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Marchantia sp. Containing chlorophyll; produces spores; thalloid body with rhizoids; has gemma cups, antheridiophores and archegoniophores as reproductive structures Amoeba sp. Hydra sp. Organism without chlorophyll; unicellular. Multicellular; soft cylindrical body without exoskeleton; body wall comprises of two layers of cells ectoderm and endoderm; has tentacles, a gut cavity and a mouth Multicellular; with exoskeleton; has soft muscular foot and calcareous shell Invertebrate with jointed legs; body divided into head, thorax and abdomen; has three pairs of legs; wingless Invertebrate; body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen; has two pairs of antennae and five pairs of jointed legs
From the above observations, it can be inferred that, Marchantia sp. is able to live successfully in highlands and damp areas due to its special rhizoids. The structural differences between Marchantia and Dryopteris are that Marchantia has a thalloid body and gemmae cups whereas Dryopteris has roots, stems, and leaves with the presence of sori on the underside of its fronds. Ant and shrimp share the same phylum, Arthropoda as both have segmented body with exoskeleton and jointed legs. The structural differences between them can be seen in the table below: Ant Shrimp
(a) Segmented body with exoskeleton which is Segmented body with exoskeleton which is divided into head, thorax and abdomen divided into cephalothorax and abdomen (b) 3 pairs of jointed legs (c) A pair of antennae (d) Tracheal system for respiration 5 pairs of jointed legs 2 pairs of antennae Gills for respiration
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A simple spider key, showing contrasting characteristics can be used to differentiate the organisms for the purpose of constructing a dichotomous key.
Organisms Organisms with chlorophyll Marchantia, Dryopteris, grass non-flowering/producing spores flowering/not producing spores unicellular multicellular Hydra, ant, snail, shrimp Marchantia, Dryopteria Without archegonia and antheridiophores Dryopteris Grass with archegonia and antheridiophores Marchantia Amoeba without tentacles with tentacles
Ant, snail, shrimp with leg Ant, shrimp without leg Snail
Hydra
six legs
ten legs
Ant
Shrimp
Dichotomous key A1 With chlorophyll A2 Without chlorophyll B1 Does not produce spores but has flowers, roots, stems and leaves B2 Produces spores C1 Fronds sub-divided into pinnae and pinnules bearing sori on undersides C2 Thalloid body, has gemma cups, antheridiophores and archegoniophores as reproductive structures D1 Unicellular D2 Multicellular E1 Soft cylindrical body without exoskeleton. Body wall comprises of ectoderm and endoderm. Tentacles, gut cavity and mouth present E2 With exoskeleton F1 Invertebrate with soft muscular foot and calcareous shell F2 Invertebrate with jointed legs G1 Invertebrate; body divided into head, thorax and abdomen. Has three pairs of legs; wingless G2 Invertebrate; body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen. Has two pairs of antennae and five pairs of legs
refer to B refer to D Phylum Angiospermae (Grass) refer to C Phylum Filicinophyta (Dryopteris) Phylum Bryophyta (Marchantia) Phylum Protoctista (Amoeba) refer to E Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra) refer to F Class Mollusca (Snail) refer to G Class Insecta (Ant) Class Crustacea (Shrimp)
Marchantia sp. is a liverwort commonly found in flowerpots in green houses, on moist bricks in gardens and on badly drained soils. On its thalloid body are small gemma cups with small oval pieces of tissue, which can be spread by raindrops and become new plants. This dioecious bryophyte can easily be identified by its male and female umbrellas which carry the male and female receptacles. Marchantia belongs to the division, Bryophyta and class, Hepaticae. Dryopteris sp. which belongs to the division, Filicinophyta and class, Filicinae is a common fern found growing in dry open area. It is a hardy plant which reproduces rapidly and asexually by means of spores found in the sporangia that grow in clusters called sori on the underside of its fronds. The fern is also capable of reproducing sexually.
or
Both the housefly and the dragonfly or grasshopper (or locust) belongs to the phylum, Arthropoda which has the characteristics of segmented body, jointed legs in pairs, chitinous exoskeleton and open circulation. Both the animals belong to the class Insecta, which can be characterized by their bodies being divided into 3 distinct regions, that is, the head, thorax and abdomen. The head bears a pair of antennae, the thorax bears 3 pairs of jointed legs and the body is well supplied with respiratory tubes or trachea. The housefly belongs to the order Diptera, whereas the grasshopper/ locust belongs to the order Orthoptera. Dragonflies, however belong to the order Odonata.
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The abdomen of the insect is slit open and the internal organs are removed
5. The preserved insects are then clearly displayed and pinned onto a polystyrene. Each insect is labeled as follows: Local name: Order: Location: Habitat: Date of collection: Collectors name: (A total of 10 different species from ten different orders of insects are to be collected) 6. A suggested list of insects is given below. (a) Local name: Longhorn beetle Scientific name: Batocera davidis Order: Coleoptera (b) Local name: Brown spruce longhorn beetle Scientific name: Tetropium fuscum Order: Coleoptera
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(c) Local name: Titanic stag beetle Scientific name: Dorcus titanic Order: Coleoptera (d) Local name: Elephant beetle Scientific name: Xylotrupes ulysses Order: Coleoptera (e) Local name: Click Beetle Scientific name: Limonius canus Order: Coleoptera (f) Local name: Sloe bug Scientific name: Dolycoris baccarum Order: Hemiptera (g) Local name: Carpenter bee Scientific name: Xylocopa violacea Order: Hymenoptera (h) Local name: Carpenter bee Scientific name: Xylocopa aruana Order: Hymenoptera (i) Local name: Honey bee Scientific name: V espa affinis Order: Hymenoptera (j) Local name: Peacock pansy Scientific name: Junonia almana Order: Lepidoptera (k) Local name: Striped albatross Scientific name: Appias libythea olferna Order: Lepidoptera (l) Local name: Paper kite Scientific name: Idea leuconoe Order: Lepidoptera (m) Local name: Great orange-tip butterfly Scientific name: Hebomoia glaucippe Order: Lepidoptera (n) Local name: Pepatung merah Scientific name: Nannophya pygmaea Order: Odonata (o) Local name: Ruby meadowhawk dragonfly Scientific name: Crocothemis servilia Order: Odonata (p) Local name: Red grasshawk dragonfly Scientific name: Neurothemis fluctuans Order: Odonata (q) Local name: Common skimmer Scientific name: Neurothemis intermedia Order: Odonata (r) Local name: Blue dragonfly Scientific name: Trithemis festiva Order: Odonata
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(s) Local name: Common field grasshopper Scientific name: Chorthippus brunneus Order: Orthoptera (t) Local name: Short horned grasshopper Scientific name: Chorthippus parallelus Order: Orthoptera (u) Local name: Grasshopper Scientific name: V alanga nigricornis Order: Orthoptera (v) Local name: Katydid Scientific name: Pterophylla camellifolia Order: Orthoptera (w) Local name: Sawfly Scientific name: Arge humeralis Order: Hymenoptera (x) Local name: Stick insect Scientific name: Phasma reinwarditi Order: Phasmida (y) Local name: Cicada Scientific name: Cicadetta montana Order: Homoptera 7. Some interesting insects that are found around your neighbourhood.
is
pressed
The specimen is then put into the oven at 105 C to dry it.
3. The dried specimen is then mounted onto drawing papers of size 6 in. 10 in. or 13 in. 8 in. 4. Each plant specimen is fully labelled as follows: Local name: Family: Location: Habitat: Date of collection: Collectors name: (A total of 10 different species from ten different families of plants are to be collected) 5. A suggested list of plants that can be collected: (a) Local name: Asoka Scientific name: Saraca indica Family: Fabaceae (b) Local name: Sial menaun Scientific name: Pternandra coerulescens Family: Melastomataceae (c) Local name: Pandan jepun Scientific name: Pandanus amaryllifolius Family: Pandanaceae (d) Local name: Ubi kayu Scientific name: Manihot utilissima Family: Euphorbiaceae
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(e) Local name: Angsana Scientific name: Pterocarpus indicus Family: Papilionaceae
(f) Local name: Tecoma Scientific name: Tabeayaia pentaphylla Family: Bignoniaceae (g) Local name: Beringin/ Malayan Banyan Scientific name: Ficus microcarpa (van nitida) Family: Moraceae (h) Local name: Pulai Scientific name: Alstonia scholaris Family: Apocynaceae (i) Local name: Kelat paya Scientific name: Eugena papilosa Family: Myrtaceae (j) Local name: Gapis Scientific name: Saraca thaipingensis Family: Caesalpiniaceae (k) Local name: Saga Scientific name: Adenanthera pavonina Family: Fabaceae (l) Local name: Melinjau Scientific name: Gnetum gnemon Family: Gnetaceae (m) Local name: Duku Scientific name: Lansium domesticum Family: Meliaceae (n) Local name: Durian Scientific name: Durio zibethinus Family: Bombacaceae (o) Local name: Gelam Scientific name: Melaleuca leucadendron Family: Myrtaceae (p) Local name: Gaharu Scientific name: Aquilaria malaccensis Family: Thymelaeaceae (q) Local name: Gajus Scientific name: Anacardium occidentale Family: Anacardiaceae (r) Local name: Mango Scientific name: Mangifera indica Family: Anacardiaceae
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(s) Local name: Cempedak Scientific name: Artocarpus champeden Family: Moraceae
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(t) Local name: Berangan Scientific name: Castanopsis inermis Family: Fagaceae (u) Local name: Penaga lilin Scientific name: Mesua ferrea Family: Clusiaceae (v) Local name: Nangka Scientific name: Artocarpus heterophyllus Family: Moraceae (w) Local name: Ixora Scientific name: Ixora javanica Family: Rubiaceae (x) Local name: Kayu manis hutan Scientific name: Cinnamomum iners Family: Lauraceae (y) Local name: Badam Scientific name: Prunus spp. Family: Rosaceae 6. Some interesting plants that can be collected.
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Formula: (a) Species frequency = no of quandrat containing the species x 100 total number of quandrats Species x frequency Total frequency of all species 100
Total number of the species x (Total number of quadrat x area of each quadrat) Species x density Total density of all species 100
Total area of coverage of species x 100 Total number of quandrat Species x coverage 100 Total coverage of all species
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Table 1: Presence of plant species Quadrat Plant species (x) Acantha sp. Ischaemum sp. Imperata cylindrica Lycopodium sp. Melastoma malabathricum Eleucine sp. Polygala sp. Bryophyllum sp. Table 2: Number of plant species Plant species Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 13 26 30 11 14 7 23 55 20 10 25 6 Total Total Species number of density 10 species x (/m )
2
5 3 3
7 3 3
8 3 3 3
9 3 3
Relative species frequency (%) 12.12 27.27 3.03 18.18 12.12 15.15 6.67 6.67
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
Total
Relative species density (%) 15.23 35.00 1.28 9.88 4.88 29.42 3.14 1.16
56 49 Acantha sp. Ischaemum sp. 15 55 50 5 60 32 28 Imperata cylindrica 8 Lycopodium sp. 30 10 20 3 Melastoma 5 7 malabathricum 70 98 Eleucine sp. 5 Polygala sp. 4 Bryophyllum sp. Table 3: Area of coverage
52.4 120.4 4.4 34.0 16.8 101.2 10.8 4.0 344.0 Total area Species of coverage coverage of species x (%) (cm2) 2100 21000 5720 57200 220 2200 15900 6900 52800 8500 2000 166500
Quadrat (area covered by each spp, cm2) Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 100 520 220 280 70 1500 400 800 120 460 200 9 100 600 10
1000 900 Acantha sp. Ischaemum sp. 150 1000 1000 50 1200 640 560 Imperata cylindrica Lycopodium sp. 600 200 400 30 80 Melastoma 90 70 malabathricum Eleucine sp. 980 2200 Polygala sp. 50 80 Bryophyllum sp.
Relative species coverage (%) 12.61 34.35 1.32 9.55 4.14 31.71 5.11 1.20
Total
The plant species that shows the highest species frequency / species density / species coverage is the most dominant species in the habitat.
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Soil Analysis
1. Soil sampling technique Metal cylinders or tin cans (improvised tools) are pressed or hammered into the soil to collect the soil sample. The soil sample is taken back to the school science laboratory in the cylinder for further analysis (see picture below).
2. Determination of soil texture Students may use a soil sieve or measuring cylinder to determine the percentage of each soil component as shown below.
Sieves of different mesh sizes are used to determine the amount of clay, silt and sand in the soil sample. A measuring cylinder (on the right) can also be used for the same purpose. Calculation of the percentage of components of soil sample Formula Percentage of soil component height of soil component = total height of soil sample Working: Percentage of clay 5.55 = 9.30 100% = 59.67 % Percentage of silt 1.87 = 9.30 100% = 20.11 % Percentage of sand 1.88 = 9.30 100% = 20.22 % Texture of soil clay silt sand Total Height (cm) 5.55 1.87 1.88 9.30 % of soil component 59.67 20.11 20.22 100.00
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CL AY
T EN RC PE
PE RC EN T
LT SI
PERCENT SAND
3. Determine of soil sample pH A sample of soil is added to a test tube contain a spatula of barium sulphate which helps to 3 precipitate the clay particles in a soil sample suspension. The test tube is then filled with 4 water and shaken after adding 5-6 drops of Universal Indicator. A clear coloured liquid is formed above the soil which is noted and the pH recorded as shown in Table 4. The pH of the soil is then correlated to the plant species that is most suitable to live in this pH condition. Table 4: Soil sample 1 2 3 4 5 Colour red red yellow red yellow Average pH pH 4 4 6 5 6 5
The colour of the liquid above the soil sample is compared with the Universal Indicator Chart to determine the pH of the soil.
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Purple seed
Yellow seed
2. Ears of corns from dihybrid cross The phenotypes: purple / yellow and smooth / wrinkled seeds.
Purple wrinkle seed Purple smooth seed Yellow wrinkle seed Yellow smooth seed
From the results, the values of 2 are calculated and compared with the values given in the table below. (o e) 2 = (e)
2
o = observed value, that is, the actual number of seeds of a particular phenotype e = expected value, that is, the number of seeds of a particular phenotype calculated from the monohybrid and dihybrid ratios
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2 table df\p 1 2 3 4 .99 .0201 .115 .297 .98 .0404 .185 .429 .95 .0039 .103 .352 .711 .90 .016 .211 .584 1.064 .80 .064 .446 1.005 1.649 .70 .148 .713 1.424 2.195 .50 .455 1.386 2.366 3.357 .30 1.074 2.408 3.665 4.878 .20 1.642 3.219 4.642 5.989 .10 2.706 4.605 6.251 7.779 .05 3.841 5.991 7.815 9.488 .02 5.412 7.824 9.837 .01 6.635 9.210 11.341 .00016 .00063
11.668 13.277
p Probability df Degree of freedom Monohybrid cross (Mendels first law) Phenotype Expected Observation Expected ratio (o) number of count (e) 1 3 Total 79 212 291
2
Divergence2 Divergence2/ (o e)2 Expected no. of count (o e)2/(e) 39.0625 39.0625 0.537 0.179 0.716 = 0.716
Yellow Purple
72.75 218.25
Conclusion: The calculated 2 value (0.716) is found to be lower than the value (3.841) given in the 2 table (P0.05, df = 1). Therefore the deviation is not significant and the result obeys Mendels first law. Dihybrid cross (Mendels second law) Phenotype Expected Observation ratio (o) 9 3 3 1 669 232 231 68 1200 Expected Divergence number of (o e) count (e) 675 225 225 75 6 7 6 7 Divergence2 Divergence2/ (o e)2 Expected no. of count (o e)2/(e) 36 49 36 49 0.053 0.218 0.160 0.653 1.084 2 = 1.084 Conclusion: The calculated 2 value (1.084) is found to be lower than the value (7.815) given in the 2 table (P0.05, df = 3). Therefore the deviation is not significant, the dihybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1 is accepted and the result obeys Mendels second law.
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At the end of the experiment, a whitish, sticky and slimy DNA is extracted and precipitated at the tip of a pooling stick.
A whitish, sticky and slimy DNA is extracted and preciptated at the end of a pooling stick.
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