Computer Aided Analysis

of Hollow slabs

Presentation by… Thesis Guide and Supervisor,

Phani Krishan.B, Dr .N.V. Ramana Rao,
M.Tech Structures, Professor of Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Roll no: 05011D2016, JNTU College of Engg.,Kukatpally.

1
 Objectives of the Work

 Computer Aided Analysis of Hollow Slabs of different block cross sections

under various loading conditions.

 To Compare slab results modeled in the software with the manually

modeled one.

2
INTRODUCTION

3
Fig(a) Fig(b)

Slabs Where topping is considered to

Contribute to structural strength.

Fig(c)

Slabs Where topping not considered

to Contribute to structural strength

Fig(d)
4
 Hollow “or “solid block” formers as per BS : 8110 and materials as per
ASTM -C 90-[24.80], ASTM- C 55-[24.88], ASTM -C 145-[24.87].

Table 13.1of BS 8110, Weights of hollow clay block floor construction with 40 mm topping
Overall weight (kN/m2)

Block size Wall Thickness Structural Depth 75 mm 100 mm 125 mm

(mm) (mm) (mm) rib rib rib

300x300x75 15 115 1.75 1.80

300x300x100 15 140 1.95 2.00

300x300x125 15 165 2.15 2.25

300x300x150 18 190 2.39 2.54
300x300x175 18 215 2.58 2.73 2.88
300x300x200 18 240 2.82 2.98 3.13
300x300x225 18 265 3.22 3.42
300x300x250 20 290 3.51 3.70 5
 Non structural
Structural
topping
topping Structural topping

Not less than a0 / 5

Not more than Not more than 4bw

4bw
a0
a0
Bo
Bo
w
Not more than 500 mm
Not more than 1500 mm 6
 Hollow slab with mud blocks.

 Edges and Fire resistance.

Analysis:

 Analysis for moments and forces due to ultimate design loads in hollow slabs may be found

as per solid slabs, alternately can done as continuous T-beams simply supported.

 Shear: The shear stress v should be calculated as

v = (V / bv d)

Where ‘v’ is the shear force due to ultimate loads on a width of slab equal to the distance center

to center of ribs, and ‘bv’ is the average width of the rib and ‘d’ is depth of the slab..

7
 Guidelines against spalling (as per FIP considerations 1988 paper EN 1168).

(a) For the slab if spalling stress is generated on the strands for the section width or a whole

must satisfy the following condition.

(b) A fracture mechanics design using FEM prove that no spalling cracks develop ,using

characteristic values on fracture energy and tensile strength.

8
 Floor diaphragm action (as per Elliott, K.S., Davies, G. and Bensalem, K., Pre cast Floor
Slab Diaphragm without Structural Screeds, Concrete 200- Economic and Durable Construction
through Excellence, Dundee, sept 1993, pp 617-632)

The stability of pre cast concrete buildings is provided in two ways,

(a) the horizontal loads due to wind are transmitted to shear walls.
(b) the reaction forces resulting from the floor at each level are transmitted to
the foundation.

9
 As well as to wind loading, the floor diaphragm may also be subjected to additional horizontal
forces, such as
(a) Horizontal forces due to lack of verticality,
(b) Temperature and shrinkage effects,
(c) In-plane forces as a consequence of accidental loading, abnormal loading.
 Floors under seismic action:

 The forces transmitted to the structure are related to many parameters; depend both on ground
motion and on the structural behavior.
 Ductility is the main feature preventing large damage during strong quakes..

10
ADVANTAGES OF HOLLOW CORE SLABS:

-Provides economical and efficient floor and roof systems.

-Provides excellent fire resistance. Depending on the strand cover it can endure up to
4 hours.

-The Underside can be used as a finished ceiling.

-The voids can be used for electrical or mechanical runs.

-Provides the efficiency of a pre stressed member for load capacity, span range and
deflection control.

-Hollow core slabs can be used as diaphragms to transfer lateral loads.

-A verity of architectural finishes is available.

11
 Structural Modeling of Hollow Slabs (as per BS 8110):

- be made of concrete or burnt clay;

- have a character strength of at least 14 N/mm2, measured on the net section, when axially
loaded in the direction of compressive stress in the slab;
- when made of fired brick earth, clay or shale, confirm to BS 3921,
BS 772-1, BS 772-3, BS EN 772-7.

 Spacing and size of ribs:

- In - situ ribs should be spaced at centers not exceeding 1.5 m and their depth is excluding any
topping, should not exceed four times their width.

75mm to 125mm
WIDTH
Plan of 300x300 mm

Depth

12
 LAYING THE FLOOR OR ROOF (as per IS:6061-part-1):

c. The pre cast reinforced concrete joists shall be placed in position at the designed spacing
so as to span between the supporting elements, such as walls and beams.
d. The hollow blocks shall be placed in between the joists with their

Ends resting on the’ projecting lips of the joists in a manner indicated in

Figure shown below.

c. Nominal reinforcement shall be provided for the structural topping

concrete slab as per IS : 456-1964. At least 0.15 percent reinforcement along the joists

and 0.20 percent reinforcement across the joists shall be provided for the

structural topping concrete slab. The spacing of reinforcement bars shall

not exceed 300 mm. The top reinforcement in the slab over the supports

(joists) should be tied to the stirrups projecting from the joists. Welded wire mesh may be
used for the reinforcement as an alternate to mild steel bars.

13
14
 Dimensions:
Dimension of slab: 5m x 5m
Thickness of slab: 290 mm
Minimum depth is = (l/35x0.8) = 178.5 mm , So provide a depth of 200 mm.
As per British code BS: 8110, providing depth as topping is (1/10) of clear distance of ribs is 30 mm, and taking
fire in to consideration, total cover of the slab finally is 290 mm. resistance and durability in to the
consideration provide a cover of 40 mm: so total depth of slab is 290 mm.
As per BS:8110 code table 13.1, use the blocks of 380x380x200 size and 100 mm wide ribs.
 Loads:
Area of the slab for Dead Load = {Total slab area – Area of the voids)
= [ 5x0.29- 0.3x0.18x9] =0.964 m2 ,
Equivalent depth for Dead Load Calculation = ( 0.964/5 ) = 0.1928 meters,
Taking Unit Weight of Concrete as 25 kN/Sqm;
Self Weight of the Slab = (0.1928x25)
= 4.82 kN/Sqm
Imposed/ live load = 4.00 kN/sq m
Finishes = 1.00 kN/Sqm
Total load = 9.82 kN/sq m
Total factored load = ( 1.5x 9.82) = 14.73 kN/Sqm
15
Moment = M = (α. W. l2 ) / 8 = (0.5x14.73x25)/8 = 23.9156 kN m/m

Moment per each rib = 2.40kN m / rib

Used 10 mm hence safe and spacing 200 mm.

Maximum shear force = Vu = 21.33 kN

16
 COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Hollow slab with Hollow blocks and cross section

Section A-A 17
Voided Slab and Cross section Model of size 5x5 m

L x=5m L y=5m

Section A-A 18
Hollow slab with rectangular blocks and Cross Section Model of 5x5m

L x=5m
L y=5m

Section A-A 19
 X  Direction Moments in kNm
Ribbed slab Middle X Strip Moments

Slab Span(m) EQ LL WL

3
0 -3.487 -4.06 -3.4 M
o
2 m
0.48 -1.026 -1.4 -1.022 e
n
1 t
0.96 0.708 0.77 0.717
s

1.44 1.524 1.775 1.415 0

Ribbed Slab EQ

5
2.4
8
6
4
2

8
6
4
2
1.92 1.823 2.25 1.826

0.4

1.4
1.9

3.3
3.8
0.9

2.8

4.3
-1 Ribbed Slab LL
Span
2.4 1.778 2.205 1.78 Ribbed Slab W
-2
2.88 1.413 1.78 1.514

-3
3.36 0.583 0.807 0.575

3.84 -0.988 -1.38 -1.006 -4

4.32 -3.527 -4.215 -3.527 -5

20
5 -3.6 -4.3 -3.6
X  Direction Moments (kNm)      Hollow Rectangular Middle X Strip Moments

Slab Span(m) EQ LL WL

0 -3.527 -3.7 -3.48 3

M
o
0.48 -1.022 -1.3 -0.981 2 m
e
n
0.96 0.684 0.8 0.681 1 t
s
Hollow Rect "EQ"
1.44 1.511 1.67 1.513 0

Hollow Rect"Live

5
2.4
4
2

6
4
8
6

2
1.92 1.82 2.032 1.823 -1

0.4
0.9
1.4
1.9

2.8
3.3
3.8
4.3
Load"
Span
2.4 1.78 2.006 1.781 -2 Hollow Rect"WL"

2.88 1.146 1.62 1.434 -3

3.36 0.609 0.756 0.607 -4

3.84 -1.036 -1.02 -0.97 -5

4.32 -3.501 -3.9 -3.473

21
5 -3.6 -3.95 -3.5
 X  Direction Moments(kNm)

Slab Span(m) EQ LL WL Voided slab Middle X Strip Moments

0 -3.284 -5.55 -3.267

0.48 -1.1 -1.999 -1.101 4

M
o
0.96 0.623 1.042 0.638
3 m
e
2 n
1.44 1.5 2.45 1.483 t
1 s

1.92 1.801 3.03 1.802 0 Voided "EQ"

0 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92 2.4 2.88 3.36 3.84 4.32 5
2.4 1.78 2.33 1.784
-1 Voided "LL"
Span
-2 Voided "WL"
2.88 1.45 2.423 1.434
-3
3.36 0.64 1.113 0.661 -4

3.84 -1.07 -1.78 -0.87

-5
-6
4.32 -3.3 -5.467 -3.3
22
5 -3.34 -5.5 -3.35
Y  Direction Moments(kNM) Ribbed Slab Middle Y Strip Moments

Slab Span(m) EQ LL WL

0 -3.483 -4.046 -3.447 3

M
o
0.48 -1.066 -1.105 -1.058 m
2
e
n
0.96 0.683 0.772 0.575 t
1
s
1.44 1.525 1.852 1.532
0
Ribbed EQ
0 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92 2.4 2.88 3.36 3.84 4.32 5
1.92 1.82 2.235 1.815 Ribbed LL
-1 Ribbed WL
Span
2.4 1.781 2.204 1.78
-2
2.88 1.413 1.8 1.431
-3
3.36 0.624 0.801 0.613

-4
3.84 -0.96 -1.03 -0.98

-5
4.32 -3.43 -4.15 -3.421
23
5 -3.5 -4.16 -3.5
 Hollow Rectangular Slab Middle Y Strip 
Y  Direction Moments(kNm)
Moments

Slab Span(m) EQ LL WL

3
0 -3.527 -3.7 -3.48
M
2 o
0.48 -1.022 -1.3 -1.028 m
e
1 n
0.96 0.684 0.8 0.688 t
s
0
1.44 1.511 1.67 1.537 Hollow Rect "EQ"

5
2.4
8
6
4
2

8
6
4
2
0.4
0.9
1.4
1.9

2.8
3.3
3.8
4.3
-1
1.92 1.82 2.032 1.825
Hollow Rect "LL"

-2 Span Hollow Rect "WL"

2.4 1.78 2.006 1.77

-3
2.88 1.146 1.62 1.431

-4
3.36 0.609 0.756 0.66

-5
3.84 -1.036 -1.02 -0.968

4.32 -3.501 -3.9 -3.42

24
5 -3.6 -3.95 -3.48
 Y  Direction Moments(kNM)
Voided Middle Y Strip Moments
Slab Span(m) EQ LL WL

0 -3.284 -5.55 -3.264

4
0.48 -1.1 -1.999 -1.093 M
3
o
m
0.96 0.623 1.042 0.643 2 e
n
1 t
1.44 1.5 2.45 1.485
s
0
1.92 1.801 3.03 1.803
Voided "EQ"
0 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92 2.4 2.88 3.36 3.84 4.32 5
-1
Voided "LL"
2.4 1.78 2.33 1.797 Span
-2
Voided "WL"
2.88 1.45 2.423 1.443
-3

-4
3.36 0.64 1.113 0.658
-5
3.84 -1.07 -1.78 -0.875 -6

4.32 -3.3 -5.467 -3.217

25
5 -3.34 -5.5 -3.3
Contour Representation of the Moments in Voided Slab

Ly=5m

Lx= 5 m

26
Comparison of All Slabs with Manually Modeled Slab

Manual 
(Actual) Ribbed Hollow  voided
2.400 2.25 2.032 3.03

Comparison

3.5

2.5

2
Comparison
1.5

0.5

0
Actual Ribbed Hollow voided

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 CONCLUSIONS

 When the Live load, earthquake load and Wind load are applied on group of hollow block slab, voided
slab and hollow rectangular slab, it has been observed that there is considerable increase in moments
and shears, voided slabs has more moments than ribbed slabs and then Hollow rectangular moments.
 The moments obtained Under live load in voided slab are more when compared with the hollow block
slab and hollow rectangular slab than under Earth quake load and then Wind load.

 Hollow block slabs show less deflection than hollow rectangular slabs, Voided slabs show more
deflection.
 There is a reduction obtained in the torsional moment with horizontal restraints. This however has
further implications; rigid supports are highly undesirable as they would be creating restraining forces,
for example shrinkage and thermal movement within the unit.

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 Recommendation to Further Study

 The slabs are modeled and analyzed using the Staad Pro software this work also be done using

the other soft wares like SAP and Ansys.

 In the present thesis Hollow slab with rectangular hollow blocks, hollow slab with hollow

blocks and voided slab are modeled, in the software same slabs can be modeled using other

blocks like trapezoidal shaped blocks, oval shaped blocks and square blocks and rectangular

blocks with edges semicircular.

 The loading used in the present work are live load, seismic load and temperature loads, and

there is a scope for future work as can use other type of loads and their combination.

 Same slab can be analyzed by changing dimension and by using the stabilized mud blocks or

block type bricks.

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 REFERENCES
 Walraven, J.C, Diaphragm Action in Floors, Pre fabrication of concrete Structures
International Seminar, Delft University of Technology, Delft University Press, Oct.
1990, pp 143-154.

 Menegotto.M, Seismic Resistent Extruded Hollow Core slabs, International

Symposium on Noteworthy Developments in Prestressed and Pre cast Concrete,
Singapore, November 1989.

 De Roo, A .M. Straman, J.P., Krachtsverdeling in en Vormverandering van een in

Synvlak Belaste Prefab Vloerconstructie, PhD thesis, Delft Precast Concrete
Institute, Delft University oof Technology, 1991.

 Svensson.s,Skivverkan I Elemenybjlklag, Publication 88:1, Chalmers Technical

University, Goteborg, Sweden, 1988.

 Elliott, K.S., Davies, G. and Bensalem, K., Pre cast Floor Slab Diaphragm without
Structural Screeds, Concrete 200- Economic and Durable Construction through
Excellence, Dundee, sept 1993, pp 617-632.
30
 

 P.Purushothaman, “Reinforced concrete structural elements behavior, analysis and 
design” 
 BS: 8110 Code of Practice.  

 Jain, “Reinforced concrete” 

 IS: 456-2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice,

 Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

 10. Pajari M & Koukkari H, (1998) ‘Shear resistance of PHC slabs supported on
beams I: Tests’. Journal of structural engineering, No. 9, 1050-1061
 Joris Fellinger, TNO Centre for Fire Research, Delft, the Netherlands

 11. Jan Stark, Delft University of Technology, Fac. of Civil Engineering and
Geosciences, Delft, the Netherlands
 12. Joost Walraven, Delft University of Technology, Fac. of Civil Engineering
and Geosciences, Delft, the Netherlands.on Vol. 28 – No. 3. 31
 13. ENV1992-1-2 ( 1995), ‘Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1.2:
General rules, structural fire design’, Brussels: CEN
 14. Walraven, J.C., P. Mercx (1983), ‘The bearing capacity of prestressed hollow
core slabs’, Heron Vol. 28 – No. 3.
 15. Breunese, A.J. (2001) ‘Tensile properties of concrete during fire’, Rijswijk,
 TU Delft – TNO, Centre for Fire Research report 2001-CVB-R04634.

 16. Production and Use of Hollow Interlocking CSEB for Disaster

 Resistance, 2005-25p,Auroville.

 17. Sp-24,“Explenatery Hand Books Pre stressed concrete”

 18. STAAD pro- Getting Started ,Examples and reference manual.

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