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Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and was fueled by mail bombings and illustrated by the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. 2. Anti-immigration ran high as well. Laws were passed to limit immigration, and specifically, to limit New Immigrants from Italy and Poland. 3. The Scopes Monkey Trial illustrated the new controversy of evolution vs. creation. 4. Businesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers bought products wildly, often on credit or with an installment plan. 5. Three Republican presidents were pro-business. The economy and consumers got to running too fast, and coupled with over-buying in the stock market, initiated the Stock Crash and Great Depression. Chapter #31 Identifications Mitchell Palmer Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for directing the "Palmer Raids". John T. Scopes High school teacher charged with teaching evolution in school and charged 100 dollars. Clarence Darrow An American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union. He defended John Scopes in the Monkey trial. Andrew Mellon an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and United States Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 to February 12, 1932 Frederick W. Taylor a U.S. economist and educator best known for his contribution to the theory of market socialism. Margaret Sanger Sanger popularized the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States H. L. Mencken an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, critic of American life and culture F. Scott Fitzgerald an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined. Ernest Hemingway an American author and journalist. Sinclair Lewis an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature Buying on Margin Buying on credit

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Red Scare The fear that communists wanted to take over the US. Sacco and Vanzetti Case A case where two men were wrongfully convicted on murder because of their race. Emergency Quota Act 1921 The emergency Immigration Quota Act of 1921 limited American immigration Immigration Quota Act 1924 Limited the immigration even more that the Act 0f 21 Volstead Act Banned Alcohol Fundamentalism Fundamentalism is the demand for a strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology Modernists Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from widescale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. People were arrested and jailed with out evidence and people were deported without evidence Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen. The old Klansmen were against blacks, now the new ones were against everyone not WASP Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. This lowered the amount of people allowed to immigrate to the US. Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw 4. What factors led Poles to America? Political unrest and bad farming and lack of jobs. The Prohibition "Experiment" Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?

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This was an important part of American Culture. The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism? The creation of organized crime in large cities. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. The conflict was between old traditional ideas and new open ideas. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey 8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. People were buying things that they dont need on credit. Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T 9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles? New machinery and new processes of production. The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile? Horses and railroads were used less frequently. Humans Develop Wings Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh 11. What effects did the early airplane have on America? This was a breakthrough in technology and proved Americas technological might The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio? People were more exposed to culture and politics. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer 13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? The Great train Robber, The Birth of a Nation and the Jazz Singer. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. People began buying more which increased profits and a desire for more labor so people got more money. Cultural Liberation Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times? This reflected the aftermath of WWI and the American Dream

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Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon 16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's? Yes because businesses were making money and people had money to spend.

Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. President Harding had several scandals underneath him, notably the Teapot Dome Scandal over oil. 2. America entered into policies of isolationism whereby the US just wanted to look after herself and leave Europe alone. 3. Coolidge was very pro-business, following a hands-off approach by government. 4. Hoover held the same ideas with his rugged individualism phrase. When the Stock Crash hit and Great Depression started, Hoover was very reluctant and slow to take government action.

Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and United States Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 to February 12, 1932 Herbert Hoover the 31st President of the United States Albert B. Fall a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal. Robert LaFollette senator, congressman, governor of Wisconsin and candidate for President, (1912 and 1924) Alfred E. Smith an American statesman who was elected Governor of New York four times and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. Ohio Gang a gang of politicians and industry leaders closely surrounding Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States of America. Washington Conference meeting between representatives of 9 nations with interests in the Pacific; November, 1921 and February, 1922.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law The FordneyMcCumber Tariff of 1922 was a law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods in order to protect factories and farms. Teapot Dome Scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1920 to 1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Dawes Plan The Dawes Plan was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to compromise and collect war reparations debt from Germany. Hawley-Smoot Tariff an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. Bonus Army The Bonus Army was the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers, who gathered to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Hoover-Stimson doctrine This told Japan of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. Chapter #32 Identifications The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess? He was boring and couldnt say no. GOP Reaction at the Throttle 2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. It passed the Merchant Marine Act which authorized the Shipping Board to sell WWI era ships to private ships. It also hiked up the tariff with the Fordney McCumber Tariff to 38.5%. The Aftermath of War Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy? It was a massive halt because of overproduction. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, NinePower Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact

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4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's? They lowered the army and navy size. Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law 5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs? Americans couldnt buy foreign goods and Europeans couldnt buy American goods. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty 6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain He trusted bad people and screwed the government. Silent Cal Coolidge Know: Calvin Coolidge 7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Yes because he doesnt really do anything major. Frustrated Farmers Know: McNary-Haugen Bill 8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same? The large amount of work was the same by farming has industrialized. A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: Robert La Follette 9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election? The times were good and prosperous, thus he was reelected easily. Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? The high tariffs hurt European exports which hurt the European's ability to repay their debt. Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: Dawes Plan 11. What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment? America got resentment from Britain and France who thought the U.S. was a greedy bully. The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928 Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" 12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith? Hoover appealed to many Americans President Hoover's First Moves Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff 13. Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain. It did help the farmers because they ended up with surpluses of crops. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" 14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?

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Millions of dollars were lost. Hooked on the Horn of Plenty Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles 15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression? The stock market crash, over speculation, and over production all contributed to the Great Depression. Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian 16. How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression? He believed in individual helping themselves so he didnt help directly. Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain. Yes he didnt help anyone. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur 18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why? They got removed because the government refused to repay. Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine 19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? The League didnt do anything. Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America During the depression, America pulled out of Latin America. Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Big Picture Themes 1. FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money, and this will jump-start the economy. 2. These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks. 3. Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Dealsome saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4. FDR pretty much had his way with Congress, until he asked for more Supreme Court judges and was finally told, No. 5. All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, it did not boost the U.S. from the Depression.

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Chapter #33: Identifications Eleanor Roosevelt Wife of FDR and the first active first lady. Harry Hopkins He was one of the architects of the New Deal. The US secretary of Commerce Frances Perkins First woman to be on a presidents cabinet Father Coughlin Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers. Huey Long he was an outspoken populist who denounced the rich and the banks and called for "Share the Wealth."

Francis Townshend an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Harold Ickes U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration Alfred M. Landon He was best known for having been the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States, defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election. Brain Trust(s) Brain trust began as a term for a group of close advisers to a political candidate or incumbent, prized for their expertise in particular fields. The three R's Reform Recovery and Relief National Labor Relation Board an independent agency of the United States government charged with conducting elections for labor union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices. Congress of Industrial Organizations a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. Liberty League an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAAs Division III. Court-packing scheme a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions

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FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt 1 What kind of man was FDR? He was a normal person and could easily connect with the people. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election? His campaign message was about hope and optimism. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory? This was the first time where black votes were important again. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, 4. Describe the New Deal. The New Deal was to fix the problems and provide aid to the jobless. Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy? Donate money to the poor and to instill confidence in the banks again. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA 6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. Radicals wanted full government intervention rather than partial. A Day for Every Demagogue Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA 7. List other historical demagogues. Charles Coughlin, Long and Townsend were major thorns trying to take advantage of the situation and get power. New Visibility for Women Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck 8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame. In desperate times, heroes emerge and women were there to take advantage of the opportunities available. Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes 9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry? The NRA tried to make the industry fair game for all. Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers? The government provided subsidies to halt overproduction.

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Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act 11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains? Nature destroyed much of the land and lost farmers many farms. Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles 12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same? California had better land but there were no jobs. Battling Bankers and Big Business Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC 13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. New Dealers wanted honest numbers on the stock markets to prevent another crash. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism 14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project? This gave jobs and energy to millions but cost a lot and would be very socialistic. Housing Reform and Social Security Know: FHA, Social Security 15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? The poor and the elderly had hard times making money so it gave them chances to help survive and thrive. A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Labor like the ability to union but businesses hated it and attempted to disobey the laws. Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League 17. What was the significance of the 1936 election? This was significant because someone dared to challenge the popular FDR. Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? Roosevelt didnt like the conservative Supreme court and wanted new justices The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court? This was a very unpopular move and decreased his popularity. The Twilight of the New Deal Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act 20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term. He had some relative success but did not help bring America out until WWII New Deal or Raw Deal?

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21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair? Much of the criticisms on the New Deal seem to say that it was spending too much money and didnt get enough done, and that he wasnt the fixer of the depression, WWII was. I think this was fair because although he attempted to fix the problems in the US, he increased the national debt to $40 billion dollars, the highest it ever was in history at the time. The least fair was that he was accused of bringing communism into the US, although all he really did was just help out the poor, in which many people called him out on it for a long time.

Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) It was a halfway revolution because it only fixed half of the problems the country had, because before the New Deal, America was fairly conservative, and was mostly dominated by the rich. After the New Deal however, America soon began to become a nation where they helped the poor, and actually used tax money to help support the poor.