Ju-Sun Lee Period 6 Chapter #35: America in World War II Big Picture Themes 1.

. The first goal of the U.S. in the war was to mobilize. This meant signing up thousands of troops, and switching the American economy over to war. For example, it was time to stop making sedans, and start building bombers. 2. The war affected all Americans. Men (of all races) went to war and women took the jobs the men had left. 3. In the Pacific, the U.S. island hopped over four years from Hawaii all the way to Okinawa and were knocking on Japans door. Finally, the atomic bomb drove Japan to surrender. 4. In Europe, the U.S. and her allies worked from North Africa up through Italy and toward the soft underbelly of Germany. Then, the massive D-Day invasion drove the Nazis back to Germany where Hitler committed suicide and his generals surrendered. Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS A. Philip Randolph A. Philip Randolph was Americas leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

George S. Patton George S. Patton was an Allied Commander of the Third Army. He was instrumental in winning the battle of the Bulge. He is considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

Albert Einstein Alber Einstein was a German Jew, who stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy. He also stated that the speed of light is the only thing constant from all frames of reference.

Office of Price Administration Office of Price Administration was a WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation.

Fair Employment Practice Commission Fair Employment Practice Commission was enacted on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

Ju-Sun Lee Period 6 D-Day D-Day refers to June 6, 1944. Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. It is considered as the turning point of World War II.

V-E Day V-E Day refers to the victory in Europe when the Germans surrendered on May 8, 1945.

Manhattan Project Manhattan Project was a secret project that secretly developed an built the worlds first atomic bomb. It was tested in Alamogordo, NM in July 1945.

Braceros Braceros were Mexican workers that were brought to America to work during World War II.

Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions The Allies Trade Space for Time Know: Germany First 1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain. To help Britain and fight against Germany, the U.S. needed time to gear up for war. The task was monumental: To change industry for a total war, organize a massive military, ship everything in two directions across the world, and feed the Allies. The Shock of War Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S. 2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home? National unity was strong after the Pearl Harbor attack. There were no ethnic witch-hunts, with the glaring exception of Japanese-Americans. Unlike WWI, WWII was not made out to be an idealistic crusade. It was just the dirty work of defeating the bad guys. Building the War Machine Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board 3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor? The Great Depression ended when huge orders for the war effort came in. More than $100 billion was ordered in 1942. Agricultural production was incredible. Though many farm boys went to war, new equipment and fertilizers yielded record harvests.

Ju-Sun Lee Period 6 Makers of America: The Japanese Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei 4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble? The racial success and dedication led to racism and bigotism. Jealousy led to hate and many antiJapanese acts were created. Manpower and Womanpower Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter 5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war? There were about 216,000 women in the military during WWII. The most famous women were the WAACS (in the Army), the WAVES (Navy), and the SPARS (Coast Guard). Since most ablebodied men were off at war, women stepped up and took the war jobs. For many women this was the first real job outside of the home. Women proved themselves and gained respect. Wartime Migrations Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots 6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities? The war and the efforts of Blacks encouraged African-Americans to strive for equality. Black organizations increased in membership. The NAACP neared the half million mark and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) was founded. Native Indians also fought in the war in large numbers. Holding the Home Front 7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war? The United States entered WWII still in the Depression. The U.S. came out of WWII very prosperous. GNP (Gross National Product) had doubled. Corporate profits doubled too. Disposable income also doubled. Inflation would suit and rise as well. The Rising Sun in the Pacific Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March 8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor. The Japanese took island after island, including: Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and much of coastal China. After the U.S. lost in the Philippines, the Japanese made the captured soldiers hike the infamous Bataan Death March.

Ju-Sun Lee Period 6 Japan's High Tide at Midway Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz 9. Why was Midway an important battle? Intercepted messages hinted at an attack on Midway Island. America Admiral Chester Nimitz correctly sent the U.S. fleet and the Battle of Midway followed. Instead of being surprised, the U.S. gave the surprise. Four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk. Midway proved to be the turning point in the Pacific war, the place where Japanese expansion was halted. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam 10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese? America began island-hopping toward Japan. The plan was to not attack the stronghold, take the weaker islands and build airbases on them. The stronger islands would be taken by bombing and strangling of resources. Though the island-hopping made steady progress, it was slow, hard-fought, and bloody. The Allied Halting of Hitler Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad 11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain. 1942 was the turning point year in Europe. The British bombed the Germans in Cologne, France. American B-17s bombed Germany itself. British General Bernard Montgomery, at the Battle of El Alamein, stopped the Germans. From there, Germany would be pushed back. The Russians also stopped the Germans at Stalingrad. A month later, Russia began pushing back and recaptured 2/3 of their lost land in one year. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily 12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa. The Soviet Union wanted the allies to start a second front against Germany and ease Russias burden. Britain wanted to lure the war away from England and Winston Churchill suggested they hit Germanys soft underbelly, meaning up from North Africa and through Italy. The good part of the plan was that it drew some of Hitlers men and supplies and it did defeat Italy. The bad part of the result was that it delayed the D-Day invasion and gave Russia extra time to draw farther into Eastern Europe.

Ju-Sun Lee Period 6 D-Day: June 6, 1944 Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton 13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war? The D-Day Invasion began on June 6, 1944. It was the largest amphibious assault in history. The Allies had to cross the channel, wade ashore, cross the wide beach, scale 100foot bluffs, and overtake German bunkers. After gaining a toehold at Normandy, the Allies began spreading out. General George S. Patton led U.S. troops across the French countryside. Paris was liberated in August of 1944, which was a major morale boost for the Allies. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman 14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944? The Democrats nominated FDR for a fourth term. There was no other viable choice for the party. The real question was whod be the vice-presidential candidate. The nomination was made for Harry S Truman who was largely without enemies. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Know: Fala 15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey? Although Roosevelt did not campaign much compared to Dewey, he was supported by CIOs new political action committee (PAC). So FDR won the election in a big way, again. The electoral vote was 432 to 99. The main reason that he won was that the war was moving along well at this point. The Last Days of Hitler Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day 16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe. The U.S. won the Battle of the Bulge. From there, steady progress was made toward Berlin. Russia was simultaneously converging on Berlin. The Russians reached Germany first. Hitler killed himself in a bunker, along with his wife, Eva Braun. Franklin Roosevelt suddenly died and Truman became president. The German officials surrendered on May 7 and May 8, 1945 was named V-E Day. Japan Dies Hard Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes 17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section. American subs were devastating Japanese merchant ships. 1,042 were destroyed and American bombers were devastating Japanese cities. In a two-day firebomb raid on Tokyo in March of 1945, the destruction was:250,000 buildings, of the city, and 83,000 lives. This was about the equivalent of the atomic bombs that were to come.

Ju-Sun Lee Period 6 The Atomic Bombs Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito 18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb? Still belligerent, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. 70,000 died instantly, 180,000 total casualties. On August 9th, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. 80,000 were killed or missing. After these devastating casualties, Japan finally surrendered. The Allies Triumphant Know: George Marshall 19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain Despite one million casualties, America came out of the war tougher and stronger-than-ever, whereas other nations came out of the war beaten down. The casualty number was incredibly large, but actually small as compared to other nations. The numbers were kept down in part due to new drugs, particularly penicillin. The American homeland was almost entirely untouched. Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer? Was the bombing of the Japanese justified and necessary? Could the bombing have been avoided? Should intimidating the Soviets been done?