ery A. Cole -K. RockswoldInstructor's Solutions Manual Volume 2 to Accompany Swokowski’s Calculus: The Classic Edition Jeffery A. Cole Anoka-Ramsey Community College Gary K. Rockswold Minnesota State University, Mankato Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning... Australia * Canada * Mexico * Singapore + Spain * United Kingdom * United StatesCOPYRIGHT® 1991 by Brooks/Cole A division of Thomson Learning ‘The Thomson Learning logo is a trademark used herein under license. For more information about this or any other Brooks/Cole products, contact: BROOKS/COLE 511 Forest Lodge Road Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA www. brookscole.com 1-800-423-0563 (Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, transcribed, or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and/or retrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 0-534-38274-6PREFACE This manual contains answers to all exercises in Chapters 9 through 19 of the text, Calculus: The Classic Edition, by Earl W. Swokowski. For most problems, a reasonably detailed solution is included. We have tried to correlate the length of the solutions with their difficulty. It is our hope that by merely browsing through the solutions, the instructor will save time in determining appropriate assignments for their particular class. All figures are new for this edition. Most function values have been plotted using computer software, and we are very happy with the high precision provided by this method. We would appreciate any feedback concerning errors, solution correctness, solution style, or manual style. These and any other comments may be sent directly to us or in care of the publisher. We would like to thank: Editor Dave Geggis, for entrusting us with this project and continued support; Earl Swokowski, for his assistance; Sally Lifland and Gail Magin of Lifland, et al., Bookmakers, for assembling the final manuscript; and George and Bryan Morris, for preparing the new figures. We dedicate this book to our wives, Joan and Wendy, and thank them for their support and understanding. Jeffery A. Cole Gary K. Rockswold Anoka-Ramsey Community College Minnesota State University, Mankato 11200 Mississippi Blvd. NW P.O. Box 41 Coon Rapids, MN 55433 Mankato, MN 56002To the Instructor In the review sections, the solutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions were given in sections. In easier groups of exercises, representative solutions are shown. When appropriate, only the answer is listed. When possible, we tried to make each piece of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph. This manual was done using EXP: The Scientific Word Processor. The following notations are used in the manual. Note: Notes to the instructor pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow. {} {comments to the reader are in braces} LHS, RHS {Left Hand Side, Right Hand Side — used for identities } > {implies, next equation, logically follows } ? {if and only if, is equivalent to } . {bullet, used to separate problem statement from solution or explanation } {used to identify the answer to the problem } {For all, i.e., Vz means “for all 2”.} — {a} {The set of all real numbers except «. } { therefore } *~ § {section references } v R (continued on next page)The following notations are defined in the manual, and also listed here for convenience. DNE L,1,8 7S 4 {8} {3} cD AG, CC DERIV VAI {Does Not Exist } {the original limit, integral, or series } {the result is obtained from using the trapezoidal rule or Simpson’s rule } {integration by parts has been applied — the parts are defined following the solution } {L’Hopital’s rule is applied when this symbol appears } {converges or convergent, diverges or divergent } {absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent } {see notes in §11.8 and §11.9 for this notation } {vertex, focus, and directrix of a parabola } ©, V, F, M {center, vertices, foci, and end points of the minor axis of an ellipse} C, V, F, W {center, vertices, foci, and end points of the conjugate axis of a hyperbola } D {discriminant value (B* — 4AC) in §12.4} VT,HT — {vertical tangent, horizontal tangent } hl {increasing, decreasing } CN {critical number(s) } PL { point(s) of inflection } CU,CD {concave up, concave down } MAX, MIN {absolute maximum or minimum } SP {saddle point } [7] {equation number n} s {surface area} J {Jacobian } A {the value of F-<—fe, —fy, 1>} IF {integrating factor } LMAX, LMIN {local maximum or minimum } VA, HA, OA { vertical, horizontal, or oblique asymptote } QI, QIL, QUI, QIV {quadrants I, II, HI, TV} NTH, INT, BCT, LCT, RAT, ROT, AST {various series tests: nth-term, integral, basic comparison, limit comparison, ratio, root, the alternating series }INSTRUCTOR'S SOLUTIONS MANUAL VOLUME 2Table of Contents 9 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION.. 9.1 Integration by Parts # 1 9.2 Trigonometric Integrals « 7 9.3 Trigonometric Substitutions ¢ 10 9.4 Integrals of Rational Functions » 15 9.5 Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions © 24 9.8 — Miscellaneous Substitutions # 27 9.1 Tables of Integrals « 30 9.8 Review Exercises « 33 10 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND IMPROPER INTEGRALS 10.1 The Indeterminate Forms 0/0 and oo/oo « 43 10.2 Other Indeterminate Forms ¢ 47 10.3 Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration e 52 10.4 Integrals with Discontinuous Integrands « 57 10.5 Review Exercises « 62 11 INFINITE SERIES... 11.1 Sequences ¢ 65 11.2 Convergent or Divergent Series + 69 11.3 Positive-Term Series # 75 11.4 The Ratio and Root Tests « 81 11.5 Alternating Series and Absolute Convergence © 84 11.6 Power Series « &8 11.7 Power Series Representations of Functions « 93 11.8 Maclaurin and Taylor Series # 98 11.9 Applications of Taylor Polynomials « 105 11.10 The Binomial Series « 110 11.11 Review Exercises « 113 12 TOPICS FROM ANALYTIC GEOMETRY... 12.1 Parabolas ¢ 121 12.2 Ellipses ¢ 129 12.3 Hyperbolas ¢ 138 12.4 Rotation of Axes « 146 12.5 Review Exercises « 15013 14 15 vi PLANE CURVES AND POLAR COORDINATES . 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 VECTORS AND SURFACE! 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS ... 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.7 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 Plane Curves ¢ 159 ‘Tangent Lines and Are Length ¢ 170 Polar Coordinates © 176 Integrals in Polar Coordinates # 188 Polar Equations of Conics # 194 Review Exercises © 199 Vectors in Two Dimensions e 209 Vectors in Three Dimensions « 213 The Dot Product » 216 The Vector Product « 220 Lines and Planes ¢ 223 Surfaces « 230 Review Exercises 237 Vector-Valued Functions and Space Curves 243 Limits, Derivatives, and Integrals ¢ 248 Motion « 254 Curvature © 258 ‘Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration © 266 Review Exercises # 269 Functions of Several Variables « 273 Limits and Continuity © 278 Partial Derivatives © 281 Increments and Differentials ¢ 288 Chain Rules e 294 Directional Derivatives © 300 ‘Tangent Planes and Normal Lines # 305 Extrema of Functions of Several Variables « 310 Lagrange Multipliers © 319 16.10 Review Exercises e 32317 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS .. 18 nl 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 Double Integrals ¢ 331 Area and Volume » 339 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates ¢ 343 Surface Area © 348 ‘Triple Integrals # 350 Moments and Center of Mass « 356 Cylindrical Coordinates « 362 Spherical Coordinates © 366 Change of Variables and Jacobians « 370 17.10 Review Exercises ¢ 379 VECTOR. CALCULUS... 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 APPENDICES T Vector Fields « 389 Line Integrals # 394 Independence of Path # 399 Green’s Theorem « 402 Surface Integrals » 406 The Divergence Theorem e 411 Stokes’ Theorem © 415 Review Exercises ¢ 419 Separable Differential Equations « 425 First-Order Linear Differential Equations e 429 Second-Order Linear Differential Equations ¢ 433 Nonhomogeneous Linear Differential Equations ¢ 435 Vibrations ¢ 438 Series Solutions e 440 Review Exercises ¢ 445 Mathematical Induction e 451Chapter 9: Techniques of Integration Note: The symbol 4 indicates that integration by parts has taken place using substitution A. The substitutions for u, du, dv, and v are listed at the end of the problem. 14 -se* J de —re* — oF + C= (rt ler +0 A. usa dua dz, dus Fd, v= —reosr + sint+ C B 1&-se0sz— f—cossds = A. u= 5, du = dz, dv=sinzds, v= —cosz B 1A pret — pp sct de B 42 — a[faed = ff 8" de] = iPr — pee BOE CH du = 2eds, du = & da, v= Je" , du = dz, dv = e* do; y = 45° *(92:— 62+ 2) +0 —frcosde + Sf zcosdzds & —3:7cos4z + 3[4esinds + Afsinde dz] = —}?cos4z + Josinds + dycosdz + C A. w= 27, du = 2zdz, dv = sin rds, v= —Icos4z B. » du = de, dv ='cos4rdn,y = dein de B 1A Josinds— ffoindads = Jesinbs + Jcosbz + C A. w=, du = dz, dv = cosSrdz, v = fsindz feel? + ff ds = —be-7(22 + 1) HO 1a sect — [secrds = rsecs ~ln|secz + tanz|-+ C A. w= 5, du = dz, dv = seeztanzds, v'= secz I= —jrcot3e + §fcotdzdz = —42cot3z + dn|sin3z| + C A. w= 5, du = dr, dv = csc*Szdz, » = —leot3z @ 1A esinz—2fzsineds By Bxercise 2,1 = 2sinz + 2rcosz —Qsinz + C. A. w= 2’, du = 2zds, dv = coszdz, » = sinz Gor A-ae* 4 sfatertde S —28er* 4 [set + af ner? ea] safe ater $ 6f ze-* dr. By Exercise 1, 1 = —e7#(2° + 327 + 62 +6) + C. A. usa), du = 32" ds, du = dv = — Bo usa, du = Qed, dv = Fd v= I>2 EXERCISES 9.1 OO A stants — [25 ae = stant fin(s +P)+0 A. ws tans, du = 7 1_ dc, du = drv=2 : +e ee 1n4 fi-F+0 1 A. w= sins, du dz, dv = dev 2 Gay A 32°? ine — Bf ede = 32°? (Binz — 2) 4 C Aj w= Ing du=taz, dvs”? 1A $8 nz — Bf Pde = $e8(3ln2—1) +0 A. u=inz, du = Lede, dv = 2? dz, » = 32? gg 4 A. w= a, du = dy, dv = esc?zdz, v = —cotz [0a] 8 yo? tants — Yrfaes arts —a[(1- 7 ia )e= 4 tan“t2 — de + Stan + C ds, v= 32”? [S| —eeote + feotzds = —zcotz + In|sinz| + C Al u= tang, du = ine® dv = 2dz,v = jz? F sine + fe“ coszde ® —e* sing + [—e-* cons — fer* sinedz ] > a= — A. t= sinz, du = coszdz, du= sinz — ¢* cost => 1 = —de"*(sinz + cosz) + C © dy = —e* B. u =cosz, du = —sinrdz, dv Fdsu = — GBI A 4c conze + 2p e% sinzeds 2 $e costs + 3[$e™ sin 22 — 3/ &* cos2rds ] = §e°* conde + Je sin 2z — ff e* costads = WI = be costa + }e* sin2e => 1 = ye (Scos2z + 2sin 22) + C A. w= cos2s, du = —2sin2rdz, dv = e* da, y = 1e* B. 4 = sin2s, du = 2cos22 dz, du = e de, v = $e* (TO) Let y = cosz. Then dy = —sinzds. By Example 3,1 = —[Inydy = -ylInyt+ y+ C= x1—-Ing) + AL peth 4 fiertern Five} + ee] = Het —0) + (DOA -) =} -e78 v0.13 Ac w= 2), du = 2edz, de = ze?" dz, v= —2e-*? SIEXERCISES 9.1 3 (1 4 -cscscotz — fesez cot?zdz = —csez cotz — fesez(csc*z — 1) dz = —escz cota — fesc®ads + fesczdz = 2 = —cser cots + Inlesex — cot x] => l= —}esercotz + jIn|esex — cotz| + C A. u=cscz, du = —csczcotrdz, dv = cse"zdz, v= —cotz Balt A tanzsec®s — 3fscc*s tan?zdr = tanz sec¥s — 3] see®z(sec?z — 1) dz = tanzsec*z — 3fsecxdr + 3fsec®zdz. By Example 6, 4I = tanzsec*r + $tanz secs + $In|secx + tanz|. ‘Thus, I = }tanzsec’z + §(tanzsecz + In|secz + tanz|) + C. A. u=secSz, du = Seces tanzdz, dv = sec?zdz, v = tanz ft 1 1 a AL iF rip - af sl Fide = [2 fe +1), - [3 + 7], = (12, — 0) — 3212 — 1) = 4(2 — {2) w 0.20 Ac w= 2, du = 2edz, dv= —2 d= {P41 Te+i Balt & esinin — feosln ede 8 scinlnz — [Ecoslnz + foininads | => 21 = ssinlnz — zcosInz = I = jz(sinlnz — coslnz) + C A. w= sinlng, du = 281M2 de, dy = dz v= B. u=cosins, du = —98ln2 gp, dy = dz v= : =/2 - ae 4x cos2r)°7? + af cos2zde = [Jr cos2z]°/? + [sin 22]? = HF - 0) + 30-0) = § x 0.79 A. w=, du = dr, du = sin2rdz, » = —}eos2e BO}1-A Js tanSz— [}tanSzdz = Jr tandz + £in|cosSc| + C A. w=, du = dz, dv = sec? Sadz, v = }tande G1 & sye(ae + 3) — aha f(22 + 3)! de = ppg2(2z + 3) — seta (2z + 3)! + = goamn(2 + 3)'°°[2022 — (22 + 3)] + C= aphga(2z + 3)'°(2002 — 3) + 8 Al wan du = de, dy = (22 +3)" de, v= gha(2e + 3)! Br Aah Ss yrfi-Pe= Pf —ga-2)7 40 =-}1- Se 420-2] +0=-2f1- Fe +40 3 Aj w= 2°, du = 327 de, dy =EXERCISES 9.1 A* consis + $f et cosbede get" cosSz + $[fe% sin5z — $f e%* sinSrde] = —}e** coshz + Ae* sin5z — }8f e sinSzd: > MIS fet cose + set sinde = I = hel*(4sin5e — 5cos5s) + C A. w= ct*, du = 4c" de, dv = sinSzds, v = —}cosiz B. w= ef", du = 4e"* da, dv = cosSzds, » = }sindz (BOIS jo? in (2) — J zoin (2?) de = Je? sin(z”) + Jeos(z”) + © A. w= 2", du = 2edz, dv = 2 cos(2*) de, v = }sin(z”) 4 s(inz)? — 2fInzdz. By Example 3,1 = z(Inz)? — 2cIne + 22 + C. B A. w= (Ina)? du = URE de, dy = dap v= mr 8 B- Be= i ip om Ble) +0 A. u= 2, du= dz, dv= 27 dz,0= & (BB) A 2° cosh — 3f 22 cosh xde& # cosh — 3[#7 sinhz — 2[ 2 sinhedr] & 2 coshz — 32” sinh + 6(2 cosh — Josh zdz) = 2° cosh t — 31 sinh s + 62 cosht — 6sinhz + C A. w= 2°, du = 32"ds, dv = sinhzde, v = coshz B. u= 2", du = 22dz, dv = coshzdz, v = sinhz ©. w= a, du = de, dv = sinhzds, » = coshz (a1 4 (2 + 4)sinh dz — Jfeinh 4ede = H(z + 4)sinh4e — foosh4s + C A. u=r+4, du= dz, dv = cosh4zdz, v = Asinh4e t= | xe S99 ae A ove sine — [Fae = avg sine + Deon + 0 le] A es, du = gh de, do = OIE a, 0 = Pine GB A stants — | GD te = stan 32 — jln( +92) + 0 A. u=tan43z, du= pita eae Bat A scosts + Jae = res z- fi-F+0 A. uscos ts du = — dz, du = dzv=7 a— 2EXERCISES 9.1 5 GI Ade + Yee+ YY - Al (e+ Pde = At Met) -paet+ P+ abt +1)" [22@ 4 2) — (2+ 1) + C= A(z + IM GIe + 23) + 0 = 2+ 2, du= dr, dv = (z+ 1)'°dz, v= X(z+ 1)" mF — mf ae de A. u= 2", dus mo™lds, dv = Fd use TA ~2" cosz + mf 2" cos 2dz A. w= 2", du = mz" de, dv = sinzds, v= —cosz g & a(na)” — mf (nz)™" dz m(In 2)" A. w= (ng), du= Stadia (a1 A sec™*z tanz — (m — 2)f sec"? tan?s dz = seo™*z tan z — (m — 2)[ sec™?a(sec?s — 1) dz m2 = sec™"?z tan z — (m — 2)f'sec™ de + (mm — 2) fsec™ ?xdz > (m= 1)1 = sec™“*x tans + (m — 2)fsec™*rdr > 2h sec™-?xdz for m # 1. A. w=sec™*z, du = (m—2)sec™-?z tan dz, dv = sec?adz, v= tant Bi a8 sated =e — 5[zte — afer dz] = te" — Sate? + 20[z%e" — af ater dr] = te* — bate? + 20z%e* — 60[2%e* — 2] ze* dr] = de® — bate? + 20z%e* — 60z7e + 120[ze* — f e* dz] = e*(2° — 52 + 202° — 6027 + 1202 — 120) + C GI = x(inz)* — 4f (Ine) de = x(In2)* — 4[2(in2)* - 3f (In2)? de] = 2(Ins)* — 42(In)® + 12[z(In2)? — 2finzdz] = 2(Inz)* — 4z(In2)3.+ 125(Inz)? — 24(zInz — z) + C {by Example 3} = a[(in2)* — 4(In)? + 12(na)? — Ins 4 8] 4 re = [Psineds = [" 2 Bae A [oe ee] + [esas = [-2 cos + asin va |” = (2r +0) — (0-0) =2r lo Ac uaF, dus she ds, v= BE a, v= —2cos VE6 EXERCISES 9.1 [26] Using disks, V = 1°? (eleing)? as = fi" 2 sinzds ° ° I> . /2 x[-# cosz]? + aef zcosrde ° 7 1/2 2 x[-2 cosa + 2rsinz |? — arf sinzde ° = 1 [—2 cope + Dosing + 2ecee r= x(x — 2) = 3.59. A. w=2, du = 2rdz, dv = sinzdz, »v = —cosz B. w= dus ds, de = cosrds, » = sinz (ET) Using shells, V = axl ainsés & 2x[} Ins] - asl. beew on[}e? Ine — Je] = §[F@mne — yy] = He? +1) x 13.18. A. w=Inz, du =a, dy = eds, v= je w= fuoe= fl: FIP 4 1de A [3290 2], - af ee + 07a 3/2 & -A(P + yi = [H2 - 9+ 4] = ACB +) v0.2 =e +0) io’? — 4a? + A. wa, du = 32" de, dv = 2? fe + de, v = (9 + 1)? 7 Let f(s) (2) = 0, and p = 1 in (6.25). m= [re end ° Ins ‘Ins. if? ean _ "8 eg AT ee — eT? ana uw. =f" (ede = 2. ty = | ae'ds 8 [ser — e]* = 3in3 - 2. My m Sin$ = 2 1 0.65 andy = Me = 3 Al usa, du= dz, dv= eds uae of) = Juft)at = faePtae A het 4 bperttdt = be! eG, 30) =05 -24C=030= ee Substituting (v + C) for vin (9.1) yields Judy = u(v + C) — J(v+ C)de = wu + uC — Jvdu — Cu = wv — fvdu, which is (9.1). [52] Since f' is only positive or only negative, g = f+ exists on [a, 5]. Using Figure 52a and disks, V= = i “Cray ar A x [nap - arf" f(a) f"(2) de evitaeat = anf f(z) f'(2) de. (cont.) iz] fand s(t) = —}te“* — Je“? 4. 3. [eg]EXERCISES 9.2 z ad Using Figure 52b and shells, V = volume of cylinder + anf y[b - 49) dy = reX(b — 0) + 2x Joy] — anf" ra) ey Since y= f(2), (9) =F) = 5 and dy = f(2)ds. Thus, V= 70% — rela + wh? — bc? — arf! se) f(x) de = abd? — rac? — anf” sf(2)P(2) dz, A. u=[f(2)P, ait = 2f(2) f(a) dz, dv = dz, v= Figure 52a Figure 52b Bi fteait flaes met =1 4+ G53G4-G4=1 Note that indefinite integrals represent a class of functions which differ by a constant. (54) Suppose F is an antiderivative of the indefinite integral J vdu. By (9.1), ww — F represents an antiderivative of [udv. Thus, by the fundamental theorem of calculus, feta n= ef = f= [r= 5] =f oe O 1 = JC —sin*2)coszdr, u = sing, du = cosrds > I= f(l-*)desu-dic B I = J}(1 — cosdz) dz = fz — finds + C BW 1 = J}(1 — cos2z)(1 + cos2z) de = [3(1 — cos?2z) de = SLE = 8G + cos4z)] de = [(§ — Jeosdz) de = Je — doinde + 0 I= J(1 —sin?z)°cosrdy; u = sinz, du = coszdr => T= JQ —w)P du = fl 30? + 3u — du uw + Bw WTC B 1 = J (1 —cos*2) cos*s sins dm; u = cos r, —du = sinzde > I= -J(v — 04) du = J + pS 40 @ 1 = Jsin’2(1 — sin?2)coszdz; u = sinz, du = cossdz => T= fw - udu - fe 4c8 EXERCISES 9.2 I= |= pfas = BY (1 — Scos22 + 3cos?2z — cos® 22) de = AY [1 — 3cos22 + $(1 + cos4z) — (1 — sin? 22) cos2z | dr = Af § — 40022 + fcosd4z + sin? 2z cos2z) dz = f(z — 2sin2z + Zsindz + Ysin?22) + C Bi= (ez sps2e)? (Lt g0822) de = 21 (1 — cos2z — cos?2x + cos? 22) de = A [1 — cos2e — {1 + cosdz) + (1 — sin? 22) cos 22 | dx = 8G — jeos4e — sin? 2z cos 2z) de = A(}z — Jsin4z — }sin*2z) + C () 1= Stan°z(1 + tan?2)sec"zdz; u = tanz, du = sec*zdz => T= J+ 8)du= dete hc TO}I = f(1 + tan?2)?sec?adz; u = tans, du = sectzdz > Ts f(t w)?du= f(i+ 2u? + wt)du ut 3x? + b+ 0 TH) I = f(sec?z — 1)secz secz tanzdz; u = secz, du = secrtanzdz => T= J(ut — v7) du= § — tue +0 (sec?z — 1)? seca tan edz; u = secz, du = secz tanzdz => T= J(u? - 1)? da = f(xt — ae? + de = 2 puto UB} = Jtan*2(sec*s — 1) dz = f[tan*zsec*s — tan?x(sec*s — 1) dz = J (tan*z sec’z — tan*z sec? + sec?z — 1) dz = }tan’s — }tan®s + tans —2+C T4]1 = fcot*2(csc*s — 1) de = f[cot?s esc” — (cscs — 1) dz = —hoot8z + cota + z+ C [TB] I = f(sinz)'/7(1 — sin?z)cosz da; u = sinz, du = cossdr => Psf@? wa aR? — WW? 4 J(sinz)"'/"(1 — sin?z) cos 2 dz; x = sin, du = cos zdr = fo? fa oa? pF 4 TAI = f(tan?s + 2+ cot*s) de = {[(tan?z + 1) + (1 + cots) ]dz = J (sec?z + csc?z) dz = tanz —cotr+ C (TB)I = J (csc?z — 1)ese?zescz cot edz, u = cscz, —du = cscs cotzdr => T= -f(ut—o%)du =} ES 4c 1/4 5 r=] a- cos*z) sin z dz = [-e0s= + feos*2 |"/* = 0 Bor= ‘beta -tie= $tan (2) — A =$-180.27EXERCISES 9.2 9 Note. Exercises 21-24 use the trigonometric product-to-sum formulas. (BUI = 3] (cos22 — cos8z) dz = }(}sin2z — jsin8z) + C a/4 2 Byi= if" [cos62 + cos(—42)]dr = }[Jsin6e + Jeinds ['/* = — 7 B= if Tpinde + sin] de = i[-Aeoss2 — cons”? = if - (-9] = 8 Ba = }f[sin72 + sinz] dz = —1(}cos7z + cosz) + C o [25] 1 = fcot*z(1 + cot?2)cse?zdz; u = cotz, —du = csc7zdz => T= —J(ut + u°)du= -3u -3u7 + BB)1 = [1 + 2(c0s2)"/? + cosz |sinzds; u = cosz, —du = sinzds > T= JQ +2v/? 4 a)du = ue? WP (iu = 2 —sinz, —du = cosade 3 1 = —J4-du=-—mnu+ C,u>0 (2B]1 = f(sin?s — cos?2) dz = f —cos2zdz = —}sin2z + C (25) x= 14 tanz, du = sec*edz I= fx?du=-Lyc [30] 1 = ftan’zsecrds = [(sec?z — 1)?secr tanrdz; u = seca, du = secz tanzdz => T= J(w -1)?du = f(ut — 20? + Idu = du — 30 ++ =/2 /2 ] Using symmetry and disks, V = 4 “ x(cos?z)? dz = ar [Ba-+ cos 22) f dz = ° ° fe /2 1 + Qcos2r + 11 + cosdz) | dz = [324+ sin2r + Asindz |*/? = [7 [i + 2enete + 4 + cosds)]ae = x[Be 4 onde + doinde]f x2 SS 7.40. Is} a/4 /4 Using disks, ¥ = J x(tan?2)? dz = 7 “*tan?a(sec?s — 1) dz = ° 0 [Jtantz tans + 2]h/* = 7/4 7 tan?z sec?2 — (sec?z — 1) |dr = [5""Diantasects 0 a(E — 3) © 0.37. [33] Since u(t) = cos? xt > 0, the distance traveled in any 5-second interval is given by (2 +5) — (2) = [hu dt = [i costreat = [0 + cos2nt) di = [B+ dein ant |” = [Ye + 8) + dsin[2e(e + 5)] — [}e + Asin ra)] = $+ de[sin(QQa2+ 10) — sin(Qxz)] = §, since sin (2rz + 107) sin (22). (54) o(1) = sin?t cost => v(t) = fsin*t costdt = Jsin?t + C. (0) = 10 4 C= 10. st) = JGsin®t + 10) dt = $f (1 — cos%d)sin tat + J 10 dt = —Jeost + Jcos*t + 10t + D. s(0) =0 —-}+$+D=0> D=}.10 EXERCISES 9.2 [BB] Using the trigonometric product-to-sum formulas, we have the following: (a) I= fsin me sinnzds = 3f[[cos(m — n)z— cos(m + n)z]dz. sin(m — a)z_ sin(m+ nz) “Wm =n) ~ 2m+a) ia — cos2ms) dz = § — sin2me 4 ¢, sin mz cosnz dz = }{[sin(m + n)z + sin(m— 2)z] dz. cos(m + n)z _ cos(m — n)z +0 Tem # n, then , = —SOR Ee If m # 1, then I If m =n, then] = (>) If m =n, then], = ffsiname de = —c0s2mt + 6, Iz = Jcosmz cosnzdz = 3f[cos(m + n)z + cos(m — n)z]dz. lfm ¥ n, then Ip = wean mee a: 4G Ifm= ny then Ig =f (cosdme + 1) de= § + Snzme 4 @ in me sin ne de = [2 ~ sin 2me]" sinme sinned = [§ — sia2m2] (36) (2) Im =n, then I = [” tema my then = [SMe _ sel eT =0, since (m — n) and (m + n) are integers. (b) Using Exercise 35(b), we have the following: = I sin mz cos nz dr = [-so2me]" =0. 4m If m # n, then, = [-se@ tae ~ aa] Note: Since sin mz is odd and cos nz is even, we have an odd integrand on a symmetric interval. Hence, I = (ii) If m = ny, then I, = J coums cos neds = [§ + sina) i ‘m+ a)r | sin(m— 2] i Kms m then = [ Umea) * maa |, (Exercises 73] Note: In (9.4), the resulting expressions are acos 9, asec, and atanJ, respectively. 0. We use these results without mention. See Fis = = 2s = = 1 = OD See Figure 1. z = 2sin0, dz = 2cos 6 do => I J eaerpaeeay 20080 3 Jf cece ao = $inlesee — cot + C= jul2 =i |4 CcEXERCISES 9.3 ul Z\ d Figure 1 Figure 3 B] See Figure 1. 2 = 2sind, dz = 2co08d) > 1 = [2898 2coe0 ao _ feot2e ao = [tese?a - ya = -coto -9 += { = _ sn (g) +0 DB) See Figure 3, z= 3tané, dz = 3sec%9 40 > I = alten = Af esce a0 = Hinlesed — cota] + 0 = 1yee8 8_ alice (See Figure 3. 2 = 3tan6, dz = 3se070 do => 3sec7@ sap th __ +9 las mn = jf esce cot co = fece+o= 1, t8 46 Note: The trigonometric functions for @ in Exercises right triangle as in Figure 1 and Figure 3 above, and in Examples 1-4 in the text. GB] == Ssecd, de = SsecOtané dd => 5-22 can be determined using a i +¢ jy] cose do = sind + C= D2 : Jaceshane 8) as = Ssec8, de = 9 do +1 = [_Ssec tand = of 29 40 = GB) z= 5sec0, de = Ssec tnd J + 1 Jatga” = p| co gs] 3(1 + cos28) dd = 234(8 + }sin20) + C= gy + sind cosd) + C= 4]4c-q) [+ 1(E) + +HEF 8] 40 fu du = a+ 4du=}nut Gu>0 z= secd, dz = secOtand do => = [sec w=f =o =-—2 I [eBiane ao cotd csc6d9 = —escd + C = fe (10) 2x = Ssecd or r = §sec0, de = §sec@ tan ddd > IEXERCISES 9.3 z= 6tan9, dr = 6sec”6 dd => 2 [esta Halen 8d = qhy(6 + sinBcos8) + C {see Exercise 6} ah “O+ pig pia] c= al ‘G )+ zi] ° TZ) z = 4siné, de = 4c0s0 dé => 4cos6 “1 fectp ep = level [Asie = aba] 00 = al 0 + tain®0) sec?0 0 = Balto + fin? | C= ah os as lids Ios dz = sin“*(2) + ©, by in Note: In the first yet le ) printing, the radicand was 9 — 422, The answer is then }sin~'(s) + C. = 1 ‘aaa 3 le = [tga ter (2) + Gby (8.9)@). ()«=16- 2 -}du=rdr>I= lat dus Bre wa 2-9 $dusrdes asf? atc 3z = Ttané or z= Hand, de = Joecteds = 1 = [GERI EEA op TsecO 3 = Hf santa ao tand do = Etec 0 — 1)secO tand do 3 3] (92? + 49)°7? — fox? + 49 = H[jece — sc] + 0= gee wet Bla ce ig(92" + 49)°7? — fo? +4940 fsec?@ (18) 5z = 4tané or z = Stand, dr = 4sec76.d9 > I =| Tian dy(aseesy ” = jfeseode = dinlesce — cote + C= in| 1S 19] = +C 6 4 ~ S| Bsecé, dz = {8secé tan 6 dd => 1s lz ‘Bee a5” = hf osto eo = aja — sin?0) cos 0 40 eee an _@s C=" ,0 a 1, o/s pee = 3)? — (2? — 3) |+ ce Wi (sind — fein9@) + © 3 + 22%) [27 —3 3r radEXERCISES 9.3 20] 32 = sin# or z = 3sind, dr = 3cosd dd => 4 sin 8)°(3 cos 8) 1 2, 1 2 wad = BI (secs — 1) 40 = ea Bftan 69 Bftce ») 13 1 ~ Hltaaé -— 0) + C= z. V gin-t pe — gain “32 + C ofi—o2 7 “ ‘ js tate fase +8et4 ade $4 sini t hic = a): sind, fs = cos do > 1 = [Sind 8 os6 do = | (sind —5) d= et We ate ae [2] Using shells, vef Qne 2 = On [| pie sm Staal oe Tee dz = 5sec70.d0. z= 0,5 => 0 = _ ‘Thus, V = 2r isi 9) ag 7/4 x/4 = som tan7@ secé dé = sox , (sec?@ — secd) a9 {Example 6, §9.1} ° ° /4 = 50x[ (Geeea tan9 + }ln|secé + tand|) — In|sec @ + tan 6] Tt 7 25m seco tand — In|secé + tand| i = 260 [12 — n(A2 + 1)] & 41.85 Ay * Vere 1 Figure 23 Figure 24 Bals = {0sind = dz = {10 cosd do. z= 0, 1 = 9 = 0, sin" (7) {call this a} Thus, A = f Pde = i (£10 sin 6)°( {10 cos ) yy ofio — 2? {10 cos é = off" a ~ c05%6) sin dB = 104TD [—cos 6 + feos*o | ° lo allt: Ka (14 Dane = fy seme = fp 10 f0(—755 it a)= ® {0 — 21 ws 0.08. i4 EXERCISES 9.3 Bey — LF TG de> B= py) — FEB Ky =| 16 ae, 7 = dsec0, dz = deecO ton 9 d0 => — [(4tan9)(4sec0 tang _ f() = [Aes Diasec taney ag = 4) tanto a ss 4] (eto -1)a@= A(tand — 0) + O= ae = 16 — sect2] +6. F(4) = 0 + C= 0, and f(z) BaF = Fa YK py 5210) = [7 jl— 2 sin, de = cos d0 = f(2) = [2 rge® w = Jo — cos?6) sind dd = —0080 + fcos'@ + C= fi + 4-2)? + 10) =0 > -1+44C=05 C= Ths fs) =y=--F +--+ 4 = iF fs + 0-2) +2) 3b -@ + 90-2) w du = [ (asee9)(asec?8) 40 = 27) u = atand, du = asec?0 40 = f fa? + a? fsect9 dp = (clic tand + In|secé + tanél) + C {see Example 6, §9.1} = EE ps Wl ef ees Lelin| (rao + o|- ina] + G 2 =H e+ Sinfut [r+ a] + C, where C=C, — 3s? Ine [28] u = atan6, du = asec?6 do > Wea 1 asec”9 24 9 = Lin|eseé — coto| + C= iF eae =| tan y(asersy 8 =e Ses = —a eae tue t* — 4] 4 ¢= 4 —+ +C= Ter +u — Ql aa faa u Ptvital Gott te tay —in Wt —a letetal (29) u = asin 9, du = acos@ do = fu? 1a? — widu =f (asin 6)?(acos 8)(aeos 6) dd = a*Jsin?0 cost@ de = «(20 — A, sin 49) + C {see Exercise 3, §9.2} = _ — s(2sin 29 cos 20) ] + C= a*[}9 — A(2sind cosd)(1 — 2sin6)] + C = Fenty -s(8 \esee {= 1-2) +0 (cont.) ymEXERCISES 9.4 15 = tigi 7 (= 2) og = Gein ty — F(a) (Fe (e374) + = Goin ¥ + Fu? — oe) {ok@ w+ 0 = = 1 ss 2cos8 3 (BO) « = asing, du = acoso do => Is chs lmaitoan® = [atengaseco tan 6 d9 = (Bi) « = asecd, du = asec tang do => stan’ af tan?@ do = af (sec?# — 1) d0 = atand — af + C= Yu? — a? — asec ¥ 46 2 [BB] u = asec, du = asecd tan9 da =| phe = feces? tan ay = fu? — a atand a7} sec34 dd = }a?(sec9 tan? + In|secd + tand|) + ‘see Example 6, §9.1} = i +n + N+ qs gle 24 Finke + fe? — a] + 6, where C= 6, — fs? no Note: In this section, K denotes the constant of integration, Sr-12_A,_B SRSA = = @ G>p=2+ qv 5r-W=Air—4) + Bn r=0 >A andz=45 B= 2. Thus, t= [[3+224 dz = 3iniz| + 2ln|[z — 4) + K. z+ 34 ea ck B = ‘es B eae y reat eas et Ae +2) + 6). t=6>A=i5andr=-2> B= -4. ‘Thus, I = IL 5 37 — 1 fe wc Cc a Grier sess trht 2 saa 37 — 1s = A(z — 2)(z — 3) + Blz + 1)(2 — 3) + Ola + 1)(z— 2). -l>A=4,2=2> B=-5,andz=3 => C=1. Thus, = 4. t=f[r4 4x’ + 54z+ 134 _ B c a G-NEFNE FH zr-ltztstrea> 4c? + Sdz + 134 = A(r + 5)(2 + 3) + B(z —1)(2 +3) + Oz r=1> 192 = MAS A=8,2= 5 =} 36-128 > =i: y ea 3+ yy)ée = sins 6 — 4inle + 2) + + hg jas = ainle + uf — sinle — 21 + inte — 3) + x. 1(z + 5). B= -3,andz= —3 > 8 = -8C > 0 = -1. Thus, t= f[2y 4 555+ ealy]ee = om = 1)—Slafe + 5] — Inf +3) 4K16 EXERCISES 9.4 6r-ll__A_, _B_ 62-11 = Ale -1) + B 8 Sp ritg-y® (2-1) r=1=> B= —5. Equating x terms: 6 = A. ‘Thus, I = I By aaa] me ut =192? + 502 — 25 Cc = Se ys bt 8+ eet ee trea Ax(3z — 5) + B(3z— 5) + Or, z= 0 B=bandz=§> 52 — (3%) > C= 2. Equating 2? terms: -19= 34+ OC> A= 7. tus, t= [fat + 5 +92 lds = —Tinj2| — S + Finlsz — 5] + K. —8, z+16 _ r+l6 = A BO 2422-8 (2 Weta) 2-20 r+4 r4+16=A(z+4) + B2—2), z=2A=3and2e= 45 B= -2 dz = 3ln|z — 2| — 2in|z + 4| + K. ‘Thus, I = IG 3 3 liz +2 liz +2 sey W—b2-3 > Ge+ Des) writ liz+2=A(z—3)+ B@z+1). r=-}>A=landz=3> B=5. z+4 23> thus 1 = [[pby +S g]ee = pinlas + a1 + sinls — 31 + x. Se? — 102 — 8 _ 52” =4+-B,+ 6, Bae ees O28 too te 52? — 10r— 8 = A(z — 2)(z + 2) + Bo{z + 2) + Cx(z — 2). 03 AH=2,2=2>5 B=-ladr=-250=4 Thus, t= [2 + gatg + hy] ée = time - tale — 21 + aime +2] + 42 — 52-15 _ 4? — 52-15 _4 —C. 1) at —b2 Me Bee) 2 tz—-s tarsi As? — 52 — 15 = A(z — 5)(z + 1) + Bo(z + 1) + Ca(z— 58). r=054A=3,2=5—5 B=2adr=-150=-1. thus t= [2 + 225 + Sec = sats + 2infs — 5] — Ins + 1] + K. 22? — 252 ~ 33 A B C Ty] 22 = 252 — 33 = we weno rotates 22? — 252 — 33 = A(r+ 1)(z — 5) + Bz —5) + (2 +1)?. z= -1 B=landz=5 => —108 = 3605 C= -3. Equating 2” terms: 2= A+ C= A= 5. Thus, t= |[5 +1, \[5 + ae 5 i= Sik + - hy - sine 5) +XEXERCISES 9.4 ld oz? — 12244 _ 227 1254+4_ A,B c = =€+4H+ => 2 — 427 7(z—4) aT? 22? — 122 +4 = Ar(z — 4) + Be — 4) + Co. = 05 B= —) and r=4>-12= 16C> C= -3 Pauing # tame dz = Uinini +4 - finiz- 4 + X. eo tw. t= [P+ oh = xt +1725 + 32? — 874+ 3_ A nr Co ad 92‘ + 172° + 32? — 82 +3 = AP (x + 3) + Ba*(z + 3) + Colt + 3) + Dat 3) + Ext. 2=053=3D> D=landr=-35 324 = 818 > B= 4, By equating coefficients of like powers we have: 24:9 = A+ E> A=5; P17 =3A4+ Ba B=%223=38B+030=-2 Thuy t= [$+ 3+ Sh+ k+ tyler sinisi~ 3 + Sy - ss + sinle + 3+ Baia Dg P. +34 et athe 5s) +9024+43_ A B c ae? Etat Gay ta 52? 4802 +43 = Ae +3)? + Be +3)+ 0 r= -3 CH= Equating 2” terms: 5 = A, and z terms: 30 = 6A + B=> B= ts t= [by + opp] H Sine + 31+ tpt K [15] Since the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator, we must first use long division to change the form of the integrand. a + 62? + 32+ 16 _ =14 2 set 16, 6s? — 2 +16 Bo+C _, ede ede" oz + 4) +4 62? — 24 16 = A(z? +4) + (Bet O)z r=0 +16 = 4A AR 4: Equating z terms: —1 = ©, and 2? terms:6 = A+ B=> B= 2. Tat = ffi +4 + Bed e= 2+ dni) + In(z? + 4) — tan*(Z) + x. =44 2a? + 7 =5z— 18 , —5z ~ 18 setts 54 =te=18 Writ? + Fees Cea Sst Ep? —5z— 18 = A(z +3) +B. r= —3 + —3 = B. Equating = terms: thst [2+ 8+ hs Gap ln tn sak tt ety tx A18 EXERCISES 9.4 (Since 2° + 52* + 42 + 20 = F(z 4 5) + A(e + 5) = (@* + 4)(2 + 5), we have 527 + e417 _ Act B > oP+lr+17 = @eoery faa TES es (Az+ B(z+5)+ 2 4+4). c= 53 87 = BCS CH=3. Equating 2 terms: 5 = A + C => A =2, and rterms:11 = B+5A> B= = [feta y Lan? hus, t= {[2F $14 sje +o+} tan1(g) + Binie + 5] 4K. ig) 42° — 32° + 62-97 _ 448+ + GHP oe a2 + 62-21 = r(x +9) sey Papaya e r=0>-27=98 > B= -3. Equating coefficients we have: z*: -3 = B+ D> D=0; r6=9AS AHF 24=A403 CH= mat fs o+3rd¢1 =4z+B, Ge+d, erae +1) P44 Pel 2+ 3241 = (Ar+ B)(2? + 1) + (Cr+ Diz? +4). Equating coefficients {2° is used for constants} we have: P:0=A+Cande3=A44C05 C=1andA=-1; 2 1= B+ Dand2:1= B44) + D=O0and B= 1. Thus, i= |[H+ zigj®= —hin(? +4) + fan *(Z) + fin(o? +1) 4K Ou = 2 41, 2du=4ede 1 = 2a du = he K. 2 + 107 =4j+2 4 G+D 5 Fai (+1) Jes grit to fini 9+ K. fo 22° + 10; 22 list te +1) + Cz+ (B+ D). Equating coefficients we have: = 3B 2:0=B+D>D=0;210=A+C>C=8 tow t= [[2G + grlap]ea ne +) state Ayo? +42+1_Ar+B, Cr+D , Bet PF — @ eye Fs ary (as ot 4 22? + dot 1 = (Ar + B)(2* + 1)? + (Cr+ D(x? + 1) + (Ex + F). y 2:0 = 24+ 6 C=0;2% 2528B+D>D=0n4= A+ E> FH 40:1 => B+ D+F >F amt = [fats + a wiplesers- ip 2. Thus, = f (24 t)de + 2fapatee= == \ 2, (22) Equating coefficients we have: 2°: 0 = 4; ertl4% z eh + ct nl? — 2] 4 K = Je? 4 2 4 Qnje| + Qnle— 14KEXERCISES 9.4 19 e427 43 _ +Sf th SP 49 =e 08 Paes 42 $+72 +2 > be 49 = Ale OMe +2) + Bde +) 4 Ge —2). & =054 2=2527 = 8B > B=4, andr = —-2 > 27 = 80> C= ¥ 2 7 tie, t= [[ 2-44 + Bee 42 — Uniz| + Ylnle — 2+ Finle + 2+ K 3 3 +1_2_ == + 812" +1, aa* ot + 927 = e+or =i+8i2+1_A,B, Cr+D Bera 2 tat ayo 7 29 + 812? +1 = Aa’ +9) + B(x? + 9) + (Cx + D)z*. Equating coefficients we have: 2°: 1 = 98 > B=}; r0=94>A=0;7281= 8+ D> D= 338; Bnet A+C= C= -1. Thus [[?—-9+ + StF a= 42° — 92 — gh — fin(a? + 9) + PPtan* (2/3) + K m= Pa _ 82° + 162, @+4s 2 +82 +16 +82" + 16 82° + 162 _ “pte 4 rtd (age aa (4a? 82° + 162 =(Az + B)(x’ + 4) + (Cr+ D). Equating coefficients we have: eee ee ae C= -16;2°:0= 48+ D> D=0. tas t = ffs — 385 +; itp len -me +o-ghye +4 rar rae met ie hg 22° — 52? + 462 + 98 = A(z + 4)(z — 3)? + B(x — 3)? + Os + 4)%(z— 3) + D(z + 4). r= -4 > -294 = 49B > B= Gand t= 3 > 245 = 49D + D=5. Equating 2° terms: 2 = A + G, and 2” terms: 98 = 364 + 9B — 48C + 16D > 12 = 364A — 48C > 6 = 3A — AC. Solving yields A) = 2 ard C= 0. Thus, yee = (fz. =6 5 - 6.5 t= fpda+ eit eter tt pigt &20 EXERCISES 9.4 m2et — 329 — 32? + Bo 41 ey F(e+ 1) —2et — 329 — 32 +3241 = Aa(z + 1)? + Ble + 1)° + Cx%(2 + 1)? + Do*(z+ 1) + Ex’. a$+3+ at E # mate G+ r=0->B=lande= -15 B= — Equating coefficients we have: = 3 = A+ 3B = A =0; -2=A4 C5 C= -2)2:-3=3A+3B+C04+D+E>D=0. tout [[h+ r+ eae] bale tals At pat eS 18 __A 42° + 22? — 5r— 18 = A(z +1)9 + Blz — 4)(2 +1)? + Cz — 4)(z + 1) + D(z — 4). —l= -16 = -5D > D=3andr=4 > 250 = 125A > A= 2. Equating coefficients we have: 2°: A+B>B=3 2: -18 = A-4B-40-4D > C=0. Thus,I= 2 2 3 Shee . K |[Fa+A+atyle 2inlz — 4/4 2inle + 1] Gat We +0r+1 A, B c ef @e+h 2? tz+it wri? 10s? + 92 + 1 = A(z + 1)(2z + 1) + Br(2z +1) + Cx(z + 1). t=05A=12=-1> B= 2,and2=-}>-1=-105C= B c ‘tei ary ® [3 2 taut [[P+o2p + ety dz = Inie| + 2in|2 + 1] + 2ln|2z + 1) + K gy 2 + 327 + 32 + 63 (z— 3)°(2 + 3)? F432 + 324 63 = A(z = 3)( + 3)? + Biz + 3)? + Cle — 3)%(2 + 3) + D(z — 3)? r=3> 126 = 368 > B= fandz=—3 > 54 = 36D D= 3. Equating 2° terms: 1 = A + G, and 2° terms: 63'= —27A + 9B + 270 + 9D T=-3A4+B+3C+ D+ 3A — 30 = —2 Solving yields A = } and C= 1 i 5 2 mats [rig + ot ptt etple- glale — 3a] — 8, _C ,_D__ tecp tities? 5 3 ey t Ble + 31 ge +5.EXERCISES 9.4 21 22° 4 427 — lhe +5 _ Az+B, Cot D | Bet FP 7 + 1)7%(2" + 4) Pel" (Pei? P+4 — 22? + 42? - lie +5 = (Ar + Be? + 12? +4) + (Cot DP +4) + (r+ FMP +1? = (A+B) + (B+ F)r* + (5A + C+ 28)2° + (5B + D+ 2F)x? + (44 +40 + E)e+ (4B + 4D + F). ), B= 1, and > Equating coefficients and solving yields A = 0, B = 2, 0= —4,D = P= -3. = {fe —4r 2=3)]a: = % Team [Pat eps * dante + 2 + fin(a? + 4) — Ftan*(§) + x L A B = BS oa = reat rea = Ale) + B+). us -a4 A= dandus as B= 2. Thus t= LR + eda )ée = Xoolo + uw) - ne - uw) + = hin By = 44 BQ 1 Ae t ba) + Be —_— _ u(a + bu) u=03A=4 ands -$5 B= —4 Thus, = 4+ + eta |ae = Faia) - nfo + bu) + = Fin HE] + x. =49+44_¢ = b a+ by) Z. Ba G+ at ee LS Anat be) + Beet ) + Cu? u=05 B= ondu= $= C=], Equating « terms: 0 = Aa + Bb = a+ Ch)b= A= —4, Thus,1 = ies fa we We lau = Sin — det Bes meee de big gs)__1__=A4 wat by a+ofat wan? 1 = A(a+ bu)? + Bula + bx) + Cu w= 0 SA C= —4. Rquating x? terms: 0 = Al + Bb => B= —4. a _ ff t/a? _, —8/0? da _ ‘Thus, I = fe + ee mp =the |e = 1 pes a ee = 1 — Lyle + be qilaial gine + bol + gy t= ee} Sin |4x.22 EXERCISES 9.4 . =A B Se) = 3 = G2HGFD Tela te? a= A(z+ 1) + Be— 3). r=3 > A=fandz=-1> B=}. 3 1 : Since f(z) < 0 on [0, 2], A = — * seas = -f[-b + Aue = =| $inle— 3] + Hale + uf = ~[@tn3) — Glng)] = fins ~ 0.55. 7 ; Y*Baa5 Figure 37 Figure 38 : 2 (3B) Using shells, V = of aa eowacg rt = AQ@—2) 4+ Be—1). 2=15Aahandr=45 B= 4 sf og 4 : Thus, ya ref'L 4 ghia =2e[iete fae aT = z w 2n[(Gln2) — (—$n2)] = WtInd a 7.26. 3 ing dis = 1 [30] Using disks, V = Te aye a dz, Sapa ett eat reat at 1= A(z— 1)(4 — 2)? + BY4 — 2)? + Ofer — 1)°(4 — 2) + D(x — 1)*: z=1> B=$and2=—4> D =}. Equating 2® terms: 0 =A-C3A=C6, and 2° terms: 1 = —16A + 16B + 40 + D. Solving yields A merits glpediciple + [plsle ~~ gehgy — Halt — al + gh = [Gime + &) — (-3n2 -— ®] = #(4ln2 + 3) ~ 0.67.EXERCISES 9.4 23 ll We assume A, j(1) and B — f(t) are positive, and write > £ @ 75] = FQ) FOU -70) = 1 + aH => f() = D[B— f()] + EF). SQ) = 0 > f(t) = DB = pat ft) =B>f() = EB> 2a 20, f() fi) ,_ Fs FH) fO_ _ ap ~FO[2 - FO) ~ = Bq * BB — i > 7) B=10 ° Integrating, In f(1) —-In[B — f(W)] = of pA] = AB+ ES 7 om0) = “a where K= et. f(0) = C+ gon =k B-f()_ (B- cye*™ te gf Oat =gfn™ = ae = 4 = Boy, (B= ott a OF (B= OM ry _ BO Fa) ~ Cc Cc 64 (B= Get ys 2 1=\(Ghe ae + be if a =n woot d, tas hes sta —ffpar= fins x Le Us") f_ 7 G1= JG@Ay VE ips) ee = [ais = a+ hy 1 of a 1 1 ro 1 cect ee t= gam] te greg se i By (95), 2 = rate t tig tt fin = (e- a2 = = 60 M80 gay pp ESE - (=~ eps) 10) Fede e Ave “an a anf ea | ro (since g(c,) = 0) = en for k= 1,2, ..4 Note that 9'(¢,) = (o¢ — ¢)(Oe — ¢2)-"-(¢, — ¢x-a)(Ce — Seea)-*-(¢e — &n) and - 9(cg) # O since each c, is unique. oz) = 2" — 52? + 4) = of2? — 1)(2? — 4) = Hz — 1)(z + 1)(s — 2)(2 + 2). g(2) =.52* — 152? + 4 and f(z) 4) _7 $4) _ 0 A=) _ 90) ~ = $70) = =6 9-1) dat — 2° — 327 4+ 52+ 7 > @- 4,24 EXERCISES 9.5 ae Note. {PF} indicates that the partial fractions method was used. =rt1,du= de> |—1,_ a= | 1 dua ht $ +. D ssstnids = lem =fry jer a veeen aan | aes pl aeeety ¢ B 2-4248=(2-2)? +4. 1= 2, du = dr => laste lesa [aise @ ?-%2+2S(2-1? +1. a=2-ldeeds 1 “ rs = % Jsseme-Jm* =| ee ta she (2? —42) = -(P¥ — 4244) 4+4=4-(2-2)7. 2 2, @ 4-2 ty = 1 oe i Bay = fmt | gee | ees gen gt 1462-27 =7— (2 — 62) =7 — (z’ — 67 + 9) + 9 = 16 — (x 8)". wer-3,dusae> lee ete ee 140 ( 9-82-27 =9— (2? + 82+ 16) +16 = 25 — (r+ 4)2 w= 244, du= dz, Au—4) +3 -4 t=] a= 2u du —5f dex = qos — “"TTe-v Eo * —2{25 — a? — Ssin1(fu) + @ = —219 — 82 — 2 — Sein $440, BW 92? + Gr + 17 = (92? + 62+ 1) + 16 = (Sr + 1)? +16. w= 3241, $du= dz, sen yea) ora afta = zie iftae — IMG in + 16) + {Aten Gy + C= ihn 2? + 62417) + ton tS2tI 4 co Part h =(r+ 2)? +1 w= zt 2du= de> and z= T= Jey Let u = tané and du = sec?0d0. hus, = [88585 a6 = (e+ 1) (sec*9) Jcos?@ do = 3[(1 + cos26) do = 30 + 4sin20 + C= 30 + }sin# cos? + C= 4(tan™ pot wal = z+2 (tan ‘te we)t ei Met 2) + ete s]*¢EXERCISES 9.5 25 3 deadee t= | A de, i ote, (a? + 25)? TO) =? — 62 + 34 = (s — 3)? + 25. w 2 Let w= Stand and du = sec? dé. Thus, I = [eee = ffoose ao se wind + = AE ie) een MP tser 1a (et 944 wart aa eot=[s me ( +5 = = 2sec? = [ 2secte =4f odo = Let w= 2tané and de = 2sec"@ d#. ‘Thus, I [ashe 1 cos Jeng + = ](—t) + c= et te 4 i( a) ae +62 +13 (2) 46 — 2) =9 — (2-3), u= 2-3, du= dz >I =fi9—wedu Let u = 3sind, du = 3¢086 d9.. Thus, I = [(3cos0)(3cos9) dd = $f(1 + cos26) dé = $0 + Ysin20 + C= $0 + sind cosd + C= Oe) +0= Going + 3(¥ 258 + he- a) [e- a+ 0 Di 22a 9 —}r4+ 8) +9-$=2[0- p+ 9]. w=r-$du= a> = Wa + TR —— al" GE) “C= afte aa + & P+ ph = (241 +4 u=zdl, dua de> (a Qu-2 y— 2 _ 2 og 2 = [Gee =e let wd \eta* For the last integral, let u = 2tand, du.= 2sec?6 0. Hence, late du= 2| Pash = Af core ao = Aja + c0s20) d9 = 4(0 + }sin20) + C= HO + sind ome) + = (tan "f+ Toe ee) + Cc Thus, I = ——1 1 ett 2(z + 1) = met F285 ifs + Fynet5| to = 1 5 “ea resy tO (eae, d= casts [ois [atte [[ph- sen =e +o mH) +225 EXERCISES 9.5 (5)? + 102 = (2+ 5)? — 25. u=z45, dua dela flv —s2du. Let u = Ssec0 and du = Ssec0 tand d0, Thus, I = f(5tand)(Ssecd tan 0) do = 25 f[sec0 (sec*@ — 1) ] do = 25 J (sec°6 — sec) d0 {by Example 6, §9.1} = 25[foecd tand + }In|secé + tan6| — Injsecd + tan6[] + G, = % [seco tané — In|secd + tand| ] + Cy z 7 = 5p Fe ul FE3l] +0 = Ha +5)fe + tor — Binle +5 + [F + 102| + 0, where C= 0, + Bins. (@ate+5)+2 0, 1 Po4e+5 ~) + Frage 1 rq 2, du= de> I= has a] =1+3R 179. ju = de => T fip+ a wttnty| Sit Ee Po4r+5= (2-27? +1. a TP +2+1 (2+) +35 teeth —3 124} 1 i= fete fa a —3f' és oeth + o@ti +s Ue(ery ti =h— Ha t= fins +p? + af] = [inl + 24 af] = gina. 2 8/3 =s+h dads], J tan" usct 5, du 2h= |e ( say = [fu Ba Ht — tan) = $F — 2 = spp Thus 1 = in3 - Be x -0.36. GO) 2? + 424 20 = (24 2)? +25. waz 2 dudes Aa [egdrew® = late =o = iq - 9 = ose 1 eeart Yee me +10 Figure 19 Figure 20 2 2 By = fash = J 1 = = 20) *, Fin? *\itopay oe ds, u=r+lde=de> : a 1 ‘nal v= lai u = Stand and du = Soec%9 d? {let a = tan“14)} => (cont.)EXERCISES 9.6 27 TA nv ver jae =a" "cos? di = & [4 + sind cova” = a[@ +4) — (and + Bye) = GE +E tan) = 0.08. [Exercises 9.6) Note: {IP} indicates that integration by parts was used. O e=(24+9)%,2= 0-9, and dz = Bude > L= J (a? — 9)(w)(3u?) du = J(3uo — 2745) due O «= (224 1)7?,2= iu? —1), and de = udu > T= f}(u? — 1)%(1)(u) du = 3f (ub — aut + a) du = ho” — du + dw 4 @ w= (a24 2)'7%, 2 = 4(u5 — 2), and de = Sutdu > r= fle a6 4, - 3[o* — 20) du = Bu? — Sat a @ u=(243)79,2= 09 —3, and de = 307 du > "-Uw4c. a2 — 3)(302 I JERR ee = 15/2 — du = Bat - 45a + C. Oo u= +4, 2 = (u—4)?, and dr = 2Au-4)du> Ty 44, — 9" 4) iy = = ea I af = du = 2) (1 —-$) eu = 2[u—diniui), = 202 + 41n$) & 0.707. us4+ 72,2 =(u— 4)”, and dz = 2(u—4)du> I fi2sat as fi (2? — gu") dy = [9/2 _ 1607], ‘ GW owae/§ c= 08, ond de = 6o8du > 3)(6a Mee oof = 6f(" Ag ge r= [Xt 6) de = 6[(a8 — at + 1+ La) a (long division} = $7 — fu + 2u° — 6u + 6ten"'u + C. wa? 2 = wand de = 120 du oT jie” aes ue Peas ale =? ve wt eee eee pha = 10gu® — da? + Jaf — pad 4 dt — ey Wa sell ee) + ¢ 2/3 U3 aggti2 4 62/8 — at? 4 12in(l + 2/7) 4 0. tal? 87 5 53/8 _ us (e—2,2= 0 +2, and dr = 2udu > = 2 = 1 le + le) a 5 a28 EXERCISES 9.6 (ua {P+ 2c, 2 = }(u? — 1), and de = udu > 3 (4? — ‘3 13 I fe aae = fe +2) du = [ut +2) =¥% Mus (244%, 2= 09 — 4, and dz = udu 1s [EH PO a = aft — aan = fet - fe + > 5? Bua 2,25 0 ond de = 3i8du 1 = [OEDOYD 4, = gf Ee aw = af(# $2ut 2+ 22 )de a a 4 Su? + 6u + 6ln|x — 11+ 6. (Bus1te ef = u—lLande’de= dual = fe*{i+ A(e)de= [eal dem Jel wae 2 ea oy? - qe? +40 a) u = (1 + €%)7*, e? = 8 — 1, and e? de = Bu? du > $ _ lat if ea [ifort = Dee dan = af (et — ade = fat - +e Dust 1d ande ees via [2 eten = — 4lnjul + C, = — Ain(e* + 4) + C, where C= G +4. — 1, and cosrér = du => e+4—4inle? +4/+ 0G =€ (6) u = 1+ sing, sinc = = [2sinzcosz gy, — of u—1 1/2 sty 48/2 gy? = [inesoss ae — 2[ todas af (e 0) de = gu aw? ae (us ie+4,< — 4, and dr = 2udu => I= fsinu(2u) du = 2fusinudu = 2sinu — 2ucosu + C{IP}. (8) u = 2,2 = 0, and de = Qudu > I= Jue" (2u) du = 2fure¥ du = Quée4 — due” + de + C{IP}. W)u=2—1,dr= dus Sel, Pe a ta [tta = fot 4 eae = [- ay - a] = a : Wu = 3244.2 Yu 4), and de = hau ot = [HEAT ay Blot — bu? + 160") du = 4 BI) w = coss, —du = sinzds > I = -fatye= -[[Ht+ jeer = JG + Ay) ee = imtay = mnt = ul + C= Inleosz} — In(1 — cos2) + C.EXERCISES 9.6 29 sin, du = cosrdz > Jaci [eaatern*= [a+ atlecn - 4in|u — 2| — flm|u + 1] + C = 4in(2 — sinz) — Jin(sinz + 1) + C Mr, ,a=ea> [xtie= |eatern= [Fae Alar - }Inlu — 1] — }lnfu + 1) + C= fll? — 1 —$n(e +40 I= Be= eda dest= { 2 £ pau tan tut 6 5] u = sins, du = cosz > = [_,2sinzcosz = 4] r=] 7p Qsins 8 “|x = 4 at rea|* {PF} = $olu— 4) 4+ 2Inlu + 2] + C= 4in(4 — sinz) + 2In(sine + 2) + C 1 oid Mies cok emasseore ain* =-4 +g |e ter) = —finju} + fln[5 + ul] + C= }ln(5 + cos) — jlnicosz1 + C. 2 +2, du = | = du {see Ia in Exercise 18, $9.5} = ieee lz a 2" #5} = fiten! eed aA ths g “eume - tanta/2) #0" ¥ +0= #e * +6. = 1 2 en = @i= | er. Thee |e ie i+ Inu + 1] + C= In|tan(2/2) + 1] + & J GQ="ya+") 2 Get) Qu, du tow ity? T+ Tee ipa wt = cos war \arSie: _¢ = Jy WEE at =f} 7 4 = ~4)a= }lntul — Ju? + C = Hn|tan (2/2)| — }tan?(2/2) + ©. er 1 2 fart ine? laces mie 1+ 1+¢¥ -j 1 = -\x mits is + bJacr = —}n[2a — 1) + Halu + 2] + C= —LIn[2tan(z/2) — 1] + fln|tan(2/2) + 2| + C.30 EXERCISES 9.6 = 2 mr = |e i aa ee es lei ¥ ~tlerks rie Henge 2 Gye 15/4 = hinle— LJ —dinle = ~ a4 ae ~ sea] ere = bal Al ole + Bl +c 4aftan (2/2) me 4 — }in|tan(2/2) + Y3| + ©. 2 1 ltw 2 = Joes = Jz eiset= oie = 1 ]@ {PE} =o + wl) — ot -uW+C= nft4| + ¢ =I} 1 + tan Je] — tan je} +e Gar = (aia a [Lbe 2 ay = [Lae = nn + C= Inftande| + 6. 2 + w(} pay + con) + 2 = feed fave - mp2, Using Formula 23 with ¢ = i] and dr = Bans 1 = [ Le du. G wete are Using Formula 27 with a = {3,1 = —bin a+v+ Blo 2 Using Formula 37 with «= 4,1 = —§(2x” — 80) {ie = 2 + 9%6sin“*F + C. w= 22,2 = Ju and de = }du +1 =} e7{e? — 16 de. Using Formula 40 with 7 2 8. J and, I = j[kee - Ii — omer FTG J+ 0 =e - 2) {4z? — 16 — ales + ae — 16| +6 5] Using Formula 54 with « = 2 and § = —3, I= (92 — 4)(2 — 32)°/? 4 C= —:2,(92 + 4)(2 — 32)°/7 4+ ©. @ Using Formula 60 with « = 5, 6 = 2, and n = 9, 1 = 3[2°(5 + 22)? - wofrie + 2 dz]. Using Formula 54 for the last integral yields (cont.)EXERCISES 9.7 31 T= 35%(5 + 20)? — 19/ Af6n— 10)(5 + 22)°/7] 4 0 = (5 + 22)°?[42? — 462 - 10)] + C */?(32? — 6x + 10) + G = 7(5 + 22) u = 32, 3du = dz +1 = 3Jfsin°udu. Using Formula 73 three times, = §[-dsin*ucosu + $fsin*udu] Lsin® 5 T_t6in? ast —dysin®u cosu + [—dsin°u cosu + 2Jsin?udu] 1 sin’ 5 ind 5 [_3gi —4ysin®u cosu — sin®u cosu + [—Jsinu cosu + fu] + C —jgsin’u cosu — Ssin?u cosu — Asinucosu + Sut C. usPiidusadr> l= 3}cos*udu. Using Formula 74 twice, 1 = 4[feostu sina + {fcos?udu] = heostusinu + 2[ $eos*u sine + 3f cos udu | = yheos*usinu + Zcos?asinu + fAsinu + C. Using Formula 78, I = —}cotzcscz + 3Jesc*zds = —Jcotzcsc*z — Jcotz + C. (00) Using Formula 81 with « = 5 and } = 3,1 = —£0822 — cos8r 5 ¢, efi_2 7 (E] Using Formula 90, I = +0. 3 sing Formula 95 with » = 2,1 = [Pro's = J By «| = 42? tan“ — Yl ~ pe g]en eee e+ deat ayia (13) Using Formula 98 with « = —3 and b = 2,1 = he~9*(—3sin2z — 2cos2z) + C. (14) Using Formula 101 with n= 5,1 = #2°(6Inz—1) + du, Using Formula 115 with 5, fyand d= favor = [3 5 I= fu— 2 + feo t(t : “\+05 Sz — 92° + Scos? S182 + =| 1 du 7 u{(3/f2)x — w? {eiy-? “ees —2ite= 2! ig Foo 21 ye -1 Be, au = ete a= el Negating both sides of Formula 19 and using this formula with a = {3 gives us in [Lo2? Peso 52" + 13 re na C= elk + O= Fgh32 EXERCISES 9.7 UB) u = sing, du = cosrdr 1 = f {u? — 3 du. Using Formula 39 with a= },1 = ) di -tnlu+ fF — 3] 4c lz = fucostudu. du = cde = I = J e® cost e*(c*) Using Formula 91, I = 3(2u? — 1)cos™*u — ili =-w)+G. [20] Using Formula 86 (second form), I = }(sin°z cos”) + 2f sin?z cosdz = in®zcos*z + Zsin*z + C. A(sinSz cos*z) + 2(fsin®2) + C = BI] Using Formula 60 three times, I = 3[2°(2 + 2)°/? — 6f2? (2 + edz] = Beto? —4(3[P0 49°? — 422 tea]} P24? — Sot(2 4”? + BLZ[a2 +)? — 2 OF = dr ]} 28(2 + 2)°/? — B22 + 2)? + & fie? + + oe —- e+ 77 +0 372 = 2s = 5 = 2. = $e = 3h:(352° — 602? + 962 — 128)(2 + 2) (ez 22] Using Formula 61, I = [eae -2# _ a} Using Formula 56, =e T= -20° (2a + 12[-4,(32 + 32’ + 81) (2-2 J+ = 28 {2 2 — $(32 + 327 + 82) (2-24 — wie — | 2sinzcosz u Qi) u = sinz, du = cosrés > T= [2singense ge = ts Using Formula 47,1 = (4 + 9u — 4In|4 + 9ul) + ©. seca, du = seer tan sds {4! = tanzde} => du. = [—A aw teing Formula 51, 1 = Jin EE SH = 2 late Sing Sonmula 91,1 = 2 [ae ou + 2 25] Using Formula 58,1 = 2{9 + 22 + ofapig = Using Formule 57,1 = 2{0 + 22 + 3n +22 —-3 ae a 9 + 2: =i] BG] Note: 82° — 327 > 0 <> >} >0, s0 {82° — 32° = 2 {3 + Ba. Using Formula 54 with a= —3 and b= 8,1 = [z{-3 4 82 dz = s3a(24z + 6)(82 — 3)? + C= H(4z + (82 — 3) 3/2 1/3 ys = 32 = 3. ves wand de = dds ot = [pb de Using Formula 49 with « = 4and 6 =1,I = icy reteEXERCISES 9.8 33 ae@ees = udu t= [tae 2] 1__4 Guar’ 2 and dr = Qudu => wi Fort Using Formula 50,1 = 2(—gt + $n[2-,54|) + c= —-4 + Fine 54| + (Blu = secs, du = seextanczds { 4 = tanzde} > a+ fie-w T lea du, Using Formula 32, 1 = {ie =v? - 41n (BO) u = cscs, du = —csezcotrdz { —4¢ cot dz} > Gos i -| 1 du. Using Formula 35, 1 = poP+ Gael, ¢ wWi-w 9.8 Review Exercises 2 tA paints - BT 2 dz. In the last integral, I}, z = sind, dz = cos d0 => x 73 : gral, Thy , h-? iy = | sin 0 0999 d9 = Jawew = ia — 0826) 40 = (0 — sind cose) +6 Teos*# —fsintrt defi +a = Ysins — s{l—2) +O ThusI= 42? sin A. ussin“z, du= Lids, dv = 2dz, v= 32 @ 1A Stan3rsec3z — ftan732sec3zdz = }tan3zsec32 — f (sec?3z — 1)sec3zds => OT = ftandzsec3z + fln|secdz + tandz| + C > I= }tan3zsec3z + fln|sec3z + tan3z| + C. A. u = secs, du = 3sec3z tan3zdz, du = sec? 32dz, v = }tan3z a nop Lon Line gi zing +2] — [ptoae= [sin +3) — si -raaJ#= [zn +2) —2+In +) = 22-12 038. lo Ao u=In(L +2), dus yh ds, y= dv = a @ 2= 45,2 =, ond 2rds = de + I= of zed A ofze'] - af eds = 2[se% — A = 2. =2dusdydvaed,vs ed in2z, }du = cosdedz = I = }f(1 — u?)u? du = Ju? — dah + 0. @ 1 [ha + cos2zjP dr = 1J(1 + 2eos2z + cos?22) de = AI [L + 2e0820 + 41 + cosda)] de = S24 fsin2s + dsinde + I= [sects (secs tan 2) dz = feces + C.34 EXERCISES 9.8 I= fsecSz(secr tanz) dz = }sec’z + OC. {9 z= 5tand, de = 5sec?6 dp > 5 sec?9 = a= sesh 4sin@, dz = 4cos0 d0 => Le; = cosé do = dhsind + C= +0 ! bo 25 1e? +25 = 4eosO a = J (sin 9)?(4.c0s8) (lz = 2siné, dz = 2c089 do => _ [(2086)(2086) 14 _ of L—sin®# ap — i I = [PS wo = 2f L=sin’é ap = 2{ (cco — sin) a0 p—Ve- Fl, Goa = 2Inlesed — cot 6] + coed] + C= 2 Gu=2 +1 }du= ede i= ifvrd= 24 e itl _A,_B C D GGg-ip>*+e-1+ Goat ep F P+ 1= A(e— 1)? + Boz — 1)? + Coz — 1) + De z=1=> D=2and2=0 => A =—1. Equating 2 terms: 1 = A+ B> B = 2, and 2’ terms: 0 = —3A — 2B + C= C=1. Thus, \[P+r a |* = —Injz| + 2In|z— 1] — ~giytt= 2in|s — 1] — Init ~ ep +k ata Bet 1s Al +e) + (Bet Cn r=051=4. Equating z terms: 0 = C, and 2” terms: 0 =A+B=> B=-1. = Injzi — $in(1 + 27) +6 202? 198 _ 3)(z + 3)(2? + 9) = A(z + 3)(2? + 9) + Blz — 3)(2? + 9) + (Cz + D)(z — 3)(z + 3). z=3=>A=—-5and z= —3 > B= 2. Equating 2° terms: A+B+C> C=4,and 2 tems: —20 = 3A—3B+D>D=1. = 4241] 4, — 2 ts, t = [a8 + by + StF ae = —5In|z — 3| + 2in|z + 3] + 2in(z? + 9) + ftan“?(2/3) + K. + E+D 2, 8 — 292' — 632-198 +9EXERCISES 9.8 35 fu=2+2,and d= du r= [S= Qos = [ghar = foot -arha= d+ B+ (2-3) (P@-42+4)+4= 2, dus de> 74+ 42-2 = r= [tet a= [ u a+ f 2 ua e-w a-v b-8 -(8- wy? + rein" +0=—-l44 4-24 asin +0 We + 6r+ i= (649? +4 uas43,ua dota [Sada }in(w? + 4) — $tan“¥ 4 C= }in(s? + 62 + 13) — Pent $34 0. a? Ow = 248; 30? du = seo ta [Pa = ffi + shy] (w= 2)(u? + 204-4) = (ue —2)[(ut 1)? +3] c= ut Laas t=oll+ goats] fee arts - parte {PF} = 32+ 2Qln|z— 3] — In|? + 3] — fm “ate = S(u + 1) + 2lafu — 2] — Infe? + 20 4 4] — 6 tmtBtt sc = {2+ 8)'/? + In[(z + 8)! — 2] — In|(e + 8)°7? + {2 + 8)'/° + 4] - ‘3 6p (e+ 8) 41 te +6. Bn (BO) u = 2cosz + 3, —}du = sinzds > 1 = —}ftbdu = fin + C Dr A je’ sin 32 — $f P*cos3zdr & $e" sine — $[}e*cos3a + 31] > 1 = je’ sin3z — fe" cos3z = I = fye?*(2sin3z — 3cos3z) + C. A. wu =sin3z, du = 3cos3rdz, dv = e* dr,.v = }e* B. u = cos3z, du = —3sin3rdz, du = e?* dz, v = 3e** TA reos (Ina) + [sin (nz) dr & zcos(lus) + 2sin(Inz) — [cos (Inz) dz => 21 = zcos(Inz) + zsin(Inz) => I = }2{cos(Inz) + sin(Inz)] + C. sin (in) 2 gy = ‘ds, A. w= cos(In2), du = — vaa B. wu =sin(Inz), du = cos(ln) 4, du=dnv=z [BTS fsin®2(1 — sin?s)coszdz = Ysintz — }sin°s + C. BAIT = J (csc? 32 — 1) de = —}eotQe— 2+ C a4 2, —hdus ade l= hfe dus 8+ 036. EXERCISES 9.8 sect _ =? ; dz = 2sec*! = | aipeerd) [26] 32 = 2tand = z= §tand; dr = Zsec*O dd => 1 lamnaen® = Yfesea ao = }inlesed — cotél + C= profes = +4= 4 +O ont = [ft 2434 =O +2 ern [220434 G4 44 ale P+ oe prt? {PF} = 325 — 2? + 32 - nia — ¢- — Binfs + 2) + C = 32? — 92 + 27 =] 8 gs-¥ _ mor= {f+ Se R]e= 14 pigs ya) A Pry = 2+ $injz— 3] + $ln(z? + 9) — ftan* (2/3) + C. (Mua o/?, uw? =o, and Qudu= de> = [2 du = 2] 1 du = 2tan e+ 6. I foe fz Loa ut b+ 5 dua dept = [AP thy = [de Baw = a # Jor 901) dy = Pag + Sag + C= ahh - de) +e =e, du = of de = feecudu = Injoceu + tana] + C 2, |du = cdz > Sf tanudu = —}Inicosu| + C. Balt A —t2?cosSz + 2) zcosSzdz 2 —1scosSz + }esinSz — }Jsin5zdz] = —}Pcoshz + Zrsindz + pfecossz + C= 2 iy [loz sindz — (252? — 2)cossz] + ¢. A. w= 2, du = 2edz, dv = sindzds, v= —Leosiz Bu 2, du = dz, dv = cosSzdz, v = }sin5z (BHI = J (2sinz cos2)coszdz = 2 fcos?z sinzdz = —3cos*z + C. 1/2 BI = fsinz(1 — cos*z) cos ‘edz = 2cos"/?z— 2eos/7z + C. (BHI = fcos3zdz = 3sin3z + C. Buse dua ede I= f(l +a) 7d =A +ay? +a us 42? 495, bdu = ede T= bf de = 4 [BD] 22 = Stand or r= $tand, dz = §sec70 do => $ 205 sec? = jez do = Bf tanto sec 6d) = (costs — 1) sec 8 dé 1/2 2 te tané + }ln|secé + tand| — In|sec@ + tané|_] + Cy{ Exam. 6, 9.1} 42? isn eB 1 (a2? $25 S-nr + ‘ane fae? + 25 — 251n( 42? +25 +29) +6. 2z| +5(40) 3) (45) (48) (43) (49) EXERCISES 9.8 37 P+ 8r¢%H = (24 4) +9 usr+4, dus dew = (84) 42y, _ [3010 yy — Bing? Wan? t= [EPO ay = [aM = fin +9) — Went + 6 = fin(? + 82 + 25) — Wean 24 + 6 us tang, du = cctsds I= fu'du ade + C I = Jsin?2(1 — sin?z)? coszde = J(sin?z — 2sin*z + sin®z) cosrdr = 3sin°z — 3sin®z + 3sin’2 + C. TA ~sesez + Jesesds = —rescz + Inlesex — cot zl + C. A. u= 5, du= dz, dv = cots cserds, v= eset T= J(l + 2esc2z + esc? 22) dz = 2 + In|ese2z — cot2z| — $cot2z+ G. u=8—, -ldua Pde sla Yds WO 4 1 AiP¢n2)? — feinzds 2 (na)? — be? ine + feds = $7 (Ine)? — fe ln tp P+ A. w= (Ina), du = 2IR2 de, dv = de, v = 32? B. u= Ing, du= dz, dv = réz, 0 = 32" = V2, 2 =a, and Q2dz = de = I = Jzsinz(2:) dz = 2] 7 sinzds. 149[—2 cos: + 2f zcoszdz] & —23* cosz + 4[zsinz — fsinzdz] = 22 cosz + 4zsinz + 4cosz + C = —2rcos{F + 4VF sin {Z + 4cos{z + C. A. w= 2, du = 2edz, dv = sinzds, v = —cos? B w= 2, du= dz, dv = coszdz, v= sin2 (5 — 32)”7, 2 = 4(5 — 09), and de = —3udu > T= J} — 07)(u)(—2u) du = -3f (6u? — v4) du = -BW + Bu + _— — _ oF P _ y _ _ 1 eee teeta [eae rmi“@= [* 147i] Poutinfl+ul+c 2, du = OF de> = 1 22) gp —1f_ 1 gy = Lean t= [php yi = if toe = dung +c = fe a? 4 32) de a BF? BP? 4 Gel? 4 0. 2 = {i +sing, w = 1 + sinz, 2udu = coszdz, and cos?s = 1 — sin’z = 443 _ 255 geet. 1 = (u? = 1)? = 20? — ut ais ftetena =EXERCISES 9.8 fis — a? = 16 — 2, and —udu = dz > = [pee =| sz (1 du = fit — n+ 25 — 927, whe = ade >1=—Sftdu=—Sinu+ C le] y 1=[[-6-3 pole (PF} = Pines 9] — Bile + 714.6 P— 62418 = (2-3)? +954 3, du= de> I= fatae = Teen B+ 1A ctan52— Jie = stan“52— dhin(1 + 2524) + 6 T+ 3: A. w= tan" 53, de = ds, dv = d= 2 1+ oy 1 = J [JC — cos62)]* dz = 4] (1 — 2cos6z + cos? 62) dz = 4p [1 — 200862 + H(1 + cos 122) er = fx — pysinds + dysinl2z + CL tans, du = secede = I = Je!*"* sec?ede = fe%du =e" + 0. us 52, ddu = cde > I = foin(52*)rde = A fsinudu = —feosu+ C. & 66) Gie= Gitand ors [fins de = fpr = 1 = [PEE 0 = de [veco ae |sec + tand| + O, = $y + Bea geltve + le G, where C = 0, — en. ts [eget [zh gwen tot fargt oc = Jeotte(esc?s — 1) de = J[cot*z csc*s — cot?a(cse*z — 1) Jde J[eot*z esc*z — cot? esc?s + esc?z — 1] dz = —heots + JcotSs — cotr—2+ C cotta (cot 2 cdez) dz = —heot®s + C ’ {P= 25, w+ 25 = 2, and udu = cde > = J(u? + 25)(u) udu = fu + Eu? + © coss, —de = sinzds + T= —f10%dv = -1 + (B01 = 32° — dtanh4e + C. (1A esinks — fsinhzde = zsinhz— coshr + C. A. w= 4, du = de, dv = cosh rds, v = sinheEXERCISES 9.8 39 pet? pete —ate a A. uso, du = Qed, du =e de, v= —3e-* Bo u=z, du = dz, dv= eo de, v= —1e** = land Judy = 2dr I= fo {P¢i2de= J(u? = lu) Ge) du = 2f (ut — 2) du = Sv -— 4 (11 — 102 — 2? = 11 — (2? + 102 + 25) + 25 = 36 — (2 + 5)”. wert5 dua est={ 3 du = 3sin4¥ + C ea 6 (AI = fae"? + 7275) de = IIa} — ob 4a 2 [SI = Jsin7edz = —3cos7z + C. = feld’* de = efSadz= 5] = [= —9inlz — 1] + 18ln|z — 2| — 5in[z— 31+ C cos Fn a = = a = [4086 _ wy = 040 = TB) z= 4sind, dx = 4cos¢ do => 1 lati | = Hl (cot? + 1)esc7@ dd = zh,[—Jeot8a — etd] + C= 3/2 2 —zhgcot*a — ghgcotd + C= (saz 7682° = [Pecosede + feosrde =1, +1, 1, A a*cinz — 3f2*sineds & /2 (16 — 22)! “M562 + © 2 sinz — 3[—z*cosz + 2) zcoszdz | = 2°sinr + 32°cosz — 6fzcoszdz acing + 32°cos2 — 6[zsinz — foinzds] = Hsing + 32° cosz — 6s sinz — 6cosz+ C. Thus, I =], +1) = sing + 32°cosz — 6rsinz — Gcosz + sinz + C. A. u= 2°, du = 32° dz, dy = coszdz, v= sinz B. w= 2, du = 2edz, dv = sinzds, v= —cosz C. w= 2, du= dy, dv = coszdz, v= sinz usr—3,du= del = fu(ut 4) dua jot + juve ()22 = I | Bseebs Gooey ao = 2 coita ap = 2 (cx —1)do = —2eot — 20+ 0 Gein bow = 1548 - a Bo sind or z = Fsind, dz = $cos9 dO =>40 EXERCISES 9.8 wd cm 1 r = 45 wtp * ata] 2 {PF} = diaet s+ -44-rhy+a II = J (25 — 10cot3z + cot? 3z) de = J (25 — 10cot3x + csc? 32 — 1) de = 242 — Win|sin3z| — dcot3z+ C. v 3 45, )du = ade T= Bula ‘fg, ut = 2, and 4u°du = dz > =/—“4 = Jah, =4([-b+4 = t= ase =4dagige= [4+ d+ dajeer —4inja| — 4 + 4inlu +1] + C= —inz—-—4 4 aIn(AE + 1) 4.0 We (ANI = Jz sec? dads A de tands — Lf tandeds = 4c tandz + 4 lnloos4zl + C. A. u= 2, du= dz, dv = sec? 4rdz, . = ftan4z (5) u = 1+ cosz, —du = sinede >I = —fu 7 du = 2G + C mi | : Seg + phy] # PP) = fine? +4) +inle—2+0. z. atin + C 25 ay A 5 + A u=a,du= ds, dv = — 2, ds, v= — 1 waa dus dy y= Ee apes eH sin*z(1 — sin?2) cos 2dr = }sinz — }sin’r + C. —-—= 41 a mia tiles * BO} = J (sec? — 1) tanz seczde = }secs — secr + C. =4492, dus cdr la gf dua hat wir = PH ae(PE) = 1[ ph ode—3fpliees [Pe iee =t — fran? 2 +1 4 f= £ +n? + 4+ ce 1 + cosz, —du = sinzdz > 1 = rietdu= G+ C 3) (BE = fe? — 42 + 427) de = Jot — 227 + dinicl + © a I= J(csc?z — 1)escrdz = [ (csc*z — ese) dz = —}esezcotz + 3In|esex — cot z| — Inlesez — cot rl + C {see Exercise 21, §9.1} = —}esez cot = }Inlesex — cotz| + C. (ar A ge”? ne — Zp 2°? de = Be? oa +O A using dus Hide, dv 2? de, v= 35? 3) u3 =z, and 3u?du = dz => 3) du = fz + fut + u9 + 3? + Su 4 3Inlu— 140. 5 2 as[[tew eee utie ot aa!EXERCISES 9.8 w= (22+ 8)75, 2 = (9 — 3), and dz = $u?du > re fee e?) du = ff (07 — out + oy) du = Bat — Bo + Bers c = |(tans — Lgs2) ae = J(tanz— secz + cosz) dz = In|secz| =Pideardeslalatdd 41 — Injsecz + tan2| + sinz + C. det -Hede+ O= fet — Jef $= JP) 4.) Cm OND Aj uss du=dydv=ed,vae (00) -)+e wsrtl dus deol = f(ut1)?w du f(u'? + 20% + 0) d= autieh’ +avtacChapter 10: Indeterminate Forms and Improper Integrals Note: Let L denote the indicated limit, and DNE denote does not erist. The notation {2} or {8} indicates the form of the limit, and that L’Hépital’s rule was applied to obtain the next limit, as opposed to a simplification of the limit. 1 (8) = y=} B 1G) =Jgah =f = mies in im ——1__, ay +g? 0) — jim 42-5 3 148} = Ip iges7 =i a 8 B o i} } = Jim ——sinz = —1 [im cos*2 = —} eF0Qsecztanz 2-70 2 (fo) L {3} = lin S25 = oo, since (cosz) + 1 and (1 — sec?z) + 07 as +0. at 48) a ene g-4 i) ~ te ge = gE ~ since (—e*) + —1 and (62) +0* as 2+ 0*. GBL (8) = Sp S98? (3) = Jap, SE? (8) = lim, BF = 9B OAL {3} =_ lim, =s0s2 =0 eor/2—sint 15] L = co, since (cos?z) +0* and (1 + sinz)—+2 as r— }. (18) L = 0, since (cos r)—+1 and (z) + 0* as 2—+0*. 7 L secttanz_1 ing = GL {8} = im, Ssects Seta) j OBL {g} = tim, VE = tim, (—sine-Sg2) = 0-1 =0 - esc? etot Note: No distinction is made between co and —co for use in L’Hépital’s rule. OL (8) = in PE = lig 22? = 00 OUL {8} = Jim YE = mga = 944 EXERCISES 10.1 L{3} = tim, Sose/sins yi scosesin2e _ 2+ Feosda/sinde ~ _I. costs sinz ~ . (cos2)(2sinz cos 2) cos?z 1 ot, Jeostrsinz = , UM, Cos? = 1 ic im — 2? BaL{§) = Pie =~ tm = — 2e082 50) _ BBL (3) = Jin, doez pane (8) = lim eo + sine _ 0 a —zsine meet cosa 2 BDL (3) = Jip ME=D) = ns ee ee (26) L = 00, since (Qe — 32 — e~*) + 1 and (z*) + 0* as r 40. BY (8) = Ji ites (8) = nih = 3 0: BEILIS ) = lin + 1 (2) = tim 82 (2} = lim & = 1 zcol8z s4o018 ~ 3 2a)L {8} = jim ++? lim, FETE = 00, since (1 + In) +00 and (1 + 1/2) +1 a8 200. BOL {8} lim 3¢* = dim, 32e* = 00 AR Te SI] Let n be an integer > 0. After n applications of L’Hépital’s rule, L = lim L = oc. The fraction is the reciprocal of the fraction in Exercise 31. Ve) _ tim L im. a@—9 — ae since [2(z — 1)(z — 2)]-+0* as 2+ 2%. BIL {3} = = 00, . sin 2z — 2sinz 2cos2r — 2cosz yl HMyraints — peosr — one (8) = Ji —yeos2r — Foose + Tanz ~ 5 OBL {§) = fig 2 2 =o ay xl — GL (8) = lim, Mere? = 9 Jim st = 0 tanz — sing _ jj, sing —sinzcosz _ = Im Lose (9) Ptanz 270 2 sinz 2 = lim sing (9) = cost = By 3a! 6z lim, 23 ‘The last limit DNE since the left-hand and right-hand limits do not agree.45 EXERCISES 10.1 Q}-= tim SEE Hy OT 0) GOL (3)= lop, Sesame = Un, Sue (8) = lim, 23 3 _ 4,2 9} = tim 42° = 82? — 62+ 8 50) (0) = ngs pe a dae 7 (8) im 122? = 6r—6 79) — jy 242-6 _ 18 _ BD 397 — soe p16 (8) = J nae 30 = 6 = -3 > 0) — jm 122" + 62-6 _ (0) = Bata sore i 3 4 ga? L {2} = lim 42+ 32? = 62-1 (8) = Ings Tis ole 7 FD 122? + 62 — AiG hae ‘The last limit DNE since the left-hand and right-hand limits do not agree. i-re fl aL {3} = lim 1+? _ 5, z oy _ (8) = Mayrcoss + aint nay F(a cost + sina) {0} Qe =d- =$=0 lim, 24020(z cosz + sinz) + (1 + 2°)(—zsinz + cosz + cosz) =-10 L =—e =0 3/2 wy ee 22 tS 0, _ pp S/(4N2) _ 3, 8) = lin, Tone (8) = type = di, F = 0 12 ye pe ME + sins 1g) GB {3} = Jim, Tot (= 2 (Ley? — Boa — 27)98/4(-2) HL I, 2- dy, sine = lin as/t a= 297 snz ‘The last limit DNE since the left-hand and right-hand limits do not agree. 1 r= 5. 2sin2z = co, since lim tan™ en cos 22° sin 2(2sin z cos.) cos t cos 2E a8]#22 — tone tans = Sinzsin 2s _ cot 2z cosz cos 2z ‘Thus, as 2 f-, L = «668% 4 Iz . 1868 — 1/2? L{g} = 1 8) = jim {8} = (8) = Jin. Sar po, (8) = dma (8) lim 240° + 2/2? _ sco 27e8* (50) Let u = 1/z. 1/2 -v ‘Then, lim, *>— = lim $- = lim 4% set hte l]u — useoe' rs aim, (1 =a emg) =1-—0=1. Note: If we apply L’H6pital’s rule we find that L = lim (1 + sin) and DNB. For L’Hopital’s rule to apply, this limit must exist or equal + co. Thus, L’Hépital’s rule does not apply.46 EXERCISES 10.1 GEL (8) = Ji, HME (8) = Jim SF = 00 (53) Let f(x) = aa (107) F(1073) ~ 0.9990, f(10 _ __tan?(sin7" 2) the-art f(10!) ~ 2.2956, f(10-?) ~ 2.0202, f(107%) ~ 2.0020, f(10-*) = 2.0002. f(—107) ee 1.8215, f(—107?) ~ 1.9802, f(—107%) ~ 1.9980, f(—10-4) ~ 1.9998. We predict that lim f(z) = 2 ~ 0.9129, (10-7) = 0.9901, ~ 0.9999. We predict that lim, f(z) ~ 1. =-0 -kt/m BB) lim, () = lim, Ba (8) = lim ae mlncosh (= H)/? mines Ge) (55) im, «() = lim, {8} {let = oi} ya =e T = te, (aa (8) mtanh (fb)? Sg)? «6 (ho) tank (it) a (eset? (i yy. aa & = lim, [Gosh (a7) 2 s = lim 4Y (cos wt — coswot) f9 ot! = WA, wo = Au?(—tsinwt) + 2Au(cos wt — cos Wo!) = =2e = tim Au(ctsinwl) + 2Aloos wt = 69869!) _ ays sin wot oh, = which can be made arbitrarily large for large values of t ‘That is, the resulting oscillations increase in megnitude. (8) Jim —K__ = K =k, Rae ot = TO = the population will attain the carrying eapacity over a long period of time. . Kye Jim y(t) = ke eye HM) = PE On - Paget ea] + [k= wo] {2} 0) rt ET = Hoe the population will grow exponentially if the carrying capacity is unbounded.EXERCISES 10.2 47 (ol (a) L {3} = fin, © = lim, (ina)/2 _ jin sine = 1 zoo = () b {2} = aim ry (20082 — sina) /2 _ 3a? 4 di eoosze sine (gy = BO) (@) (3) = sim SO = tim cos? = 1 (&) L(g} = jim PO? = 5 fae = ARS e402? ~ ~i0''? = ~i0 2) = freee) du, Let f(s) = cos (24). z Then, O(2) © S = YEP) + af) + 4D) + 41) + 1] w& 24(11.9953) ~ 0.2499. Similarly, (3) ~ 0.4969, (3) ~ 0.7266, and O(1) ~ 0.9045. = Figure 61 el v= aftr de. Let f(s) = [Aa)}. Var S = (x) S81 H(0) + 4f(d) + 24) + 47) + F00)] = 3[00)? + 4(0.2499)? + 2(0. 4969)? + 4(0.7266)? + (0.9045)? ] ~ 0.9617 63) lim fea lim [Sal - ats J, lay oi, SH 8 = in 2 ne = nz fire 1 aart 7) im £2) dt raga) = oe mc ay (= Bet “a> = ding = 0 Exercises 10.9 Note: As in §10.1, the notation {3} or {} indicates the form of the limit and that L’Hépital’s rule was applied to obtain the next limit. We have also included the notations {0-00}, {0°}, {co}, {1"}, and {co — oo} to indicate the form of the limit. 1 {0-0} = im BE (8) = in Ve = lim, (=2) = 0 cosa/sinz _ B L{oo-0}= | tim, saz (§) = tm See lim. _(—cos#sinz) = 0 2Gay48 EXERCISES 10.2 Paiste waa! = pack 8 “= (8) = Jim, em = lm 25) a (=1/2%)e* a (Os tee Cay a [ L=oco, since lim tan z = 5. L{0-co} = lim agine (g) = easa/fins, lim, (sina) = 0 iit =cscz cote = L {00-0} = int a iota ‘ig UL) e 5 320} 2 tig, BLE) ¢g . (—1/z*) cos (1/2) _ L {00-0} (= dp, Se cos (1/z) = TOL {0-00} = Ji wea (0) = = =0-1=0 TIL = (cos0)°*? = (1)! = 1 lim, (1 + )** is of the form 1°. Let y= (1+ 4£)* and hence Iny = 52 In(1+4). lim Iny {00-0} = _ (Cyryat+h_, 5 = ilies) +a & ‘Thus, Jim Iny = In Jim y= 5 > lim y - CH) tim, (+ 32)'? is of the form 1°. y = (e* + 32)'/* = Iny = 4 In(e* + 32). In(e* + 32) Im +3 2 os A lim Imy (00-0) = tim, SOFAS (9) = tim SES = 4, Thus, b= & w) Jim, (¢ — L)* is of the form 0°, (e? — 1)? > Iny= zln(e* — . : tn C= 1) p00) tim SHE =D cim,lny{0-co} = tim, “TE {8} = lin, 22 262 2 li = aale® = DueF _ -? —22)=0. im, wy (8) = Jim, lim, (-2? — 22) = 0 Thus, L = y= 2 sky zine. lim,iny {0-00} = lim, WE {B) = Ii a Ot l/e fim, (-2) = 0. Thus, L = ae /* is of the form co" lin 2 dim Iny {0-00} =EXERCISES 10.2 49 ira, (tans) 6S = is of the form co’, y = (tanz)S* = Iny = coszIntanz. ” ae sec?z/tan r eBay 181 (0-00) = Hm, Malas (a) = __ tim, SEeEaDE = im,-3 wee $ =0. Thus, L= 2 = 1. re} _ aim, (lana)? = 0, since itis of the form co 7, - ; which is not an indeterminate form. gL = 0? =0 (2H) lim, (22 + 1)°°*F is of the form 1%. y = (22 + 1)'* = Iny = cote In(22 + 1). -0 7 . (7 n(2z + 1 af(az + L cig (00-0) = an, BREED tg) — tin, MEE f Thus, L = e? 2B] lim, (1 + 32)" is of the form 1% y = (1 + 32)S¢* > Iny = exes In(1 + 32). 20 nl + 32) (9 he im, 3/Q TDs ot Sinz ot lim, lng {o0-0} = lim = tin Pe oi,2 = 2 im ME—zZ+1lyoy_ x zoi im.G—Dins (}= Bey —1=2__ = — Sma ame be in, Te = sing == —cosz—1_ soya BAIL (00 — 00} = lig BSS” (8) = in -seees ape (8) L {00 ~ 00} = LogPt (§) = iy hts Sang = 2 lim (1 — 2)!"* is of the form 0°. y = (1 — 2)!"* > Iny = InzIn(1 — 2). " . In(1 — 2) wa eiging (0-00) = Jim “TS” (8) = i Sega 2Inz + (Inz)?? lim TSE (9) = lim. = 0. Thus, Lb = (BB) lim (1 + €7)°* is of the form oy = (1+ )* = Iny =e In(1 + 6?) nat e) (8) = im, fis les in dus 0. Thus, L = 2 =1. jim Iny {0-00} = lim BYL=1-c = -o. (BOL {co — co} = Jim [eot?z — (1 + cot?2)] = Jim (-1) =50, EXERCISES 10.2 HDL {c0-0} = im, YaNz (9) = jp OF) = 3 GAL {00-0} = lim § He 8} = ln Sip (s S}= Jim, aye (8) = to 3m, ae = [33] Since Jim, cot? = coand lim e* = 1, L = 00. (Ba) Since im, [a £4 = oo and ji tans = §, L = on. (55) L has the form 1°. y = (1 + cosz)'*"* = Iny = tanzIn(1 + cosz). In(1. + e082) . oe & j= soy ny{oo-0} = | lim, ee — 8 = be, na ps THA = 1. Tus, t= lt ~esctz = (56) L has the form 1°. y = (1 + az)" > Iny = in(1 + az). = ba. Thus, L = e®. w . bln(L + lim, ny {00-0} = lim, WE =) (g }= tim 5 BAL {-co + wo} [ 2 _ Men |= @-DE+F3) G—De+3)|~ —3z+4 243- Get The last limit equals co since it increases without bound as 2—» —3-. GEIL {co — co} = tim | (Le + be +9 — 2). ae ease 24 + 52” +34 e 52? +3 527/2? 4 3/27 lim = Jim ast) are: ( e4/z* + S2*/rt + 3/24 > =H 0 =3 f+O+O+1 2 OS + Iny = esc3zIn(x + cos22). [HO)L has the form 1°. y 2 + cos 22) lig tay (60-0) = lin In(z + cos22) lim, #C (We Jim L=2sinde, 1 _ ot Z + cos2z “Teos3z ~ 3. Thus, L = e'/® GDL {00-0} = tim, _ S588 18} = oly L {00 — co} = lim sinh (1 - ain) {factor out the fastest growing function } = Hi sinks (snes Un i (8) = in ch <0} dim nf +4 = tn Jim +3 = nf abe 3: IL {o~EXERCISES 10.2 51 (3) From the figure, imi@ *1. y iv Figure 43 Figure 44 (4) From the figure, Tim, (2) © 0.61. 2 2)In= 2) In HEN) 10) = a = 070, pig) = gitvedlo (4- 4unz) = 4 ei/arine 1 —Inz). (2) =0> 256 f(z) > 0 on(0, ¢) and F'(2) <0.0n (¢, 00) > fle) = o'/* w 1d is a LMAX, y= l/? Ing= pinzand tim, Wy? = -00. Hence, lim, ='/* = lime (b) From, Exercise 17, lim z'/* = 1. Thus, y = 1is a horizontal asymptote. 2-00 ' (c) Note: There are Pl at x ~ 0.58 and x ~ 4.37. iF = y Figure 45 Figure 46 (Bl (a) fla) = 2 = 8 F f(a) = (1 + Ing). f() =O at = ew 0.37. F(z) < 0 on (0, e7*) and f"(2) > 0 on (e71, 00) => fe) “* w2 0.69 is a LMIN. From Exercise 16, lim, 2* = 1. =o (b) zim, z* = co. There are no horizontal asymptotes. weg ae SO EE SY = ny = oin[f(o'* + 9/4), dim Iny {0-0} = as=( te By] 2 Tz Ve aye 9} = jim |=z 2 a? Ing + 0" Ind () = ip, [-3 Tee =e | = 3(n a + Ind) = 4in(ab), = In(ad)”? = Ina. Thus, L = "1 = Jai.52 EXERCISES 10.2 = (1+ 9)™ = Iny = mtln(1 + $), ont (00-0) = in, SEER 6) = hp, [nee SO ‘Thus, the principal after t years is Pe". -hty/m -kt/m i = lim Jl oy g.n€ He 3] lim «t) = lim 7G Q}= tnd Sar pos Since 9 is a constant, v(1) is approximately proportional to t for large m. Note: C denotes that the integral converges, D denotes that it diverges. = im ['4/3o— -3} L T= im fs de = lim [— 32 | (- Dim [aby - -30 -— 1) =3;¢ = jk —1)3a= hh 1 ? —(-2) i Sxeoll Bt= de [ie aes sti ae x} =( 4), [3 @- ¥] = -}1-0)=-C i ie T= lim J 2/4 de = lim [a4] = 4 lim (f/* — 1) = 00;D 3, ea = hb st ii 2)]' — 2) = . T= jim f’ 2540 = tm [na + 2) = dam [a +e) O] = oD 2 = jim, [-inls — 22| Sm, Ginis — 2tl) = 00; D S @ 8 B 4 i tated +9 e+ Jin | +e jm [gtan*4o°]) + tim [Jean 4e"]? = 40 - §) + A - 0) = FC A, . 2s i -2]* : -! T= fig [let de = ip [Jo] = hn (o — y= 10 = lin, Tet de= tim [bf = -} lim of - (B= ° T= lim || dz =| lim le] to J Ee a ! tim, fie ae = = dim, [ae +1)°"]; = — ge [* 2/3 ase OD = tim, [Ce 97°77" de = tim [= - 7], = 12}1 = lim lae= wo J TSEXERCISES 10.3 53 i = tim [£282 de = kim PtanmYfensy! = im [tani — O31 = Jim [ne 28 de = ip [tan“Msins)], = tim [tan sind) — 0} This limit DNB since lim sin DNE. D P = hie Zy] = 32, T= 38 D]= FC ssf cgartl in | re-*? dr = lim ze" dz + lim | ze“*" dr = tte J ste Jo 7 (I = lim fouee lim [Jean ‘ = ee 1 e| lim, [-4e""]! + Jim [-4°7], = Ha -) -}0-p=G6 ed M1 a : 2 cross ies Jim, af cos dz {even integrand} = 2 lim, [ie + 4sin 22) " D t Inz gp = jim [3 2] di, | Igee = sip [Jon 97 * " 1 1 sisi, [plies = iim J [4 - 7h | tPrie= —1 132} 5 ‘ " Jima [fine - = }inle + 11} dim [inlet | = 40 -m =}in3;,0 ‘ = lim J coszds = lim [sin] = lim sint Hp], Mpa, [eine |, = ora ‘This limit DNE since the sine function oscillates between +1 and —1. D (20) 1 <2 ; 4 mf" sin? de = Im [—Jeos22|'/? = —}, tim [1 — eos2i] = DNE; D * (QI = 2 lim j sech zdz {even integrand } ‘ = 2 lim [ten (inh 2) {Formula 107 or 8.3.42} = 2($ — 0) = 730 I= firtae = jim [bret - e*] {IP} = (tt -0)-@-)=16 5 Note: li = 0 {10.1.31} is used often, without mention, from this point on. B= ton, | bg — etre) = tim, [infe= 9 | = ‘ (a1 W is 38 se ir | \ +h inl2| — Infal = In2; 0 (2-3) \(z + 4)’ Glo< 1, < ont, oo) and [J S.ée-= lia [- I] = dz {PF} = lim [m= a [n= 4 3h —H(0 — 1) =} = I converges by (i). a= im [ae], =o I diverges by (ii).EXERCISES 10.3 spk 2 ~) and [7 tar = Jim a finiail, = co = I diverges by (ii). 1 seis ” < &¥ on [1, 00) ara [ oF de = im =04¢e i: 00 I converges by (i). Ba) A= f Eas = jim [Inte = 00. Not possible. i lp, (b) Using disks; V = [Ye =rJin [4] =-20- =% BO) a= |” dim, [ow], = 00. Not possible. () Using disks, V = le Y a2 = Jim [inizi], = co. Not possible. = ("5-3/2 gp = en Peoe "71 = 99 8) = @ 45 fre eis ‘|, = -20-) = 2 (b) Using disks, V = f (2° Fae = + in [7], = -40- (B2(a) A =| 277" do = lim aa = 00. Not possible. 8 oe . (b) Using disks, V = af ery d= ¢ lim [35]: —37(0 — : dp, le [53] Using shells, V = I Qe se? de = lim {: Qe se? de = lim [Ere] / lim, * Gas = am | re {lt edn u= —du= edz > s= -2n[" T+ edu orfeige f¥es jobs GF] {Formula 21) = z[f3 + in( + 2)] = 721. [35] (a) See Exercise 29(b). : fs , (b) Using shells, V = fi oreb de = Jim, fi © s= [ort 14 (dP aes at i+ das, arh+d Xan” 2s = Jim [2einiei, (a) JF R(t) dt represents the total amount of fuel (in grams) that can be burned. dz = lim [2nz |! = 00, No. ay os wo => SDNE. T (©) Never, since R(t) > O for all 4 Note: lim J mike dt = m => im | the ‘fual So:not used in: any finile amonnt of time: Gt #2) = 4, shen w= [kee = im [-#]| = -Ko - 9 = #3. FarsEXERCISES 10.3 55 kg ke ; kg kg Ged 5 | = an| yo r+h| = kq_ _ _—4kad ath a @ (BO) (a) RC) = et > RY) = — he, Average time = [Peo Rut) dt = Note: f(2) <0 on [a, 0) = W<0. PO ck. ateH dev = i He a Jim [ te y. {IP} (b) Ifit is possible, then R() = Ly = RQ = - Average time = — (e+ 0* i apt= [[[-a- aa aay] PF} = jim a,[inle +1) +h] = 00. This is a contradiction since it indicates that the average repair time is unbounded. Thus, it is not possible. (0) (a) f(t) = 12,000 and T= 203 A =f 12,000e7%-98* dt = lim [Bem ae 20 one % $30,284.48. = 150,000¢ (b) f(t) = 12,000e"** and T= 20> A= J (12,000 €7°°4#) 6-998! dt = 20 we 5 = fn [12.000, - BF es -0.8 Jj, 22,0006 m4 dt = lim | Sinae coat = 300,000e~"® ~ $134,798.69. ead g Tlf raaligs — af mast + [Pe wa0t gg) ode GO) 18 ten | a = Mas, Jp du = doe I= sal, eo du. A.u= 1, du= dx, dv = re" do v= pe" m 3/2 Feisc=t-GH) () P ee MOD 1 > Tay? 6 EP) —acossz + ssin sz) a3) F, [e- i 7 cos srdz = dig, [ase ese] (P}=a45 It) = i o'(i)ae = lim [Le] = -Lo-=4,s>0 mnt = |” (dz {1P} = Jim, bee eke [BB] L{cos 2] = is -"¥ (cos) dz {IP} = dy [geet aT = wl - (9 = zo _s>d56 EXERCISES 10.3 (48) L[sing] = [re (sin) dz {1P} = Jim, [Pieper ceed) = j gi pi= ot rail Cus ayy? mate = feces = [eae = [ee] - a,0- 1) {ife> «}=s4, ar — acosaz)]* e+e lo poalt -(-9] = eee (2B) Lfsin as] = -'* (sinaz) ds {IP} = lim “ Bo 7 @e@ ra) = fre -* de = lim n, [-e" |, =f TQ) = [r= <-* de (IP} = lim [-2e* — *] = 1. re) = | Pe? de {IP} = lim [ae — ce 207]! = 2, (b) P(n +1) = i setdc$ lim -e ol +] no’ e“* dz = 0 + nT(n) Avu= 2%, du = nz" de, dv = e* dz, v= —e* = nI(n). (©) PQ) = 1 =1! Assume [(n + 1) = nl for some n> 1. Then I(n + 2) = (n+ 1)P(n + 1) = (n + 1)n! {by the induction hypothesis} = (n + 1)!. (50) Let u = azso that I = j cr* e~** dz has the form of the integral given in Exercise ° 49. Ldv=é>1= . @et(t)a= zal. wet du = T(E +). leiece att Se Ber Peay (ust 24 and r= —Leuws=24 v=} andro = 0". v 2 _ 1 t= [ «=| L (-A)a= f L aqataa wa Tape) + (1/u)s ° an +0 Let f(a) = pos. 1x8 = Sees[P0) + 4/C8) + 20) + 47) + 10] 0.4926. du.EXERCISES 10.4 57 u=is Fs qpand de= due -10+u= jh ond 2-00 = a Te wif" iy. _ Fni®=), 78) +1\v du = © wdifiai oi Tai du = du, Let f(u) = . fa [eae pee tee Las = S227 (0.1) + 4f(-0.075) + 2f(—0.08) + 4f(-0.025) + s(0)] re hy(2.4922) ~ 0.0208. T= fim, [Peas = lin [32 ; =}4- =60 @ I= lim feta = lim, [2 pe"f = 23-0) =6;C toot le to" = lg fe? ig LE], = 0d Note: It is only necessary that one integral diverges for I to diverge. In future solutions, we will compute one integral, and if it converges, continue until we can draw a conclusion. m=: eh 3/4 Pe eeciegee @ T= tim, [7 (249) an a] =ee'D: B= tim [fesse = tim, _[tan2]f = oD 14/2) (8/2) = ais, [Eee = in, ae] %e- 1); = tin fa =a ws tn = 00;D Am), on ql; a _ “173 a im |—3 2/3]? _ 37 _ 9) = 3, = ge [ler oem am [fern] = -Ja-9=-fe = tin. [ =P dea lim [3c ~a'7]) = -300.- Td) = 3%; 0 1 = tim fiz pig eee lim [finl? — al]? = 0; tat =2 }' — Sy1.= * G1, = ym_f (+ tye = tim, w-) jim58 EXERCISES 10.4 16) 1, A Jecrr) = fi bia! dip [Jo Fe nD T= tim | " vinede'm Jim, 27 Ins — 4"! {1P} = 4,lim, [P@mz -)p=-}- 4 lim, [P@in: =1)] {0-00} Qint —1 aly = 4 lin, ye (8) = 1 Lip il An}. =-}-0=-}C GBI = jim, fi tan?edz = alin fi. (see?z — 1) dz = alin, [tan = zl} = 00; D fica} alin, [taneds 3 Bolom = o%jD (2D Simplifying the integrand, -—L=. Ltemsz = Lb ges = oh + ao. ‘Thus, 1 = lim Af (csc?z + cotz csc) dz = ln 1, [cots — csc |r? = trot 1+ lim, [cott + esef] = 00. D tot je— 41] = —0o; D “Toa G1 = lim [[-4- Jeter) = jim [ke - 1+ Qe ince 4 = oe la]! mc0; Wsinelcicet= lnJL.ip® = in [ a) G1, = anf, Joos} ds = ein-[-nd]., . The limit DNE. D Bt, = lim [iscczar = lim, ,-[tebsee + tanzl]! = 00; D ly: 7 y= lim _ (‘cost ge = [2 7} = ~(-2) =2. at, woliny- [tec = ay LP jp = 9—(-2) = 2 = lim J Sted tim [2 toed Ti sine ea Ge72y* I=h+h=2+(-2)=0.CEXERCISES 10.4 59 BAL = Jn [ig = dim [Re — 9°? + 3-077, [0 -(-3 +9] = -0.9. 1, = lim, J. qe # = Be 1, Re — 97? + fe - 1) T = (2) + $4) - 0] = 25.2 TS, +1, = (0.9) + 25.2 = 243. C Note: To integrate, let u = (z— 1)'/8, 2 = w® + 1, and dz = 3u? du. (27) There are discontinuities at z = 1 and z = Ta 1 = 1 = i Fon ne er n= [ies aaee infil z1 Jer) = tim [inte — 31 — flnle — 11]) = 00; D (28) There are discontinuities at r= +1. Choose z = 0 as a value between —1 and 1. i a 2a Pag es ue lie - 9 ¥ * li 275 L= liq = in Ge - "J, = = i de = tim, [2 — 1") = 44-0) = 1 re —1 sai T=+h+l=9+(-)+3=3.C r= tpet fighpe* Pope q 4 L [igpes. = lm -3 a i 1 2 1 ait = [° hyde [Prtyert |) toe 2 4 i she = tim [inks + 21)? = - 20; D 1 de = lim, pal = NFS tor I converges by (i). Os ps cap ont, ane f 3) I diverges by (ii). =a 1 Bos F< sha, uana [ 7 de = him, 2 [b"”], 30-0 =35 Pee 0 sor T converges by (i).so EXERC ISHS 104 - — nti P BIG wasor= fe a= [25] = 0 (i) If -1 0 and 1 7 tt ie L T= lim [ewe al | = ae? tots iif , no (ii) n= -1,1= im, [imei = 00;D (iv) Ifn< -1, then n+ 1<0andI = lim, 4 fees ‘Thus, I converges iff n> —1. 1. a (BB) @ we ¢ -1,1= ft inzde = lim, | A e- rl {P}. a toot] RF 1 ay If n+ 1>0, then I conveges. If'n + 1 <0, then I diverges. . D, Thus, I converges iff n > —1. “ . n @i) fn = —-1,1= Jim, [dn] = 1 a BA (a) a= fie = tim, [2 = (1 —0)=2 ing di =r (LY ee rh = 00. Not possible. (b) Using disks, V = *f-() i= * ia, [ite (38) (a) a=[! 1 de = tim, [3e”*]) = $a -1 140 i = (b) Using disks, V = | (21°)? de = = lim [ va = $x(1 — 0) = 3n. 0 te BB) (@) a= ing di ? 2 i 1_|* = co. Not possibl (b) Using disks, V = f(y) d= 7 in, E i co. Not possible. - __ Not possible. fom de [iled alle -4t 2 [ mvdv = —f kydy > o> hy + G, ote) =0 4 %40) —ly + Qa0 $24 ¢,=0506,=42. Thus, 7 = £(2 - y). (8) From Example 6 7 = 2[”_ Hen, \#- pS oy = 2 lim 2 Ef TF dy {even jntegrand} = 40% im [sin FY, = 4 (§ - 0) = 22 fF. (a) 0% + $sing =0 > ode = Seino do = foar= = f-fsino o> Ie? = Goose + G3 v7 = Meosd + Cy wt 69) = 0 = v'(£0) = 05 Beosty + Cz = 0 = O, = —YBeosdg. Thus, »? = 3F(c0s0 — cos). (b) Suppose the mass m turns through an angle AQ. Period T = twice the time { from —09 to 0g = times the time ¢ from 0 to 69. T= 4t = 4(¥) {since d = rtor d = xt} Las {arc length = radius : radian measure} =4. 29/L {cos 8 — cosy ar ___ Aa ‘, 5 24 . = = F Test oar Summing the times from @ = 0 to @ = 8 yields 9 T=2 |? tocar, a [ate (a) From the formula for T, 0 < y < yp. 7 = 0 > we = 0 = = 0 and tis undefined. a) ecttentoh ck asin =—_ =o 1 (No ©) V= pag Flt kM = FP > t= me - 1): M1 (Ne t= 4 [A(R Dav= oa i tim, [on — vy}, which diverges for all k. No, it is not possible.62 EXERCISES 10.5 10.5 Review Exercises: = nz 1; Oley age BO rig = oak gous = Tip sodas sec? 2x {f} = lim =2sin22 — 4sec? 2ztan2e 0 9 70 T 1 B L{8)} = jim Pet, = him (22 + 2\(2 4+ 1) = 00 2 MeT/f(e + 1) ~ =e . 1/(+ 27) ke @ 148} = tim HOte) _1_ (= Baraat ole 4 ge-2e igi aye 8 i yea tng ai () = im 8077 + 8e7** _ 16 _ 8 Qe eS @ t= slim, tenz cose = lim, sine = 1 a B L{0-co}= elim, Ingest ( 8}=__lim,- (eens, = _alimyay- memes = 0 og int 20s = 0 Mee oo Y/Q +27 OL {0-00} = tim, ta? (8) = tim, WOE) = | = es L has the form 1°. y = (1 + 82”) = Iny= 4in( + 82%). Jim Iny {00-0} = Tim BO 4 82?) tim 2/1 + 82") _ _ = 2B {8} = Jip = in Sah ‘Thus, L = L has the form mi y= aise ying =(e~ 5) inne Bay (0-00) = pf (8) = Je, = z= 1) —2%z—- 1) tim, SE (8) = tim, ESD =P = 0. Thus, b= (1B) L has the form 00°, y = (e* + 1)/* = Iny=4 In(e* +1), lim Iny {0-00} be +D ig = dn, = in, fs (8) = J, ‘cost _ 1 reosr —sinz 0 UAE {oo — co} = tim, (S42 - 3) = tim, Fane sins (9) = lim wzsmztoosz—cosz_ =zsinr oy = in, © cost + sing = Jim, sass + sing (0) = lim =seosr—sinz _0_ 9 soot—zsinz + cosz + cost 2 e6 =1EXERCISES 10.5 - 63 mis) = im (8) +2 ig = ip, 0a? a3)" tg) = sin * fans)? (m= dim, [Jee = sim, [2e), = 00; D f1= dim, [2° ae = imal, =-10-=140 - 0 hes, pipe ahthth rat _ : 0 Ip = lim fhe, Jn [inl + al) = lim [ cos]. This limit DNE. D ray 0 : QOL, = lim [ieee an Bey ,=}0-9= = im [M3 ae = tm 1322/37 — = = tim, fe ds = tim, [fe], = fu - 9) =f I=+h=-6+}=-$¢ ‘ a 1 = Pesce = im [edie = inte + al = oid OBI, = lim Jett =e ap um [- Way oh = Gi = tai d= lim, 1, [see ‘a wl ate 0 Bt = lim | ce? dz (1P} = lim [re — ef} = Am), in| : Gar = lim, flue 2 de = Him, [Jom 2)*]! = —00;D QAI = im i cscads = lim, [Inlesex — cot] : 0 a [n-e Pay r in t i: =~ tp [nbsstEXERCISES 10.5 sdjand de=—4aw r= 1 u=landts0 > u=0". v 1-1/2 ) du = Tim J ods root], ow = Jim ve = 0 2 - Since lim, £ uot = and L’Hopital’s rule was used), define f(0) = 2-81 (0) + 4f(4) + 2f(8) + 4/03) + FC) & 0.1490. Mu=d2 rand de = —4 du r=lsu=ladzs051=0". = fr * sin Tz dz = tis, |" ae sin} (-3) ae = lim, f om sin ((4) du. Let f(a) = sin ( me" fC) =Lan 24 (where v = 4 and L’Hépital’s rule wes used), define f(0) = 0. S = HS[ M0) + fC) + 2f0) + 470) + £(1)] = (41594) ~ 0.9468. Since (sin ‘)’/* > 0 and generates an infinite area between its graph and the z-axis as 2-700) lim f(s) = Ji ing dt = co igh @ (8) = Jin SQ = Fale Since 2/3 na)?/? 1g oy Tz = 0. Note that |(sin =)°/9| < 1 and 2200. Is clip, [1 — ext(a]] = in 859 (9) = stip = eteChapter 11: Infinite Series Note: In Exercises 1-16, the first four terms are found by substituting 1, 2, 3, and 4 for nin the nth term. 1 Vay ‘ines oak 3 =5 Wn) _ y 6—5/n_ a lim, (BSE gn) = ESE fa = Ta4n? = tim UP = 4 _ 4g ay ant = obese a3 =~ 4 1. 4A = a 1s =20 = —3' a= 7a = Haye — Ba lim (-5) = -5 5 88,8, lin B= 8 g=243=4, 50 = 25 91 _ 7, (2n = 1)(3n + 1) Gn? Mg=%9 = =f — 028, a, Oe 9, 17, 25, 33; lim. (8n + 1) = co; DNE J 22,2, 2 a8 tin oe i oT” 7 100 = 29 100 __300 = 190, ms oar sae ean 3 100n_ _ j 100 ne MS - trill =o 62 x, TT? 7 ~ 37 _yt__3n im (113m ar n,|c 1) a 0 = lig (1) 88 = 0, by (11.8) 4-24 - Jin or 0 lim (-"" AB, = 0, by (1138). 1.1, 1.01, 1.001, 1.0001; dim 2 +(0.1)"]=14+0=1 Mbt. (-#)- 2,0, 2,0; lim [1 + 1 ee DNE since it does not converge to a real number L. G2, 2,4, 5; = 09} iru} tS #, 8 lim ® #2 co; DNE Note: Let C denote converges and D denote diverges. Also, let L denote the limit of the sequence, if it exists. (L=6 lim, (—§)" = 6-0 = 0 by (11.8)(3); C66 EXERCISES 11.1 ML =8—-0=8C r= DOL = [22] L = oo; D, since (1.0001)" + 00 as n— 00. (23) Using (11.5)(), Jim 132 (3) = Jim, ue = 0, and hence lim’ It = 0. ‘Thus, by (11.8), L = 0; C. C, since tan“n—+$asn—+oo PIL = —oo;D [24] Using (11.5)(ii), lim — 2 ie i Qr = jj = iM, ing et) (2) = lim, ee ay = agg. 2a + Y= 00. Thus, L = 09; D. co. (25) Using (11.5)(i), liga 1 ott +4 (8) = Jim, gs? = lim 42? Thus, L = co; D. BB) sm cl + 1 = Oby (11.7);C. i lim, e* Inz {0-00} = lim, nz {g } = Jim de = 0. Thus, Lb = 00. (29) By (7.32)(ii), L = 6 C. WD) tin, #* (00-0) = im, je (8) = = co {see Exercise 32, §10.1}. Thus, L = 00; D. dimy 27 = Be (8) = = 0. Thus, by (11.8), L sm aiege (8) = lim acta G-f <2 < d+ 1 = Oby (1L7)5¢. _ 4n9/n3 + 5n/n® + 1f/n? bm te SEE te ee Lg nbto2ns/n — ni/nd + 6/08 et n(2n +1) — n2(2n—1)_ an? _ 2n?/n? GOL = i oes Ge) Roda = a ye c in 1, . (—1/27) cos (1/2) GH lim esind {00-0} = Jin Se {8} = Cate = cos(0) = 1 Thus, L = 1; 0. 35] Since {coswn} = —1, 1, —1,1, -1,1,...5 L DNE; D. Since {4 + sin(jxn)} = 5, 4,3, 4; 5, 4, 3, 4, ...5 L DNE; D. a) { Grn))} = 5, 4,3, 45 5,4, 3, 4, 2.5 5 (BIL = 1; C {see Exercise 17, §10.2}. 2 (38) lim & (S} = aim, yfiby (83 = Sma y sea = 0. Thus, L = 0; C. => L = 0 by (11.7); ©. = 1, even numbered terms approach 1 and odd numbered terms approach —1, Thus, L DNE; D.EXERCISES 11.1 67 GIL = Jim (BHa8 free T fa+lta ) = Jin, 1 — = a0. nse inel+ ia 7 H be im (tone We tneny_ , gs a= ta ro) we pata lim + ue ce mids = HC oe Tym? + nfm tnfn +) (Zi/(e) Next year’s bird population on island A is determined by the number of birds that stay (90% of its present population) and the number of birds that migtate (5% of island C’s present population). Thus, A,4, = 0.90An + 0.05Cn. Ina similar manner, B,41 = 0.80Bn + 0.10An and Cy41 = 0.95Cn + 0.20Bn. (b) Let Jim An = 4, lim Bn = i, and lim On = c. Then a2 a—+00, a = 0.90a + 0.05¢ > 0.la = 0.05¢ > c= 2a, 5 = 0.805 + 0.100 = 0.26 = 0.la > a = 2b, 0.95 + 0.20 = 0.05¢ = 0.28 = c = 4b. Now, 95,000 =a +b+¢=2b+b+4b= 75 = b = 5000. and Thus, there will be 5000 birds on B, 10,000 birds on A, and 20,000 birds on C. (a) Since 50% of the adult population is female and each female has on the average 3 kittens, Kay: = 3Any:) = $A4a41- Next years adult population is the sum of surviving adults (An) and surviving newborns (}Kn). Thus, Angs = $4n + Ln (2) Angi = $4n + 300 = }An + 3(3An) = HAn. Kags = Png: = (GAn + Mn) = An + Un = Un + En = ne Using the above relations recursively, An = HAna = H(HAn-a) = ()"An-2 = (9)"14,. Similarly, Kn = “i, Adult and kitten populations each increase 412% {43 = 1.416} each year. (a) The sequence appears to converge to 1. (&) a, = 5'77, Assume an = 5!/?" for some » > 1. Then, éag1 = (en)? = a ne (5'/?")'/? = 51/?"""_ By mathematical induction, the statement is true. Now, y = 5'/? Ys hy= find. Thus, lim Iny =O and lim on = Since the sequence generated is n, 4, n,4.., we must havea =2 > n=1=>n=1,sincen>0.68 EXERCISES 11.1 (a) The sequence appears to converge to approximately 0.7390851. (b) air = C08 a, = slim a4, = lim cos a, => lim a4; = co8(lim, a) => () ayy = cos 4 = slim apy, = jLim cosa, => jlim e441 = cos(lim ay L=cosl. [48] (a) 2, = 3, 2) = 3.1425465, 2, = 2, = 2 = 3.1415927. ‘The sequence appears to converge to ™. (b) 2 = 6, zp = 6.2910062, x, = 6.2831851, 2, = rz = 0.2831853. ‘The sequence appears to converge to 2m. (©) ta: =m — tans, > lim 24, = im (2, — tang) > b= L— tan b> tanL=0>L=an 49) (a) 2, = 3.5, 25 = 3.178571429, z, = 3.162319422, 2, = 3.162277660, zy = 3.162277660 Cb) gs = Ozu + HE) = im, seas = jim H(ae +) + = HZ + Y) = DP =N=>L=+£4N. Since z, is assumed to be positive, all x, are positive and hence L = {N. Note: The above sequence is generated by Newton’s method using the equation f(z) = 2? — N= 0. BO} (a) a5 = a, + a, =14+1=2. 1,1, 2,3, 5,8, 13, 21, 34, 55 (b) ry = a/a, =} = 1, ry = 2 = 2, ry = § = 1.5, ry = § w 1.666666, = 1.625, ry = 3 & 1.6153846, rg = $4 ~ 1.6190476, t> = $$ ~ LO176471, and ro = $f & 1.6181818. 15 = g= L675 = Gest i Met te tes = ie Se = at = im (1+) 0 for all k, (1 — 15) < 0 is not a possible value for r. in2z + 1 => |f"(z)| = dlcos2zl < } <1. dsinz cost +1 = Let B = }. Thus, the sequence converges for any ¢;. () =1 a, = -100 ay 1.113662 a, = 1.109162 a = 1.099015 a, =1.099697 a, = 1.101207 a, = 1.101107 ag = 1.100884 a, = 1.100899 dimen 1.10 53] (a) fe) = 24 425 f"(2) ey We need to maximize|f'|. pits) = 82) psy 9 = 2B we 2058. (2B) = 28 x (2 +1) 0.65 <1. Let 8 = 22. ‘Thus, the sequence converges for any 6.EXERCISES 11.2 69 (b) a, =1 a, = —100 a, = 2.5 a, = 2.9999 ay = 2.862069 a3 = 2.899994 a, = 2.891203 a4 = 2.893730 a, = 2.803152 a, = 2.893318 lig an © 2.89 (b) Using partial fractions, an = —— Gn ¥B)(2n + 3) Sn = a, + ay + a3 +o + dn G-)+6-)+ (4-9) + +(G@hs- mes) = wes +57 B= maar By Note: It may be easier to compute the values in part (a) after finding the general formula in part (b). ‘ae hi = lim [—_, 28 | =—,2, =} © $= Bp, = i [ 503) = Bea 8) B @) =a =p SHS +e = w+ = $3 = Sy +03 =i t+ sha = He = 5 = il L () 0. = Gp aGa tT eth BET S = (1-2) +(h- 8) + (4-8) +> +(e ea- en) =}-_1,=_in 77 Bat = Wnt Ty (© $= lim, 5. = lim, efron () S= jim Sa = @@S=4=cah=70 Exencises u2 (0) a = =1 ug on? + 3n—2 aw - mh) =ii_i\ifi- Wi _1)4..4U-1,-,1 se = 4-3) 440-2) +4 -2) +> HG - a) ee 1 sels —n =i )= arty ©) $= lin, So = i [aera] @ (a) $ =a, =In} =In1 —In2 = 0 — In? = —In3 Sy = S, + ag = —In2 + In} = —In2 + (In2 — In3) = —In3; Sy = Sy + og = —In3 + In? = —In3 + (In3 — Ind) = —In4. (b) a = Ino y = Inn — In(n + 1). Sq = (Inl — in2) + (In2 — Im3) + (In3 — In4) + ++» + [inn — In(n + 1)] = Inl — In(n + 1) = —In(a + 1). (© $= jim Sn = lim [-In(n + 1)] = Since { Sn} diverges, the series > an diverges and has no sum. oO @ §=a=pl Bata ¥ pat = B13 gadene@ yt gle 2. (2-1) 4+ (3-2) = 8-1 -& = = 1_.2 = Sp = Sp + 0g = (18 D+ op rspe (3-1) +(@- 438) =2-1 (b) an 1 fri-e . Gs “Tael+ aa iati-& Sn = (W2 — Mi) + (13 — 12) + 4 - 13) + + (Qe FT - =fayi-1 (©) $= Jim Sn = jim Le Fi-ij= Since { Sn} diverges, the series > an diverges and has no sum. Note: From (11.18), the series converges if |r| < 1 and diverges is |r| > 1. e=tradaseEXERCISES 11.2 na [2] a = 0.628, r= pg => 5 = 0628 = 898 1000 T= ray = 008 3 2 >1lsD =-5 =-j3D Mla=1r=2>Dd converges if |r| < 1. In this case, r= —2. Thus, S converges if |—z| < 1, or, 1 I+¢ equivalently, -1<2<1. e=hrs-r95=;—b5 = ster ss= -l ies converges, the series diverges by (11.21). reaped Ey ah the series converges toh + 1= 8. 5] Since $ wy converges and = 4 diverges, the series diverges by (11.21). a1 mS (a )=5E ne ¢ -;7t 1) {subtract the first two terms from the sum of the series in Example 1} = afi -G+p]=s= he (1 1 S (1 1 = —|* mw § (ch-#)=-£(¢-sh)=-0=-H0 HB] (a) S, m 0.21037, S, A 0.26720, Ss ~ 0.26940 (b) Sq ~ 0.26645, 5, 0.26551, S, ~ 0.26544, S, ~ 0.26548; S~ 0.265- EXERCISES 11.2 3 (BO) (a) S, © 0.36788, S, ~ 0.39378, S, ~ 0.39400 (b) Since S, = 0.39400, S = 0.394. Gi) S,, > (F + 1} = 3 > b= Sand m = 2 = 32. gp = LARLY + + dy 4.058405. (52) 5,, > (k + 1)} = 8 => k= 15 and m= 2° = 32,768; Sgo,7¢8 © 10.974439. (BB) Vn, let on = 1 and by = —1. Then, both $5 an and 5° bn diverge, wh ama but $8 (an + bn) = 0 converges. The statement is false. eh [BA] The even partial sums are S,, = 0 Vnand the odd partial sums ate Son. In order to have a series converge it is required that lim, Sn exist. In this case the partial sums are 1, 0, 1, 0, ..., and the limit DNE. Note: ‘The terms of the divergent sequence cannot be regrouped as indicated. 55] The ball initially falls 10 m, after which, in each up and down cycle it travels: 29,18, d= 10+ F 10g)" = 104 10, = 30m, wo (56) The pendulum swings 24 + 24(8) + 24($)? + -» = 2a FT (a) Immediately after the first dose, there are Q units of the drug in the bloodstream. A(1) = Q. After the second dose, there is a new Q units plus A(1)e*” = Qe~*T units from the first dose. Thus, A(2) = Q + Qe7*?. Similarly, AG) = Q+ Ae*T = Q4 (G+ GereTeeh = QH Qe“? + Qe™?, A(A) = Q + AlB)emEP = Q+(Q+ Gee? + Qe*T ere? = Q+ Geet 4 Qer®T 4 Qer®T,.. AW) = 2 genet, (b) Since all terms are positive, A(E) is an increasing sequence with the form eT a+ ar+ ar? +... + art“! where a = Qandr= e Tl <1, Thus, by (11.15)(ii), Since ¢ > 0, irl = the upper bound is lim A(}) = Q —T 1),4¥-9 © Sap pe [5B] Amount = 1,000,000[ 0.85 + (0.85)? + (0.85) + ---] = 1,000,000 35,666,666.67.4 EXERCISES 11.2 (59) Let P(2) denote the current population after F days. (2) PCL) = N, PQ) = N+ 0.9P(1) = N+0.9N, P(3) = N + 0.9 P(2) = N+ 0.9N + (0.9)?W, ... => P(n) = N+ 0.9N + (0.9)? +--+ + (0.9)"""N (b) Since lim P(n) = rn = 10N, we need 10N = 20,000 + N = 2000 flies. (60) (2) Since the drug’s half-life is 2 hours, only (3) = 4K remains 4 hours after a K mg dose. Let A(n) denote the amount of the drug in the bloodstream immediately after n doses. Then, A(1) = K, A(2) = K+ 4A(1) = K+3K, AQ) = K+ $AQ) =K+4K4 (PK .. > A(t) = K+ GK + + (DOK lim Ale) = (b) 4K < 500 > K < 375 mg. (c) Let a(?) denote the amount of drug at time ¢ (in hours) in the bloodstream after asingle dose Q at time = 0. Then, a(t) = Qe~* and a(4) = Qe~**. But a(4) = iQ Qe“ =1Q>e"=15e°=()*, is ‘ 50 Using part (c) of Exercise 57, we have Tawar < 500 => In (9/10) Tn (1/4) or not more frequently then approximately every 19 min. GI] (2) From the second figure we see that (}4,)” + (2a,)* = (ap41)? > 10,2 = =i Hak = ahs > Gig, = $AI0 ay. 1-@Q°T > 53 7>4 w 0.304 hr © 18.24 min, (b) From part (a), an = ($416)""* a). Aaja = aby, = We? = §A,, hence An = (§)"-2Ay. Paar = Says = 4-410 a, = (10a, = {10 (4P,), hence Pn = (}Y10)"*P. 2 * * a + * a 7 1 (©) YE Pn is an infinite geometric series with first term Py and r= {10 <1. fp, = Po 416) ea" 1-H 4— {0 4 tiv a 2 Daa Leoras Led = payait (G2) (a) Let sq denote the length of a side of the nth square and }sq the length of the radius of the inscribed circle. Now Cn = a(4sn)? = Esk = ESn, i.e., Sn = $Cn. Let rq be the radius of the nth circle. The inscribed rectangle will have a side of length 5,4; = {ra + 7 = Y2mm. ‘Thus, Cn = wrk and Say: = shy, = 27h = Ca = (bya) = FSnar-EXERCISES 11.3 ia (b) The shaded region has area (5S, — C) + (S$ — G2) + (Ss — Gs) to = Esn- Lama Ks Fr = ize F 5, Ge en ee wet From part (a), Say. = 2Cn = 2 Hence, )) Sn = Sy + $51 + 4S, + az1 ‘Thus, the area is $= 7(95,) = S; or approximately 42.9% of S,. 4 (Exercises 17,3] D @) sf) =m= oa aa ttle = an (i) Since (3 + 22)? > 0 if z > 1, fis a positive-valued function. (ii) fis continuous on R — { —3} and hence is continuous on [1, oo). si : 2(3 + 22) -2 By th cal rule, f'(2) = —} = Ks21, (iii) By the reciprocal rule, /"(2) [evi = +5 - gr ree then (2z + 3)" > 0 and f’ is negative. Thus, fis decreasing on [1, oo). 7 = tie |) 30 = (4) () | f@)ae= dnl: e+ = =o ( ae Note: For Exercises 2-12, each function f is positive-valued and continuous on the interval of integration. Only the function f and its derivative are listed in (a). = f(X = — ifz a aa 210 = “yey soe 2) de = i 2} =0=(-2 [Pree = ava] o-(-Z)e h 8 @ f= B® fe ze Fa = ae sore Ze © "fea = dla [}alts + 7i]f = 00; D @ @) fe= xt re= pap soso |. ” (a) de = dia [hia + vf = co; D 8 @ Kas = et = fia) = (2 — 32%)" < Of > 1 0) [rar = Jim a[-}e“} =0-(-Je*)= die 7 54 i ETA 2 = Been ap SONTE* ) * f(@) de (PP} = (G +gly)e= slim, [-dintet + plalas - si] = O @) se) 4 lim [In 2-5 J]! = y(m2 — In} = fins; C76 EXERCISES 11.3 @) £2) = We > p(y = Let a. 0) (Oem [30a 9°], = oD @ 1 = Fp ere = Baa <0it a2 2 b) | sae = jim [LT] = 0 - (pg 8 @& 1 =p f= an soite. ©) ff i242 = jig [me's] = 5 Oe) £2) = (2g - 4) 9 1@ = Ba coisas © CG) f(2) = Sane = Fe) (b) (>) @) f= F(2 — 3) (de = ig [inle ~ a — Intell. = jigs [in 28]! = ls Inl — In} = Ind; La pesge <0ifz> 1. vile)de = Him, [Herctan)*}' = 4p? - 4@? = BC Biz ‘ Te P= “Gee

8 es (19) S converges since 7 i S14 . shay < Rand ZF converges by (11.25). re and 5, sina converges by (11.25). ba ga converges by (11.15). n= we J, converges by (11.25). n aot t diverges. il us az a and f S diverges since MESE2 — 2” arcsecn > 2" {for n > 2} and $+ 2” diverges. wh (0.5)" and Ss < 4, converges by (11.25). ® [20] $ converges since 1 di< s {for n > 4) and 2A

. By deleting all terms in the numerator and denominator of ax except those that have the greatest effect on the magnitude, we obtain moa + which is a divergent p-series with p = comparison test (11.27), we have lim. E = lim 3. Using the limit =1> 0. Thus, $ diverges. potent a i Let an = gag and bn = te lim, § diverges by (11.27) since 3) tn diverges. a Let on = and bn . tim % = lim =}>0 3) iron 7 Made Tas on 2 S converges by (11.27) since S bn converges. = i te 1 1 i A Let an = and ba = 375. li = lim . POF E+ 9, 97 Bahn ao TS tnt + On 1> 0. S converges by (11.27) since J) bn converges. Bn? — 7 =1, im st —7 (ZB) Let on = 81, and pn = 4. tim $2 = lim “Caro. Bite A(a+1p ot HB, = Moan pay to S converges by (11.27) since J) bn converges by (11.15). Bi Let on = 92,8 and ba = dee lim $2 = lim Sn+8.2 350. n-boobn ~ n-poo n2™ 1 S converges by (11.27) since > bn converges. i eek Tin Ra le Bi] Let an = yeh and bn = He lim fo = Nim AEG = 1> 0. $ diverges by (14.27) eine > bn diverges. iE Gee =1. tm #= Bas BB) Let ay = yond bo = lpn fo = lim sh = 1> 0 $ diverges by (11.27) since > bn diverges. 2 2 4 ont Bl Let on = 25+ and by = 4. lim. § = Jim SHAE = 1> 0, S diverges by (11.27) since J bn diverges. 8 dn? © 4 nS Giptet on = At AB EL asd y= dy tie = tin Eee nrc One + ni +2 2 § converges by (11.27) since J) bn converges. d+ (3) and SS [@* + @"] converges, $ converges by (11.26). ince Lt 2" GI) Since 7 Fy (32) Let an = ytqand be =H. S diverges by (11.27) since > bn diverges. Note: n > 4 s0 that Jan is a positive-term series, and (11.27) applies.8 EXERCISES 11.3 278 [3 Let en = 1 and 6, = by. lim # = lim 2 =—qb>o. en? +1 Te ate bn * Mtoe 1 5 S diverges by (11.27) since bn diverges. [since lap 0. S converges by (11.27) since 57 bn converges. in 4, and bn = 4. vim, 2 = lim sin(1/n?) 0/6) py = atte Tat Let an pf 2/n®) cos(1/n? aa EBD) Let tn = ton and be = 4. lim = tim SEC/*) p9) nto by — nto Ifa nifal ne tp, A te = 150. $ diverges by (11.27) since Soba diverges. 1> 0. S converges by (11.27) since 5 bn converges. (2n + 1)* a. & _ (20+ 1)9-n® GD tet on = SRD and bp = 4. lim $= tim SE 0. (e+)! Jn Me ay TE7 converges by (11.27) since J) bn converges. fince SINS > Sa > SOG = +1 Tn $V 2 Sc £ ond} OH diverges, S diverges by (11.26). 2 Los amat a HB Since M+ 2" rs Bets PE (orn 4} = 209)" and 2 F ()* es converges, S converges by (11.26). (Let on = Inf + ou and bn = (3)". lim #* = lim hy = ntoobn — nvboo = 1> 0. S converges by (11.27) since 5 ba converges. GB) since np < <4= 4 and f converges, S converges by (11.26). sinn + 2" (6) Since = 2@)" and 2 ee @)” converges, S converges by (11.26).EXERCISES 11.3 79 G@ 1. Since < a {Ina > Lifn > 3} and ey fe convertion by (11.25), $ converges. (i) &=1. Using the integral test, i sie = im, [intnailf = 00; D. (iit) O< <1 we ingen and d= ottu = | sle= 22 Inz = fii Doct Ins du. Since 1 — k> 0, the integrand approaches co as u—oo. Thus, the integral must diverge and S$ also diverges. (iv) <0. Since sis >poot(n2 2 and 2 * diverges, $ diverges. ‘Thus, S converges iff k > 1. GG rei [~ ae = Jy 2 [2]. Ifk> 1, {1 — <0} the integral Ge) fr gdge® = te PE > 6 integr converges. If k <1, {1 — k> 0} the integral diverges. a) pen. (okcwesr iB ° Gi) k=1. i stig é = lim [intinsi]} = 05; D. ‘Thus, S converges iff k > 1. (2) From the results of the proof of (11.28) with J(2) = Ay and then f(z) = $ we have: ® Sete gthte + chpsmt n-ne she dee tbs {sinceln2<1}In(n+1)<1+}+ht--44. a nt < ac Di Ets [ites h4> thee thsinsit¢h+de+ ios tedede cc thcition By (i) and (ii), n(n +1) <14+}44h4 044 <1 4 lne(n> 1), (©) From part (a), Sn > 100 if n(n + 1) > 100. Thus, n+1> 2° > n> el? — 1 w 2.688 x 10", DO) ta = ra et = ran PE? [Bet = a (BSS =v B23 63 §-.F- Since ra = Snidan & $y = 0 the height can be made arbitrarily lange. =1 seEXERCISES 11.3 (b) The volume of the nth ball is given by 80 Va = x(rn)® = $2(n VB) = ah = = Mp The maximum volume is i ven EM dna 849 Boncg gf”

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1 ouch that if n > 2, then e <1, or an < bn. Since F bn converges and Gn < bn for all but at most a finite number of terms, > an must also converge by (11.26). [Ba)since lim, #2 = co, there is an M > 1 such that if k> 4, then # > lor a>. Since 5D be diverges and b, < 4, for all but at most a finite number of terms, Dan must also diverge. & ® an sea ef™ on = Eon + ns Since ngs < fs) dy n= Sia n it follows that the error B= 3° an 1000; 1000 terms. en gia $0.01 = W > 50 = > 150; 8 terms, Pencil 5, 20, J, = hy S005 3 nv > 20 > > e®, [e°] + 1 = 485,165,196 terms. jim, a = Oand lim J = 00. By (11.17), Dp diverges. B] (an — Gpy1)? 20> 0% — 2am days + ney D0 = a + ORL, > Pon anys = (an + anys)? Set fon)" O24 2dn baer + bass > 40m days => 2 tn des = tat fost > fartagi. Since Tan converges, 33> (dn + a,41) converges, and DL [Feng converges, by (11.26), 3, 6 0.387879, Sz ~ 0.404511, S, a 0.404881; $ ~ 0.405 ES] co * lerror] < I sede = lim [—fer7]) = de® w 0.00008 < 0.5 x 1078 te [BD S, =1, Sp = 1.0625, Sy ~ 1.074846, S, w 1.078752, S, = 1.080352, Se % 1.081124, Sy * 1.081540, Sy = 1.081784, S, = 1.081937; S ~ 1.082 0 |ertor| < J v'ér= Jim Ae} 4(0-*) = 0.000457 < 0.5 x 10-3 ° ee lbEXERCISES 11.4 81 From the graphs, it is apparent that r > In(z*) for k = 1, 2,3 and z > 5. Thus, } < mt for k = 1, 2,3 and n> 5. By the basic comparison test, since $3 J diverges, ma also diverges for k = 1, 2, and 3. oa aZila(w 7 7 10: so 10 * * 50 = Figure 61 Figure 62 [52] From the graphs, it is apparent that z > (Inz)* for t = 1, 2, 3 and z > 100. Thus, 4 < wr for k = 1, 2,3.and n > 100. By the basic comparison test, » since $3 J diverges, $5 —L, also diverges for = 1, 2, and 3. oe = : (ian) in: , 3(n+ 1) +1 yn li, Se = lim, (ana a) = in SO = 7 o6'4 8. * Am age +1) = 2< bo Note: For limits involving only powers of n, we will not divide by the highest power of a, but will merely compare leading terms to determine the limit. Bes gett wrod 3(n? + 4) =3>hD 2 inte = Gp ee oT Gee 8 int = i See a = = lim get => uP a = ima aD = ae ity no ec uc a = lin, gt = o an diverges. However, the purpose here is to call attention to the condition under which the ratio test fails.82 EXERCISES 11.4 anit tim 3(n + 1) det dss nto on no (n+ 18 41 on ; inconclusive H aim, eae lim, 24 = 00; D 0) ti (m+D! (n+ OF _ (240) = od = lim nats On nsteo(n fp 2)s al weap 2) OD im, "Va = im *[ 5, = lim } =0.<1;C in, = in, | C3) lim" = lim "25 = Jim 2. Since linn?" = lim (al)? = noo n=oo ,2/ a> seo n 2 mo n (1)? {see 11.1.37}, the limit is 2, which is greater than 1, and Jaa diverges. 4) lim “Wan = fig SO Leis n= 00 an no Inn 7 Psat G5) lim "Van = Ii lim, 8y- = 4 {see 11.137} < 15.6 0/n O18) lin Wa lim, ®7g- = gh {see 111.37} <1, 6 ne = imag a = aS uC lim "You noo Note: ‘The following may be solved using several methods. For convenience, we list. an abbreviation of the test used at the beginning of the problem. NTH — nth-term test (11.17) INT — integral test (11.23) BCT — basic comparison test (11.26) LCT — limit comparison test (11.27) RAT — ratio test (11.28) ROT — root test (11.29) -_ Soh Gn ial GOILGE Let an = 33 and bn = ae me = bee S converges since 57 ba converges. =_it = i = hi n__1 OJLOT Let wn = goth and be = Sp lin = Jim a = gO S diverges since bn diverges. em 97 [Lm + +2) n2292% GADBAT lin.“ ip Slo waka (n +1710 9n?[ (n+ 1)° +2 99 Hn +i ar +a = 10 <5CEXERCISES 11.4 83 2(w4t) a B(n +1) _ im 24! = jm (2 +13 7 gy BARAT im “Zt = lim 3” ao 7 AR, ba BD (BI BCT Since wa <3 md2 S Ay converges, S converges. we a in = atl =1l. im % i ute BAJLCT Let an = +7 and in = 4. lim ft = lin Mat 1S 0 bn, nbeo n S converges since J) bn converges. ., atin + Il gn (n+ 1) n” int Meee BS) RAT lim ZS = lim, = ty Pa = oli, @en™ ing tap = 2ie Ga) = inet) =a =2-4.<1;C. Note: Using Example 2, |" is the reciprocal of lim eey, which is ¢. (5) RAT From Example 2, lim “G#! = 4 {reciprocal} < 1; C @DROT jim Yan = lim "\ 5 oot = im, ara5 (] A 4 GABCT LRAT Since WHF” < Band ip Ay a oF nom +1 = 2 converges, 60 S converges. net — Le + IP at (n+ 1)? ini; GORAT Mee “a! = Be oa bo (al! ~ ER Ga + Gee) ASE a (2n42)! on (an 4 2)(2n-+1) _ GH A i, 3? = in, ORE! = iy, OO OD 2 ov gm |’ ates = Ae let = 0D BROT lim, Yin = lim “Ve gat = co Inn i (3) BcT & RAT Since OF < Gone 4 converges, so S converges. Januar G4INTH Since lim 3°" = 3° 1 # 0,S diverges. tealt/s) (9) im, (=1/n?) see? (1/n) _ np =r: Jim, sec?(1/n) = 1 40. Thus, S diverges. " NTH lim a tant {00-0} = GH) BCT Since amstgnn < 1/7 uy 7 and § S 1, converges, § converges. we84 EXERCISES 11.4 (NTH lim, (1 + 4)” = ¢ {by (7.32)(i)} #0. Thus, $ diverges. Le jim = o1¢ sag BAH *i +(2n— Yat D5 al 7 GORAT in, “Gy = li, oT 3 an — 1) Jim 22} = 2>1)D nate n G@ORAT lim “4? we tim LS Tee +(Bn = 28m + 1) 2-4-6 ~~~ (20) = gute 2-4-6 (@nj(2n +2) | 1-4-T----(Bn — 2) << Ten SO) ; = ies 2D Exercises 11.5 1 1 - 1: a) = mej =. DM @) a= py te (+147 (FP +7) + Qk + 1) Since the denominator of a,,, is larger than the denominator of a, 4, > 4441. Also, a,,, > 0 and hence, condition (i) of (11.30) is satisfied. is satisfied since lim an = dmals (b) The series converges by (11.80) since conditions ({) and (fi) are satisfied. a (e+ n/t! _ td HS BE is satisfied since Condition (ii) i (2) Condition (i) is satisfied since “§#} = =hid a,,, > 0 and condition (i) is satisfied. lim. an = lim (1 + €°*) = 1 # O and condition ({i) is not satisfied. (b) The series diverges by the nth-term test. @) f@) Hence, a > a,4; > 0 and condition (i) is satisfied. lim an = ge = s@ = -ap <0 and fis decreasing, = wa lin + 1 ig} = li 252 = 1 4 0 and condition (ii) is not satisfied. ag oe (b) The series diverges by the nth-term test. Note: Let AC denote Absolutely Convergent; CC, Conditionally Convergent; D, Divergent; AST, the Alternating Series Test; and S, the given series.EXERCISES 11.5 85 Bagi = “ in >0. “tt a Be- RT oo 0 and ar diverges. Thus, $ is CC. 4, 2/3 © m=—+,>0. BH =—2 _ <1 and lim an = 0 = S converges by AST. aA = ae cin, However, Eas WA diverges {p = 3 <1}. Thus, Sis CC. = aay? tet = OED din = 0 = S converges by 1 diverges. Thus, S is CC. AST. However; 57 7) Lay > wT? ta and} on = n a 4— BD m= ahr o £2) Fi 7 tO ep ap < 0 fore and lim dn = 0 = S converges by AST. If bn =) lim, =1>0and Loan diverges. Thus, $ is CC. Since lim, 12; = co, Sis D. OO) on = 2 > 0. f(a) =F = f(z) = L=}* cand lim on = 0+ e S converges by AST. However, 182 > 1 forz>eand $* 1 diverges. Thus, Sis CC. we (Since za < 3 and 5 © 4 converges, S is AC. -n—1 alim, Sr = &* <1 = Sis AC by (11.35)(1). OF ip, Fae] = in, Hh qi =0 5 sisac. tim, fee = in, SUS = Jim 2$+4 = co = Sis D by (11.35)(i). 3) lim mle = get SisD. Main ee” ai e SE sips converges Sis AO, Man=2 50. fa = = ap Somer ded align, a = 0 = S converges by AST. If by =i; lim 2 = 1>0and & an diverges. Thus, S is CC. 2 CB) tet on = F+W” and bn 7 im 2 = is fi lim. j2 = 1> 0 and Sis AC.86. EXERCISES 11.5 (10) Since |°255" (20) Since Inn n ws? Sway nd] Taye converges Sis AC. Since tim nsind {00-0} = tin 0 (8) = im iim 2, uel) — bin, cos (1/n) = 1 #0, Sis D. BaiSince aeignn < 72 2 and § $8 4y converges $ is AC. she > 0, S94 = inn cand tim on = 0 ntinn a (a+ D{in(n +1) a S converges by AST. However, § is not AC by Exercise 48, §11.3. Thus, $ is CC. gine) = lim He = lim ——1___ 0 <1 Sis Ac. lim, Ge ay TH va = Ry yg Bla. = Bin, el = JB, liza, “ani = 144 im tte lim, an # 0 and S is D. no (n+ Ut S= ins neo en si0and D(—1)" an is AC. n = 1 a ns fo =a = 1@) Ine, » f(t) <0 > 3 —Inz<0 > 2>e%. Hence, condition (i) of AST is satisfied if n > 20. (ii) is satisfied. S converges by (11.30). However, Ba > +" for s > e and Ea aps diverges. Thus, S is CC. Note: The value of n in Exercises 33-42 was found by trial and error when the inequality could not be solved using basic algebraic operations. Note: If the sum Sn is to be approximated to three decimal places, then 4,4; < 0.5 x 107%. Equivalently, we use ay and S,_; to simplify the computations.EXERCISES 11.5 Ba) on = 2, < 0.0005 => a! > 2000 > 2>7. % =h+h-444-heh5 ‘Thus, $= S55 =1 it a iat ait a © 0-368. GH tn = iy < 0.0005 = (2)! > 2000 = a > 4. Thus, S S3= -1+4 4 < 0.0005 = n° > 2000 + n> 19. Thus, 3% Sip 1 1 1 i-k+A-d+d-d+ —h+ gr 0.540. BE) an = oe = 0.901. (BG an = 4 < 0.0005 = a5 > 2000 + n> 5. ‘Thus, $x Sy = ~fht pr peo. Go, = 241 => n> 6. Thus, Sw Sg =} — 3 + cis — ahs + ahs © 0.306. [33] on = = 4)" < 0.0005 = 2000 < n2" = n>8 Thus, $= 5, = =i + 4G)? - 3° + 40)* - 1@)* + AD® - 70)" © —0.4088. Note: If we round to —0.406 (in this case), |S — (-0.406)| > 0.0005 because of this rounding error. However, |S — Sal < 0.0006 as (11.31) predicts. a TE < 0.00005 = (m+ 1)? > 20,000 = 2 > {20,005 — 1 = n> 141. Dens = yet < 0009 = {nF > 20,000 > n>4x 10° -1> BO) ony: = n>4x 10°. Gea pF < 000006 = (a 4-9)" > 20,000 + 2 + 1B 6p 9 ES 2 ntl = nat = Grater < 0.00005 > (n + 1)? + 1 > 20,000 > n> “fi9,999 -1 > n> 27. FG) on = OD oes). (ay = OS pry = COE ma) 2 9 z>e = fost < an for all but a finite number of terms. ‘ 13 Gi) tion 8D (5) = tm MOS spy = tim ME = Nas)? ey = Jim # = 0. Thus, by AST, S converges. HG) m=sL >0. S4 k yao “a = pg <1 tna < te Gi) im, an = lim LE = 0. Thus, by AST, S converges. wB No. If an = bn = (—1)"/¥A, then both F an and J) bn converge by the alternating series test. However, > nbn = >> 1/n, which diverges. n= 1/n, then both D an and 3 ba-diverge. However, So aa bn = 33 1/n?, which converges. (6) No. If an =EXERCISES 11.6 88 Exercises 11.6 Let tn denote the nth term of the power series. Let AC denote Absolutely Note: Convergent; C, Convergent; D, Divergent; and AST, the Alternating Series Test. =u "i ee nt4 o aaa +4 ss lim jlin, (BE §)iei = ll. 5 Ly sD {use LOT with wi Bs m+4 i n+4 Si jz| = jz}. 1 _ . = = dine iL wI i ae) = i ae “yr = Se Sini Ae finlinGre a) =? [=F I< l@-l ot, de? <1 -2¢2<2, z= £2, [unl = 2 Vnand both series are D. (—2; 2) gel man = hin } “ . z= 3, 8 (-1)"-2L isc by AST. lth §lti< 1 —3<2<3. Ifz 5 26 1) ag BC xy Hn nsteo 21 = co. Converges only for z = 0. = deh lim ase Ou. = (aa = lim, || = = 3, Bplisv. * (-39 we=—s, $ gbisv. + (-39) _ ones Hi prttae apt Ou = ear = le, ae"| = lim, + Dl 2°24 Jeu = a ET =O Oonverges Ve. (—00, 08) _ Ate x moter! og | Ga) = “> ie ot. Ge DE Toa] = oi a Pal = 0. Converges Vz. (—c0, 02) Pea)" Wu = 457 AR ie get natty =9e-2). 92—2<1e¥csrc¥ ke=¥, Dit. E2=¥, g, (-1" phy is C by AST. DY, #2) 7 emi. abt | ye (nee (sy ]~ . —5) (20) un = ar = lin, te-—S)<1@0<2< 10. Ifz=10, § Lisp. _ w@(r44)™ _ (zt 4yr -TeeS SS Be eet 4 dy (Oe ae =hlet+ 4. dint 4] <1 -12<2¢4. 2e=4, S$ nisD. 2e= —12, § (-1)ntisD. * (—12, 4) nwo eoEXERCISES 11.6 gt _ (2 +3)" ~ (2+3)"? 2041) _ BD = TaFT din. ae ea ye] =F +S is D. jet 3) oR [tn-41| Inn(z— 6)" _ Bil un = a > Ire a=de-a de-aciedcscr. fra, § Innis D {nth-term}. 2=0, By (-D"lanisD. * (0, 26) (ae ney? _ gee (+n =, az — 1 a = 2s > ap Pel = a [EG a atte A@—?. Me- 1)? <1 -2<2<4 a= eee * (-2, 4) naa “ (22, n (a+ je"? Qe -1) BD in = (1 PES" gn [Ps] = im Haz — Ul. ge2-ll terme of lower degree I= lth CHI< 1% I< me T= garter atin + a)! (a+ iitatat il Gn" : Gz)? ARG Eis beth) (38) From (11.31), the error involved in approximating the sum using the first four terms in an alternating series is less then or equal to the ar tam, a= 005251, end “ 8 ors < ahs 756 * 9-0000088 < 0.0000100. a Hf = lim = 0. Thus, r = oo. nadeasEXERCISES 11.7 93 ~2y2_aH Se BIA) = 1— +H whoa WA) §-% +d - ws ty Figure 39 Figure 40 nay] GU) im |G2] = tim [Pate] = tot diel le ii 1, it follows that Denz” = Pan (z")* is convergent for 2” < ror |z| < YF and is divergent for. > ror|z|> VF. Thus, the radius of convergence is {F. (A Since {21 < 1 and Yan is absolutely convergent, Tlenz"| < Dlan| and thus D aq2” is also absolutely convergent. (Z5] Assume that D>) enz” is absolutely convergent at r= r. Lets ='—r. Then D |en(—r)*{ = Dlonr”| is absolutely convergent, which implies that D> ag(—r)” is convergent by (11.34). This is a contradiction. ince D |an(—z)"| = Dolanz”|, the series must be absolutely convergent at z= +1. @ (a) By (11.15)(i) with a = 1 and r = 3z, f= rte- 1 + (3) + (32)? + (82/9 + -+ + 82)" + = Ss aha" (b) By (11.40)(i), #"(2) =f 13%", By (1L.40)(i), i f() dt = £2 wae moe ® (a) By (11.15)(i) with a = 1 and r= —5, f(z) = rt = 1+ (—52) + (—52)? + (—52)° +--+ + (-1)"(52)" + (b) By (11.40)(i), f"(2) = D> (=1)Pn5"29—) w= SB (-1)75*2. A 3 i By (11.40) (i) owe Frye94 EXERCISES 11.7 8 @/O=ete eb With a=} andr = — 5 { the denominator must be of the form 1 — r}. fe) = 3 + (HD) + (HBP + (CB + (Gat +] aL cr@re. (b) By (11.40)(i), F(2) =} Le ie ay a By (11.40)(ii), f fat =} SS: (- Yas # a7 an, @ @f@= i+ G+ Ge? + a+ + Gare T= E re y (11.40)(i), [ise a= ocene = 20s) +++] = 2S (22 = B24, [crs ij Gor. fa] 7@) = - S(t tt Ptr t OP teys ett Sz -S$esios- Zo (b) Using (11.31), In(1.2) = Inf — (-0.2)] # —(—0.2) - ( 4 0.183, with Jerror} < (0 = 0.4 x 107%. Calculator value = 0.182321557. 5 (12)n (0.9) = In(d — 0.1) = (0.1) — OW ah on xs —0.1053. Calculator value + —0.105360516. ane 2 nett 1.2 AC eee axctanz =} (r1) Hermes ou gaet = =4 8 cyt p= So are Sea 2E- G2,’ rm ay (4) (a) § = arctank =1—-34+ Fe ouu, (b) [Error] < a,,, = a5 = fh ~ 0.0909. Using gu f(s) = 28? = eae + (33) + OF 4 GH" (UB) Using (11.41), f(z) = ate?) = 2 Gas alee) ee (T7] Using (11.41), f(z) = 227? (1B) Using (11.41), f(z) = ze79* = {1 + (—32) + cS re) “J = $ nL pines = (eT?96 EXERCISES 11.7 = 0] Using Example 3, f(z) = zIn(1 — 2) = = (-2) = Ge + iS) SB iymnee 1 jntz ee eT = Eye? Alternatively, from Exercise 11, 21n(1 ~ 2) = 2(— = g)=- & doo? n=l n=o® 3/2)3 1/2y5 1/2\7 ng Beample 5, fe) = wean © = [(0) EG CO _ EY .] = Bere LB (yy ern = Ur = 2 (OI eet : 3 (BB) Using Example 5, f(2) = 24 arctan(2*) = [ee = ery ey - er + - = Sr@S - Sora [ZB] Using the series for sinh r (just before Example 6), (528, (25:8, (~ at ta x (—52)242 sont eo ete ~ Ya FI (2H) Using the series for sinh x (just before Example 6), aa ot aie f(e) = sinh (2?) = [er EP, er er, -| = ger gs 1 ane Oat Y Gari [25] Using the series for coch z (just before Example 6), @y , (4 ey [: 4S + See a+ f(z) = sish(—53) = [i-s9 + ont f(z) = 2? cosh(z*) Using the series for cosh z (just before Example 6), f(z) = cosh (29) = = 2 —22)4 —22)* ar ae na in i+ 2s)? ( 23) af 23) tee (22) =-S 1/8 1/8 zi ieee =f (Va of $8 ee atts “[’: Using the first two terms, " ” ' a Tw § — 2(2)” & 0.3393, with terrorl < 34(3)'* < 0.5 x 1077. 1a 12 wa arctenz? dr = i (2 Jeb $e? a ars fie ~ 32 th - hrs “[”. Using the first two terms, (cont.)EXERCISES 11.7 7 Tw 4(4)° — 33)” = 0.0419, with lerror) < &(4)2 < 0.9 x 1078. Dividing the series for arctan z by 3, we have ie (b= fet gt bet dah )dem[s— Je? thet — eT + “| Using the first two terms, I ~ [z — j2°]i*? = 0.0992. Since the series satisfies (11.30), (11.31) applies. (Our estimate of arctan 0.2 is [0.2 — 4(0.2)"] and has an error of at most 4(0.2)*. Our estimate of arctan 0.1 is [0.1 — 4(0.1)"] and has an error of at most 3(0.1)°. If we subtract these two values, the error will not exceed the sum of the two errors. ‘Thus, terror} < 4(0.2)° + 4(0.1)® = 0.000132 < 0.5 x 107*. =P P4224 ..), Since 5 " 0.2 i (2 = 28 4 23 — 8 4 -)de = [3s 38 + get get + ft . Using only the first term, I = }(0.2)* = 0.0004 with jerror| < }(0.2)° < 0.6 x 1077. * 79, 0) 24 ot 2 _ fieretee= [= f+ ate - act te EBay tt [s-ae + not — 23,000 Ty 1 — dy + qeey © 0.9677, with lerror] < ayhq5 < 0.3 x 107%, a8 O87 og gf ~ wal a= | (a S+h-G4 jas 0.8 [= a 4st det — ely | Using the first three terms, lo 10 Tw 0.5 — 3(0.5)* + 2(0.5)” = 0.4849, with jerror| < 9) < 0.2 x 10°4 waited Since 1 - 2r G - 2) “(= 2)” we have a = S, (2n)2?*- by (11.40)(4). #ln@ +2) =s35- hy = 42+ (-}) + (-BP +] = 7 E(w yz. By (6.30), In[3 + 262)) — m3 + 2009] = fisene > In(3 + 22) =In3 + Erbe get, y= £GFeagn a= eet Eat Gs re Fay +0) ar" =z, oe SH (3"" = A). a) Delta] = De B © a98 EXERCISES 11.7 w) Jenoe=[[S ee gyre len [Sato Je ~ (Sato Tees ay") ae s _(-1)" nH = [E, ats + mG) 2] +O=H3()46 $ = u BH) Vrm= & e (b) Lat Pdenote the probability that two or more photons are absorbed. T a 1-(deA +e) = 1-042) [BH Using Exercise 11, B= 7 a =-8 Laie ~ £8 = etl < (BB) Using (11.41), © =l+ Att ie prays (“Exercises TL.8 Note: Let DERIV denote the beginning of the sequence: £2), FO FC) POE Fe), F(t... « Por a Maclaurin series, e = 0. We have used the double dagger symbol (3) to separate the terms. O tetfe) = *, DERIV: e*, 1f 3c, 3$ 87c3*, 37t 35c3*, 35¢ £(a) = 3" and (0) = 3". Thus, on = DERIV: e-?=, 1 —2e7?#, 94 (—2)%e-2", (—2)?4 BB Let fl) = (Hayter, (2) ...6 AM%) = (-2)% eo and (0) = (= 2)". ‘Thus, an = ro) = A" = (nh cy a [BH Let f(z) = sin2z, DERIV: sin 2z, Of 2cos2z, 2} —2° sin 22, 0} —2° cos2s, HB pie 1fk=0,1,2,..., then f°'(0) = 0 and f°) = (-1) FO" An) nett Thus, on = 0 ifn = 2k, and an = aa —1t 2 itn = 2k thEXERCISES 11.8 99 Let f(z) = cos3z. DERIV: cos3z, 1f —3sin3z, Of —3?cos3z, —37f 3°sin3z, Of... TEE = 0, 1, 2)... then "7 (0) = 0 and f° (0) = (—1)F 374, £o . ‘Thus, an = Oifm = 2k+ 1 and an = ifn = 2k = (0d @ let (2) =7 aa DERIV: (1 + 32)74, 1t —3(1 + 32)7?, —3f 2+3°(1 + 32)79, ist —2-3-99(1 + 3z)~4, —169$.... f(z) = (—1)" al 8"(1 + 3z)-71 and £0) = rast Fo) _ Carats $0) = (1) 913", Thus, on = = (-1)"3". @ tet s(2) = pg, DERI: (1 - 22)", 1¢ (—1)(-2)(1 — 22), 2 (=1)(-2)(—2)?(1 = 22)-%, Bt (—1)(—2)(—3)(—2)°2 — 22)"4, 488... £2) = (=) oh (—2)(1 = 2a)-PF = ab" (1 — 22)" and F670) = al 2”. (0) ‘ Thus, tn = EO) = at = on, Let f(z) = cosz. DERIV: cosz, 1t —sinz, 0t —cosz, —1} sin z, 0} cosz, If.... . 9 [09] <1 Janta] = EEO a+ as a0 by (11.47). ) 2) = 10) + Fe +L Oe + = Sev ge Hl Let f(2) = °°. DERIV: &*, lt — (a) [POPC] = Lae #1 < el for & between 0 and 2 + ote" ft...» ioe . |Ra(2)| erie" L. Thus, n@@ +a) = SLOW = seo wl ng + Je- he +phe- aa ++ veins + S (-y ahs. (17) DERWV: sinz, Bru cos z, w —sins, -%t cos z, -# “atte sara b+ be-p- gae- 9 - gige- D+ Se a = 2, "a as LU gay i [IB] DERIV: cos, }t —sinz, —Bt —coss, Ht sing, Hy 2 ye cost = 2D ge - 8 + gue - B+ = E(-0" agile - 9" + EC yyy aGeeay =~ 9". (I) DERIV. 2, $4 2, dat 208, Pt 808, Ht f= (-1)? tat and £2) = (- ya". Thus $ = 4-2-9 + Poe - ~ ye at Ee (“Yale 9". ees el =< lz + 3)". Soe nl [BO] DERIV: e°, $e, emp... Lz) = ef and f(-3) = Thus, & = 4+ Mets) + dole +9) +EXERCISES 11.8 101 Let ¢ = —1. DERIV: &, 74 26*, 2672p 2767%, 070724 f(a) = 22 and f(—1) = 2"e7, Thus, e* = eerste Bee y+ Beer pes J Feet yr (al Let ¢ = 1. DERIV: Inz, Of 24, 1f —2-?, —1f 227%, 2¢ AQ) = (-Y (a = ie” and {P(1) = (1) = reese ap jose: e+ yl (23) DERIV: sec z, 2t sez tan z, 2{3t sec*z + secztan?z, 14. secre = 2+ 248(z — §) + 7(z—-§)? + - (24) DERIV: tana, 1} secs, 2f 2sec*z tanz, 4, tanz = 1 + 2(z— §) + Az— 9)? + eS B® BF a c ae ia ) 313 [25] DERIV: tan=* =, Tf —1_,, by —__22 4 a DER i re Ce tan t2 = § + (2-1) —He- 1)? + Mt (2 + Le*, OF (E+ ae elt (2 + B)e?, 227, [27] DERIV: ze’, = ts pes + ter yr+ DERIV: esez, fat —cscx cota, 3t esc?z + csc cot?s, fs. cers 2+ i2-%) + Se(e— BY Note: In Exercises 29-38, all series are alternating, so (11.31) applies. $ denotes the sum of the first two nonzero terms and £ the absolute value of the maximim error. 18. t ae wl Ot Gy Mer = Fg. + cosz = = (-)" ér cos" weap OF @ = -7 S=1- BF ~ 0.9086. B= 3.18 x 1077, R 3 S nant - _ Gi sins = ¥ (-1) eee sind? = singly © fy — BE102 EXERCISES 11.8 = € gent 2 0.1) | (0.1) Biante $F (ay ET. tentoa ~ (04) - oo, Op. (0.1)° a s 0.0997. p= OD Snr: (0. wos 4 (05)? +e $= (0.1) = Bna+y= Ecos InL.b = In[t + (0.5)] ¥ (0.8) — S = (0.8) — wos? = 0375. B= “098 x 0.0417. @ (=r?) 2 in Bet= $=. F yt neo azo a oo att op [Era ml, Ini-}44. S=1-] =) 06007, B= 3 = 0.1. Bel = Bye aint (55) 2 cos(2*) = 2 >” (—1) Gayl = 2, (-)" Gor 172 Te ynen 2 @? gy. gs [Peewee [Er aia) 1 Hey ~ tay + tay s= g - Bye ® 0.1248. B= gs fe 1.82 x 1077 21 $ n(27)" _ ayn at BTeos(2?) = (1) Gay = 2 (—)" Gar 0.8 es vt 5 (0.5) (0.5) |, (0.5)° f. cos (:2) de [Sn awrtem|, = Oa = oe + Gay: s= one - pa = 0.496875. E= on we 9.04 x 1078. 52 mnie) = $ wey = Fare a ints Pat i sea" (ean tm Was Dee Ty |, OD? (Oa, (ON 5 _ (Oy? _ 0.1y? = way cHeay * 800% - = 1.82 x 1078. * Ba)” Me) * Hey P= ne) Note: In Exercises 39-42, all series are alternating end satisfy (11.30), 50 (11.31) applies. L=cosz gy) Lotz = = miss = Syn a fsgus _ gn 1 a Gao Jy a Le YW oer ian |, Brot! < ayaa say < 05 x 10* forn > 3. Thus, 1 = yan ~ me t Hie Oe M2) ~ BE) ™ GE)EXERCISES 11.8 103 Le anet = 2M aay = 20 ape fia #=[8- yn orem, aosye = [Brrorl < are <0.5 x 10°* for n > 3. 1 Thus, I & a — 3a + ae 0.9461, ap2G*2-4 2 Z5. Soe pre +2, es cre 2 = al”. {Error| < eS < 0.5 x 10 for n > 8, Thus, — ava? , aay? _ ary’, an’ _ ayy , ay" _ ant Tee B= BE 4 OG — CID 4 CGD — OE OA — GED as 0.4404. Athos SB aw He Mieets TS eae ne 1 E-rety [tate [E-r erie], tenotl < Gaya pap <5 x 10+ fora > 6. wi- Jew dle = ‘Thus, I 2 1 ay t+ 3ay 7 Tay + aay acay © 0.7908. ICSC) f sine) dew [¢ 2 — jat)de = [9s — Bo"), = HS 0.309504. fi sin (9) dx a fi (2? ~ Js) dr = [}2" - a" = - 38 ~ -0.090470. 1 1 (b) (z) becomes a worse approximation for f(z) the further zis from zero. ‘The first approximation is more accurate. Figure 43 Figure 44 1 1 (a) fisinnede x fic +42) de = [hr + do] = 3 0.541667. (cont.)104 EXERCISES 11.8 3 7 [fasbeden [et eee = [le + ae P =e 1 : (b) 2) becomes a worse approximation for f(z) the further z is from zero. The first approximation is more accurate. See Figure 44. B)n(f*2) = ma +2) - in — 2). nd — 2) = nf + (—2] = = 2.125, ant EG = Zor'#fas £4 Thus, In(1 + 2) — In(1 — 2) = oc pat En zt ee 2 » aint (:-F+ Fs) (e+ G4 FH) Sf eer Since the first series is valid for —1 < z < 1 and the second series is valid for ~1¢-2<¢ 1 -1< 21, the final series is valid for |z| < 1. Lee_ =} moe m(Lt3 Opti =252=h tna = n(9) = 4 ays @s a? as {® + gr + gy + wy + "| 0.69314605. Calculator value ~ 0.69314718. &§ (@) rodents 4i-$4+)-44 (I eG + (b) we 4—$4$— 44 § ~ 3.34, with an error of less than 4. (c) For 4 decimal places we need 5-4 <0.5 x 1074, or n > 40,000 terms. Sy eI (0) + = A(ten™?} + tan?3) = (Eorks it = or OS} () ww al} - 4? + 4D)! - 30)" +40") + [4-4 + 25 - 4)" + 4)"]) © 3.24074, much closer to the value of x than the result in Exercise 47. (45) (a) The central angle 8 of a circle of radius R subtended by an arc of length s is R+C., 6 = 4, From the figure in the text, cos# = xt = sec? = Rsecd = R+ C= C= Risecd — 1) = R[sec(s/R) — 1). (b) DERIV: secx, 1f sec z tan z, Of sec®r + secz tan?z, 1} Ssec®z tanz + secz tans, Of 18sec®x tan*z + Ssec®z + secrtan*s, 5. f(c) = secr 1+ 42 +2. et 2 bet C= R[sec(s/) a wal(s ++ i ) = i} at oe 5(6)4 3 0.003157 mi = 16.7 ft. is * aaasays * ™ (50) (a) Let f(z) = tanhz and c = 0. DERIV: tanh z, 0} sech?z, 1j —2sech?z tanhz, Ot 4sech?z tamh"s — 2eechs, —2. tanhe we 2— J2° = 2— fs (c) R= 3959,s=53Cx,5__EXERCISES 11.9 105 LE (b) tanh sw z= v? = SEtanh 2h wy $h(25h) = oh, () v= Beton Bh x El - A(z) *) = oh- }asten)°(h)*. Since L > 20h, /L < 35. Error — gh| < 4oZ(2m)?()° < 0.002 gL. (Bi 5 = xseckL — 1) = {fl + i(k1)"] — 1] {by Exer. 49(b) } = 32k? = }P2L?/R. x8 ® 3.6 x 107° < 0.5 x 107%. (52) By (11.31), terror! < a Exercises 11.9 Note: In the following exercises, sin z and cos z have been bound by 1. In certain intervals, it may be possible to bound them by a smaller value. (a) Use (11.48)(a) to find Pa(2), which consists of terms through 2". Thus, P,(2) = Po(2) = 2 and Py(2) = 2 — 32°. (c) f(2) = sinz and (0.05) = P4(0.08) = 0.05 — 3(0.05)* = 0.0500. Pa) = sine and |f(9)] <1 for all 2 =f io.asy4l < Heoiosy! -7 Error < |23(0.05)] = |-7%(0.05)4] < [h¢0-08) |= 2.8 x 1077, y Figure I Figure 2 (a) From (11.48)(b), P,(2) = 1, P,(z) = Py(z) = 1 — 3. (c) f(z) = cosz and f(0.2) = P5(0.2) = 1 — 3(0.2) ~ 0.9800. f(a) = cosa and |p(2)| < 1 for all 2 (0.2)4] = 6.7 x 1075. Error < |Rq(0.2)| B (a) From (11.48)(4), Py(2) = 3, Pals) = 2 — 32, and Paz) = 2 — 32? + § (¢) F(2) = In (e + 1) and f(0.9) = P,(0.9) = 0.9 — 3(0.9)? + 3(0.9)° ~ 0.7380. 6(1 + 2) —(0.9)* | cea) pee To maximize this value, we minimize the denominator by letting z = 0. Error < |R3(0.9) Thus, error © 0.164, See Figure 3.106 EXERCISES 11.9 Figure 3 Figure 4 (0) From (11.48)(e), P,(2) = P,(z) = eand Ps(z) = x — 32°. (©) f(z) = tan“ x and f(0.1) © Ps(0.1) = 0.1 — jo 1)° r= 0.0997. Exror < |Ra(0.1)| = a ‘To maximize this value, let z= 0.1 in the ae and 2 = 0 in both the numerator and the denominator. Thus, error © 1 x 107%. 3 2 4s B fl) = sinks, Py(z) =, Ps(s) = 2 + Gand Pelz) = 24+ & + oy y Figure 5 _ 5 fle) = cooks, Py(2) = 1, Pals) = 14 Fy and P() =1 +H 4H Note: Let DERIV denote the beginning of the sequence: Fa), HOt FD), HOE FO, UO LMU. DERIV: sin z, 1} cosz, Of —sin z, —1} —cos z, Of sinz. sing = 1—3(2— 5)? + Sims (2 — #)*, zis between z and 5. DERIV: cosz, st —sinz, a cos 2, =~ sinz, at cosz. Lew die 24 4 zy) 4 c0sz(p _ £4 cost = 5-H -she- i? + Sye- De + BE- DS zis between z end F. B perv. 2? of fe? dp 2/7, ht fa, St = 24He—4) —d(e- 4 + he — 4) - Ae 9, zis between z and 4.EXERCISES 11.9 107 Heme elt ens, ay [0] DERIV: 2~*, e}y — - ee + Fe - Se - + GE- Ys ris between z and 1. GH) f(z) = tanz, f) = J'(z) = secs, f'(Z) = 2 fl'(z) = 2sec?s tanz = 2tan®z + 2tanz, f"(E) = 4; fill(z) = Gtan?2sec*z + 2ece?z = 6tan‘z + 6tan?s + Qtan’s +2 = 6tan‘z + Stan?z + 2. )? + AGtants + 4tan?z + 1)(2- 9) zis between z and §. tang = 1 + 2%(z—- 9) + Az—- (12) DERIV: (= — 1)~?, 1¢ —2(z — 1)~8, —2f 6(z — 1)~*, 6¢ —24(2 — 1)"*, — 244 120(z — 1)78, 120¢ —720(x — 1)-7, —720¢ 5040(z — 1)-*. ap = 1 2%z—2) + (2 — 2)? — 4(2 — 2)° + B(s — 2)* — 62 - 2)° + T(z — 1)78(= — 2)8, + is between = and 2. (13) DERI: 2, —3 —2-?, -2t 22-*, -3) -6274, —$t 2a7*, —3t —1200"*, —8t 720277. ba} 242) Het 9? - Ae +98 — det) -AG+ D+ x1(z + 2)8, zis between z and —2. -2/3 -u/3 (DER: 37°, —2t 37, bt 2289, ht 20 ‘ ME = -2 4 Ale +8) + shale + 8)? + gobs + 8) - ae et 8S, zis between z and —8. 5 80, »uasel — a7 DERIV: tans, Et (1+ 22-4, Ht —20(1 + 2°)-*, —3t (627 — 2) + )*. - * = wane = $+ M(e— 1) — 2-17 + oe — 1)8, zis between z and 1. DERIV: Insinz, In }f cot x, {3} —csc?s, —44 2esc”a cot, 813} —2ese*z — 4cot?s csc72, Insing = —In2 + (B(x — ¥) — (2-3)? + HB(2-D° 4 ze aeot?seseha(g — ¥)4, zis between 2 and - DERIV: ze, —e"!t ze" + e7, Ot ce* + 2c, e*t ze* + Bet, 2E“E re® 4 de®, Set re? + 5e%. Fe hee its des ys der at + See ts zis between z and —1. . 1 ly 1 a G8] DERM: logs, 1t S75 iptaTOt ~ Fig io’ ~TOOISTO' Fin 10° =1+ iby - 9) - ot ons = logz = 1+ iw 10? 10) soot 10(* — 10)? + 3 ino” 10)*, zis between z and 10,108 EXERCISES 11.9 Note: Bxer. 19-30: Since c = 0, zis between z end 0. (19) DERIV: In(z + 1), OF (2 + 1), It —1(2+ 1)7?, -1t et 1)-%, 2t —6(z + 1-4, —6¢ 24(2 +178. In(z +1) = [20] DERIV: sins, Ot cosz, 1t -jP pt hit i, (2 + 1) in z, Of —cosz, —It sin, 0} cosz, 1t —sinz, Ot 3 —cosz, —1j sinz. sii -h+a- [ED DERIV: cos, 1t —sinx, Of —cos x, —1f sin, Of cosz, 1f —sin z, 0f —cos x, <1 sing, Of cosz, 1f —sinz. cosz ~ ine 2? (22) DERIV: tan“, Of (1 + 27)7}, 1f —22(1 + ~ ot 7. - rin + 27/73, —9¢ 2a(z— PL + 2)* tans ater, (0) = okt a af 2F = 14 224 22 + fx 4 2c4 4 A + Kesh [24] DERIV: sec z, 1¢ secr tans, Of ceeds + sec®x, 1f secztan®z + 5sec°z tans, Of as” secztan*z + 18sec*ztan*z + 5sec?z, geez = 1+ $2? + di(secz tants + 18sec8z tan?z + Ssec®s) 24 [25) DERIV: (x — 1)~?, 1¢ —2(z — 1)~*, 24 (2 — 1)~*, Gf —24(z — 1), 24t 120(z — 1), 120} —720(z — 1)-7, 720} 5040(z — 1). be 2 3 4 5a4 5 2° Gay Tht et ae ae a ot te (25) DERIV: (4 — 2)'/?, 2¢ 44 — a7, -p a — 8, dt “He - 9°", at HE - 7”. 4 Waa =2-}- AP - bs - 5 _, jeos eo ae me — ay? DERIV: arcsinz, 0¢ (1 — 2°), 14 (1 — 27)*/7, oF (1 + 2A — YO, 1427 5 a py [2B] DERIV: e~**, 1¢ —2z07*?, Df 42? e-=? — 2e-=*, —24 12ze7*? — Ba e-*?, OF arcsing = 2+ 1624 e7#? — 4g2e*? 4 196777, oF? -PHt ee — 122? + 424) 24 DERIV: 22° — 52°, Of 82° — 152”, Of 242? — 302, Of 48x — 30, —301 48, 48f 0. For both values of a, f(z) = —5z° + 22* (30) DERIV: coshs, 1} sinhz, * cosh x, 1f sinhz, Ot coshz, It sinh z, Ot sinh 2 Ite sinh 55 14g +h + , cosh e =a ge cosh z 46. Tin =5,cobr=14-5 4 + 3 (SI) Let 2 = ¥ — gj. Then, sin 89° ~ 1 — }(—s8,)? w 0.9998. Since |sin 2l < 1, |Rs(2)| <EXERCISES 11.9 109 (Blab = = F + gh. Then, cod ~ — Big — ey” + sAids)® ~ 0.6820. Since |cosz| < 1, |Ra(2)| < [x(s5)*| < 7 x 107*. 4+ 0.03. Then, 14.03 = 2 + 3(0.03) — 2(0.03)? + -45(0.03)° ~ 2.0075. Lats since |4yq| < |a| ~ 0.0078 on (4, 4.03), 5 |Ra(z)| < |;q(0.0078)(0.03)*] < 3 x 10-1, (BalLet z = 1 + 0.02. Then, 79? ae“? — e!(0.02) + $e77(0.02)? — 2e71(0.02)8 0.3606. Since le~*| < |e] ss 0.368 on (1, 1.02), |2a(2)| < [24(0.368)(0.02)*] < 3 x 107%. (BB) Let r= -2— 0.2. Then, -5 w= -} — }(-0.2) — (0.2)? — 4(—-0.2)" — 3(-0.2)* — &(-0.2)8 = 0.454545. Thus, [Rg(z)| < |-2-7 (—0.2)*] = 5 x 1077 (Be) Let r= -8 + —0.5. Then, Y—8.8 = —2 + (—0.5) + ghg(—0.5)? + aeSgg(—0.5)° ~ —2.04083. Thus, |Ra(2)| < [2% -8-"/? (-0.5)4| @ 1.3 x 10-*. Let z= 0.25, Then, In 1.25 ~ 0.25 — }(0.25)? + $(0.25)3 — 3(0.25)* ~ 0.22298. (0.25)* a0 + 1) Thus, |24(2)| < m2 1074, et (0.1)5 (0.1 (BB) Let z = 0.1. Then, sin0.1 & 0.1 — + “ng 504 as 0.0998894. Thus, |R,(2)| < lb (0.)4| 2.5 x 10723, (Bet 2 = Z. Then, cos v1 4 DY _ DG. asscorss, é * “ee — 7a + 70,320 ~ Thus, [24(2)| < lac ay o-*. AO) Let z= 10 + 0.01. Thea, logl0.01 = 1 + pytbys (0.01) — spghzg (0.01)? ~ 1.004341. Thus, |a(z)| < | ——4—_(0.01)9| = 1.5 x 107%, us | Ht a ae pastas (@) Using Exercise 21 with n = 3, cosz = 1 — z+ a Eat ' [2s(2)| < (ae 4.2 x 107 < 0.5 x 1075 = five decimal places. (a) ver: + 281g 4 + we te -2a 497°, Sas cad 1)?| 2 fl+2 =1+he- aye Ra) < poor" 0.0013 < 0.5 x 107? two decimal places.0 EXERCISES 11.9 [4B] DERIV: e*, 1t e, Ite, lt (0.15 € 7 i Pye tet gt or | = 0.00018 < 0.5 x 107° = three decimal places. : [222] $ (Using Exercise 20 with » = 4, sinz jeae| < 2G fe 8.8 x 10-6 < 0.5 x 1076 = six decimal places. B)Using Exercise 19 with a = 8 In(e + 1) = 2-3 + GY — —0.1)4 4 2] Fie aye| ¥ 0.000088 < 0.5 x 10°* => four decimal places [46] Using Exercise 30 with n = 3, coshz = 1 + }e? + Soshz 24, 4 < cosmo. (o2)*) = 0.000042 < 0.5 x 1075 = five decimal places. [47]If fis a polynomial of degree n, then the Taylor remainder (o*9)(.) = 0, By (11.45), we have f(2) = Pn(2)- Ra(z) = 0, since f' Exercises 11.10 @ @) ata? a14 p+ O Da, VOVD » 5 ltpe-}e+ ee () Substituting —2° for z in part (a) yields (1-29)? =1- je - yt - £3 3 BED 2 , CDC B@@+g8a1-ie+ 1-b+324 S capt wa (b) Substituting —2? for z in part (a) yields Q- a14iregte ¥ r=l lager ft § COCO al G-3-) + qt Lape gets § MEIED 0 = 0),EXERCISES 11.10 lll B 09 a1 4 eg + MED 9 4 OCDED ey L-fe- ae + os ac as = 59) (- yr =, Baars Kg 4 DD cap 4 WEPE 2, ng lee? +f MUctiga - 19) 9 .- (+a)? = 1a 224 CACY 2 4 CACINN » 5 S12 $32 + § Cacary iss = 1-243 + Lor + Yeyr=1 Q+a4 aia deg MRD 2 4 CMCICD 2 5 = 1-424 102+ Se 5Y(—8)-(=3 = 9) on = 1-424 102 + Ee +n t+ 2(at 3) r= 1 a4 (= (4-5) 5 O a+2% =1- a4 CA (= 4)(=! =1-artoe+ FS n=s3 al ala seb este Ft Dt Oe r= 1 ama + 297? = oft + (2920) + ACD 97 4 EMEDED 29») = {i 424 1227 + SE OCaco Cia) = Dane | = 2-42? 4 122° + Fyre t 1)2r24; fal f° (4 A dem [et pat]? = 0908, [Rovorl < si)" < 05 107° ° e Substituting 2” for r in Exercise 2(a), (1 + 2*)*7° Ei =1—br t fet — Bah + 3 fas den [e— ge tae] = oes, [Brrorl < gifs (Z)" < 0.5 x 107°. Note: In Exercises 17-18, since the series is not alternating, we cannot estimate the error by evaluating the next nonzero term. We could try to justify the error estimate by using the method in §11.9, but this was not the original intention. (TZ)Substituting 2? for z in Exercise 5, (1 — 2?)°”* = 1 — 32 — R2*-— fra- — 2) ae x [2 — peep 0.198. > ‘The actual value is approximately 0.198392. (18) Substituting 2° for z in Exercise 6, (1 — °)*/° = =1l-}7P-jo-- > ont i (1 = £979 ae we [2 — bat] we 0.396. ‘The actual value is approximately 0.305706.