

Ile showed that Therefore, books written but

he was one of

of that in

we met regularly. by the physicians time

He was of the for them

interested and

by Abi Naser that Ibn

al-Farabe, Sina is the

I have not

as I believe which

epitome

of medical

learning,

can be seen in his

books.

When I heard Franks

that

Salah

al-Din to

had conducted

his

war against I must visit

the

and had returned Having al-Kudes

Jerusalem,

I decided

him there. I left for

collected

books as I could, as many old medical (Jerusalem) Ile when I saw the great King. and my heart affable for with love. His He was courtiers

filled

my eye w3lth beauty and gracious, He provided

condescending imitated him.

and urbane.

whoever

was in need.

The first there.

night

that

I attended very

his

court

there

were many scholars ranged of building of the He was himself to set an rich was over

He listened

attentively especially about

as the on the the

discussion subject

many topics bridges. bridge involved example and poor, eager sunrise in the to

and he spoke, He was very

concerned and the

construction

in Jerusalem in to this others. strong perfor-m

attendant carrying

excavation. the to stones work

project,

even

He forc: ed everybody and weak, this till even the

on the

bridge,

judges,

although usually

nobody

labour. noon.

He himself After evening. the next dining

bagan before he returned night at

and worked afternoon

and relaxing all

to work until his plans for

Ile spent dW. Salah

home preparing that also I should

al-Din

ordered

be paid

thirty

dinars altogether

a month.

As hi. son was dinars a month.

paying

me, I received

one hundred

returned in

to Damascus and worked the mosque. of earlier the its Day after physicians, of and their

hard,

reading

and teaching

the in

people the

day I became more interested but rejected I Ibn Sina. its I true that books of I

books,

discovered nature, was not

falsehood

alchemy. lies.

comprehended I was fortunate

proponents

perveted

by those

two evils,

alchemy

and the

189 -

Ibn

bina.

I thank

God for

this

deliverance

as many were corrupted

by them.

Salah On his

al-Din return

came to

Damascus to a bath

see off

the

pilgrims

to Mecca.

he was given So that grief the

and was bled and died

by somebody the 13th. as if him,

inexperienced.

he sickened of the

before

I was amazed by the they had lost one of death so sad at the rich and poor,

people.

They mourned

Prophets. king. Muslim

I have never All his people

seen a people loved

of their

good and bad,

and Christian. the was

After country

his

death into

his

sons and friends Most so good.

quarrelled

and divided as it

many parts. and the King

of them fled I stayed eldest in

to Egypt in

so wealthy al-Malik invaded

Damascus with son. the King city. al-Aziz Because al-Safar, accompany him

al-Fadel,

who was the

King's his

Damascus and besieged of the see him. colon,

brother

he had a disease where. I went to

he withdrew

to Murji to

He granted

my request and more.

and gave me as much money as I needed

I stayed died.

with During

al-Shekh. that time

We were together I was reading in Cairo o'clock.

day and night in

until al-A2har

he

and teaching established At miaday, At the

(mosque and university) mosque al-Sukeli come to in study to 972) until four

by Jauhar people, ena of tiJI used to tne day the death man,

medicine a.L-Azhar

and otner mosque to

subjects. teach-another I lived like

I returned night of

group. this

During the

I pursued

my own studies.

ai-malik

ai-Aziz. everybody.

He was a very Despite his

generous, youth

modest

young with

who helped

he was honest

money and women. I To continue some time al-Naser and the Al-Shekh my account: and enjoyed S lah country Moustafa al-Din. faced wrote al-Shekh regular Moustafa stayed in Cairo from for

payments cost

and gifts of living

al-Malik high sheep.

Then the disaster

became very destroyed earth of this

because

a plague the

the

a book describing

period

190 -

from when

what he had seen and heard. he reads this account. Fi al-Omour

The reader is

will

be shocked Ketab alal-

The book

entitled

Efadhm wa, al-Etebar

Moayanah.

al-Moshadah

wa Hawadeth

When the

King

Safa

al-Din

Abo Baker M. owafak for

Bin Ayoub became the al-Din went to

King

al-Shekh of Egypt and Syria, (Jerusalem) and stayed there to al-Aksa 604 to (the mosque great taught in there

al-Kudes went Ile

sometime. centre

He frequently in deruslam).

Islamic

many persons

and wrote in

many books.

Then he moved where he been and then

Damascus and stayed number of pupils. on the

al-Azeze

Yah school,

taught

a large

He was renowned

in medicine

and wrote renowned moved to

many books in grammar.

subject.

Ile had previously a period for

He stayed to

in Damascus for

Aleppo

and then

Rome where he lived

many years.

He served had a Yery the in King. learning.

King

All's

al-Din

Dawoud Ibn

Behram of Azrenjan. a number good, the of his books

He to

good salary. The King

He dedicated generous, him till

was very

modest time

and int6rested ruler of

He stayed

serving

of the

Arzen.

Al-Shekh "on 17th of to Safar

Moustafa of Zel

al-Din Kulada in

Abdul

Latif

wrote

in his Arzen.

autobiography In the month

625 1 moved to in the

625 1 went to in Rajah observed Sth of rich of

Kamakh,

month

of Jamadi

al-Awal

Debreki,

to Malteyah Iid al-Fiter I found

and at tic in Bahseta the city

end of Ramadan to .I had doubled entered in Aleppo size and man "

Aleppo

.I on Friday

Shawal. under his

became very beloved

Ataben

Shehab al-Din, of his

who was a popular concern and justice.

by all

people

because

He wrote: are help confident of

"I

advised of your Ir

you not ability

to

rely

on books

alone, but good,

even always gain always

if

you get the

a teacher.

as you can until your teacher. respect

your you can find "

and understanding, is not very teacher a better one.

as much

You must

- 191 -

He also will In

sent

my father

a letter

which

mentioned if

me, adding can".

"I

come to

Damascus just to

to teach come to live

him, in

I possibly to but his

any case he wanted that

Damascus.

lie decided, present when he soul) on

however,

he must go to Baghdad, books to the

on a pilgrimage Bellah, (God rest

some of his arrived in

Caliphal-Mustanser sick and died

Baghdad he fell of Muharam 629.

Sunday 12th

He was buried wish years, that,

in

Alwardeyah having finally

in his

father's

tomb. for

It

was God's

after

been away from return there

Baghdad to die.

forty-five

he should

Here are his

some of his

thoughts

which

I have

copied

straight

from.

own handwriting. bed every good has befallen you have to do it God

IlWhen you go to You during committed again. for his the

night,

consider it,

what

day and thank

God for

and what evil promising not

and ask God for Think help

forgiveness,

of what good you may do on the so that you may perform it. "

morrow

and pray

"My advice give

is,

if

you are "

rich,

give

him money,

if

you are

poor,

him your

thanks.

"When you read it this not all, so that

a book,

make certain

that

you learn 'I

and understand

you can say to yourself, need it any more.

have thoroughly I lost it,

. mastered

book.

I don't

Even if

I would

be sad. t"

"Don't subject

study for

two subjects a year

at the

same time. long

Concentrate God grants subject. you dontt continue

on one

or two or however it, move on to

you help. But don't

When you have mastered think study that it

another

once you have mastered any more. Far from it,

a subject, you must which

need to it

studying

to keep abreast teaching,

of new developments, discussing

mean reading, "

thinking,

practising,

and writing.

192 -

"If with

you are another.

teaching Every

or giving branch from of

a lecture, learning others. is " the

don't

mix one subject in itself

complete

and has nothing

to gain

"A man should so that the in this of

study short old.

the

history

and read gain to

the from

books the

of the

pact, of them, bad. "

life

he will get their

experience live with and their

nations

Ile should and learn

know them,

become their

friend

good points

"The

life

of

al-Sader

al-Awal(by life

which of the

he meant the Prophet insofar.. drink, his

Prophet)must deeds able. his

be your and his Learn all

example. conduct. about his

Read the Try his to

and followhis as you are clothes,

do what he did his food, his his

life, his

sleeping, towards about happy*"

waking, wives, to

sickness, friends.

medicines, enemies. then

how he acted Learn you will all be

God, his him and try

his

and his

follow

him even a little,

"Don't opinions books.

be over-confident; and your Don't conclusions. be hasty

let

other

learned

men examine books with is

your their a the you If

Compare your be proud, If will will for failure.

and don't to

stumbling-block learned are not men's modest bear "

and leads houses, before the your

pride do you not not

frequent

kdowledge they learning

be fresh. you. the

people, toils of

not will

respect not enjoy

Anyone fruits

who cannot of

knowledge.

'qhen pray the If

you have to

finished

studying him,

and thinking,

use your

tongue

to

God and thank

especially

when you go to thoughts life,

bed,

so that dreams.. death

name of you rejoice

God may be-with over sins.. the If

you in your of this

and your

things

remember your remember the before

and repent your life.

your learning

you are forgiveness.

saddened,

good in eyes

Ask God for

Keep death help

your end. "

and your

and your

deeds will

you at your

193 -

"If

you want to place.

commit a sin Remember that Ile lets it is

which the

God forbids, are the

seek out eyes if it is of

some God

secret and the inner life

people

upon each of us. evil to God and God will being

them see the hidden. to the

good even So try

is well

hidden known

even if

The inner people. outer being

being

show it than

to make your hidden

even better than

your

and your

even better

what men can see. "

"Do not to

feel

sad if

you do not

receive

worldy

goods. those

The more It is rare very

you receive find intelligent, saying but profit that

them the more you will man seeking and become rich life will that ignore knowledge after

abandon except they

goodness. for

a rich

who are

become harmed. after

I am not knowledge, to " take

the man who searches will will not be in

I am saying from life

he himself his

a position on study.

because

time

be spent

"Life

will

reward

you if

you work and study will become celebrated posts. out, as it

all

its

facets.

Anyone by all. comes and

who studies He will from

diligently

and respected knowledge scholar the

be offered him on his in the

important

Remember that lighting is

goodness.

Learning way,

shines just

up the find

directing merchant's walking

easy to selling.

perfume

shop and to dark

guess

what he is a lamp.

Or as a man

carries

"A scholar doing ham,

is

loved

everywhere.

His

character profit,

prevents from trading

him from mendaciously wrote:

from gaining on the

a dubious powerful. for true

and from 'Let

fawning

One of my friends knowledge, will

a man search honour

Then the

of that

knowledge

keep him from

disgrace.

"'

I also

copied

out

the

following

thoughts:

Make your succint too

talk

general

but

distinctive. whatever of

Do not importance attractive talk above his

be verbose, you have to way. less Do not simply

but say it talk the

and clear lucidly like

so that the

is expressed simply

and in the talk too

most

common people.

Rather, far

than

average

man, but

do not

head. "

194 -

He adde d: talk

"Don't your laugh

speak nonsense. own. Don't

Don't

about

subjects to

other speak.

than Don't

keep silence at the long.

when you ought Don't with "

and speak too before

same time. Speak slowly

speak short

too

much or keep Consider

on talking carefully

pauses.

you say anything. in your as it will

"Don't during deprive

be defamatory your it lecture of its

speech. it "

Don't talk

be harshly discordant hatred

sensorious and

make your will

usefulness; your friendship.

bring

upon your

head and destroy

"Be modest. haughtiness yourself The books al-Hadith Bin Salam,

Do not will gall

consider people. will

your

position other

so high hand,

that do not

your demean

On the not

so that

people

respect

you. "

of Mowafak al-Din (which contained Ibn Kutaybah, Fi

Abdul the

Latif

al-Baghdadi of:

are

Khareb

unknown talks

Obeyed al-Kasem Mn Khareb

and al-Khatabi) Erab al-Pateha, Wahaweyah,

al-Mujarad al Ale

al-Hadith, Wahaweyah, al-Kalam Fi

al-Wadehah Majmoui al-Zat

Wa Lam, Masalwn wa Taalek, Ala al-Senat Shareh

Masael

Masael

Nahaweyah

Wa al-Sefat

al-Zateyah al-Moufsel al-Khuteb

al-Jareyah

al-Mutakalemen, Mokademe and Ibn al-Madith Tubeyan, Kashef

Shakeh Awael Beshad,,

Khamas Maael Nahweh, al-Nabateyah, Sareh Soret Shareh Arben

Sharh Share

al-Mutasalesel, al-Rad al-Zalamah al-Balakhah al-Ibn

Saben Hadithen, Fi Tafsereh

Hadithen

Khatib

al-Ray

al-Ekhlas, al-Aziz,

an Kedamah, (written

Shr-rem naked in Aleppo in

al-Sher, 615), We Ibn

al-Lewa Hawashi Ala

Kawanien Ketab

al-Khasaes

al-Ensaf, Ibn

Bayen Ibn Bani, Kabsal Ketab

Bani

al-Khashab Kitab

ala

al-Makamat, al-Senaeteyn

Entesar al-Askari,

al-AcIlan

Ekhtesar

Ekhtesar (37) al-Amedah.

Abo al-Hajaj He came to famous

Yousef

al-Esraeli the

Egypt

from,

city

of Fez of Morocco. and astronomy.

Ile was medicine

in medicine,

engineering

He studied

195 -

in Egypt Yousef served The Kint al-Din medicine

with

the

president to Syria.

Mousa Ibn Mamoun al-Kurtabi. Ile stayed Salah in the al-Din Ile also in Aleppo city of Aleppo Ibn

Then and

travelled King Ghazi

Ibn

al-Naser.

Yousef served

Ayouh. Fares

trusted

him as a physician. till He lived (38)

Prince

Maymoun al-Kaseri. there he died.

and practiced

Omar al-Esraeli the Omran Din Sadakam. physician. al-Rahbi. Ile was born Omar's Ile bacame as well him As He Ile the

This in

is

physician 561.

Awhad al-Din His father

Damascus in

was a famous Radey al-Din

teacher

in medicine in

distinguished

was al-Shekh theortically this subject the leading

and practically The King and relied esteemed

and became one of highly a result wrote refused King when the and trusted he gained to devote his

physicians.

him as a physician a great books all his for sick. than time the

on his the at that

skill.

amount of money from any other to the purpose Ile treated author Court, of

Court. time.

more medical during

or to

accompany except

travel

treatment him till

once

King

was very

he was cured. him at the post. Prince

JUng. kboBaker as a full time

Bin

Ayoub and others but (God bless reign

tried not

to

appoint the

Court

physician, al-Tabneni

he did

accept told

Sarem al-Din in al-Karak felt

him)

me: That Bin

Vhen he was the Damascus. had

during very ill,

the

of King the

al-Dawoud physician

al-Malik,

King

so he called with

Omaran from until his

He cured improved. money.

him and remained The King

him some time of gifts

health

gave him a number

and large

sums of

The King accept in

offered post but

him 2500 Dirham of Court physician.

Nasereyah

a month

if to

he would pay a year

the

Even offering

advance,

he refused.

19G -

To continue

my account: to from send him gifts time to time

The Sultan

al-Addel

continued Ile went patients

and money when to the Grand

he was in Damascus. Bermestan to see the was there treatment at the there

there. Their very

Our Shekh Mohazab al-Din collaboration standard. time. I was in treating the hospital ensured that the

same time. was of the

highest

I was being

trained Omran's

in medicine knowldege

by them at that of diseases

at astonished To give them. paralized.

and skill

an example, previous

one day a man came into physician this had prescribed a paricular treatment drug

His

a decoction. to be followed completely.

When Omran saw him he prescribed by a cupping. As a result of

he recoverd

saw him treat

many infectious other

diseases could

which not drugs in the

prostrated cure them.

the

patients,

although

physicians

I have mentioned Wa al-Fawaed. where 637

some of his The physician the

marvellous' Omran died

in my book al-Tajareb city of Homos, al-Ola in

he had examined

ruler,

in

the

month

of Jamadi

Mowa-fak al-Din

Yaakob Bin

Seklab

He was a Christian the books of Galen

physician, with great

the

best

of his

time.

Ile studied tired of re-

diligence

and never he knew most

reading books always about

them. by heart. referred a difficult with

As he was intelligent Whenever to Galen. he spoke Moreover, prescribe this" or

of Galen's topic asked he him

about

any medical anyone drug, to

whenever

case or to "Galen in Chapter said

a special "According

he prefaced "Galen

any remark mentions these

Galen"

this

so and so page so and so. " great admiration for

He gave all

details

because

of his

Galen.

197 -

Ile was my teacher were at al-Moaskar

at the start al-Moazami indeed up.

of my medical where my father

studies, his

when we al-Malek excellent he teaching

was serving

al-Moazan. simple used to had said mistake

Ile taught

me'llippocrates. incomparable. Ile told quoting

I found At the

and clear, sum it on the all

end of that

a lesson

me everything his could exact do.

Hippocrates without a single

subject

words

- something

no one else

When he was in Damascus he met the Bin to in Ali at the Sultan's house,

Shekh Muhazab al-Din the physicians

Abdul

Rahim

where

used to

gather

discuss copying

medical

affairs.

Muhazab al-Din translator

was more distinguished books.

as he was the

of Galen's

He was skilful carefully drug

and successful the disease

in

treatment. and then

First prescribed although diligent

of

all

he

diagnosed to

a suitable taking in his to and into

according

Galen's

recommendations, Ile was very he failed initially

account diagnosis patient pain until

subsequent of to

discoveries. If the

a disease.

he returned his condition

re-examine

by one, one symptoms real cause of the

he had found

the

disease.

King that

al-Molaze it

thanked

him for of his

his

outstanding

skill

remarking that he

was only

because

excellent

diagnosis

had recovered. knew Latin and translated books from Latin into

Al-Yakoob Arabic.

several

Ile was born He was very in al-Sayk

in al-Kudes close Church. to

(Jerusalem)

and lived

there

for

many years.

some very

dignified

scholars

who were monks engineering, in his

Ile was learned

in medicine,

mathematics judgement

and especially and astute initially who set in his

in astronomy. intuitions.

Ile was sound

Al-Yakoob Nasrani, mind

.studied him on the

medicine right

under

Shekh Abk Mansour had a lucid King Issa

al-

path.

Al-Yakoob

and was sound in his

views.

Then be served

Din Baker

198 -

Bin

Ayoub,

the

King,

who had total

confidence in his

in

his but

medical al-Yakoub

views refused,

and skills,

offered

to make him a Minister, to remain profession.

as he preferred

A disease him a great The King, salary, replied,

had made him occasionally deal of pain as well

very

irritable

and caused in walking.

as some difficulty to him, giving your

who was very asked him. - I'Sire, the

generous

him a regular own complaint? i-r; no cure for " lie that. "

'Why don't bone is

you treat

damaged and there

AI-Yakoub at

continued

serving in

the

King

until 624, in

the

King's

death

at

3 p. m. on a Friday by his

al-Kuadah,

Damascus.

He was succeeded an audiefice him about explained writterr to his that by Ibn

son al-Malik

al-Naser

Dawoud who granted him and told father. He a poem by him that him all Ile further

al-Yakoub. friendship

The physician with and service

praised of his

he had become old al-Munkez. of clothes

and weak and recited was so impressed

The King

he gave him gifts the benefits that commanded him to died

and money as well in his old father's age.

as allowing time.

he had received stop working

in his

AI-Yakoub 625.

on Christmas

Day in the

month

of

Rajab

al-Akher

in

Sadid

al-Din

Abo Mansour

This

is

the Bin

physician Suklab,

Abo Mansour one of the and its

Ibn

al-Hakim

Mowafak

al-Din

Ya'aKoub

foremost practice. physician

physician.,

lie was of its

distinguished concepts. He also al-Karek. Issa Bin His studied

in medicine father under

Ile knew all taught him his

and other al-Imam King

profession. in of the King

Shames al-Din al-Din

al-Khosroshahi the son

Ile served Abi Baker him very (41) there,

Salah

Dawoud, with

Bin Ayoub, much.

and stayed

him in came to

al-Karek. Damascus,

He trusted and died

Then Abo Mansour

199 -

Rashed al-Din is

Ibn

al-Souri Bin Abi Bin Ali its Souri. and

This

Abo al-Mansour

al-Fadel

al-

He was learned weaknesses knowledge descriptions

in medicine its

and was aware of

strengths in his their

and all of drugs

secrets-.

Ile was unrivalled their

their composition, efforts. and their

names,

He was born his youth

in

573 in

the

city study

of

Sour

in

South

labanon.

In

he left Aziz

Sour to

medicine

under

Shekh Mowafak Latif Bin and lived Bermestan.

al-Din Yousef for

'Abdul

and Shekh Mawafek He gained (Jerusalem) Sheikh

al-Din

Abdul

al-Baghdadi.

a reputation

as a physician at the

two years

in Kudes of

where he worked al-Hayani,

He became a friend good teacher, passed study on to of

Aba al-Abbas drugs,

who was a He in his, among patriotic

especially him most so that this

about of his in the

and a good Muslim. He was diligent peer

knowledge.

drugs in man.

end he became without He was, moreover,

physicians and brave

subject.

an honest,

He served 612. lived Bin

King

Aba Baker the until King's the

Bin

Ayoub on his

travels al-Kudes

in

Egypt

in and Issa

Obeying at Court Abi Baker, against

summons, he left King's death.

(Jerusalem) son, King the

Under

his

he held the until

a good position. He served died. His the

Ile witnessed King at

King's (a city to the

battle

Franks. the, King

Demyat

on the Nile) throne, family. King

son,

who succeeded service physicians. Damascus, of medical to the

was aware of his He appointed

position he went to for the

and long of the live in

Royal

him President

When the where affairs. he formed

moved to

al-Karek,

a Council He wrote wrote

of physicians

discussion

al-Teryak part

al-Kabear, of it during died

which the

was a very peri6d him) Ibn of

useful al-Malik

book.

Ile

a large

al-Mouazan. first'of a

Rashed al-Din Rajab medical

al-Souri

(God bless

on Sunday the al-Souri of

639 in Damascus. manual to me.

Rashed al-Din I sent

dedicated including

him a letter

thanks

some poems. Ibrahim Bin

Muhazab al-Din al-Khuder I al-Halab

Abo Naser wrote

Mohamed Bin

Mohamed Bin of Rashed

a poem in praise

200 -

al-Din

Ibn

al-Souri,

thanking

him for

his

help.

Out of

the

books

of

Rashed al-Din writing is it

al-Souri during the

is

al-Adweyah of alall

al-

Mofradah. Malik days, places,

He started to

period

Mouazan, including

whom it

dedicated.

Ile mentioned used to

the

some new ones. plants

Rashed al-Din grew,

go to

where many special and Taalek which

of Lebanon, medical

such as the mountains and Fawaed Tubeyah (a commentary and to me).

manual,

he dedicated

Saded al-Din

Bin

Rakekah

This Bin

is

Abo al-Thanala al-Shebani man. but Not

Mohamed Bin al-Ilanoto, only

Onran Bin

Mohamed Bin Rakkah. the scholar works

Ibrahim

Shoja,

knourn as Ibn all

lie was of earlier

a generous physicians, He wrote exactly

had he absorbed a distinguished subjects. method of

he was also

of poetry. the plants was stage.

many poems on medical as he found theip. His observe

He drew all studying plants

plants

marvellous.

lie used to

and draw the

at every

His

other

books

are:

al-Jaj

al-Ghawi

Fi

al-Adweyah

al-Mufradah.

Saded al-Din devoted the eye.

was well to

versed

in

al-Kahlah surgical their

(ophthalmology). techniques sight after in

lie treating

many years

developing recovered

Many patients the

he had operated instrument).

on them with Ile had also and literature, Arabic Prophet's scholar

al-Makdah

(an ophthalmic

surgical

studied like

astronomy. his brother

lb

was accomplished

in grammar

Moen al-Din,

who was a renowned studied the

and poet.

Saded al-Din

had further

sayings.

Saded al-Din city Artek,

Bin

Rakekah The ruler, in his

told

me that Nour al-Din

he was born Bin Jamal

in

564 in Bin

the

of Hayani. had a pain

al-Din

eyes.

Al-Shekh

Faker

al-Din,

who had

201 -

be,en treating the ruler that

him for

some days decided Bin Rakekah,

to

travel

and advised continue the in a

Saded al-Din his

should

treatment. very Sadid short al-Din

lie examined time. told

eyes and cured granted than

him completely and a salary. at the

The ruler me that

many gifts King with

he was less

twenty

time. Taya

He continued al-Din

serving ruler to

him and then (a city

served

Mohamed Ibn him for

Omar the

of Hama and stayed Khelat

some time. al-

Then he travelled Awhad Najm al-Din He served of the Rakekah

in Armenia) Bin

when King

Ayoub Bin

Abi Baker

Ayoub was the

ruler.

Salam al-Din treated

Bin Yagnesan, his

who was the sister. by Nour

brother-in-law Bin Zanki. being him a was

King,

as he had married them from time

Saded al-Din al-Din Bin

to time

The Sultan paid very to

was paying at

him a regular

salary.

As I was also I found His treatment

work

al-Bermestan, man, with it defies him) Prince

we became friends. a wide knowledge. explanation. in 635.1 Ezzal

good,

honest that

so successful till he died

He worked had been in

in Medicine Sarkhad since

(God bless the ruler

634 serving Saded al-Din

Din al-Moazami,

as a physician.

sent

me a number

of poems. He stayed in Khalat till 18th

The wife the King

of

the

King

was very

generous. (a city

died,

in Malazkard 609.

in Arminia) King

on Saturday

Rabela al-Malek Jamadi see the

al-Awal al-Adel al-Akher, Sultan,

Then he served

Aba al-Fateh for

Mousa Ibn On 3rd

and stayed

in Mayafarken Bin

many years. in

623 Saded al-Din al-Malek asking to al-Ashraf. him to visit

Rekah arrived The Sultan of the

Damascus to him and in the

esteemed

gave him gifts, Castle in the from great time

the

house

Sultan the

time

and at the

same time

to treat

patients

Bermestan.

He also

gave me a book of medical Don't eat after your meals. Excessive Don't Don't to eat. drink drink

maxims.

Here are

some of them.

love-making after

causes

. distress.

eating. until you have had something

when you are hungry

202 -

He sent his

me one poem, Jalal

which

he had written

to

congratulate purchase of a al-Din

friend

al-Din

Aba al-Fateh to his

on his teacher

house,

and another Abdul

dedicated

Shekh Fakher

Mohamed Ibn

Salam al-Mardeni.

The books Lutef

of

Saded al-Din Masael Fi

are

the

following: Kuleyal

Lutef al-Canon

al-Sael of Ibn

Wa

al-Masael,

Hunayen, Adweyat (written

Sinai

Mawdehat al-Kasedah al-Ashraf, al-Karad

al-Eshtebah al-Beheyah

al-Bah,

al-Faredeyah in 615 for

al-Shaheyah al-Malik Masel

in Bayfarken

Shah Armen, al-Matlaub Fi Fi

Kanoun al-Hukana Tadbear al-Maekoul Fi

Wa Ferdawes

al-Nedama,,

Wa Ajwebatah

al-Hemeyat,

Arjoza

Wa al-Masitrob, (42) al-Fased.

Sadekah

al-Sameri the reading having a number al-

This

is

Sadekah

Bin

Menja

Bin

Sadekah al-Sameri, He worked scholar very

one of hard,

most distinguished and researching. discovered of medical Malik the all its

physicians.

loving

He was an erudite secrets.

in philosophy, and wrote he served Bin

He-Atudied up to al-Adel

medicine his death,

books.

For many years al-Malek

al-Asraf East.

Mousa Ibn

Abi

Baker

Ayoub in him as a in

The King

esteemed

him very

much and trusted

physician. the city

He gave him many gifts of Huran in 620 he left

and a salary. a great fortune,

When he died but he had no

children.

He wrote Sameri Fi

many poems on different are the (in followingi which Shareh

occasions. al-Tawrat, diseases

The books Ketab

of

Sadekah Talek a

al-

al-Nafes, treatment),

al-Tub

he discusses

commentary al-Mufradah, questions entitled

on al-Fousol Makal of

by Hippocrates Tubeyah.

and their (incomplete), which

al-Adweyah the al-Tawhed

on Masael al-Maheli al-Fanez.

(in

he answers Fi

al-Assad Fi

al-Yahoudi). (43)

Makalah

al-Kunez

203 -

Muhazab al-Din

Yousef

Bin

Abi-Saed

This

is

al-Shekh

al-Imain Yousef Bin

al-Saheb Abi

al-Wazer. but

(the

Mirdster) al-Samri. studied help to He

Muhazab al-Din was learned literature. the poor

Saed Bin

Khalaf

and renowned

in medicine, for his

had also his

lie was preminent and his honesty.

charity,

He studied

medicine

under

the (the

physician sor.

Ibrahim

al-$ameri

known as Shames al-Hukama King Salah al-Din

of physicians) Isamel al-Nakash. Abi the al-Yamen. success Bin

who had served Abi al-Werar the lie studied

Yousef, under

al-Shekh Bin

al-Tabib literature

and under under

Muhazab al-Din al-Din

Taj

al-Nakad

He became a treatment.

distinguished

physician,

famous for

of his

He became a distinguished One instance Bin her Ayoub. with concerned She was sick appropriate "Her pulse

physician, Set al-Sham, and bleeding lie took

famous the sister

for

his

successful Abi

cures.

of King

Baker treated

badly. her pulse

The physician and told al-Kafour her

drugs. is still

attendants, will fortify

strong. it in On the health.

Give

her

which

her. " the

She was given fever abated. her

an elixir. following

The bleeding day he repeated

diminished'and the

dose and fully

recovered

One of the day the cold. (a kind

King's

friends, from

al-Sahib

Bin

Shaker,

related of of

that catching

one

King In

suffered

a backache

as a result

addition of marine

one prescribed oil) another (a mixture

an embrocation a salve, but

JendAadester said a

al-Muhazab

perfume ordered The King

would

be better.

The King of

was astonished. dkied herbs),

AI-Muhazab which he boiled.

some Khaleyah drank it

and was cured. Ezzel

Muhazab al-Din Bin in

Yousef

served King son, at

Din Ferkhashah him) Bahram in

Ibn

Shahan Shahal-Awal Izzed Din

Ayoub. j When the 578, he served his

died

(God bless al-Din

Jamadi

Majed

Bin .31ah

Farkhashah

and lived

court

in, Ba'alabek.

204 -

He bacame very asked him for such excellent His position the man in

wealthy. his views

It

was fortunate of King

in that state.

the

King

even on affairs the until

Ile gave

advice grew

that

appointed

him a Minister. most powerful

stronger country;

he became the obeyed him.

whole

everybody

Muhazab al-Din people conplained had come from parts of the

enjoyed about

the his

foremost family

position and relative.

in the

land

until

Many of them posts in all and

Damascus to Baalbeck adminictration. milking stand heard the

and received

They had behaved public funds fear

irresponsibly, nobody When the peculation al-Din could King

arbitrarily that they felt as

up to them for about their funds,

of Muhazab al-Din.

of the

public

he summoned Muhazab it to happen.. He threw return

and upbraided his

him for into

allowing prison

him and all all until that

relatives

and forced

them to

they

had embezzled. everything.

The Minister

remained

in prison to

he had lost

He was released

and returned

Damascus.

I went with his return in

my father from

to

visit

him in his

house in

to

greet

him on

Baalbek.

I found

him affable in

his

deportment lst

and lucid Safar 624.

conversation. Here is

lie died

Damascus on Thursday,

one of his

poems.

"If It If I

Life

hurt

me for me for

a day a century

pleased I lost

my wealth, it with fame" (44) al-Tawrat.

replaced

lie wrote

Shareh

205 -

Al-Saheb

Amin al-Dawlah the the the Ghazal the the scholars, but he

This best

is

Minister,

scholar, Abi his

perfect

president, the Imam of

of Ministers, Bin

master Bin

of physicians, Said.

Abo al-Hasan

He was a Samarian

became a Muslim al-Din at-Sameri

and changed was his

name to Kamal al-Din.

Muhazab

uncle. in medicine that

Amin al-Dawlah gaining

was very

intelligent. of its

He was pre-eminent theory and its practice

so complete peer.

a mastry

he was without

He worked

initially Bin

for Ayoub, the

King

al-Amjad

al-Din

Bamran Shah Ibn

Ezzel

Din Farkhshah in the state.

who trusted King llth al-Amjad Shawal, Bin

him and gave him responsibilities had died 628, Abi the Baker the tall (God rest his al-Saleft appointed country. soul)

After

at Damascus on Thursday Immad al-Dinj him a Minister. He increased founding the Abi al-Feda He ruled King's

new King, Bin Ayoub,

Ismael wisely, prestige

enhancing by building scholars

power

of his

buildings No ruler

schools,

and fostering

and learning.

was more illustrious. in this the time of King appointed Deputy with and his

He continued Najam al-Din Prince King family in

powerful

position

until King

Ayoub,

who on becoming the

of Damascus, as the King's

Moun al-Din, Ismael in as Ruler 643.

Shekh of Shekhs,

of Baalbek.

The latter

moved there as Minitere Ismael by force

Subsequently

Amin al-Dawlah

succeeded from with the the

collecting of

a huge amount of money for Damascus. of the Most of resident it

King

people

was extorted of

connivance

of Judges

Dwriascus.

When Prince al-Din in Bin

Moun al-Din, Matroun, as well to the

the

King's

Deputy

in

Damascus,

and Jamal

Minister top

of Finance officials

in Egypt heard

and a Minister

Damascus, decided therefore,

as other

what had happened the money. court They

they They,

imprison

him and force for the him. usual

him to

return

made a trap with

Ile was summoned to courticies and respect.

where he was received

206 -

asked prefer, "I

him "Either

you may stay your Patron go to King all his his

as you are to

in

Damascus,

or, -

if

you

you may join rather

in Baalb&k. serve

11 He replied, him. "

would

Ismael wealth

Then he went even his furniture on Friday and thrown

and having and having 2nd Rajab into prison

collected sold 643. all

and property, out for he was arrested

houses, he set Damascus,

Baalbek

As he left his

and all

wealth

was confiscated.

He was later rest of King the

sent

to Egypt

and gaoled

in

Cairo

Castle

with

the

Ismael's

friends.

After

death

of King Najam al-Din and the al-Sham the King

in Egypt

in

647,

King the Egypt King

Yousef support on al-Moez Najem alhad

Bin Mohamed of Aleppo of the King of Bilad 648, but

of Damascus , with invaded and King Ismael, (Egypt) under his

8th, Rabeiat, Ezzel Din, the

army of Miser

Din Aybek al-Turkmani, faced them in battle. but finally

who had succeeded At first the the

patron,

army of Bilad triumphed.

al-Sham King

advantage,

army of Egypt

Ismael,

was captured

and executed. me "When Amin alKings of to Damascus release

Prince

Sayaf

al-Din the the

al-Mushad

Ali

bin

Omar told that the his

Dawlah heard were beating him and they Ismael in the

news in Cairo army of Egypt, There family's Prince,

Castle

he asked

captors friends al-Din

consented. gaol, his Kurdish

were two other teacher, Sayfe

of King Bin said, is right,

Naser al-Din. If
to

Yaghmour, 'let
our but

and the until

will is

The latter this

our

us wait
patron if it

we hear
release it al-Din battle, us is

definite
and better disagreed. when King restore that

news.
us

rumour
former '

positions, But the giving came Amin his shoes.

wrong,

we stay They Ezzel to got Din

here. out

Minister orders. to the

and Naser After castle the

and began

al-Turkmani to death. after red "

he ordered

both One of

of

them

be put saw his most

al-Dawlah excution The Kurdish

ras hanged. told me that prince

those wearing was

who the

body excusite

he was

meanwhile,

freed

and given'

gifts.

207 -

The most al-Din

astonishing

circumstance to

is

related

by Prince

Naser

Zoukri,

known as Ibn he wrote

al-Alemah. a renowned stay

When Amin-al-Dawlah astrologer for in Egypt, long. The astrologer and again especially

was in pri-son, asking made his that if

he would calcultions

havelto

in prison that

and replied to give This

he would

soon be free

he would for

be able a while., the

orders answer

and commend obedience made him very victory. In just fact, happy,

in Egypt

when he heard that give he would orders

rumour

of the

King's again.

He was confident he was freed, him. did

become a Minister

and did not

command obdience, final fate that

as had been predicted. for

But he did

know the

God had decided

Amin al-Dawlah working volumes for him.

collected

many valuable

books

and scribes

were always eighty al-Hassan, "Time job. " eight

On one occasion

he wanted

of the

History It is is

of Damascus by Ibn a very closely for task in written

a copy of the Asaker (Ali Bin book. to He said, whole

1105 - 1176). is short. It He, therefore, volumes. interest

impossible the it

one scribe among ten two years.

do the

divided They finished

scribes, This

each illustrates

copying his

in

books.

When he was in was a close wrote

Damascus as a Minister He expressed thank him.

under

King

Ismael,

my father and I

friend.

an interest

in my book

him a poem to

Amin al-Dawlah finest divided three medical into

wrote treatise, five

al-Nahej

al Wadeh Fi all is of its

al-Teb, principles.

which It

is

the is

covering The first body, types

books. of the

on the diseas6,

nature the

of man, the parts of the effects the The fifth

conditions

body and the The third causes, is is

humours.

The second drugs.

concerns

drugs

and their with (45)

on compounding diagonsis

The fourth

deals

syTptoms,

and treatment their causes

of diseases.

an internal

diseases,

and treatment.

208 -

My Uncle

Rashed al-Din

Ali

Bin Khalefah

This

is

Abo al-Hassan Bin Khalefah Abadah. details

Ali from

Bin

Khalefah

Bin from

Younis one of in

Bin the

Abi family already (47)

al-Kasem of

al-Khazeraj in

Saad Bin full

He was born of his life

Aleppo Abi

579 (we have family)

given

Ibn -

Usaybelah's

BADER al-Din

Ibn

Kadi

Balalabek

This Ibn

is

the

physician, Imam

the

scientist scientists

Bader

al-Din Majet

al Mouzafar al-Din Abdul Majed He him

al-Kadithe Ibrahim.

of the father

Rahim Bin grew up in with great

His

was the medicine to

judge

of Ba'alabek. God granted his the

Damascus and studied wisdom. It is

there. exagerrate Shekh,

impossible with Ali

intelligence

and virtue. Muhazab al-Din him medicine, theoritical aptitude.

He studied Abdul for sides.

medicine

our

physician

Rahim Bin

(God bless its hard, as diligent He spent reading

him) practical

and he taught and

he thoroughly

mastered

He was worked-very seen anyone by studying,

as he had great as he was. whole time He that the al-Shekh him He

I have never

was pre-eminent deepening learnt his

among physicians. knowldege

his

and learning. of the power

many medical

materials. of his life

One example is that

he showed throughout full text of the

he learnt Ali, which

by heart pleased with

book of Abdul much.

Rahim. Bin

Muhazab al-Din reading

very

lie accompanied

him and stayed

and studying

together.

When al-Shekh al-Malek Bader Bader essay

Muhazab al-Din while

went to the

serve East

al-Ashraf in 622,

Mousa Ibn the physician him. Then

al-Adel,

he was in

al-Din al-Din

went with served

him and continued

working

with

at al-Bermestan and its climate

on al-Rukah East

He wrote a good of al-Rukah. (al-Rukah is a city on the river there al-Cmah for many years and Then (God bless

Euphrates worked

of Aleppo). with

He lived

on medicine

Zayn al-Din

him).

- 209 -

Bader Younis the

al-Din Bin

moved to

Damascus. Mardoud 635,

Then King Ibn al-Malik

Mouzafer al-Adel

al-Din. became

Shames al-Din of Damascus in

ruler

he served

him as a physician. appointed oculists) the medical to

The King, him the

who liked president in the

him and gave him great of physicians

support, (the and al-Kahlen Ile improved as he always for

by decree profession

month of help

Safar

637.

by his

and knowledge, thinking to enlarge of

wanted

do good and was always he bought mentioned. some houses I found

improvements school, of his

example,

the most

as I have already time to the study of law.

he devoted

Ile stayed Safel dept). to his

in

al-Kaleyjdygth Bin Kaleyj the

Din Ali

school which (God bless him) school,

was a donation to al-Awagaf

from Prince (donation close

He studied house. studied on those Abi praying

law at the (the

which holy

was very

He learnt al-Hadith

many books

and the

Quran completely. and became very

He also famous al-Din time

prophet's

sayings)

Imam Shehab His teacher subjects. was al-Shekh Shamah (God bless him). Bader al-Din of his spentmost and helping Muslims. I received He showed his one of his kindness "Mufreh and al-

generosity Nafes". this Bader (which which book). Ali Bin

towards I wrote

me.

books

him a letter I wrote

thanking

him and I wrote him in 645. Majaj

a poem on The books of

occasion. al-Din displays he mentions Ibn

another Balabek

poem for are the

Kadi his

following: Mufreh it

marvellous drugs to

learning),

al-Rukah (in al-Nafis is a very Abi useful al-Hassan (in and other

and heart Prince (God bless

complaints, Safe him), al-Din

He dedicated'it Omar Bin Kazel

al-Mased Fi

al-Meleh

al-Teb Galen

which books.

he gives (48)

much useful

information),

Fawaed from

Shames al-Din

Mohamed al-Kelli

This

is

the Bin)

physician, Abi

the

scholar His

Abo Abdallah father

Mohamed Bin al-Andulas

Ibrahim

al-Mahasen.

who was from

210

in Morocco, The physician learnt Abdul him.

he came to

Damascus and lived

there

till

he died. Ile

Shames al-Din under Ali

Mohamed grew up in

Damascus.

medicine Rahim Bin He taught for studied

our Shekh the physician (God bless him)and stayed the books of former the

Muhazeb al-Din a long physicians physician entitled time with are

him all every theit

which Shames al-Kuleyat

essential al-Din

student. first thoroughly, book

Moreover, of

al-Canon

and; understood He studied understood

therefore, books

they

called time in

him al-Kully. He

many scientific them easily.

and practised most of his

medicine. studying.

He spent Mousa Ibn King died

He was an excellent He served in the Bin King

lecturer

and was very al-Malik (God bless by the the

clever al-Adel him). King

discussions. as a physician

al-Ashraf the

Damascus until great Zunki Bermestan

Then he worked-at al-Adel there. Nour (49) al-Din

which him)

was built treating

(God bless

patients

Mowafak

al-Din

Abdul

Salem

He was a skilful His conduct in

physician

with his

a wide views with Ali

knowledge

of medicine. Hamah and

was exemplary, Abdul

sound. our

Ile was from the teachers. to Aleppo Yousef

stayed

Damascus and studied Rahim Ibn

Shekh,

physician He was and Bin

Muhazab al-Din distinguished increased his

and other

in medicine. learning. the

Then he travelled Ile served King

al-Nasser He trusted

Mohamed Bin him. the

Ghazi,

ruler

of Aleppo.

him and helped

When I wrote city, I inwrote to this

a poem describing a paasage

for Damascus and my nostalgia (I have already in praise of him.

referred

poem). Damascus and knewthe al-Din travelled mood of her to Egypt. with

When he went to physician al-Mansour, a lot

people,

the King

Mowafak the

Then he served him.

ruler

of, Hamah, and stayed him in a very

He gave him (50)

of money and put

good position.

211 -

Mowafak

al-Din

al-Mounfakh

This

is

the

physician,

Halwan. known for

Ile was from its prison. in Baker

Abo al-Fadel Asad Bin scholar (a al-Mazah village near Damascus, well the He worked this Bin subject. Ayoub in the in Hamam in in Medicine He served East 642. for (51) and became famous King al-Ashraf He

and distinguished Mousa Bin left Abi

many years.

him and later

died

Najem al-Din

Bin

al-M-ounfakh I Abo al-Abbas Ahmad Bin al-Alemah to his Abi of mother

This

is

the

physician, (The sone of

and scholar

al-Fadel Damascus.

Assad Bin

Halwan. the

He vxas known as Ibn scholar. of This refers

who was known as the

daughter

Dahen al-Louz)

Najem al-Din dark and thin,

was born

in

Damascus in

593.

He was in lucid

appearance in speech,

he was intelligent in discussion,

and sagacious, a man without equal.

perscipacious

He studied Bin field. Ali

medicine

with

our

Shekh, it. logic

Muhuzab al-Din

Abd Rahim in the literature

until

he had mastered versed the in

He bacame renowned and accompanied a beautiful in

He was well

and poetry.

He played

Oud and ivrote

hand.

He served

King

al-Masoud

of Amed as a physician. but subsequently He therefore

The King

favoured

him and appointed and stripped of all

him a Minister, his properties.

he was disgraced moved to

Damascus where he worked fighre in the State.

as a physician,

and was a distinguished

Najem al-Din envy from of

was a vulnerable,

overbearing against

man. him.

He excited I learnt

the this

a group

of men who conspired he sent me.

a poem that

212 -

At the

end of

his

life

he served Basher time.

King

al-Ashraf

Ibn

al-Malik Syria his of on soul)

al-Mansour the river

of Homes at Tel Sajour) for 652.

(a castle He died told

in north (God rest

a long His

on 13th poison.

al-Kuada

brother

me that

he died

The books al-Jame'a their on his the

Bin al-Munfakh are: al-Tadkek of Najem al-Din (which is a discussion Wal Tafreek of diseases, and similarities), Shareh prophet Fi Fi Ahadeth the

Fi

diffbrences experiences), of

(comments Tamweh al-Dakhawar Nabaweyah (an exposition of al-Muhmalat Fi Ketab Wal Amrad and al(52) al-Mufradah.

saying

about al-Teb,

medicine), al-Elal

al-Kuleyat, Esharat

al-Madkhel al-Murshedah

al-Adneyah

Ezz al-Din

Bin

al-

Sowaydi

This the in

is

the

physician of Salas

and scholar Bin Mouaz from

Abo Ishaq al-A'wes.

Ibrahim

Bin

Mohamed of in Damascus time.

family

He was born

600 and grew up there helpful,

and became a very kind,

famous man at that faithful and brave.

He was very

as a Governor,

lie studied all the

mediCine

until

he had thoroughly of the

mastered

it. the

He met most Bin until As and Ali,

foremost

physicians

day and frequented Abdul

distinguished, thereby acquiring

such as Shekh Muhazab al-Din much medical in it. peer. wisdom. He studied His in poetry all Arabic..

al-Rahim the art

He studied

he was pre-eminent a poet he was without

and literature. correct

was simple,

mellifluous. rapidity with in

He was learned learning poetry.

scholarship. found

He had a marvellous a poem

I often

him learning

different

variations. (in

His

father

was a merchant His father

from

al-Soweda friendly

of

Horan

the

Druze man,

mountains).

was a good,

and courteous Ezza al-Din

who was a very

e

close

friend

of my father's.

and I

213 -

studied

together

with

al-Shekh for

Abi

Baker

al-Sekelj

(God bless it

him). will

We have been friends continue and grow

vL-. ry many years

and I hope that

stronger.

Of all

physicians, in

Ezz al-Din his cures, at to his Bermestan

was the and most the

most

cordial

to

his

patients,

most successful understanding. attentive He also

clear-sighted of until al-Nouri. they

in his Ile was

He worked the

Bermestan patients

and solicitous worked at

recovered. castle a

in Babo al-Mareed school.

and at the He received

of Damascus. salary from all

He taught these

at al-Dekhwareyah offices.

Ezz al-Din these copies

wrote

out

in his Canon of

own hand many medical Ibn Sina. He wrote

books,

including me

of the this

a poem for

when I wrote

book.

The books al-Tazkerah

of Ezz al-Din al-Iladeyah

Sowaydi

are:

Al-Baher al-Dafeyah

Fi

al-Jawaher Fi al-Tib.

Wa al-Zakherah

and (53)

Immad al-Din

al-Dawseri

This

is

the

physician, al-Kadi

the al-Khatib

assistant Takey

of Immad al-Din al-Din honest, Abbas Ibn unselfish

Abo Abdullah Ahmad Bin and very

Mohamed Bin

Obeyed al-Rabe. intelligent man.

Ile was a virtuous,

lie was born worked

in

the

city

of Damascus in and having

685 and grew up there. in medicine? many patients. month of kind Zel

He

as a physician to meeting in 667.1 the

become learned city and cured

contributed My first Kuladah articulate the rules

health

of

the

with

him was in

Damascus,

in the

found

him a very

generous,

friendly,

and

man, and he recited of poetry.

an excellent

poem as he knew all

- 214 -

He was without None was equal in the study

peer to

among physicians

of this

or previous

ages.

him in poetry. law. live to

He was further from

pre-eminent to Egypt. alin

of the

He travelled in at Damascus.

Denesar

Then he returned Nasereyah the great

He served

al-Ader

al-Yousefeyah Bermestan of

Damascus Castle. in Damascus.

Then he worked He told

al-Nouri

me many

poems. The books Fi Fi Darj Immam al-Din

of

al-Danseari

are:

al-Makalah

al-Murshedah Ketab Arjozah

al-Adweyah

al-Moufradeh, Takdemat (54)

Nazem al-Teryag al-Ma'Wrefah

al-Farouk,

al-Methrodetous,

of Hippocrates,

and a book on poetry.

Mowafak

al-Din

Yagub al-Sameri

This of his

is

the age,

physicians Yousef

the

president

of his

time,

the

notability and grew being

Yaqub B in

Aghanaem. accomplished and the

He was born in medicine practice.

up in Damascus. well versed

He was very the theory

in both

His

behaviour

was excellent. people.

He enjoyed

a very

good position figure at all He

among the times. taught

foremost trusted

He was a distinguished remedies

People

him as his who learnt

were efficacious. pupils.

many physicians,

much as his

He wrote The books

a number

of

books al-Din

which

were

concise, are:

lucid

and informative al-Kuleyat Ala

of Mowafak of Ibn

Yagub al-Sameri

Siareh

of al-Canon al-Kuleyat,

Sina,

Hal

Shokok Najem al-Din

al-Mtiwafak

al-Madkhel-Ela

Elem al-Mantek

Wal Tabeiay (55)

Wa al-Elahi.

He died

in

the

month

of Rahadan in

681.

215 -

Abo al-Faraj

Bin

al-Kuff

This

is

the

physician, the

the Shekh,

scholar, the

the

loyal

subject, al-Din al-Karek. in

Abo Ishaq He 630. to our

al-Faraj Bin

son of

scholar,

Mowafak of

al-Kuff, in

one of the al-Karek Mowafak

Christian

Community 13th of

was born His long father

on Saturday, al-Din

al-Kaedah

was my friend his from his life.

and was faithful His son, youth. Abo al-Faraj,

friendship

throughout

showed his handsome, the history

intelligence quiet and veryy

earliest

He was a in me

intelligent For this with books,

man who was interested reason, his father asked he him until

of physicians. him. He stayed previous

to teach learnt all

me and I taught which were

the

available.

lie learnt

Masel

Hunayen and al-Fousoul He learnt their

and Taklemat

al-Marefah and their Mohamed Bin

of Hippocrates. principles. Zakereyah Fi al-Ajam

explanation, books of

meaning Abi Baker

Then I taught al-Rhazi

him the

on treatment, al-Moalajah and all in the

Aksam al-Eskam, Wa Mouarat its chapters contents.

Jasem al-Olalal al-Moudawah. and I helped When his I him father

and Moalajet principles its

taught to

him its

understand

difficulties serve

and its

moved to

Damascus to there

Diwan al-Sami, men.

he moved with

him and stayed

among noble

He studied were:

medical

science

and a part Abdul

of philosophy. Hamid al-Khasro

His Shahi

teachers and

al-Shekh

Shames al-Din al-Ghanawi

Ezz al-Din medicine al-Din

al-Hassan by the

al-Darer.

He was also al-Mowafak

taught

physician

Najem al-Din al-Shekh

and Mowafak al-Ardi.

Yaquob al-Sameri,

Moayed al-Din

Abo al-Faraj of Ajloun to

Bin

al-Kuff there

worked for

as a physician a number

in

the

castle

and stayed

of years. the

Then he returned patients. His

Damascus and worked

at the

Castle

treating

216 -

patients thanked

praised him for

him for his help.

his

effective

treatment

and they

The books al-Kuleyat Fousoul Jejarah everything

of of

Abo al-Faraj the Canon of Ilefes theoritical

are: Ibn

al-Shafi Sina (six

Fi

al Tubb,

Shareh al-

volumes), Fi in

Sharah Senuat al-

(2 volumes), 20 essays, that

al-Shama

al-Emedah

and practical know,

a surgeon al-Canon, completed).

need to Shareh

Jame'a

he expounded (1 volume), al-Gharad which al-Mabahieth al-Awal alin 685. (56)

Hawash al-Thaleth (not Mashrabeyah

al-Esharat, in Jamadi

He died

217 -

CHAPTER

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ARAB MEDICINE PAST AND PRESENT AND

PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

1.

Historiography

of Arabic

Medicine

Past

and Present

A.

PAST

Is

it

Arabic

Medicine

or Islamic

Medicine?

The Role, of Arab The Role of the

Physicians Orientalists

B.

PRESENT

Introduction

B. 1:

In the

Arab World

in -

Syria

in Particular

B. 2:

Syria

in Particular

Introduction

B. 2.1:

Syrian

Society

for

the

History

of Arabic

Science

B. 2.2:

The First

International

Symposium for

H. A. S.

B. 2.3:

Institute

for

H. A. S.

B. 2.4:

The International Bilad al-Sham

Conference

on the

History

of

218 -

2.

The World Science

and The Historiography

of

the

Arabic

at Present

3.

The Arab

Civilization

and the

other

previous

Civilizations
3. A: General Background and Discussion Arabs the Science

3. B:

The State

of the

in

History

of

4.

Proposals

for

Future

Development

4. A;

An Account

of Missing

Factors

4. B:

Recommendation

219 -

HISTORIGRAPHY OF ARABIC MEDICINE PAST AND PRESENT AND PROPOSALSFOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

Although facts history. and those progress of

the

history

of medicine it should the

represents also be in of the impression sole It

a history part great

of

and prosesses, This includes

a biographic pioneers

history

who made their as culture'"has people

indelible never

onbdeical perogative flourished to

been the

a single

or group

of peoples.

whenever its

and wherever (254) growth. ,

conditions

have been favourable

Biography history in the

"has

been an important

form

of writing

in the

"there of

famous FontepIle's eloges since ever, of science 1 (255) that into taking 18th Century ,, . consideration between the history has always been a certain malaise

of science on on the one hand and the philosophy (256) the to the other ". It is desirable, examine -therefore, famous men who descipline development and to praise of this science played a marvellous medicine then part in the field of historiography Pf the with achievements some of Arabic past, by giving ending

an account our explanation for future

present,

proposals

and recommendations

developments.

To give-an a. brief science It is

account

of the of the is

Arabic greatest

medical

historiography, of

explanation in general

historiography

essential.

not

possible

to

write

anything Singer

about

this

subject

without

mentioning first in

Charles Oxford

(1876-1960) his studies

who worked in the

where he published of science in 1917,

history

and method

thereafter of

followed

by a number of books,

among them The History

220 -

Medicine

in

1928,

The History in his

of

Science

in old

General age, the

in

1941 and finally splendid others feat

comparatively five volumes,

of producing in

with

the

aid

of

as editors

of Technology refer to

and contributors, on The History It is useful General (1954-1958).. in his address to

to the

what J. Needham has said Congress of the this

XV International Edinburgh, science: Singer August

History great

of Science, historian of

1977 about

"Charles other in his time the

also of

did

something to

which

I have not very needed of

known

historians field,

science

do- he bought he actually expenditure sell

widely for

much more so than and then the and with items the

own work, in

a little

describing dealers

he would

them again his research

through fun ds. II

successfully

add to

Other

historians

George Sarton Introduction three picture of to volumes of this

were Sudhoff, of science (Fig no-1 2 ). (1884-1956) to the in five great later repeat History parts. historian, in this that of Science, Although

Sigerist the which author

and of of a suitable the role refer

consists give with

we will it is

when we deal chapter, "his

Orientalists, him now and to to those to

good to remain genuine

memory will

alive in the

in the bring of

Near East what the and for

who knew of his Arab-Muslim reconciliation.

endeavours field else

out

mind has done 11(257) Indeed on the science analys(is. and of

science

nowhere the

do we find civilization as we find in

so much information and philosophy Sarton's of

Arabic

technology his

writings,

especially

introduction.

- 221 -

Before

we deal

with past

the

development

of the

Arabic

medical that the the we

historiography, meant by the decline of in

and present, the period

we must mention. which which the the lasted started Hullaku year

past

that

from at

the

Arabic

Civilization Century the year after 1975,

end of the Baghdad First

thirteenth 1258 till

entered the

before

International which 5-12 in

Symposium on the was held 1976, field the at the

History

of Arabic of Aleppo, Syria as

Science, between

university which

April

the

date

we considered of Arabic the

a new trend Although medical does not continued appeared (1599

of the

history

Science.

some historians civilization mean that slowly

considered lasted till the

that year

decline but

of Arabic this "it

1599,

the

science

has stopped,

because

..... as Hajaj Ibn

with good respect and some physicians ) (1584 d. and Dawoud al-Entaki al-Kasim

to represent Arabic d. ) who was the last physician (258) ,, by Leclere fact which is repeated saying medicine .A that "the decline ended on the death of of Arabic medicine (259) ,, al-Entaki .

1. A.

ARABIC MEDICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE PAST

Two points already medical interpret schools on the

must be taken

into

consideration.

Firstly,

as

the Hippocrates be first regarded as should historisn because of the attempts that he made to stated the of the difficulties work and concepts preceding period, of the physicians of the

especially paucity the of high

when one reflects preserved regard the in date. which His he

made by the medicine of his indicates

book on Ancient held the works of the give in

predecessors. above. important in

Secondly,

definition that to discuss at the in the

past

which picture

we explained of this

We believe topic, order to

a full some detail

we must reach role

a number of points of Arabic civilization

end a just

view

and its

222 -

previous refer to

and present are the

civilization.

The points

which

we

following:

Is

it

Arabic

medicine

or Islamic

medicine? the

(ii)

The role medical

of the

Arabic

physicins and

in

field

of Arabic

historiography

(iii)

The role medical

of the

Orientalists

in

the

field

of Arabic

historiography.

Is

it

Arabic

medicine

or Islamic this

medicine it the is important medicine as to

To give explain, mentioned

an answer first, by the

to

question of

very

the

definition

Arabic

historians.

Some authors Arabic medicine civilization", Arabic

insist is

on giving everything subjects

the that

explanation

that

"the in

medicine

has been written the Arabic

and related

during

Islamic

Medicine

The by Brown in his book. as mentioned (1921), and by Campell in his book "Arabic

Medicine".

(1926)

Other

historians

Medicine" of the

insist on naming it as "Islamic of medicine (260) as he pointed as Manfred did, out that some physicians were not Arab, by race.

Arabic

It

has been called to Arabs

"Arabic" initiative because developed. represented

firstly

because

it

owed its and secondly was the who took and at For and astrologers

inception

and Arab the Arabic "The

patronage, language

and more importantly medium in part least example in in its the which it

individuals

growth

many ethnic different

groups, faiths.

beginning first to

professed translators, the Abbasid

among the

physicians court

who were attached

were many Syrians

223 -

Christians non Arab the author that

and Persians, lands

such as Ibn this to

Qurrah, Although

and some from this is true, any Arabs

such as Khawarizmi. fact put that trying

who mentions he is But

also it is

proves

without the

doubt

a wide

gap between

and Islam. attempt.

we believe

an unacceptable

Arab role the

history the

is

a very played

long in the the it

one,

and we must pass of in

over

the

Arabs

foundation

civilization sources these as they culture to the factors of are not are to the Iraqi, that On and of

as a whole cultural

concerning heritage,

differences must be noted as

the that

.so much sources of enrichment Egyptian, the the

of disunity and fertility. Assyrian culture

impoverishment The pharaonic culture are not

and Babylonian to the Lebanese

Phoenician

weaken or undermine the contrary, This they

Arabic are

civilization of

and culture.

springs wealth

creativity,

enrichment, part

variety. the It heritage is

cultural Arabic

has become an integral

which the

culture said of the

fundamently for. all

as al-Rasi peoples area in

wealth the used to

has assimilated and renewed. (261) international an _ to world. not to be confined The time when some passed.

peoples

of the of

iquestion. civilization of the is the

speak

"the

pure

has irrevocably epoch product of of

Such theories What we are that

are now remanants experiencing on our today land

decadence. all of civilizations its earlier people's

have appeared Arabic of that

and the

sum total

experience. enrichment

civilization culture.

came to Crown all

It that the

is it

very is

unjust, an empty it is

indeed

"to

look

at

-our

history

and feel On

or shameful a history thing

history that

before

Islam.

contrary, most

goes back many centuries kept it up till now and

and the for

important the Arabic

which

good is

language before

which

among the

Arabs

as a whole

was "much respected (262) Islam 1, and after .

224 -

No doubt, Arab extract the Arab to

the

rise

of

Islam it of

is

the

greatest in

revolution terms

in an in

history, of all

because kinds

represented previous

religious which it to

beliefs because country found as the its

were found the a major

lands, fuse history. of the event

and politically, into one civilized "Islam Prophet which as far it

enabled play

Arabs, in'human the life

role in is an

characteristics is concerned

Arab

historical is

and because

is

very

directly connected with the life "the most im Ortant Therefore, civilization which appeared (263a3 t, the Middle Ages, was, established on a base of two factors, Arabs a major But and the role Islam in the and the recent that civilization civilization any attempt during of to put the Islam Arab

deep and wide so it (263) of the Arab . ,, during the

"played (264J world. , the

we must

insist, is

a gap between before. Indeed,

Arabs

and Islam

unacceptable is complimented land,

as we mentioned by thecither Prophet

Each as an Arab The Arabs Islam

of these Islam

two words in the

arose

Arab

the

Mohamed is Arabic language of to

and He is Quran, the

a member of the Islamic carried nations.

most honourable the Arabic

family. and the

law was in out So it Islam the is

themselves to other

responsibilities not surprising Arab the Arabic throughout Grvek

spreading

see one author word Arab became great state.

saying

"the

word of 1(265) language most of into so it

means the

and the

means Islam. an essential Therefore translated in Arabic, Arab

As a result, of the Persian, and most the

language the

state, Indian,

sciences

were

Arabic is

ot this

heritage

was written says to tt6266) "the engineering

no wonder of the

that

one historian time, previous

who knew nothing and Philosophy the medicine

terminology a short

of arithmetic, able

medicine explain

became in of

Galen and other about the

civilization.

Some one may say: Arabs by race? "

"what To this

physicians we refer Sina.

who were not to one of the most

question, Ibn

important but

physicians, forget in

namely the it,

Ile was Persian he lived and his in the

by race, Arabic were

we must not practiced

fact

that in it,

Empire,

wrote

wirtings

225 -

in

the

Arabic and the especially it

language Arab

and enjoyed alike were in

with as they

the

respect

of

the

Arab

rulers Arab, Prophet

people

considered

him as an

as they

Muslim

and followed sayings Arabic

Mohammed, said is not but

one of his to

what the (Hadith): "To an Arab an Arab mother as Ibn Sina

be an Arab, or an Arab his Abi tongue more or

necessary whoever

be born

from is

father, is what

speaks

imporatant".

Therefore,

we consider

less

an Arab. to name medicine a ve ry small to avoid the as the Arabic just and most those of the recent we Arab

For those

who are trying

they-are and medicine because they are trying of this refer world to are very small, the most

number

indeed,

word "Islam", to the

and are Christians important important although in

one of

philosophers )role

who played

a very

Arab

civilization

who said

he is so let

a Christian: nowdays all

"The Prophet the Arabs

Mohammed was for be for

all (267) Mohammed. ,

the

Arabs,

It

is

time that called

to the

stop

arguing

about

this

matter, of the

especially historians wrote on Arabic in of

as we of the

notice West the

Orientalists and Muslim. the with the

and most

us Arab civlilzation, they dealt. Islam",

When J. German J. Hill

Lopon

Arabic

on the as B.

culture, "The and World Safouri

same subject Arnold to on "The

Lewis

of in

Thomas

Heritage

Islam",

"Introduction

Islamic

Civilization".

(ii)

The Role Medical

of Arabic Historiography

Phisicians

in the

Field

of Arabic

The Arab field also stated them,

physicians

played

without

doubt before.

a major

role

in

the

of medicine contributed that the "the history

as we mentioned to the history Arabsfounded of medicine

The Arab

physicians

of medicine. the is history unknown.

Some writers of medicine. They wrote Before

226 -

on the people

previous

medicine in this that

and present profession". the Arabs

medicine (268) contributed agree

and on the Although to the field

who worked strongly

we believe of medical

historiagraphy, that the

we cannot history

with

the

author as

when he states believe

of medicine

was unknown,

that Hippocrates before mentioned we still - as we history. the father be medical of as regarded should The Arabs what they reference in the for to the field of history a great of medicine number of by

contributed wrote books, about which

disease

through

may be considered and which all Sina, allow

field

of medicine teaching We refer to

as a complete encyclopaedia stayed the most important the world, especially and most is the It first is the Sahrawi,

source

medicine Ibn

over

in Europe. others. important book in stated:

al-Rhazi,

This fact which

fact that the

must not the history

us to neglect

book "on Ancient of medicine is

Medicine" considervd.

"Medicine both

has long

had all

the

means to through

hand, which,

and has discovered. the discoveries "

a principal

and a method, period

made during With

a long

are many and excellent..... of Arabic past two we will initial

regard

to the

historiography over the

medicinelresearch by Western with later. Some Arabic write

has been carried Scholars carried medicine history

out

centuries deal

in particular, out by the Arabs.

a. matter In the

stage Hunayn,

of the

some physicians, "based

such as Ibn on the 4th

began to of Century appeared

of medicine (269) * the Thon by grammarian". of hisotrians, on the hisotry philosophers, of medicine, al-Muntiqi in

earlier and 10th

John'the a number and wrote historians Abo SaIned

and physicians such as the and his Ibn Julhil

well-known student

Abo Suleyman al-Hayan al-Andalisi

al-Sijistani Beghdad,

al-Tawhedi

and Qadi

in Maghreb.

- 227 -

Next

came al-Fahrist Hukamah

of (News

Mohammed Ibn of science

Ishaq

and news

Akbar of

al-Ulum

Be Akhbar

on the

physicians)

by Jamal

al-Din

Ibn

Yusef

(d. 646/1248).

We must refer (classification Farabi because according

also of

to

the

masterpiece of the

Ihsala great

al-Ulum al-

Science) in

philosopher

who was born the to book his

259/870

approximately, the

why "approximately" "but estimated

does not date of

mention death

339/950".

date of birth (270)

This very

book,

which

is

considered

an encyclopedic

work,

became a as

tool for all researchers necessary (d. 463H/1070) al-Andulusi says in "Its all students of science about researching the

and historians, very

in this

for necessary (271) subje ct,,

The same sentence is Ibn mentioned Khulukan again (274)

book importance of this reference (273) (272-) by al-Kafti, Ibn Abi Usaybelah and book in "the the introduction classification of Ibn of Khulkan" "

in his

he wrote Moreover

a special this

chapter

science.

,, Jean de Seville and by Farmer known in early all

reference of "into Arab Spain

book was translated (d. 1157), in Gerard This

by Yuhana many times: (276) de Cremone (d. 1187) book became wellappeared in the

English countries

1931.

as soon as it

fourth

Century.

It they

spread

rapidly the the

among all for

historians them in of of

and bibliographers their writings It is in the

and

made it of

as a guide

subject

classification classification (the classification

science. the of

worthwhile to

therefore the

to mention "Ihsa

sciences science)

according of al-Farabi.

al-Ulum

228

CLASSIFICATION

OF SCIENCES

1.

Science

of

language

and its

branche;:

element

pertaining

to

all

languages,

such as grammar diction

and recitati-on 2.

prosody

Logic

and its

branches:

categories peri prior posterior topics sophistics rhetorics poetics Hermenias analytics analystics

3.

jaedeutic Pa!

sciences

and their

branches

arithmetic geometry opetic astronomy music science mechanical 4. Natural and of weights devices sciences

metaphysical

A.

Natural

sciences

principles study of

of simple and

natural bodies corruption

philosophy

generation accidents minerals plants animals

pertaining

to

elements

229 -

B.

Metaphysical

sciences

science principles discussion

of

being of

qua bing bodies

science

of non material

5.

Science

of

society

and their

branches

r Juftsprudence

and theology

Kalam

This

work

of

al-Farabi

and the

other

works

which

have been Ibn as bases mark the namely Ibn Abi for

mentioned Juljul the

before

such as al-Sijistani, these 7th works in

al-Tawhidi, turn served which

and al-Andulusi, major works writing of the on the

and 13th

Century

peak of our

history Fi

of Arabic tabakat (the (the

medicine, of

famous

"Uyun al-Anba The Tarikh Wafayat

al-Atiba history

Usaybelah, of Ibn of Ibn

al-Hukama

of physicians) men)

Eminent Demise of al-Alayan Khabkan Abo al-Abas Ahmad Ibn Mohamed (Egypt, alal-Qift, 1928) and Kashaf (nearly

Saadah Press Funun Ibn

Abdullah

Wa Asami al-Kutub and al-Zunun Mustafa the books of arts) and guideto name of (d. 1067) (the Islamic These Tehran). press, the vast amount of in (the actual information medical on the treatises Art) of they alhave

works history

complemented of medicine

contained

such as the Majusi. enabled Arabic be filled treatises.

Kamel al-Sinah with to the

Together, scholars medicine, through

perfection work of Ibn Abi the general

of the

Usaybelah

trace the study

historical features

develop continue and to

while the

particular of individual

physicians

Some Arab matter

physicians that time

and historians such as the

made some efforts following authors.

on this

after

Juma, H, Mohamed Lufi: philosophers of Islam)

Falasef6t al-Taraqi

al-Eslam. press,

(the Damascus, 1946.

Zayed,

Ahmad: Mosovah al-Ulum Science) al-Amereyah

al-Arubeyah press Bulaq,

(encyclopedia 1889

of Arabic

230 -

Zadah Tash Kebra al-Mainef

Muftah

al-Saladh Haydar

(the

Key of Happiness) 1910.

al-Nezameyah, Moejan

Abad al-Dukin

Kahalah, of authors)

Omar:

al-MoejaA--al-Moalefun press, Damascus 1960

(Dictionary

al-Taraki

Mahmoud Ibraham. Nahdah al-Arabeya. recent

Ather

al-Arab

Wa al-Islam

Fi

alon the Cairo 1970

(The effect

of Arab & Islam al-Meruyah, in

Arab Cixilization)

al-llajah

Although, most

the

above authors role in their which

are

very

useful,

but

fact

the

important

matter we will

has been played explain in the

by the next

Orientalists, following

a matter pages.

(iii)

The Role

of

the

Orientalists

on the

Arabic

Medical

Historiography

The Orientalists Arabic their Culture habits. ,

are "the (277)

those history

foreign

scholars Islam

who studied and Muslim

the peoples, and

of Arabs,

It

has been said the Arabs

a number of times and Muslims

that

the

reasons media is

for

writing

about

in the Western it is

political

and sometimes this usually views. the reason, this

economic. and sometimes writing is

Sometimes it is

very to

easy to notice do so, as

different by logical forget

covered in the
also and not

and scientific the great history

thousands

Nevertheless played
We must profe"ors Orientalists.

we must not field

role

that

Orientalists

of the
that

of Arabic
of

civilization. our under teaching those

forget

academic For all of

researchers these

graduated we are

reasons,

going

to

give role

in the in this

next

pages

some explanation

about

them

and their

matter. Reason for their

The Appearance

of

the

Development

The Orientalists due to the

appeared

in the

Middle

Ages and they

developed

following

factors:

231 -

The Arabic which Europe led

Conquests to the they

of Spain with the

and other the South

Mediterranean

areas

contacts entered

cultural

movement of

after

of France. between chance of the

The Crusade

Wars which

encouraged

the

contact the

West and East discovering studying * The fall culture to study this

and gave the range of

Orientalists culture

a wide

and thoughts

and of

new culture. led the of the the Arabic

of the

al-Asetanah heritage

which of the

spreading again,

and Turkey

gave the

Orientalists, Arabs.

chance

The foundation for the Oriental French

of professional studies

associations Royal Asiatic

and societies Society and members

such as the

Asian

Societies. civilization.

Some of their

outstanding

studied

Arabic

Transferring to the in European crises

a great Libraries which led

number of Arabic during to the

books

and manuscripts

the 'Crusade loss of the

wars and during territories

Arabic

Spain, Italy

and elsewhere.

* The merchants the said

also

Gontributed manuscripts

in

this

matter.

They carried It is

most precious that the

and sold

them cheaply. time

libraries

contained

at. -Ahat

11250,000

manuscripts Moscow, Leiden, Delh3.. ,

are found in Leningrad and most of these manuscripts I Munich, Vienna, London, Leipzig, Paris, Berlin, Cambridge, Rome, New York, Chicago and New

Oxford, (278)

The conferences and the in Paris researchs in

which

were organised conferences

and held which

by the took

Orientalists first

of those

place

1873.

232 -

The efforts the out University by the

of

the of

institutes

of Asian the

and African which

studies were

in

London and to of this

studies

carried

Orientalists

institute.

Although, in the the

the Middle

date

of the

appearance

of the before

Orientalists

was

AgeF as we mentioned of knowledge of translation 19th Century, date, issued Greek, nearly a decree Jewish, in in

and became one of Century at the due end

major

sources

in the

ninteenth started the

to the of 18th

development and early before this

which fact,

Orientalism church

started council posts Paris,

111312, when the establish in the

in Vienna in Arabic, Oxford,

to

a number of univierity of

Syriac

Poland. 11(279)

It

appeared the to 12th books

first

among the

Monks,

the Spain

most well to study first

known was Arabic years in of

Jarir order the the

Frenchmen, study Century of Ibn Arabic

who moved to civilization.

In the

Garard

de Cremona (1114

4qna and al-Rhazes in all fields the

translated 11187) and it is said that he of knowledge original copies remained. on science, of these (280) ,

"translated literature books

70 volumes and medicine and only

and all the

were lost

Latin

copies

The Orientalists

&ad Sarton

in particular

Most books

of

the

Orient. 1lists pained

wrote

a great the role

number of of our

reference

and

clearly

civilization some 'of

on human civilization them, although the!

as a whole. paid good efforts

At the

same time subject,

on the view, Wells,

unfortunately the Prophet

shoxed an aggressive For instance, Mohamel. on tie History

especially although

towards he wrote about give

many chapters the development

of Arabs,

gave full but Mohamed. ,

details

of the

Arab Civilization,

required

respect

t. )wards our Prophet

"did not (281)

233 -

The fact spent

does not to place is Islamic

mean that lives it in its the

we must studying rightful great in

forget the

the

others

who

most of their

previous place in the decline. The leader

civilization other of stayed

and tried civilizations. history during whole of

among the whole Islam

"One of

events its

Civilization from 700 to discipline,

5 Centuries world,

1200.

of the standard and

in poser,

justice, scientific

morality, research

living

medicine is true

development of (281) , and philosophy.

and the

It our

that

the

Orientalists They studied

have

looked still in our

at

all

aspects on

of

civilization. research. for

and are especially show that the of

carrying the first

their

Many of them, evidence to

stage, (282) " the

were searching 'Is But world This not original other

civilization civilization.

and it hand,

was a copy of a great efforts the all number on the

previous

on the paid

them throughout of our

marvellous

history of the

civilization. of so, we

makes us explain through it is very great

development the world. to of will lives

schools doing

Orientalists feel the that life

But before give

important historian

an explanation J. Sarton,

about because

of the of the

science, of Becker,

any study without Noldke, picture

Orientalists of the Goldziher works

be considered

incomplete Steinthal, to -a full

a discussion Brockelmann, about their

Muller, leads

and Sarton role

which

and their

and their

varied

contribution. of Arabic map of the

J Sarton science history to out of the the

is in

the

first

historian "clearly science. "

who put

the

history on the

general

of'general History genius in

and very (283) " In which

strongly his

masterpiece, in the

"Introduction 1927, pointed

of Science, of Arabic the world

was publiched by dividing

Scholars into

development

science

many stages, scholars at

and gave each stage that time. in the So we stage of

a name of will Vol. find

one of the

prominent

a number of Arabic scholars I (From Homer to Omar Khayam).

mentioned

234

No doubt

a great

number life

of articles to

and books of

have already Sarton. It again

been written would about of not this

on the

and contribution rewrite

have been necessary great American historian of

a biography in particular But with

science, countries.

those

or European Tin Arabia

regard

to

Arabic has its he is

countries major

and Africa

connection

the -

much loved

and respected, Therefore

situation (284) but write

thesis this where is different. Indeed very about little the known debt we owe

or understood. this great man.

we will

George Alfred on August for the 31st state

Leon Sarton 1881., -his railroad.

was born father At the

at

Ghent-Flanders, engineer

Belgium in chief the

a prominent age of sixteen

he entered to take closer

University some post with life.

and at the graduate (285) "

age of twenty

one he decided get into

scientific

courses"to

touch

He wa. s very in

intelligent,

the as in

outstanding,

talent

of his a gold In

genius medal degree

were soon recognised chemistry from the the from

1908 he was awarded of Belgium. of Ghent with his life's

university

1911 he

graduated

university

a doctoral work,

in mathematics. by himself:

Then he planned

as mentioned

"Soon after of my life science

I had obtained was determined the

my doctor's ..... and of to explain the

degree, the

the

puspose of of

development the growth

across

ages and around

earth, 1(286)

main knowldege

of nature

himself.

To attain

this

objective

by:

it the

1.

The creation

of

an international of science

journal and its

devoted cultural

to

history

and philosophy

influences.

- 235 -

2. to

The composition record

of

a manual the

with

bibliographical of scientific*histo fulfilment to

data ry

and document future

main facts for its

and facilitate in the ten the

studies which

partial

introduction

he first

visualized

extend in about

from

Greek miracle years,

to A. D. 1900,

to be completed, in three

and to be continued

volumes. 11(287)

It
and

is,
to

'(the'first
the introduction because War

issue

of vol.
he devoted them,

I appeared
the best to best

in March
part of

1913)
his life's During

energies the via first the

and

of

he is he had and

remembered.

World Netherlands at

in'1914 to city

flee-with

hig-fa'mily as a

England in

finally-arriving 1915.

refugee

New York

ApIril

"Ile

taught

at

Hanvard a full

from

1919 untill

his

retirement in his 1940, death

in and

1951

Ile was appointed continued 22nd, his

professor

at Ilarward until

residence

at Cambridge,

on March

1956.11(288)

Barton in

t-avelled

to

the Middle-East and true his

where he improved picture of the"Middle for the years"

his

Arabic

order

to have a real he'lived the through language ,

Ages. without

"where

investigations, Quran for

mastering Islamic

Civilization.

of the (289)

sake of understanding

Ile stayed his

at the

American Arabic

university culture. with

of Beirut, After

he focussed from the

attention

on the

returning

Beirut

he became acquainted politician university. twice to (b. 1906) For

Charles latter years,

Ilabib'Malik

Lebanese Harvard hours, to

as the three his

wa's'studying'at' they mot for two

over

a week to perfect use it in

knowledge

of Arabic

be able

research.:

236

During English

his

stay

in Beirut history of

he delivered science in

two lectures Syria in

in (290) Society

on the

and Palestine al-Kullyah. the ,

and "prepared A third (Jameyat into lecture,

Arabic

summaries

published 16the

delivered

March

1932 at

Islamic

al-Makased

al-Khayreyah al-Mashnouk.

al-Eslameyah)

was translated

Arabic

by Abdulah

"Only

Syria,

among the paid

and Africa

countries of the (291) him due homage. "

Arab

Middle

East

The modem great frowned

thinking

pf Sarton of the

especially period,

when he praised "was bitterly Western Sarton while

the

achievements

Islamic

upon and rejected forgave sincere him for

by many of his this "offense". of many,

colleagues. paid

11(292)

They never lie lost stood frustrate the

highly. Isecretly'

friendship him,

others, in vain to

vehemently his

against

and attempted 1,093)

plans

and endeavours.

The death

of Sarton

at Cambridge, loss

Mass.

(U. S. A. ) March memory will his genuine

22nd remain endeavouts field of

1956 was a personal alive to to those out bring

to many and "his East

in the urhat the

near

who knew of

Arab-Muslim . ,,

science

and for

mind has done in the (294)

reconciliation

Indeed preparing constant because

not

only his

because reading

he studied

Arabic

and

worked

hard a or

assignments with interest Arab else

at home while scholars Affairs

maintaining in Arab Land, and in of view, the but

correspondence he showed the of the nowhere

leading

in Arabic

understanding also because

personality do we find history in Sarton's

and point

so much inforamtion and philosophy writings, of

on the

analysis

of Arabic

Islamic

science

and technology in his

as we find

especially

introduction.

"To say the

Arabs

were nothing

but

imitators

is

all

wrong.

237 -

Their along

hunger with

for

knowledge clear

is

the vision

most original

contribution, Their Narth Central the

initiative,

and inventiveness. link between

accomplishments East Asia, Buddist Golden and North including Orient.

constituted Africa the

the

main

and the West,, as well great cultural Islamic it centers

as between in Iran,

and the its

The Arabic that

contribution

during

Age was so great there their

baffles

human expectations.

Therefore not world emulate

is

no reason

why the

Arabs

of

today

should of

leadership.

ancestors (295) " . stated

and assume again

a position

Indeed scholar

as Sabra to give

Me was the place Isis, decades

first to the of

and most dynamic Arabic Islamic Science and other life. These and

a prominent as he did in

and technology publications contributions clssiclal conclusions for

introduction prolific

over

four

go beyond mere transmission legacy leading to new significant

of an ancient observations,

and ideas. jj(296)

But

for

almost

a Century

before

Sarton Orientalists

completedd

his

five

volumes very few,

introdution, works

several on the

had been producing To name a Mueller, Houstma,

important we mention Suter,

Arabic Choulant, Pertsh,

Civilization. Ahlwardt,

Wusterfeld, Brockelmann, give spread

Fluegel, the picture

and Meyerhof. about world the in

To complete Oriental following

we will which

some explanation throughout the

institutions pages. The Oriental

the

Institutes_

During of the

the

15th

and 16th Centuries was religious Arabic Holland School

we notice and started was established the Oxford

that

the

characteristics

Orientalist The first in Leiden, Institute

by some missionary during School the 17th

group. Century

and then

in England

and The Bell by Bell his

in Leiden, a great 11itti

Holland

whi'ch was established

who printed teachers as F.

books. One of number of Arabic // knew the Arabic language completely said

238 -

and visited 18th

Mecca

and al-Madina the Oriental

in

secret Institutes to

11(297)

In

the

and 19th

Century

became more Arabic. School of The

important first Italy

in Europe school

and they

started

teach

oriental which

was The Royal in

Oriental

was established

1827 then

in Vienna.

During

the

20th

Century

the

School

of Oriental

Languages

was the

established language interest attempt of Indian

and it of the of their,

opened on 23 February and African literature

1917 to teach with

Oriental

countries the

special One institute

and history namely it

and culture. Oriental after

had been made before, Oriental Company but

closed College Century. School in this dictionary

eight

years.

The University teaching of the language the author Arabic University

College in the

and Kings early is 19th the

London started One of the departments

College the

of Modem

Oriental

and one of of English

lecturers

s'chool, was A. Salmoni, in 1889.

and Arabic

We must also this field all

mention

the

very

good effort the

of Dr. Arabic the very

F Ilitti

in

who was able over the

to establish

and Islamic

studies of the Arabic

U. S. A. which

He organized contained 2500 very

university Civilization

there

Arabic collection 6 rare books on the Arabic manuscripts.

in nearly

precious

We must also visiting

refer

to

L. Brofensaf, University. in

born

in

1894,

who was a useful his eforts

professor

at Cairo Civilization

He wrote Due to

book "The Arabic in the field

Spain".

of Arabic

Language of the

and Civilization College and President this brief

he has been of Paris of information level England, is University,

appointed Director Studies

as professor of Islamic in Paris

literature

studies

Institute After

Scientific

Universities.

in general, necessary,

some more explanation expecially in Holland,

on an international Italy, Germany,

U. S. A. and Russia.

- 239 -

Holland

Holland Civilization interest

has paid since in

special

attention

to the

history inclosed

of Arabic their them

the Middle due to Indonesia

Ages and they good relationship and other East a Centre

thisfield in

between Indian for

and the Muslims The university research In the Islamic civilization university, manuscripts.

Islands. Scientific studies. large Islamic Leiden and

of Leiden centre 19th

established

and this middle school

was an introduction Century to it give

to Arabic a very of the of

of the and i especially contained

established an account the rare

helped if

we know that number of

library Arabic often

a great

books printed

The authors their

of the the with is

Arab World well the

on each copy of "This in

books

known sentence: copy which was printed book. The

copy has been compared to prove that it

Leiden" press

an authoritative number of Arabic Sina.

Leiden

has printed Ishaq,

a great Ibn

masterpieces,

such as Ibn

al-Rhaze,

One of interested I'Mafeteh Science).

the

outstanding in the Arabic of the

scholars

was Van Voten

who was

very

Civilization. (the figures

He wrote Key from of

a book: al-Khawarezmi's

al-Owbxn One of

al-Khawarezmi encouraging

the

Orientalists

of Holland to write field. by this

was the on the

publisher in the

M. Brill

who encouraged and do research

the in

authors

Arabic

Civilization the

the

The leading publisher

books under

Arabic

Civilization of a great -. most of their

were printed number life

supervision who spent

international serving Arabic

orientalists Civilization.

Italy

The Italians especially

also as Italy

paid is

very very

good attention close to the

to Arabic

the

Arabic

studies and

Countries

240

it

is

very people,

easy to travel especially parts

and make contact during the rule Italy. the

with

the Arabs of

Arab Sicily Kings

of the

and other of Sicily

of

One of the Second, interested the Arabic

greatest in the Arabic Even

was Fredrick

who was himslef

an educated language his people

person.

He was very and studied that in Arabic

and taught thought

Civilization. of his great

he became a muslim Civilization.

attention Naples science

and interest University in Italy.

He established of Arabic the the He also sending "comments" gave his showed a is

and made it One of his

a leading great to

centre

works translate

of M. Scott of very

to Cordova the

in Spain Italian university

-Ibn Rushed into good support interest

language.

to the in Arabic

of Salorno

which

special

Medicine.

The other rather

factors the the

which Arabs

lead

to

the

spread

of Arabic bishops,

studies they

than

themselves to study

were the Arabic in

because

encouraged the Bible.

people

order

to understand

Telleno served in

1872-1928 Arabic

is

one of

the

distinguished he had got go to at the Cairo. Oriental

scholars his ph'D

who degree

Civilization. a fellowship

After to

1983,

he got

When he Institute as one-of in the

returned, Naples, Linguistic Civilization, Spain Batani to Fi

he became a professor and Siciley Committee and Rome. in Egypt.

He was elected

He was interested He travelled copy of

in Arabic to al-

especially study Illem

in Astronomy. the original

and copy out al-Falale".

"Zayj

lie puslished Latin a lot culture much they Arabia)

the

book in

Arabic,

then

translated volumes. with

it-

into

and wrote in order and its suffered

a commentary to be able people.

in three

He suffered the Arabic how (Saudi

to make contact His daughter travelled

Mary described in al-TaOf

when they

241 -

"We slept a very

on our

way to

al-Raef but

in

al-Seal without a lock.

village It

in

small

room which with the a door, cats

was empty, without

any furniture, was to enter in this on

no windows, very into easy for this

and dogs and other The only 'luxury', chairs.

animals furniture We slept

tiny

room.

room was a pair them with our

of uncomfortable (298) clothes on. "

Gemany

The first Arabic the first

scholar civilization to write

of

in Germany who was very interested (1801-1889). He Feal Gostaf was was history of Muslim of Islamic scholars. Orientalist languags, dept first second His

a book on the books

civilization writing the fact

based on the on the that: study Arabic the

civilization of the

gave the Arabic in

knowledge Arabic

and the place in his

of the

manuscripts for

in the

are the

two principles them into

any successful before

Orientalist. any stept

He must take

consideration Civilization.

taking

research

on Arabic

We must very

refer

also

to Brockleman,

born

1868, all the

who published Arabic books

important

encyclopedia whether this the of this

containing books are still

the

and authors, For the translated indices under

available

or lost. has its

imporatnee

masterpiece,

Arab League along Halim with al-Najar.

veryuseful supervision

encyclopedia of Dr. Abdul

the

The Orientalist Education of studies

Carl

Becker

of Federal on the Arabic

who bacame the Minister of Republic -.in. 1876 *wrote a number Civilization.

242 -

The United

Kingdom

The role the to last reason field the

of the

United

Kingdom

was also Middle to the

very East

important

in according the political came

of Orientalism. of the But only it

One reason

was political during the say that Arabic

policy

U. K. in the is not

centuries. was the

just

factor,

because

culture

to U. K. through

two ways. who came to U. K. who came to European U. K. from Spain

the the Italy,

Arab people European Sicily

scholars and other

countries in

and the

encouraged orientalism

the

U. K. scholars into

to engage Arabic

and research

Civilization.

The movement started lith Century.

in the

U. K. at the Roberts field.

books read in all

beginning

of the

M. Scott, their studies

Muller, in this
Arabic book was

were among those Robert

Chemistry over

who started
of Manchester on 11 Feb

of
into Latin Europe. Western

translated and this

1944

After due to of the

the the

death

of Scott of the invasion of

the

movement developed culture, result books was loss on Arabic Arabic of

very

slowly

decline

Arabic and the

as a result of a very Sciences. rule contact in between develop and

Hullakas' collection factors unrest the

precious The other Spain, the

reference ending the

were the in Europe, In the after

of the difficulty

East

and West. especially Universities.

16th the the

movement began to of Oxford

rapidly Cambridge

establishment

It

is

very

necessary collections at the

to mention on Arabic

at

this

stage,

about which

the

excellent available Library

Civilization of most the

are The Bodlean

excellent

libraries the

U, K.;

which

was considered

important

centre

for

243 -

reference collection and other scholars. The British and the

material

was established

in consists

1603,

and contains

the

of Edward Book which materials which

of 420 manuscripts by the leading Arabic

were presented

Museum Library department one for printed

which

was established in and the available Wal Mushtazi very year of

in 1892. for the

1753 There are

oriental

was established books

two sections, manuscripts. is in Medicine It

other at

The oldest entitled: in

manuscript al-Fazi 348 the

library Abi

by Ibn its

Shath.

was copied

composition.

Another

with

a special Library of

John Reylands for the History

the ils Arabic sciences of collection and Wellcome Institute in Manchester#

Medicine.

Russia

After to

the

revolution on the of books

in

1917,

Russia

encouraged and to available search at

the

scholars Arabic

research

oriental

studies

on the the

collection of Moscow,

and manuscripts Tashkent,

universities

Leningrad,

Azerbaijan

and Kazan.

A great

number

of Arabic

presses

were available and classification in the collection library in

in

Russia. of all the

The

government Arab which the printed is

arranged books

reindexing

and manuscripts the greatest

of Leningrad any library in

considered

world.

U. S. A.

We noticed marvellous previous this-field.

the role pages,

great

efforts

of

Dr.

Philip of the to

Hitti

and his on in

in the which

development led it

orientalism be engaged to play

many scholars forced the

Moreover,

government

244 -

another praise

role the

by supporting Arabic Civilization

all

this

research

and to Eizenhower Centre did in

as President of the

on June 28th Washington.

1957 at the

opening

Islamic

"Civilization principle and to live fact Arabic the

appeared methods which

first led

in to

the Middle the

East. of that

The life they will In

improvzment have proved to destroy

development

of thought,

forever,

and no one will methods

be able

them.

some of these culture .

were elements

%which distinguished

11(299)

The Arabic

Civilization

in the

Orientalists'

Writings

The Orientalists Civilization. sciences., their

wrote

many books into

on all every to

aspects branch discuss

of Arab of Arabic the concept

They researched Although this we are not

going

it later deal with as we will of writing stage to is that it in this feel that useful mention chapter we Arabic thousands books, about researches and of articles, Civilization the refer the Arab to world were written are still them in their and most of the studying publications. these scholars throughout and always books are

materials Some of those

following.

Encyclopadia The Middle publishers,

Universals, East

Paris

1968-1976 Holmes & Meirem

Contemporary

Survey,

New York. Britannica. The Historian's History of the

The New Encyclopedia Henry World, Smith Williams: 1904

New York,

H. G. Wells: Claude Bordas,

A Short Lilsam '1968

History

of

the World, au debut

London,

1920 Ottoman,

Cahen: Paris,

de origines

de Lieppine

245

J. D. Pearson: Encyclopaedia Short

Index

Islamicus, Leiden

Cambridge, 1913-1934, Leiden, 1953

England New editor

1958 1960

of Islam,

Encyclopaedia

of Islam,

Jean Sawaget: Paris,

Introduction

a Lu Histoire

de L'Orient,

1942,1946 History of Islam 1970 Fdte by Schacht and Bosworth London Edited by Holt, Lanton,

The Cambridge Lewis,

Cambridge of

England,

The legacy Oxford, Theodor 1872 Regis Richard

Islam

2nd ed,

1974 Noldeke: Sketches From Eastern History,

Blachere: Bell:

le Coran, Introduction Watt:

Que Sais to the

Je,

Paris,

1960 1953

Quran,

Edinburgh 1953

W. Montgomery A. Guillaumme least not last

Mohamad at Mecca,

Oxford

The life

of Mohamed Oxford

1955 and

Maxime Rodinson:

Mohammed, Paris

1961.

One may ask aboutthe is "yes ,

"Is

it.

worthwhile " Without They

to

discuss any

allthis

information the answer

Orientalists? by all from

hesitation collecting Arabs. of these

means. " early and

started the

Arabic They studied

manuscripts the about manuscripts our

days

before a great they

produced and

number

researches researches,

civilization

published

and by this the state

step of the

they Arabic

served

our to

civilization to other

by introducing nations. They translated and this of the and lastly, in all fields Orientalists and Arabic we

sciences books the

a great resulted sciences must of

number of Arabic in introducing the

other

languages

original and other of Arabic the all in

masterpieces scholars scholars

before

European thousands

remember that

science

have graduated

under

supervision of

of the

and returned are still

back home and there the leading role

them have played development

playing But to

the

of their

countries. now we are from

how we must study them. we must know exactly and what we must take research on these authors ignore.

them and what we must

246 -

B.

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ARABIC. MEDICINE AT THE PRESENT DAY

INTRODUCTION

The situation different changes towards engaged civilization from Western Orientalists of the teachers Arab from in this their in

of Arabic the state

Science in the is the

Historiography past. One of of the

nowdays the

is

distinguished themselves

matter science

attitude

Arabs

in general. this field the role

They have become more due to the modern Arabic scholars the of the thoughts became scientific

searching

and due to universities and their people

of Arabic the in

who graduated

under participation

supervision changing

as a great figures

number of these in their

scholars

and prominent

societies.

One of the of the University explain of the before Scientific

remarkablej for

events the

in this

field

is

the

establishment at the'

Institute

Higtory

of Arabic

Science

of Aleppo, laterwhich

Syria

on 12 April

1976as the

as we will starting Science. about point But Arabic

may be considered in the this, is field a brief useful.

Academic starting

search

of Arabic detail

to explain

Modern

development

Most

of the

books

which Antoine

deal

with

the

topic

stated

that

modem

"Arabic French Medical al-Ayeni Scientific clear Bulaq

Scientific physician School in in

development

in Egypt when the started found6d the B. Clot (1768-1793) Zalabal is (which moved to the first al-Kaser Medical (the

1827 in Abi and also it

1835)

known that Fi

book was "al-Kawel about Anatomy)

al-Sareh by Bayel

al-Tashreh

sayings 1832.

translated

Y. Antouri,

"It the

is

possible

to

say that the region in Egypt He brought

the

Arabic

development in

started

when

French

came to time .... East

(Egypt) and from with

1799 and science spread. to methods

began at that the Middle

therelater

him modem medical

- 247 -

and in to Colt

1827 Mohamed Ali to establish the

(the

Ruler)

gave his

permission Zabal".

Medical

School

in Abi

(300)

But Ibn

S. Katayah Naser Alah

proved

that

the

physician studied

of Aleppo

Saleh

Afendi long

al-Saloum

(d. 1670)

and translated

before

Y. Anjouri

development Medical

European Mediual the founders the of one of The New both "translated Ile Paracelseus. namely: of Paracelseus "The Royal of the city and other Chemistry". libraries This books by one of and we have means that a long half the time of Both manuscripts

Chemistry

Paracelseus's are two available copies

student. in most

Oriental

of them in the development

of Aleppo.

modern medical before the Egypt,

was started

in Aleppo in the first

17th

as the book was written 30 1) Century. "(

This

trend

of translation and the academic

of

the

famous books of the

of

the European who came these factors

scholars. from led the in let not truly this the the to

staff

Arab world all of

West and other foundation

Arabic of Arabic the people

historians, Nationality to of their the carry

the

and encouraged past civilization and to task and Arab World out this

scholars order to

to pay more attention strengthen first position

them be the the

who must

Obientalists

and clearly picture exact

the to in very picture present order who are more concerned about and by scholars it is their of the its picture. This leads us to explain of Arabic the Arab World.

because state

at present one of ,

Historiography in

Science

( medicine

branches)

B. 1

In

The Arab World

in -

Syria

in Particular

a.

Specifid

Arab Countries on I October 1979 to all of each Arabic country universities to give us a

We sent a questionnaire and academic institutions

information up-to-date about this matter. brief of the answers which were received:

Below we give

248 -

Lebonan

Arabic Science studies. Art

University in

of Beirut: subjects

"The History of the fourth

of Arabic year sciences, (302)

one of the Dept.

of philosophical is Dr.

and social Omar Farukh".

faculty.

The lecturer

IRbanese the

University: of the

"Nopthere history

is

no department Science. "

teaching

subject

of Arabic

Nov there dealing

is with

not the

any journal subject.

published

by the

university

There to

is

no plan situation University is

to

teach of

this our

subject

in 1(303)

the

future

due

recent

country.

American "No, there "History

of Beirut: or dept 11(304) to teach the subject

no institute Science

of Arabic

Egypt.:

Cairo

University: is hsitory no institute of Arabic or dept Science teaching (305) ,, the subject

No there of the

Al-Azhar "Nopthere history There by the is

University: is no institute Science. specialised on this subject published of department teacIfing the

of Arabic nothing

university. of history in the of Arabic department and the effect Science of History of included as the civilization with

The subject other Islamic subjects

civilization

Islamic

in Europe. Atthe of university, may give the faculty of Medicine on this and the faculty

science

an outline

subject.

1,006)

249 -

The

'American is

University no depttL-aching

in

Cairo the history of Arabic Science . ,, (207)

Nopthere

Kingdomof

Saudi

Arabia

King

Faisal is

University: no department up till now to teachirg do so, the or subject, no -there future.

No ithere is no plan

in the

No there by the

is

no joumd

on this

subject

published

university.

"('308)

Algeria University "Nolthere subject. " of Constantine: institute or department teaching this

is no (309)

Yeman Arab Republic Sana'a "Notthere University: is no institure in the neither history any plan of Arabic any journal (310) Science . ,, nor

speci, alising

Iraq Al-Sulaymaneh "Noothere of history Al-Mustansarl "Noothere is is University: no institute of Arabic or department 31 1) Science. "( teaching the subject

Yah University: no institute or department teaching this 4311a) subject.

Al-Mousal "Notthere department for the

University: is of no department history teaching Faculty students. matter. such a department on this subject. at present. The journal's this subject, this but the

of Art faculty

teaches Faculty

subject

scientific help in

of medicine

and science No ? there Nolthere articles is is

this

no plan

to establish journal

no special

on thi, % field

are published

in the

university.

250 -

"The is

journal published

of the by the is

university faculty unlocated.

or in of Art

al-Rafedyan 11(312)

journal

urhich

The information' letters to the

Although

we sent, two we did not receive

University officials.

of Baghdad, there. ' is that to

any answer

from the

The nly there the is

inforamtion an attemptof the

we may mention to establish University

on this'concept. an istitute similar

institute

of Aleppo

in Baghdad.

B. 2:

SYRIA IN PARTICULAR

INTPWDUCTION

In Syria in the

the Arab in

city world

of Aleppo to put

in particular the historiography and to

was the of the

fimt Arabic

city

Science this field

its

rightful

academically. years from is

in to research start place 'Aleppo, - No wonder since Aleppo for the the country modem of any scientific development Bin Naser Allah

a hundred development,

considered started

here

scientific

by one of the al-Salame

plWsicians

of Aleppo,

Salew Afandi

As we have seen on previous the contact with time, the West, especially

time for long Aleppo a a very as Aleppo was enjoying pages during the 17th

had

excellent

and 19-th Century. She important countries, "In Great 1556

was enjoying commercial Britain, it

a Golden centre with

Age, since daily India, the

she was a very with other

contact China, exTort

11olland, France, that

Japan

and Iran.

was estimated thousand alone

of Aleppo

had reached trade volume

one hundred of Aleppo total to

Doukah on 1770 and the to 18 million and imported to French

anual Francs

reached

and the and of the has' said empire the

quantity in

of exported 1775 reached who visited was tIv. -. biggest

textiles

from We

Europe

"6820"Balah"1(3"3) the city in the centre 18th in

rim. nch tourists. that Aleppo

Century all

commercial

251 -

of the

the

Sultan

and Kingdoms

she was in followed

1800 the"most by Cairo

important . ,,

Ottomem

and Istanboul

of city (314)

"The previous Mary, Due to Okaret, this

reference

which

is

found

in the

library

of Golden Age .,,

and tel-Merdekh position a great from Europe, Alexander

gives

proof

of their

(315)

number of scholars

and physicians city were the They of detail History in

Aleppo to came Russel family. travelled Aleppo about

among who come to the and Patrick. Because of the

Both physicians. importance

between at that

1742-1768. "they

time

wrote

a book and gave a full "The Natural first time 1974".

the

city.

The book,

was entitled twice, also the

of Aleppo"

and was printed second time

1756 and the

in London in

in London (316)

Therefore important

it

is

not

surprising

to

find

that only all

Aleppo regarding the Arabic

was the

very Golden

towards

the Golden but

Age, not regarding

Age of Aleppo, Therefore, and other called Aleppo, meeting views tasks

or Syria,

Civilization.

we find cities

of Aleppo a number of scholars of the city to a meeting had been invited of Syria (25 in all) A. Y. al-Hassan, author the who towards Rector of University of the

by Prof. Syria.. we found

Dr.

As the that all

was one of these participating spoke in detail

who attended with the the National

agreed about

of Prof-al-Hassan of Arab Scholars

Arabic

Civilization research

and the about Arabic who towards of those

necessity Science

of Arab and not

scholars

conducting this task

leaving

to the a very with

Orientalists useful the role

have played the Arabic

and still Civilization', the

are playing Of course Arabs

exception

who were against took which meeting of Aleppo (Fig

as a whole. Senate

At the Council

end of that of the to University establish Some details its kind on

place

in the

No13) for

on 14 May 1975 it the History

was agreed Science. first of

a Syrian about the this

Society society World

of Arabic is the

are useful up till now.

asit

Arabic

252 -

B. 2.1:

Syrian

Society

for

the

History

of

Arabic

Science

At the from

end of the

above meeting of Syria

the

participants the

who were Council

different society

cities

elected

executive

of the

as follows:

Dr. Dr.

A Ya al-Hassan, Kh Maghout, Vice

President President

University for

of Aleppo Affairs,

President

Academic

University Dr. AK

of Aleppo Shehadeh, Professor Faculty of Medicine University

of Aleppo Dr. Dr. MB Maki, TI Kayali, Professor, Professor, science Faculty Faculty, University of Aleppo of of Medicine, University

Aleppo M. Immam Secretary, Dr. University Faculty of Aleppo of Agriculture. Society total at the for the of 1976 as

I Khanem: Librarian,

At the History

time

of the

foundation Science

of

the

Syrian

of Arabic

the May 1975 14 on total has increased

number end of

members was 25, to 6E Active

but

the

members and 27 honorary to their countries: 1 Sudan, 1 India, 2 Iraq, 1 Germany,

members distributed 68 Syria, 2 Palestine, 1 6 U. S. A.,

follows 5 Jordan, Poland,

according 1 Saudi, 1 Russia,

2 Egypt,

I Canada and 1 France.

The first the first

general

meeting

of the

Society the 5-

was held History 12 April

during of Arabic 1976. on 6-7

Internati6nal at Aleppo general twenty most Dr.

Symposium for between was held from studies the

Science

University meeting scholars

The second April one of search of the 1977, the of

at Aleppo attended

University the

Syria

meeting;

important

of the scholars

wa3the Professor Germany, a grand of Astronomy. "

Foud Sezeken of Science to

distinguished

scholar

History

at Farnkfurt the meeting

University,

who came specially lecture "The role

attend

and delivered Development

of Arab Scholars

on the

253 -

Along Institute

with

the for

annual the

meeting of

there Arabic

was an exhibition Science.

of the

History

The following adopted at the

are the Annual

most

important

recommendations

meeting.

1.

Establishment related for the to the History

of

departments

and national with

committees,

Society,

starting and its

a department in

of Medicine Society

and pharmacy. national of medicine, fields in are committes technology and encouragement Congress. to submit

2.

Enrolment international methematics of

of the

unions

of history scientific to

or any other the Society

members of

participate Symposia to the

Furthermore, original board 3. Starting Arabic League of the for

candidates

in the papers

and unpublished approval. cooperation Science of the

responsible

on the to

Institute

for

the

History of the

of

and the Arab

Institute serve

of manuscripts the different

States

aspects

Arabic

heritage

11(317) 0 was held in Aleppo fifth on 12-13 was held April at

The third 1978, the the

Annual fourth

meeting in April of 1980.

1979 and the

end of April

The other Society for

steps the

which History

followed of

the

establishment were: for the

of the

Syrian

Science

The first Arabic 5-12

International science which

Symposium was held

History

of of Aleppo

at the

University

April

1976.

2.

The establishment science at the

of the University

Institute of Aleppo

for

the

History took place

of Arabic during

which

254 -

the

first

Ifiternational Science for although

symposium the

for

the

History of the was

of

Arabic Degree

promulagation of the Institute

the Establishment 4th 1976.

on November

As

the

above two steps important role in

played the field

and still of the the

are

playing of Arabic of its

a very

History steps

Science. t especially, kind to occur in all explanation The first Science about

as they 'the Arab

were

first

countries. very

Therefore, necessary.

some

each of

them is

B. 2.2:

Intemational Alleppo University

Symposium 5 -12 on the

for April

the

History

of Arabic

1976

This the

symposium Institute Society

was held for for the the

occasion of Arabic of Science Minister occasion scholars field

of

the

foundation and the

of

History History

Science

Syrian before asked to

the under auspices of'the Dr. Mohammed Ali Hashem the representative the role the of the studies on"this foreign on the

- as mentioned President of Syria who of Higher who delivered in Europe of the History Education an address

be his

praising

and USA of

who encouraged Arabic Science.

"It

is

very

m cessary

here

to

mention out

proudly, and still

the exist

very by

good

efforts individual, Europe that it

which

have been carried Arab scholars

faithful

and foreign of the unite

scholars, truth. the

in

and U. S. A. who are is our task the in in this

an example region to

We feel efforts this Institute for and

coordinate symposium for this the

information. to be the

Therefore first

we organized of the

order

activity who'will to every to at

History

of Arabic

Science, doors

be responsible devotee at it, the of to

task,

and will truth,

open its Arabian

scienceand it,

and Foreign to reach

work

criticize

or translate

or search

the

end to

255 -

ability history example this

to

write

our Arabic the effort over Arabs to the to all

History

of

science for

and to put

this

before of the all

be a guide

them and to information

be an on

subject

who seek this (318) world. ,

As the

author that

was one of the. as it in the

those

who attended of the first

this.

seminar was good to be held were 65 Kingdom the of the Hill

we noticed enough on this scholars, participants Wellcome and Dr I. in Arabic -2

numbers

participants of its kind

especially topic

was the

Arab World.

The participants From the United

Arabs

and foreigners. Dr A. Zaki for the

were: Institute. N. Hall, and 31 in papers

Iskander

and G. K. Karmi

History

of Medicine, 67 papers,

Dr Donald of which

They delivered foreign

36 were

languages. of

They were: in general

on the

history

science

36 papers -9 papers

on basic on the

science of engineering, technology

history

and agriculture 18 papers 2 papers At the same time at the on medicine on the history and related of social subjects science. on this History of

some exhibitions Halls of the

were organised institute were: for the

occasionin Arabic

Science. Arabic Arabic the

The Exhibitions Scientific Scientific

Instruments Manuscripts Ibn al-Shater

Arabian

Astronomer

Arabic Portraits and

products of leading Arab scholars History of

the the Institute for Publications of Science and the University of Aleppo. these exhibitions scholars branches gave a good picture role in the

All

of the development

activities of the

of Arab different

and their of

sciences.

25G -

To complete below the

the

picture

of

this of the

important symposium.

event

we mention

recommendations

They were as

f ollows: 1. holding Science Arabic 2. issuing Science scholars studies 3. holding. time 4. Issuing activities Arabic in a symposium by the Science a journal with from on the History the Of Arabic History of Institute regularly on the for every History board the world

three

years.

of Arabic from to leading publish time to

an editorial all over

in Arabic a special the field

and other study of the to Institute

languages. from of

group History give

Science. of the of

a newsletter of the Science

an account for the

History who are a list

and other field

Institutes, and to of all prepare those

interested

in the

of names and addresses engaged 5. Inviting the for History the in these studies

who are

in the scholars

world. in the field of

distinguished of Arabic

Science

by the

Institute Visiting

History would advice special

of Arabic deliver on its attention

Science. lectures research. to Arabic.

Professors Institute 6. Giving studying, important 7. Writing on the

and give

the

manuscripts, all the

translating ones. an encyclopaedia History

and publishing

by the

top

specialists Physics, other

of Arabic

Mathematics, in Arabic

Technology languages 8. Establishing orial Chairs

and Medicine

and in

Institutesw in the University especially the Students History

Departments of Arabic

or ProfessScience in

each Arabic of Science, to

and teaching the of History Science

the

History

of Arabic and Humanity

Science, Faculties.

257 -

As recommended, History 12th of Arabic "More delivered

the

Second Inter-national was held patronage

Symposium from

on the 5th to of the in it

Science the

in Aleppo of the

April,

1979 under than

President participated

Republic. and they out is it the the the

two hundred

scholars

a number of of this

studies

and most of them pointed this symposium as

importance most scientific

symposium. " "No doubt in the the is world, world. a chance

symposium from all

especially Moreover, for me to

attracted organisation

scholars

over It

was marvellous. of my colleagues (319) "

meet with History of

a number Science.

and exchange

views

on the

The third of the as the

major

development for Institute it is the

in

this

field

was the Science all the

establishment of Aleppo world. Some

Institute leading

History in given this

of Arabic field in

explanation

about

below.

B. 2.3:

The Institute

for

the

History

of Arabic

Science

We explained was on the History titute No harm by of the the of was to

before occasion Arabic opened mention

that of

the the

establishment first International 1976,

of

the

Institute on

Symposium although had efforts the been Ins-

Science before here

in the that the

April required

degree

issued. faced

some negative first role in

were

person Institute, of

who played namely University, a witness to

the

establishment the abroad. were a long

Professor

Dr A. Y.

al-Hassan, he was which But after

Rector As the

Aleppo was due along

especially of these

when efforts,

author

unfortunately struggle forward succeeded the 4th, issue 1976:

some personal the support of of the of

reasons. those

with

who were the

looking at last after

to

the and of

creation the dream following

Institute,

Rector

scholars decree No.

came true, 1905 dated

especially November

the

258 -

Organisational No. 1905

Decree

The President

of the

Republic,

In

accordance the XXI,

with

the

Articles

of Law No.

1,1975, especially

governing Article

organisation

of Universities,

Decrees

the

following:

Article A higher for the the

I. institute History for research called shall the "The Institute be founded following at

of Arabic of Aleppo

Science" to

University

undertake

tasks:

a.

To bring

to light

the Arabic

scientific

heri-

classification, critiin Arabic and cal verification and publication foreign languages of its source materials. b. To prepare and publish in periodicals scholarly studies in the field of Arabic science. To train promising scholars in carrying out research in the various fields of the Arabic scientific To utilise scholars scientific e. To grant science.
Article
Admission graduates.

tage by the collection,

C.

heritage. the efforts of Arabic and foreign in bringing to light the Arabic by publishing their studies. academic degrees to students of Araabic heritage

d.

II.
into the Institute is open to University

259 -

Article

Ill. of the in Institute paragraph and the (e) academic preceding decree. the end of five

The Prospectus degrees article Those years

mentioned will degrees after

of the

be confirmed may not the

by a subsequent before

be granted of the

foundation

Institute.

Article This

IV. decree is to be promulgated for and referred to

officials

concerned

implementation.

Damascus 12.11.1396 (November A. H. 4th, 1976)

The President

of the

Republic.

The reasons

in vindication

were stated

as follows: has become which acquaintance Arab confidence progress

"The

study Arabic the

of

the

History stage undergoes

of Arabic of the for

Science

a necessity the with

at this nation scientific will their

transformation our youth's of the past

achievments surely inspire

generations and enhance in this

them with

scientific

and technological

century.

The study regression of Arab as well the

of Arabic into geniuses the

science, past;

however, rather, it

is is

not

to

be a mere

an appreciation to humanity, to resume

and their to

contributions young

as an incentive started paces for by our the

generations and to laying

march

forefathers of

keep track bases of

of their for

purpose geared

down the

scientific and its

research

to the

requirements

society

developments.

260 -

It

has,

therefore, undertake to light, extent to this " the

become incumbent the to task of bringing its it

that our

we, ourselves, scientific works and

should heritage to

publish

monumental several

show the

to which enrichment

had for

centuries

contributed now that orientalists. time

of knowledge been performed

and science, mostly by

task has long (320)

At the also

of

the

establishment Library of the

of the belonging

Institute, to this

there Institute.

was

started

a special collection

The first of Aleppo, libraries, long time

Library Library, of Aleppo in

came from and from are well books.

some libraries some private known from a

such as al-Awqaf for to the-citizens be interested

collecting

"The books books matter, the

rich

citizens

of Aleppo

are

interested cupboards the benefit to

in

collecting

and make special for a variety as decoration that of

elegant reasons: for their

keep these of the belief gain be in them subject of

houses, is

in the a way to

citizens

collecting

books

wealth

and as a mark of books

respect

to those

who will

need of those because they

who will to

be forced buy them. "

to borrow (321)

are unable

The total of Arabic

number of the Science is

Library

as follows

of the (up to

Institute 1979):

for

the

History

Arabic Foreign Arabic Foreign

books books journals journals

4,100 3,650 32 titles 119 titles 300

Manuscripts

Moreover, microfilm.

there

is

a special the

section is

for

manuscripts one, it

on is

Although

Library

a young

261 -

considered the History

one of the of Arabic

most

important

specialised

library

in

Science.

According decree budget scholars directing other "institute its

to

the

previous giving

decree full

of

the

president, the

another staff, the

was issued and other are the

details

about

administrative-matters. invited while to the institute

Some distinguised to help in

usually research are

as Prof as part

Sami Hamerne of U. S. A., time as Prof In Edward fact, the due to

scholars

working University

Kennedy

of American enjoys in which the

of Beirut. a very which

at this this

time field,

good position has led to

activities

important scholars

developments throughout

have been praised " (322) world.

by a number of

As Dr. York is

G Saliba,

professor, has said:

History

of Arabic

Science,

New

University first lets which science

"The I. H. A. S. of Aleppo of its kind in the to the

University

the

establishment scholars was played with all

Arab World, important

which role the

pay their by the its

attention Arabs

branches.

in the 323) "(

developmen t of

Someof the

most

important

activities Syrian science

achieved for the

by I. H. A. S. science are

and I. S. H. A. S. and the the following:

The birth The institute the "journal

of

the

journal long

for

the

History

of Arabic

Science.

after for periodical

studies

has been able Science". to its the

the'history of its

of Arabic kind denoted

to publish (Fig. No-14 History of

The first Arabic and the in spring

Islamic first

science issue

and technology 1977. It

in is

widest-scope, by-annually; of Editors of of

was in fall.

published

and the distinguished

The Managing scholars the from

editors different

and Board countries Board

include the world

as we see in and the Advisory.

following

names of the

Editors

262

Board

of'Editors Rector University of Aleppo Washington U. S. A.

Ahmady al-Hassan Sami K Hamarneh Donald Hill

Smithsonian London American U. K.

Institute,

E. S. Kennedy Roshdo Rashed A. I. Sabra

Research

Centre France

in Egypt,

Cairo

C. N. R. S. Paris, Harvard University University of

Ahmad S. Saidan

Jordan,

Amman

Advisory

Board

Salah

Ahmad

University Tajik Orient

of

Damascus Syria of science and technology USSR

Mohamed Asimor , Peter Bachmann

Academic Institute

du Deutschen Beirut, Lebanon

Morgenlaendischen

Gesellschaft, Ahmad Shaukat Chatti Abdul Karim University Fahd Hartner University University Red Crescent

Society,

Damascus,

Syria

Chehade Taufic Willy

of Aleppo, of

Syria France W. Germany

Strasbourg,

of Frankfurt

Mohamed Fauzi Mossein Albert Iskandar Z. Welcome Institute London John Murdoch Seyyed Hossein Nasr Imperial Iran David Bingree Brown University, University Union Rhode Island U. S. A. Iranian Academy of philosophy, Teheran Harvard U. K. University. U. S. A. for the History of Medicine University of Cairo Egypt

Fuad Sezgin Rene Taton

of Frankfurt,

W Germany et dela

International

d'Histoire Paris

philosophy Juan Vernet Germet Gines University

des Sciences,

France

of Barcelona

Spain

263 -

Adlyah Art vol

Halab:

An annual

periodical

on archaelogy, vol.

History

of

and science. 11 (1976)

In Arabic 345.

and English

1 (1975)

368 pp.

I. H. A. S. Newsletter

Books

The Institute publications institute.

also during

published the

and distributed of the

the

follwoing of the

ceremony

establishment

Hassan,

Ahmady:

Taqu al-Din engineering, of spiritual

& Arabic with the

mechanical sublime methods

machines. of the 16th

An Arabic Century. In

manuscript Arabic,

165 pp 1976

Kataye

Salaman:

Les-Manuscripts pharmaceutiques de Alep.

mechanical dans les

et Bibliotheque publiques

In Arabic

440 pp of Baha al-Din

Shawki

Galal

A:

Mathematical

works

al-Amli 207 1976.

956 - 1033/1547 Kennedy, Ghanem, I. E. S: (Eds) Shatir, Century. The life

in Arabic 1622 Ibn

and work

of

al14th

an Arab Astronomer In Arabic

of the

and English

172 pp 1976.

Kennedy,

E. S:

The exhaustive Abu al-Rayhan in English commentary vol

treatise

on shadows

by

Mohamed, Ahmad al-Birani 1. translation vol 11

281 pp 1976.

- 264 -

"A number England of

of

international contacted

publishers the

from

France,

Germany

and U. S. A.

institute publication".

distribution proof

of the of the

institute

to get the right (324 ) This is

indeed

importance

of the

publication.

Traditional

Crafts

of

Syria

The Institute crafts those craft

prepared in this

and industries

on the traditional boof aLs an important*reference a major work Rewards submit useful have been assigned information

Syrian for for the all scholar

interested

field. to

who were able or industry.

on certain

Collaboration and Technology

with

the

Institute

for

the

History

of Science

U. S. S. R

The Institute collaboration technology This the for list

for with which

the the is

history Institute

of Arabic for the to the

Science History

has started of Science Science

a and

related included in

Academy of

in U. S. S. R. between and papers for the and

collaboration two institutes, the forthcoming

an exchange to the for

of publications thesies to History be secured of

addition of

original journal the

issues

of H. A. S. by the

institute

Science

Technology

The Institute Academy of of the

in

Aleppo

nominated

the

president for

of the

the panel.

Tajik

SSR

Science, for

as. an advisory the History

editor

of editors

journal

of Arabic

Science.

It

is

worthwhile the direction the

to

indicate.

that

the

Institute

in Moscow,. has been Science for

under

of Professor of the

S. R. Mikulinsky of Arabic

undertaking some time.

study

History

265 -

The Institute but for also further

not

only

collaborated with all

with specialized

the

above institutes

institute

made contacts co-operation.

Museum of

Science

and TLechnology

It

has been planned the university to

to

set

up a museum of of Aleppo. the steps

science

and technology

to aid

council supervise

A body of members up to the

has been formed fulfilment of

leading

the

project.

The participation

with

the

Specialized

Conferences

The Institute conferences. field of the

participated The participants conference were elected representative the History August

in most

of the

specialized a paper related Institute's "Dr. S Qataye to the

presented

concerned.

Some of the

participants was elected Society held Rector Prof. for

as representatives for Syria to the

e. g.

International

of Medicine 20-25th of Aleppo

in Plovdiv, of Dr. the Aj.

during the XXVI Conference (225) Moreover, the , 1978. , and the Director of I. H. A*.S. a member of the manuscripts"

university al-Hassan Institute

was "elected of the

committee the

of the

Arabic

advisory (326)

During selection of its all

conference, of

the

I. H. A. S. participated The journal attention

with for

a the History of

I. H. A. S. publication. attracted of production the other to build Institute One of the Institute for the particAlar

Arabic

Science

because

good quality these activities, the with in

and high specialized

scholarliness. organizations,

For

contacted co-operate of science

Institute the general.

a good relationship the first to benefit of the

and to history which for

organisations be a representative

located

and invited

266 -

Syria

was the of

International Science. and before in It

Federation is worthwhile the state

for

the

History

and in

Philosophy this context

to mention of the of

here

ending

historiography some scholars

of Arabic who from interested

Science

Syria

about

the

effort

Damascus University in the History

and other of Belad

who are scholars (Syria the great). al-Sham and invited Although of the the this

They organised scholar effort for to

an International at each with

conference conference. the that world. efforts

participate

cannot

be compared

Institute effort, will not

H. A. S. of Aleppo, was known by all us from

because in the

was an academic But this about this fact

which present

mentioning

something

effort.

B. 2.4:

The International

Conference

on the

History

of Bilad

al-Sham

The first auspices with the

Intermational of the University which

Conference

was held

in

1974 under

the

of Jorda, n. concermed al-Sham this field the

The participants History the of rise again, time the of first

dealt ten

studies

centuries The second

concerning conference

Bilad in

since

Islam. between

was held

27 'December auspices was the the rule of study

1978 and 3 January Damascus University. of of the History

1979 and this five from

under

the

The theme of the of the last

conference of,

centuries the

History till

the

Bilad

al-Sham second

namely world

Ottoman's 70 It is

the

end of the

war. nearly

More than 50 papers.

scholars noted that

participated some different "the them did side. views not

and delivered views upon the find

existed period of

among the the that

participants rule. except

especially Some of the dark

Ottoman period,

anything

about

This tried

trend to

was led insist

by S. Ashour. the

Although

the

Turkish'scholars the. Turkish concept 011(237) al1980 were

about the role

good relationship Turkish

between

and the The third

Arab,

of the

minorities History

on this. of Bilad 19th April

international

conference

on the

Sham was held under the

in Amman, Jordan of the

on 1st Prince

Saturday Hassan.

chairmanship

120 papers

267 -

presented particular place rise the of

on Palestine the religion

(328)"The participants of. the time City of

discussed

in

importance from 1(229) the King

of Jerusalem al-Khalil himself

as the till the

Ibrahim of Jordan

of Islam. conference before

Hussein that of the

addressed is an

and stressed the birth at the

the

city

of

Jerusalem

Arab City the

prophet

Mohammed. was

One of in

recommendations

end of this for

conference

establishing region. 1'(330)

an Arabic

Centre

Historical

research

the

Although

the

efforts field of

of the the that

participants

are useful of the is Arabic very

in

some

ways in the civilization, and there but in the on the the task is

historiography the waste co-ordination these

we feel

important concept part as

no need to

efforts

on this

contact. of the are

The efforts Institute with Indeed,

must play H. A. S.,

an important especially

of the the that

Arabs

one nation,

same language, the countries

customs, of Bilad

religion al-Sham political

and History. "enjoyed

important

and economic

position (331) policy. that the to

in the

International

But

we must

strongly

state

very study

important on*the

position position only

which

we may enjoy as a whole all the of

when we start and not studies of the al-Magreb

as Arabs Therefore begin

as Bilad Arab unity unity,

al-Sham

or Bilas from Bilad

al-Magreb.

our

and research not but

efforts the It

must always al-

from

point

Sham unity al-Arab to mention efforts scholars Arabs on the is to

of Bilad

unity is

of Bilad necessary and let of these of the later at the the

as a whole at this go along

(The Arab Fatherland). stage with to the give very up this important

function effort

of the

Institute unable of the

of the to

II. A. S. as the

heritage

one unity

be divided for the

as we will future

mention

paragraph thesis.

proposal

development

end of this

268 -

2.

TIM WORLDAND THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ARABIC SCIENCE AT PRESENT

Today, out,

a number of some research is one of

scholars in its the the

all field

over

the

world

are

carrying Science

of the

History

of Arabic

Medicine

branches. Arabic

In USSR there Scientific

is an active and to who are President the Institute the in book,

movement to publish translate interested Tajekstan of the them into in the Academy, History in the

masterpiece the scholars

Russian. subject Dr. are

Some of Dr.

Mohamed Azemoi, Director, of

Meykoleneski

of Science the Middle universi-ty

and Technology East and Dr.

who published Ghalulen,

Mechanism Germany, scholars (Tubigen) Nagel

A. Khaler Frankfurt. subject

of Tugingen in the Uni), most

Some of the are M. Olman (Munich Uni), T. P.. Seizken

who are.

interested

R. Degen(Gensen

P. Kontesh distinguished

(Bonn Uni. ) and the University.

historian

of Frankfurt

Below field

we are

listing

some scholars England

who are and U. S. A.

working

on this

in France,

Turkey,

Country

Institute

Scholars

France .

The Scientific research Paris centre

T. Beynki for KH Arabic Jawish for

(French Studies)

Institute

(National Scientific research)

Centre

(Paris R al-Rashid University) T. Fahd (Strasbourgh. University)

Turkey

Awkara Estanboul University U/A

2G9 -

England

Wellcomc on the Medicine

Ins'vitute History of

A. Z. Eskander (Vellcome G. 11. Karmi Ofellcome at the Institute worked of A. S. researcher of Arabic Institute)

Institute Hill, History

Donald on the

Technology A. N. Hall SOAS, and the Institute Festival Islamic (Belfast University)

U. S. A.

Brounx

Pittsburgh

J. Merdok J. Sa'liba of Harvard University

Universities Southern Washington Harvard which post History Science'in the University established (chair on the a-

A. 11. Sabara H. bolus

Florida

Universiity. University University

A. Dybos Chicago N. Kalajamer

California

R. Lemi New York University S. Hamarn. h Smithsonian who is important the field considered the Institute most on of

of Arabic 1972)with of

assistance University

scholar'author of the History

Kuwait

Arabic the in

Science

and who wrote books

largest this field.

number of

There India

are

other

scholars countries

in

Iran,

Pakistan, interested

Poland, in this

Norway, subject but livng

and other

who are

especially or settling

U. K. and most i the

of them have Arab nationality

Arab World. sx, .7 Lhat ''th ere are saw business r= vh-o

Ve aafe -Plcaseed to

270 -

have a great and are trying

interest in

in

the

field

of Arabic in

Cuvilization this field. with the the

some way to pIgLy a role context five S. Shukri years which to ago, lasted

We may mention help of Sir

in this

who "along established three

Harold

Bealy,

International and still the

Islamic on of his

Festival dreams is our

months

encyclopaedia least London in April

about

an Islamic publish (331a) Lastly civilization". Festival which effort place in to

and not in

International

Islamic

was held serve

1976 was an important "the event which took of the establishment Both events of each city their faced

our West

civilization,. and at the the

London the

same time East.

of the each other

I. H. A. S. in spite of of (331b)

in Aleppo the each great

distance to

and the pride in

different our

features "

society

express

civilization.

3.

THE ARAB CIVILIZATION

AND THE OTHER PREVIOUS CIVILIZATIONS

3. A:

General

Background

and Discussion

Before

the

rise

of

Islam, first

many civilizations chapter and with

had come and gone sciences of

as we explained various domains

in the of

and produced different

reality

orders

of perfection.

The two outstanding had already quality medicine scientists develop the study produced "although

were civilizations medicine

of Egypt

and Mesopotomia

and mathematics

of extraordinary

from the Egyptian what we have received . 332) before the Greek philosophers was little"( and , about them and to came upon the stage to theorize Being themselves as the upon this world long tradition the of Greeks

them further. of the produced short of their

heavens Thales, period

as well

of nature, and Aristotle centuries

in turn

Phthyagoros, of less than

Plato three

within before

a relatively the centre

scientific

activity

shifted

to Alexander.

There Greek

in

the

heart and the

of Egypt, dying

at

the

moment of the Egyptian

twilight

of

power

gasps

of Ancient

civilization

271 -

a new synthesis achieved the History leading

of Greek, to

Egyptian

and Oriental

learning periods of

was

one of the which Galen,

most prolific produced figures

of Science,

such men as Euclid, who entered Arabic(Islamic)

Ptolemy civilization.

and indirectly

It that

is

important the

for

an understanding heritage Alexandria, Neoplatanists

of Islamic reached that. Plat6

Science not

to

realize

Caraeco-Hellinistic but ideas through of the

Islam

directly

from

Athens the

through Alexander,

-.en mostly was -,;. through and Aristotle in its combining various

Aphrodisias elements traditions, related a historical to

and Themistus. with rigorous all logic,

Alexander in

of mystical scientific hiararchy wasy, fact that into is

synthesizing upon a

in basing the

the

sciences

mode of Imowledge, of Arabic Science

and in many other Science in the and in same manner

anticipation into Arabic

became transformed the Alesandria of

of Ptolemy Islamic Egypt.

and Origen

became transformed

theJewel

But the was not lie

transmission a direct the one.

of

the

Graeco

Hellenistic

tradition

to history of

Islam

Several

centuries into then

of Christian and the rise intellectual severe

between

Golden

Ages of Alexandria a major

Islam.

Alexandria centre with

became transformed Christianity, of Christian to

of early other-

to undergo

rivalries Constantinople

centres

power, witness

especially to the

and Antioch, scientific a death the the

and finally activity under

bear

death

of

its

the

pressure

of Byzantine hanging of the this

Emperors, of Hypatia, city the and main tb being

which

symbolized of Heron, its in

forcefully one of the library.

by the squares

daughter burning

of

fabulbus

But before

intellectual Antioch, between on the

activity thanks the to the

of Alexandria fierce rivalry

had been transmitted that had come into of the other.

Monophysite

and Nestorian Byzantine

churches church

East ,

one hand and the

on the

- 272 -

But

the

Christian and Syriac was not antiquity of Harran,

centres

of the

Near East of

where the

Greek was and intellectual among the

taught learning life people that of

used as the the to only that

language which

science

channel of Islam

linked

"there

developed

a religion drawn of the to the

known to Muslims from Greek Babylonian tradition.

as Sabaeanism. 11(333) religion with the

combined

elements aspects

more esoteric were heir teaching Hermeticism transmitted heritage, ,

The Harrarians and astrological and they

therefore,

astronomical

of the

Babylonias of

as well Christian

as to Neopythagoreanism centres of the of learning

Independent to the Muslim

many aspects of the Greek

Graeco-Hellenistic certain are aspects reflected in

and independent mathematics but

world which in

of Babylonian Muslim sources,

and astronomy been found

have not

Greek ones. to Arabic

As far

as Persia

in

concerned,

it -

too its

transmitted

civilization of Greek developed university heir to

many sciences, and Indian Jurdishapur, centre, both Antioch origin. near which in

some of ]During the fact city

own and some ultimately Sassanid al-AHwaz, until men of Asia, period, as a it became Persians

the of

grew

steadily for

and Edessa, time of fo the

a haven fall

learning

everywhere most in

and by the centre

of the

Sassanids, particularly gathering met " (334)

important field

learning Jurdishapur

in Western

the

of Medicine

was a "cosmopolitan men of learning

place,

where Persian, together in

Greek

and Indian

and worked This Islamic great of school

many fields any other ancient in Iran

expecially was the world. living

in Medicine. link

more than

between found a

Science source of

and the science

"The scholars Iraq, they

and South to their

them and added their

knowledge

science"(,

benefited 335)

As for in

India-

itself,

its

scientific

tradition,

especially

including "and pharmacy, mathematics, astronomy and medicine (336) toxicology, mached Islam through a number of Indian men of learning, to Baghdad and other Arabic who were invited

273 -

intellectual
into the

centres.
Islamic world

Of course,
again,

the

Indian
the

science
of

entered
al-

thropgh

writing

Bayruri

in

the

5th

to

11th

Century.

Finally traces
the

a word of the

must be said Chinese

of the

f'ar

k;ast.

It

is

true

no

Scient. ific
at that the

traaition
moment wait of until of the

are visible
founding after Chinese the

within
of the

Arabic

civilization and the

Arabic invasion

sciences for

we must

Mongol

official

transmission

scientific

works doubt, China. Chinese the the

through that

their there

translation was some kind to the inventions certain

into

Arabic.

But contact of

there

is

no

of earlier Arab world

even with

The transmission technological of

such important of paper and

as the

making

appearance Ming-Tang were not

definitely Alchemy

chinese are

elements to

such as contacts

in early merely

Arabic bound to

witness

which but

business

transactions, aspects. -

which

possessed

intellectual

and scientific

The actual civilization and Pahhavi of the cultural

process from into

of transmission such languages Arabic is in

of as,

the Greek, most

sciences Syriac,

of

ancient

Sanskrit, instances

one of the

remarkable

transmission of the

human history. of the 8th to

"Nevertheless scientific to 10th was no

translation about

majority 2nd to

important the 4th

work of

150 years

mean task. Ibn Ishaq.

Thanks to such masters of translation as Hunuyn (337) , Princes And to the concerted efforts of Caliphs, of the Arabs works during, of the heyday of Arabic civilization. Aristotle

and Viziers The main

scientific Euclid,

such men as Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Arabic. which often other Galen

Theophrastus, others

Ptolemy, into of

and many this was

were rendered the help

a precise tradition that is

Moreover

done with these original

an oral

has made of to the

translations Greek,

something Syriac

mom true langusge

or whatever

was involved

- 274 -

than Arabic the for

most modern became the for rapid

translations. most important

Thanks

to

this

movement, of

scientific ground

language

world the

many Centuries growth up at the of Arabic the

and the

was prepared speaking. the the Ages to. lay help Arabic because till contact of

Sciences

properly

"The West woke first Arabic Latin the late the stone of

end of the civilization

Middle

modem which to in the (338)

withthe from

masterpiwes and they

were translated learn European 1, especially this

into it the with was

started

language

main

language Ages. " (339)

Universities, after the

Middle West. ,

Therefore, heir and it traditions to the

Arabic

civilization heritage written

after of

the all

rise the

of major

Islam

became

intellectual

civilizations

became a haven found

which of This life, point in

various albeit

intellectual transformed within

a new lease universe.

a new spiritual particularly, that Islam Antiquity could account Science

must be repeated, west wrongly the believe ideas of give fact of nothing

as so many people acted passed simply to mediaeval from state Arab the truth,

the

as a bridge Europe.

over

which

As a matter we will field Western

be further of the and the

therefore in the

some of

of the

Arabs

of History

Civilization

and the for future

Civilization.

Then we will The State

give

some proposals Arabs in the

developments.

3. B:

of the

History

of

Science

There that

is the

a belief

that of

has lasted science the first

for

a number in Greek,

of the

centuries Mediterranean second that

development

especially is the

region, which in the

has two stages: began with past for Western

and the We noticed

modern civilization. attempts

Century

a number of Otto

were made by some as V Seizken

scholars,

example

Neugebauer

of Denmark

explained" all these attempted aims not to find a relation between the Greek civilizations, but moreover, they want to say that the position in the field of the Greek is not at the first of History of Sience, but also they gained all the previous

(340 )

275

civilization. more than Greeks, of the

Although, two thousand of

all

the

studies hundred that

have proved years before made the to

that the position We

and five

saw a number Greeks to

developments middle not

be in the of Western

at the trying Century 12th

beginning. find

noticed

a number

scholars 12th

a relation

and connection 15th 16th Century Century in in

between

Patlemois between

and Cokericus Century, and Kasaliyos

Astronomy, Medicine

Galen

But build

it

is the

impossible science

for of that the

any scholar age with one who is Arabs,

of the the

Rennaisance of the of Arabic very "who is he gives

age to Greek

science

without

mentioning

marvellous

development considered J. Sarton, that

Civilization. to the facts ancient science stage that Ibn the

Even in

faithful one of untrue the previous

achievements scholars,

of the we find

great

sometimes not but only

when he said science but of the the it is

"The Arabs

transferred they

to European, sure that

although

found the

a new brilliant

none of is will not

them reached true, indeed

Greeks. 11041) It of sight,

as we mentioned with reached little Ibn Hayan The

science Even the with the

be connected thought

forever not

al-Hathem

who reached thoughts thoughts is

a marvillous of of the Ibn idea

before. compared and the Arabs

Greeks

were very Jaber

al-Hathem, of their chemistry and they Ibn Khaldoun

chemistry

another

wrong thoight. which laid laid became

criticised during of of

even the the their social

Egyptian period .

ridiculous principles principles

Greek

down the down the of History.

chemistry sciences

and the

philosophy

A. Tmenbi philosophy the greatest

said for

that

"Ibn

Khaldoun. without of

in his

Introduction this

wrote is

History, achievement

any doubt

philosophy and at

any brain

at any place

any

time. "

- 276 -

The medical medicine said the that

works Arabic

became the for

original five

sources Centuries.

for

teaching They method of

in Europe

more than

medicine

was merely they they said

a transferring it is just the

Greek medicine; of the West.

moreover was that

a translation. Greek said but Arabs Science that

The role to the they not the

Arabs

introduced as Incien

Some other. the

"scholars

Leclene

Arabs, found get

transferred

previous at the (342) We believe a new science . ,, the Greeks only but also from previous Greeks. got from civilizations. They translated medicine

beginning that the the

then did

from

Indians,

Syriac, not get

Byzentine everything they mixed

and other from thd what they

They did poetry

brilliantly, of the new

and philosophy and produced

Greeks

and established

the

Arabic

Medicine

discoveries:

Ibn

al-Nafi

"the

first

to

describe

the

small

b1idod circulation Galen jaw is just of two ,

1,043)

The Arabic and referred parts

physician to his

A. Latif. description assured Fredron

al-Baghdadieriticised that that the this lower is

and he al-Bachdai

(344

one part. studies that came

The German orientalist on Arabic he "found to Abi flowers, in of history smelling medical in the

How, described of the Risalet of the

in his al-Rhaze, cold

manuscripts essay on the

reason Spring that

which

Zad al-Balkhi so the to

during

the

when he was smelling al-Rhaz caused was the by the first sensation

scholars

found the cold

Ibn is

describe flowers,

which

the

11(345)

Indeed of life

not

everything civilization,

belonged as the

to

the

Greeks,

in

the

history a

ancient

Assyrians

studied star&

Astronomy human

and they

"found

some relation number

among the

and the

and gave the

some magic medicine

characteristics. of are

11046)

The

same thing of the

was found

in the

HiPpocrates. found in the

Some medicine

Fanoun medical "which

characteristics

shows that much of Greek medicine came )The from Egyptian anatomy of Galen came from medicine ., 1(347 Egyptian because all the religions medicine except the Egyptian did not allow the opening of dead bodies. Although they did not py-event the opening of some bodies.

of Hippocrates

277 -

Another Arabic which

example civilization let us to is

of

the is

misbehaviour Singer's there

of

scholars that

towards "the

the

statement

reason in Europe

say that that

was no middle civilization original the

ages regarding

methematics when the at that from about

when the gained the for " It

settled

European time it

Greek Civilization, to start the What ariihmetic? application known without said "It work

was able Greek left.

European unjust the

what the the the

is

indeed. Indian the

Arabic

Jabera

science,

arabic

Who found of algebra to the the is

number nine

and zero? All these for

Who said facts the

in engineering? It is Arabic

were never start

Greeks.

impossible

West to

achievement true that the

of the Arab of

civilization. from Indian the

Randall methods the

and the

thought

gained _. al-Gebuer. anything not give

of numbering scholars Greeks. " in

Without on the the

them,

modern of the

were unable Although this that for field, the recent is this also

to build did

mathematics role "Baron of the the

Randall

exact

of the Caradi is Arab that

Arabs

we find discoveries civilization.

another

historian

Fou stating a principle "the modern and Is it and

of mathematics Sarton of also the

stated, Greek

science never true

a mere continuous science that of the the (the will Greek other exist

science "

without is

that merely

science.

science science will

a continuous and Babylon to exist

transferring and this out these

as Egypt, not

science sciences. the dark

Greek)

be able

with-

As we know, Arabic authors they

when the to Latin

Europbans at the time

started when they these at the

to translate passed Arabic the

ages,

were ready all

to understand sciences of

sciences

and to teach

of these found brilliant part of

Universities explain did not these

and at that sciences till the 16th

stage and the latter

a number

scholars civilization Century

to

European the 15th

appear

and the

beginning

of the

Century.

If

we are

to have an idea we find that

about Ikelere fact

the

number

of

books

which History

were of

translated, Arabic

in his that the

book on the total

medicine

gave the

npmber of

these

278 -

books

was not

less all

than

300.

He stated during

"Thus the

a number of new and 13th the spreading for the

documents Centuries of the

spread which

over

Europe

12th

filled

a gap and was a reason not be surprised of the of

teaching.

We will

scientific Century and eager Greek and the fact we

movement which to to find benefit

became characteristic of the great Arabic scholars, science.

13th

a number from books

well-known, " He continued

becoming "the

science number by the the

in general books

were one hundred was two hundred. Arabic

in number, 11 From this

of Arabic translation

can be sure

of the

revolutionary of the

movement which authors to Latin

was caused and what benefit

European

Scholars

gained.

Indeed and the another

these spread

translations of the

were a principle Arabic science his in the view Arabs

aid

in

the This this West

development led

West. about on the "

scholar

Sadeyo to express the effect

movemwnt.

"Therefore appeared in

we find all

of the

branches

of modem

civilization.

G. Luban before the

said

"We are Century

unable

to mention

any European anything Aleyezi, except

scientists coping alscholars from Kaberi th says

the

15th books.

who discovered Bacon, Leonard and Albertus a great not

Arabic

Roger

Arnold

FelaNofi, of the Arab, "unless Europe

Raymond Lull, Middle East gained

Magnus and other amount of to the knowledge see that

scholars. the will Arabs

So it appear

is

surprising

in history for

cultural centuries".

be delayed

movement of (348)

a number of

The European academically Dafenchi new in till

scholars

were unable criticize So the three

to

look

on the time

Arabic

science

and to (1452-1519). lasted

them till argument

the

of Leonard old and the

among the from the of

Europe

centuries

age of translation scholars wrote

the

age of Leonard

Dafenchi.

A number

- 279 -

books on the

on medicine Arabic

and other

subjects

but

all

of them were based These authors in European Universities. of

authors important

and the

Greek writings. collection as they

became a very For the

teaching tribute Arabs put

them we pay a great Council which the

were as continuous

on in Baghdad first, They were very death, the but Arabic very they

and then brave were as able all

in Cordo they to

Arabic Cities. and other -a the dark ages the faced during and gained Western Europe end made this At. the appeared and taught arguing all

transfer the

science, old basic Century,

over

bravely

the

mentality principles a

and at the of

knowledge beginning

as on of their of the the 16th

civilizations. of scholars

number age.

and started

modern

scientific

At the-beginning of scholars the stand 17th from died

of the against and 18th the in

Renaissance the Arabic

in Europe civilization, started

we found

a number

although again to gain in

during

Century,

they

and benefit 1601, famous Arabic Keller

Arabic 1630,

Civilization. Lablus died in they

Teykobrah 1827,

died

as the to

most the to have

scholars

of Astronomy The surgery the 17th in practice

in Europe of Abi till the

referred continued

writing. till influence continued

al-Kasem

Century

and the

pharmacology of the

of

the

Arabs Century

beginning

19th

Before appeared scientific

endig in

this the

section field of

some notes science the

be included. production of the in

The Arabs of first the Century of

and the beginning

thought Arab

began at society

of Hijram. the first different

began to establish from various

the

Middle

Century-of cultures

Hijrah

societies, and the Arab World, to contact the

and number of tongues enabling each culture

became a centre with others others. to It contact

and society thought

created

a new age for -..

and helped

each other.

280 -

The Rulers cultures. the the

did

not

stand

without

any action the is Arabs not of at

toward

foreign to answer were

Anyone who says that will say, the this

were unable

circumstances

true.

The Arabs

ones who received

heritage

the least

previous

civilizations said who -

as such as Babylon, They never had before great Islam

geographically any contact The marvellous early development before the

as F. Ceizken neighbours of poetry and other the Greek

were without cultures. the

with

their

development of grammar of their

sciences

such as Botany, books, other all

Music

translation of

of these

examples

are proof

contacts

with

cultures. the is of role humanity, running

The reason any difficulty why: itself religious The Islam to the

the

Arabs is very

could clear.

contact It view

other

cultures Rosethal toward only from

without explained

Islam. Islam

"we must understand ....... life Islam but

the

the the all

science

was the also to role reach

basic the for the

of not life toward

its and it

sides.

was themajor doors to

sciences without of those

the open translation

human knowledge, a translation 349) only. "( the of

became more just the practical life

who benefit The period Century middle

of getting

which and led Century

began early to the (Hijri) stage

first

IILjri in the before. But

developed of the third

creation

as we explained

this is the marvellous characteristics most of stage, of one themselves till the middle that the Arabs stayed considering of the they 5th Century as some example results. of the Greek scholars although

reached

new astonishing

The Arabs

gained

at the and they

beginning

from

Greece,

Persia,

Syria do so

and translated, to with understand them in

were were very of the For this books they

much in need to because had to they give

the

contents

were living up their to

one society. foreign

against projudice them. and uncritical,

teachers they

and become open minded did on many occasions,

although

281

even

in

the

early

stage their

of

leaving

these

science.

But ones,

as

F Ceizken with Their the style

stated,

criticisms style of to

were special the the if Arabic moral

known as the

scholars. principles all and of the

criticism Arabs. This

was according is not

surprising, 11 Stand

we know that teachers,

Arabs

remember

the*saying: respect. "

up for

pay them full nearly So they are in

The teachers

should

be considered

as prophets.

criticized debt if to their they that to it

without

forgetting

that

the

present insult They also

scholar-S any much in

predecessors good to

and no need to or mistakes.

of them,

made any error is

remembered order Another in the not

criticize, to

but

not

too

cause

any harm and insult between other the

others. I of Arab and Latin

note field

of of

comparison gaining

state

from

cultures:

The Arabs to the

started of

to get Islam, their

knowledge Latin

from scholars

foreigners refused

according to get They led

order

but

knowledge hated to of those

from

politie--al

and religious knowledge. and to of these other Arabs a loss

enemies. These factors of the

who gave them their complexity but both

a psychological clarity and truth

factors

were the cultures.

characteristics

of the

Arabs

when they

contacted the

The spirit till all the his

of time

being

against

and their

sciences Arabs for

lasted

of R. Bacon 1210-1290 results which died

who owed the

scientific

came from1he 13151'spent a'number Arabic his

Arabic life

books and efforts It 1(350) is

in Latin.

Ruymundus Luhhus science

again; t Arabic found that most

and wrote

of books. writings.

of them came from hand it civilization their role is

But to just

on the defend picture

other Arabic

apparent

that

some scholars truth

started

and gave the in the

and showed a of science as

about

development

282 -

a whole, Andneus for their

"One of the Alpagus

most

distinguished the East

of those and stayed the then

scholars

was

who moved to thirty years

in Damascus Arabs and to

more than civilization.

because

he loved medicine

He practiced

he returned into

Padua in out

1515 and translated al-Nafis's

of them Ibn

many books (351) book. ,

from

Arabic

Latin

Although indirectly

a great from

number Arabic

scholars writings,

got the

benefit position Century

directly of till the

. Arabs the 19th Orientalists One

or

was forgotten

during

the

16th

and 17th the

when a new element who gave the of the trend Arabic

appeared Civilization

with

appearance

of the

a suitable first

position. one to lead

important was Jakob

scholars Reiske

who was the

this and were

and such historians helped him; effect although on the

as J. W. Goethe, their general efforts trend.

Alexander not enough

Von Humboldt

to have a complete

Afterall SarVa also Their what

the said

above we can say as the "the Arabs not only of merely its

Arabic

scholars Greek

A. but " (252)

assimilated methods of handing the

science

made themselves role they did not they it

masters consist

and techniques, over to Europe rather, they

had earlier what

acquired learned from

from their

ancients,

having were

digested able to

predecdssors, new results,

to enrich

by new observations, of those translation Centuries.

and new into

techniques. the

; Not all 12th

accomplishments from the

were transmitted Arabic

West by the in the

wave of and 13th

the Arabic but

Latin

The

importance is not

of in are

contribution much of its

to

the

History

of

Science of in its this -

doubt, still in in

contents. excellent all in

and many manuscripts over the the Middle East

details field in

unknown. Libraries America, in

The

stored Europe -

scattered Asia and

world

283 -

and vast examined.

majority

of them have been neither their contents over will

published, require hard

nor work " next

To unfold of

and devotion This pages withother will

many scholars proposals at the

many future deal proper with it

generations. in of the our among

as we will end to the

lead

position of

civilization the other

and its civilizations,

role

in the past

History

Science,

and present.

4.

PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

4. A:

An Account

of Missing

Factors

In the

attempting History of

to

give

an account Science in

of the general ourselves

future

development medicine by in

of

Arabic in Syria, is

and Arabic confronted

in particular a situation respects the part it

we found

which is

in

some respects for there is

gloomy, a growing

and yet

other of

hopeful, the

awareness in

which Arabic

I. H. A. S. of Aleppo, It is from, this future

can play. institute, will come. of those

an educated the historians

and improved of the

society. Sciences

of the

We begin, which are

then, lacking

with

some considerations are many:

things

and they

Lack

of

staff

The lack the History of

of

qualified of Arabic

staff Science

is

one of not in

the Syria

main alone of

factors but in is

affecting the very

whole low

the in with

Arab World. both other In every of Arab quality.

The total

number

staff

indeed

and quantity, institutions, and in article

especially in

when the the

compared librarians. main their

overseas meeting

particular, article,

after

features long

Librarians antiquity

have

regularly and their

been stressed: present unsatisfactory

and honourable

284 -

condition. in most low scale

A particularly of the for Arab World librarians that into

grave is

aspect very

of

academic

librarlanship

the

'extrvme Aery low in tr attract the

who are it the is field.

classified difficult For

Government ablest salary us say, the of

pay scales people the

young from

instance

a graduate's is let

faculty

of medicine per month,

or enginNring which but ic the is in

800 Syrian

Pounds

same as an allowance medicine organisations librarians.

Librarians 501/6of the

and other salary per

graduates, month for

there

specialists in

or enginering This is not

and 1009/oif applicable in

he works the case

a government

of professional

Moreover, knowledge

in in

the the

case of W/o of the field is still out

qualified 61 date in

librarians, wid. if

their

one asks

one of them what on what are the

are the

new developments in use,

libraryship, find that

modern techniques ability to answer.

one will the

no one has the are the absence fact

Some contributory periodicals ill do not regiowl

factors libraries

of professional

and the in

that

most of the labrariens conferences or in courses. the

participate seminars.

international

Nor do any

of them attend

Lack of

specialized

books

There there national In

is are.

a general

lack

of books published because

and an unbalince in small is editions not

in

what books a network.

Books are distribution, is

without

there

distribution was like

a way it

what medieval subjects,

book production but in

on religion, history Institute

literacy.

particular published

books no books on by the

of Arabic from the

Science, H. S. A.

except in recent

those days.

Lack

of Money

The lack

of

money is

not

the

basic

problem.

The expansion

of

285 education increase depressing is in wasted. at in all levels was already allocation. a good deal of brought The picture the in about is a substantial made is spent spent (353) expenditure very

financial because

money which Syria for of the of the purpose

The Ministry Syrian If

of Awqaf pounds the for the table

instance Third

1973,9,853,000 Plan. not find

as part details the

National we will valuable are

we examine anything used

of the

maunscripts

in-a very

although (see bad state.

manuscripts below) Syrian .

of al-Awqaf

Younds

Repairing Completing Repairing

old

mosquer

245,000 555,000 555,000 159,000 2,318,000 5,384,000 497,000 200,000

new mosques old buildings of new mosques the new buildings of new buildings of new tombs

Establishment Completing Establishment Establishment General services

Total

9,853,000

Lack is

of money in the the total real

overall the that

budget real is set

of ministries problem aside is for the the the

and universities tiny percentage of

not

problem;

of the History

available

materials manuscripts seems the

of Arabic

Science

and in

particular and the enough

and other specialised about to be a vicious to attract the good staff, raising of

publications circle not - not enough

situation money in

budget to

good staff

available

justify

salary

scales.

Lack

of

specialised

Journals

on the

History

of Arabic

Science

Anotler

great

need in

the

Arab

world

is

for

a specialised

journal

- 286 on the History the for of Arabic only the journal Science of all is in most the Arab World. ' is Institute none of Arabic

of the

At present the of the joint

Arab

countries by the

R. A. S. which

published to in to

H. A. S in Aleppo. Academic

We were surprised universities their letter in

find all the

that the

and research stated

World

they as -

author, to do so.

published

a specialized

joumal

or even had plans

Absence

of

teaching

of

the

History

of Arabic

Science

A factor

regarding

the

History abseuce the in

of Arabic of teaching universities any university although, in the

has been the Arabic We will Institute Institute did not Science not for the start

complete

-Science as a whole of the History of of the except even world Arab World. the in this now

in most of any chain

find the only to

H. A. S. in Aleppo one of this its kind subject.

till -

teach

The only are given

lectures in

on the

field

of in

the the

History field

of

Arabic history

Science of

some'universities although this the field.

of the

Arabic

Medicine,

theJectures Moreover, as a major this fact

of this the

subject is

are not

unspecialized-in considered subject. the in Again

subject the

syllabus

or even a from

principle Arab Universities.

we discovered

If

picture

thus factors is

far

seems gloomy must not the Science

in

the

extreme,

there the

are most

compensating important for the

which indeed

be ignored. of

One of the

factors History is

establishment in of Aleppo. a similar

Institute

of Arabic the

Among other institute in

developments Iraq as well

establishment Markez

called

Ehay al-Turath

al-Arabi.

In to

fact, the

the role

third of the

National Scientific

Plan

of

Syria in were:

payed the

attention

research plan

community.

Among the

principle

aims of this

287 -

"to

encourage

scientific

research to help

in Ministries in solving and social scientific

and the

scientific problems

establishments, encountered plan, in the

economic

development staff experts equipment

and to endure students available "( abroad to 354)

enough

by sending

and importing them adequate

and making

and facilities.

At the important

international agreements centres Science,

level,

therefore,

a number of with for some the History

have been achieved and the Institute

international of Arabic almost

which

had earlier

been considered

impossible.

4. B:

Recommendation

It

is

imperative information

in

a study

like

this

to

provide current

not

only of

factual the

and criticisma Science but for also

of the

state

History its

of Arabic branches,

and the

History

of Medicine, that of

one of might the

some recommendations better and tne the in ail basic the development History needs Aran

be considered Hibtu. L-., of in

providing in general We think

Science

of Arabic in these -

Medicine areas are:

in particular. Syria

- not

alone,

but

countries

Tne

Creation Science

of

a Hard

Core

of

Librarians

in

the

History

of

ArabiC

Th3Ls can

De achieved

by

(a)

sending some of tne non-qualified in the Institute for the History Aleppo and any similar Institute

staff who are working of Arabic Science in for study abroad, and

- 288 -

for

those

with for of

an adequate postgraduate

knowldege courses materials are

of the on the

English where of

language, a number the History

in England,

libraries of Arabic the

with

field

Science

in existence.

(b)

Sending to

some of

non qualified in modern in

undergraduate Libraries England, and those the

staff with

training

courses to

English to the

language American "the in

libraries

reminder University -

University

of Beirut, Library

Kuwait is

since point to the

University the History Institute

of Kuwait of Arab for

Librariship"( in

a turning 355) and

Arab

manuscripts

Cario.

(c)

Granting science, abroad,

fellowships economics, especially

to

students

holding

degrees to

in study and

engineering in the institute and the university Republic

and medicine for Institute at is

information of Germany

documentation science "the

in Berlin,

Information since

at t. he teclinical

German Democrati6 countries information

perhaps in the

one of the field of

most organised education (d) for

in Europe

and science

1(356) , . qualified in the librarians universities. status professional Only

be a "brain

Making

the

salary tothe

scales salaries

of Head highly of professors should to in

the the

equivalent All qualified

personnel of service

be accredited those other

with

and

conditions status
this

rebated level
of in

accorded professions.
calibre

on an equivalent
way. will to and personnel retained

in

necessary professional

attracted

and

drain"

be avoided.

289

Translations

The first lations half the

function on History

of this of

service

would

be to make transinto Arabic. As and

Science

literature papers

of the other

output are

of published shared part

are

in English, French is for and

half

between of this

Russian knowledge subject,

German. ipost of

The greater those

inaccessible linguistic is one of

to

who deal need for

with this

this

reasons, the

so the

translation

service

most valuable

services. difficult production But for

Again due to

it

is the

a very shortage is idea

expensive

step

and a most and the power. a regional

one of

of translators, highly skilled

good translators reasons, certainly servicing the

all-these

of establishing to of the Institute

translation

attached a group

H. A. S. in Aleppo, recommend it, speaking countries,

countries the

has much to case of Arab by the

when , as in particularly basis, there is a unifying tongue and moreover as our for

provided language a hundred scientific

common mother

has been an international years and this centre Arabi6.11 of terms a hundred used to

and scientific will "It help is in

language the writing to note

in that

development the technical since terms is

important are

some of

which years

used by al-Jazari closer Arab to to the

or Takey al-Din current in technical It

ago are by the

nowdays start terms

engineers publish

Syria.

necessary technical

preparation which

a dictionary this dictionary

on the will

were used because of the

be a help into Arabi C. 11(357)

in translation

modern engineering

science

Teaching

History

of Arabic

Science

I the

It

is

time the

to

start History LJ

teaching institutes of

this

subject into

at

universities four by

and at forces Professor

research

taking

consideration are discussion

making Dr.

Science in which 358) Pongratz. "(

290

1.

The logic

of

science

2.

The development

of neighbouring

science

3.

The social

and cultural

conditions

only

4.

The creative

mind

Through pointed There the is brain,

the

medium of

the

creative the

mind the develoPMent

three of

forces

above

can influence was these

science. through the

no other the man.

forces

can work but activity of

consciousness

and the

scientific

It

is

true

that

we found than they

many children know about student

at

school Ibn

know more It is

about true star,

cowboys that but if often

Tarek

Zeyad.

a young

can easily about

remember a music Thabet.

does not

know anything any Arab Ibn will

Hassan Ibn at the

Moreover to tell

we asked the

students or Ibn

university Therefore among the "the from 11(358

something

about answer at the

Sina

Abi

Usaybelah,

unfortunately we will Arabs result the discover present will child at

be disappointing. comparison

end of this

and the be against the

West present the Arabs to the

in our mind that Present at at all the

levels

nursery

professor

University.

For to

this start

reason, to teach of

we think this the

that

it

is this

very task

important in not only

indeed, the

subject, universities

responsibility of the stages the not

abut We must

also start the

the

responsibility early be at' and

educational of education. level. the

authorities. At the Therefore, subject

from task

university,

will

academic deal at with the

we must be more specific but to teach each with

as a whole of

branch of

Faculty

concerned

course

alorg

a number

lectures

on the

History

of Arabic

Sciences,

as a whole.

291 -

But we mubt take be one of the pay careful to those although subject of those from the

into

consideration subjects to the to the give in

that order

the to

subject let the

must student

principle

attention who are going

matter. the

We must pay attention lectures Arab the in this field on this but most

we know that are not give letters

specialized at all in

persons

available

Arab World,

lectures

on this

subject from the

as we have been told Arab Universities on this subject.

the of The important the

we received staff with

- are

some academic This

But

special the
that for the

interest next

fact
before, of of

leads

us to mention
mention

two recommendations
start year Arab teaching students Medicine. is very

we must Arabic science the

we must first of

History faculty teaching

Science and the of

History Arabic

of

History

Science

for

many reasons. the

One of them is of the

a historical

reason

to

enable.

development and his reason for in

civilization

and to understand The second reason of is

the human being a philosophical to'give confidence still in

development. to understand those educated about

the

meaning

science --some

Arab persons the ability

of whom are their role as Prof.

confusion

of the

Arab

development and this confidence of science (359) to give more spirit A al-Hassan and said the to is build called the society. by Prof. There is moreover the; are still a

determination idea National teaching which

A al-Hassan

reason:

As most of the subject about

Arab Universities in two languages taking any steps

some scientific in doubt

and still toward

some of them are teaching

some subject
there the is first

as medicine

and others

in Arabic.

We feel "Israel"from

that

no need date of

for the

any

fear

in

this of

matter the

as

Establishment

University Hayfa after

in

Jerusalem first

and the world war, only

University started also

of Technology to teach science

in

the Not in

in Hebrew. the science

"Israel" their

but

Denmark are As a result

teaching. of

national

language.

- 292 -

teaching of our

the

History

of

Science time

and and Arabic Arabs will that

masterpieces discover the. language during the

scholars international holy of

a long

ago the

their of the middle the

scientific is 11th the the

language.

Quran 8th -

scientific at that

language said

Century

as Sarton time

and became

only

key to

culture

As far

as Syria

is

concerned

we are that the

sure

due to

the

number in the

of physicians History the the the the

available

who are with

special possibility

interest

of Arabic

Medicine,

of making at all that

History

of Arabic in of the

Medicine Syria History taking

a principle into

subject

Universities teaching profound

consideration should over

of Medicine travel

demonstrate the

truth

and should

again

pathways

of the

past.

Thanks showing with bias, of the familiar

to

this

study,

the

physicians posed for

of tomorrow, him by science, and testMng

while scrutinizing them without sources hear a

the

new problems the return It

serenity will past. voice

new facts for will

produced,

inspiration then the far often

to the happen

inexhaustible that"he which will will

from of

distance

time from his

awaken It given

in him the is to with his

echo

ideas

inherited and the that

ancestors.

profound work

emotion

feeling he will

of encouragement listen " to the

as a scientist of those

councels

and teaching

who have been before.

I Fellowship

In

order

to

encourage

students

or graduates of paid

to

study

the we think for

History the only

of Arabic way for to

Science do so is

on any branch to grant or well for

science

fellowships courses,

students

graduate

courses,

postgraduate

293 -

in

one of

the

universities not find nimself

of Europe anyone

or U. S. A. going that to

This study

is this

because subject well

we will supporting

who is

by his the

own money. fact for

We mentioned the fellow for postgraduate

paid

fellowship, Syria to

due to this

who came from courses the the receive of

country

example, not

an astonishing renting is

allowance,

enough even for the grant a sonsideration it to is true for

expense graduate

accommodation. as little a married in find, Science for to

At present

fellow

as C170 per fellow.

month for into, that accept

bachelor the high is

and C240 for cost right of living not to

Taking find

London we will anyone without

and it the

who will well-paid

study in

History it

of Arabic is impossible

fellowships,

because any part wasting is

any physicians accept

or engineers

of the time,

Arab World

to do so as this

menas

money and efforts. the that most of those of Arabic this stage',

There

no harmain

mentioning History

fact

who

showed interest technology simply are

in the very it rich

of Arabic staff

medicine who reached

academic

we may call

"satisfied

and richest

stage".

Foreign

Scholars

Another give

way to

help on the

is

to

provide

the

specialised Science in with

scholars the

to

lectures

History Some well

of Arabic

University

of the interest to

Arab World. in this to

known scholars all over the

special must be encouraged and rearch step and

field, the to

from Institute deliver

world

pay a visit universities field the the

of H. A. S. in some lectures for to

particular direct This society for

Arab

and to

on this will to give learn

at these scholar language learn

Institutes the if the chance

some time.

in the live ere to he or she stay language as it as the is very

a long

period

and thus a tool

important is the only

and useful

to each scholar

language

294 . 11

key to of the

research Orientalists and to did

in

any civilization to travel to the

and this

fact

led stay as

some

Arab World, civilization and Syria,

there Sarton most about

learn

and study

in Arabic to are Lebanon

when he travelled foreign scholars actor

because

of the the

in need to

know more

Arabs

as the

Antony the

in need to of

know more about in are the the

Quinn said "we are (360 )A Arab". great amount the role of Arabic to correct Civilization this

misunderstanding The Arabs

West for persons

exists.

concerned happens

misunderstanding. see a number English civilization of language at

The same thing students in all order levels.

nowdays to

when we study the

who come from to be able to

abroad study

modern western

Arabic

Manuscripts

Indeed,

there

is to still the

no doubt the History

about

the

importance

of

the

Arabic its

contribution details Arabic world, world are

of Science. completely in at the

But much of great all

unknown are

as the

number of the Arab

manuscripts even and the nor hard

stored of those A plan

libraries libraries

over

manuscripts

of the have

majority examined. work

manuscripts to unfold

been neither contents will

published require general the for field the

their

and devotion should History guide

by many researchers. the researcber

Some in himself both are to

principles of higher events the

especially give

of Medicine. give

He should close facts obscure of Art Everything, attention which

task, and to

he should the

distant with the

more recent less

connected In the

past

by so many more or as in the

threads.

History everything says is

of Medicine

History

and philosophy as Hippocrates

has an immutable human and everything indeed to

rhythm. -is search divine.

It

is

difficult

in

the

History

of

Science'and

295 -

History Arabic in

of Arabic Medicine,

Medicine since the

especially national the

the beliefs science

History will should and this of the

of effect not to is scholars. "( 361) let

someway the to to

seearch,

although

belong

any nation affect

and to his

search

logically searching

and not

any element "one of the

way of

most principle

characteristics

We must also, necessary in the to

take

into

account going are

that to :

many factors carry out

are

very

an,one who is tLose factors

any research

field,

1)

to

devote give

all

the

time

of

the

scholar

to

his

research than

and to research

him no more responsibility his field.

other

in

2)

to

work hard

3)

scholar I government
required as this to task

the

must be unselfish must provide

carry out his

and at the amount

same time

the is

the

of money which
on the of manuscripts

research amount

requires

a great

money.

Other the

recommendations of researching to

concerning

the

manuscripts

rather the

than

task

and examining put a plan at the to

and publishing reserve and those in their

suitable whether are. still collections. manuscripts or by sale that

ones is those in are the

our manuscripts which

available hands of told

our

libraries

individuals a great

private of our

History

us that from the

number

were removed at a very

Arab World This did

by theft the fact

cheap price.

was due to care

up till

now a number persons of our civilization.

not

about

this

precious

wealth

In

Aleppo

alone,

Sami al-Kayali libraries

estimated of Aleppo are

the

number of twenty

manuscripts

at the

more than

29G -

thousand abroad to

or thirty different

thousand libraries

manuscripts. in the world

But

they

moved number of

and the

manuscripts manuscripts. his return with the

became at last mere five or six thousand (362) The British York Orientalist-Edward to his country from Aleppo a hundred manuscripts Library of years

before ago am who "( 363)

brought nowdays again

him "nearly main part to of

two thousand the in Bodelin

which Oxford, "an

returned which

Aleppo

1911 and told of a great

us about

operation The main till

ended the

loss

number of manuscripts.

factor not

of this

trend

is

that

the

government

organization Even

now did they

pay special did not

attention know the about

to their exact this value

heritage. of those

recently

still To give the

manuscripts. may mention

an idea

misunderstanding

we

following

recent

case.

"A great a private to sell

number

of Arabic/manuscripts of an Aleppo

which Citizen,

belonged

to

collection them to which the

who wanted of this the

I. H. A. S. After to

collaboration deal with

Committee the

was established them at

matter he

Committee to sell

offered

him a sum, but that price. dealer the

surprisingly surprisingly

rvfused the equal

Not

reason to

was that

a foreign twenty "( times 364)

gave him an offer offer of the

more than

government

organization.

The other is the

recommendation

regarding

the of

manuscripts those

we may mention and

protection rare books

and preservation as we explain

manuscripts

other

below.

PRESERVATION OF MANUSCRIPTS AND RARE BOOKS

The Arab

countries

lie

partly

in,

and partly

out,

of the

tropics

297 -

but year those

most

of

them experience climate which time of this against (Syria receive to time. kind. for

for

at

least

a few months of three months)

of the in and

a hot states

a period

seasonal Insects Therefore,

rainfall and fungi

climbing

dropping in

from

proliferate of manuscripts mildew, of the necessary.

a climate

protection and from

and rare prevention building

books of

injurious

insects

damage by dust-storms in extremes

and protection of climate is

and equipment

In

fact

the

insects silverfish,

which

cause most damage are kind of pests. to

termites, The and rare

cockroaches, best books this of

and other thousands

means of ensuring is is the to prevent

of manuscripts access to to the

insects impossible it is

gaining owing

them.

As

generally buildings, building, of

design

and construction that, Modem once buildings almost

necessary will

make certain die.

insideconstructed

an insect concrete against that

quickly

and air-conditioned, insects, but

provided

10% protection operate a daily Thanks of in

many stocks many years is

have to ago, where

buildings

were designed by insects

or nightly to the

infestation chemicals it is

experienced. study preventpast three of all the habits

modem

and scientific to the

insects

concerned, that

now possi ble throughout

kinds thousand

destruction years.

had occured

Benefit

from

the of

activities the History

carried of

out

by International,,

organization

Science

To meet of the

some of the task of the

basic search

needs on the

required History in

for

the

improvement Science not in in

of Arabic particular

Syria Syria for

in but the

general all

and Arabic the

Medicine

over

Arab World,

International can play

organization a leading

History influential whole

of Science role.

and Medicine So Syria

and most with the

needs'to

co-operate

world.

298 -

"Mr Pearson, of the

former

Prime

Minister

of Canada,

is

not

unaware

difficulties in

attending the whole

co-operation world in is the

particularly more important rate of develop-

when co-operation than even before.

The difference over the past

ment among nations considerable stress.

150 years

has caused

Professor about in is fact

P. Harvard-Williams primarily all kinds

says

I'Mr Pearson

is scale,

talking but There

co-operation, this

on an economic

embraces wide

of human acaivity. between North

a world

preoccupation richer

and South, and of all in

East

and West,

and poorer long the

industralised term creation interest

The paramount, agricultixral ... is in and rich poor nations, which all the of world's greatest the

of a world

resources, possible

are part

human and physical, (364 a) use. ,

Therefore in this to the

it matter

would to

be worthwhile continue her

asking full

Unesco

to

take

part

support

and assistance visiting of the continue of all staff

I. H. A. S. by granting and for high. graduate The International of

some scholarshipfor courses as the cost for therefore Federation should the

Professors is very

History the this

and Philosophy of this is all to

Science since

explanation organization matters

idea give the

main objective attention to

particular world.

of these

over

At the National

and Intemational

Level

Contribution national level.

must

start

at

the

local

level, at

regional the at local the

and level

We gave recommendation exists to some suggestions

some room still

regional

299 -

level, institute recently instance, efforts

we mean to of

find

a core

of

co-ordination list the which

among the was established for the future Society for

II. A. S. and the

similar to

in Baghdad establishing of both

and belongs a special to

Baghdad University, to for write the

committee a plan to

institutes some kind in each

put of

development. History in this of

Also Science

federation reach

among the proper

country

development

field.

On the attach'the be the utmost level enjoyed One of the

national

level, for for

we may suggest H. A. S. to the Arab World support

the

following: league in

to order the

Institute Institute care,

Arab

the

as a whole not level only at

and get

allocationand at the

the National Arab League

but

also

Intemational with all

as the

a good relationship the major advantages

international step to the is the

organization. attaching of

of this

Institute

of Arabic

Manuscript

I. H. A. S. accordingly with special at

these scholars for to a society establish in the field interest of Science of History the end establishing with a Federation for the with

as a wholeand History the History the of Arab I. H. A. S. will "(

Science, to write

a headquarters of

in Aleppo

our history those

science

and as "the writing of

forgive

who run away from

History.

never 365)

_,

Tocreate scientists to

a worldwide working of their in Arabic

atmosphere on the history

of

co-operation of science a trust in to

among Islam assist promote underand basic work Arabic knowledge to and

keep track

work through Islamic Studies,

scholarship standing civilization purpose on the Islamic

and to Islamic

and #ppreciation

of Arabic the

culture

on an international of the trust of is writing

scale. of

One of the a multi-volume during gap in the the

history

science to of the fill

and technology the grevious of

Civilization

and understanding

History

Science

and Technology,

300 -

produce History endeavour

an interconnection of Science in order

within

the the

Arab World of

through

the

and reawaken that

spirit history links

scientific of bring science to

an integrated broken of great there to work is in

may be produced limelight the

by rejoining achievements

to

Arab Scientists.

Finally with ideas

what ideas

is

certain

is,

always order

room for to get

those

and a capacity and fulfilled.

these

accepted

301 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

&

REFERENCES

302 -

ABBREVIATION

I.

A. U.

Ibn

Abi

Usaybelah.

Uyun al-Anbi al-Ateba, Maktabet

Fi

Tabakat Dar 1965.

Beirut, al-Ilayat,

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2.

Glubb,

J. B.

The Great

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Hodder 1963, p. Dis7.

and Stoughton, 3. Rajab, H. Papyri coveries, No. 4. Kamal, H. is the

Most Egyptian el-Awsat, p. 8.

Al-Shark

404,2.11.79,

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Egyptian 1975, p.

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Castiglioni,

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A History Aronson 1975.

New York,

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Wong

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Singer,

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Coulson,

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Krumbhaar,

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Kamal,

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Toynbee,

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6 November

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