A.

PENGERTIAN KESEHATAN, KESAKITAN, DAN PERILAKU KESEHATAN

1.KESEHATAN 2.KESAKITAN/ SAKIT a. Penyakit Infeksi b. Penyakit Kronis 3.PERILAKU KESEHATAN 4.STATUS KESEHATAN 5.FAKTOR RISIKO & PROTEKTIF

B. MODEL KESEHATAN & PENYAKIT

1. HEALTH MODEL a. Ecological models of health b. Social-ecological health models 2. HEALTH BEHAVIOR MODELS a. Health Belief Model (Becker) b. Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen) 3. HEALTH PROMOTION/ EDUCATION MODELS a. Health Field Concept (Lalonde) b. PRECEDE (Green et al)

Monocausal-linear model
Agens Organism Symptoms

Multifactorial-linear model

Organism
ENVIRONMENT

Multifactorial-systemic (Interactive) model

Organism
ENVIRONMENT

Health Field Concept

Human Biology

Organization of medical care

HEALTH

Lifestyles

Environment

Health Outcome Model

Cognitive

Behavioral

Physiological

E N V I R O N M E N T

Biopsychosocial Model
THE WORLD
THE PERSON

Social System

Phychological System

Biological System

Society Community Family

Cognition Emotion Motivation

Organs Tissues Cells

Socio-cognitive Approach
MODELS FOR PREDICTING HEALTH BEHAVIOR BEHAVIORAL OR PERSONALITY PATTERN Type A (PERCEIVED) SOCIAL SUPPORT Emotional Respectation Instrument Information

Health Belief Model

Theory of Reasoned Action

Hardiness
Optimism

HEALTH BEHAVIOR

HEALTH OUTCOME

ILLNESS REPRESENTATION

CONTROL & ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE

Self-Efficacy
Mental representation of illness disease prototype Perceived Control Locus of Control Attributional style

Health Belief Model

PERCEPTIONS AND MODIFYING FACTORS ASSESSMENT LIKELIHOOD OF ACTION

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES age, gender, race SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure STRUCTURAL VARIABLES knowledge about and prior contact with the disease Perceived SERIOUSNESS and SUSCEPTIBILITY CUES TO ACTION

Assessed sum of PERCEIVED BENEFITS

Minus PERCEIVED
LIKELIHOOD OF PREVENTIVE ACTION

PERCEIVED THREAT of injury or illness

Theory of Reasoned Action

BELIEFS ATTITUDES INTENTION BEHAVIOR

BEHAVIORAL BELIEFS Outcomes of the behavior Evaluation regarding the outcomes

ATTITUDE REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR

BEHAVIORAL INTENTION
EXERCISING

NORMATIVE BELIEFS Beliefs about others opinion Motivation to comply with others opinion

SUBJECTIVE NORM FOR EXERCISING

Alma Ata, before-after 1978

Before Specialized Health Care
After

Hospital

Medical specialist Psychotherapist Puskesmas Posyandu

Primary Health Care

BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE Integrasi ilmu perilaku dan ilmu biomedis dalam usaha-usaha perawatan kesehatan

BEHAVIORAL HEALTH

MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY Pendekatan holistik dan humanistik pada permasalahan pasien dalam hubungan dokter dan pasiennya HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Subdisiplin dari antropologi, yang mempelajari faktor-faktor bioekologi dan sosial budaya yang berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan serta timbulnya penyakit, baik pada masa kini maupun sepanjang sejarah kehidupan manusia