-

..

, 2004

519.8:330.46
65.40
327

.. /
- .- ., 2004.- 59 .

.., 2004
- , 2004


1. ...................................................................................... 4
1.1. ............................................................................................. 4
1.2. ( ) ..................... 4
1.3. .................................................................. 4
1.4. ................................................................. 5
1.5. .................................................................... 5
2. ................................................................................. 7
2.1. .............................................. 7
2.2. ..... 8
2.3. ............................................................ 9
3. () ................................................................... 11
3.1. ........................................ 11
3.2. ...................................................... 11
3.2.1. ...................................................... 11
3.2.2. ................. 14
3.2.3. . ............................................................................ 20
3.3.
..................................................................................................... 23
3.4.
...................................................................................................... 27
4. ( ) ............................................ 33
4.1. ........... 33
4.2. .......................................................................................... 35
4.3. ............ 36
4.4. () ................................................... 37
4.4.1. .............................................. 37
4.4.2. ............ 45
4.4.3.
............................................................... 50
4.4.4. ..... 54
....................................................................................... 59

1.
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cij i- j- .
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11

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(3.1)

ij

i =1 j =1

:
n

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(3.2)

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(3.4)

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m

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b .

(3.5)

j=1

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b.
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12

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xij 0

.
(), , Bn+1, :
m

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n

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(Cin+1, i=1,..,m), (Cm+1j, j=1,..,n) ,

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X=(xij)m,n , (3.2)-(3.4), .
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. , (ij;Xij>0) .
m+n-1 .
3.2.2.
1. - .
:
1) X x11 = min(a1,b1).
:
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.
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.
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.
.
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j=1

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x = min ((), ()),

() < (),
(+1)- .
- .

14

2.
, C=(cij)m,n.
: C ,
X0.

xij0.
xij0 = min (ai,bj)
:
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.
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.
.
k- xk).
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-1

a ( k ) = a

X (g), g = 1..k - 1
j

j=1

-1

b ( k ) = b

X (u), u = 1..k - 1
i

i =1

:
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) a(k) < b(k), xk) = bk) ;
) a(k) < b(k), .
3.2.1.
-
1, 2 3. 1 2.
1000,1500 1200 . 2300 1400 . 8
. :
15

1
2
3

1
1000
1250
1275

2
2690
1350
850

( = 0,08 ./).
( ), ij .
1
2
3

1
80
100
102

2
215
108
68

, i j, Xij.
(1000 + 1500 + 1200 = 3700) (2300 + 1400 = 3700),
,
:
Z=80X11+215X12+100X21+108X22+102X31+68X32

X11+X12 =1000,
X21+X22 =1500,
X31+X32 =1200,
X11 + X21 + X31 =2300,
X12 +X22 + X32 =1400,
Xij0 i,j.

,
,
, . ij
(i,j).
.3.2.1.
,
, -, .
, .3.2.1, -
, .3.2.2.

16

 3.2.1.

1
2
3

80 X11
100 X21
102 X31
2300

215 X12
108 X22
68 X31
1400

1000
1500
1200
3700

3.2.2.

1
2
3

80
1000
100
1300
102
2300

215
108
200
68
1200
1400

1000
1500
1200
3700

Z(X) = 801000 + 1001300 + 108200 + 681200 = 313200 .

3.2.2.
2 1500, 1300
. , (3500) (3700).
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, (3700 3500 = 200) , .
,
() 200 .
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, .

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. 17

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3.2.3
1
2
3

1
80
100
102
0

2
215
108
68
0

2300

1400

1000
1500
1200
200

200 . , ,
,
.
3.2.3.
1 1900 . .3.2.4
, . .
, .
3.2.4.

1
2
3

80
100
102
1900

215
108
68
1400

18

0
0
0
400

1000
1500
1200
3700

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5.

5
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80

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55

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45
40

3.2.3. .
(), , .
m

min

C X

(3.6)

ij ij

i =1 j=1

:

(3.7) Ui ( i = 1,..,m) (3.8) Vj ( j = 1,..,n), :
n

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j =1

ij

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ij

= bj

j = 1,.., n

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i =1

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n
m

max aiUi + bjVj

j=1
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(3.10)

Ui +Vj Cij , i = 1..m, j = 1..n

(3.11)

, , Ui Vj .
. X=(Xij)mn ,
() V1,V2,,Vn U1, U2,
, Um , :
1. Ui + Vj Cj i = 1,..,m , j = 1,,n
(3.12)
2. Ui + Vj = Cj , i, j, Xij>0

20

 : , :
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(3.13)
Ui + Vj = Cj
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Ui + Vj Cij

(3.14)

,
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Ui + Vj Cij, (3.12)
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.
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m+n, , , +, 21

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16
20
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7

30
27
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7

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26
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24
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1
18
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20
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10
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4
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20
26
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26
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6
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14
14
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12
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26
9

3
13
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13

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5
23
30
8
8
9
13
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7

17
21
30
19
7

6
27
24
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30
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10
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24
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6
22
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8

5
9
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26
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16
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14
15
18
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17
13

6. )

6
8
9
400

5
8
-200

7. )

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3
40

5
5
2
30

4
2
7
150
4
--20

-6
6
250
2
3
5
10

500
300
100

5
2
-60

6
8
5
250

6
-4
100

30
50
120
140
160
150

4
5
3
10

1
5
2
40

2
-2
36

4
3
5
14

92
45
63

1
6
3
150

4
5
-50

80
320
100

1
3
2
90

1
4
8
20

100
50
70

8. )

3
5
1
50

-2
1
70

-3
2
130

6
1
4
150

7
--80

9. )

3
2
5
20

-3
8
40

2
-7
80

1
4
3
60

200
70
80

4
10
12
300

3
10
-150

2
4
11
100

-7
5
200

400
200
100

10. )

4
3
-40

1
6
2
60

2
-3
100

3
4
5
50

100
200
150

2
5
8
10

7
-1
20

4
12
-40

3
7
13
6

40
30
50

3.3.

3.3.1. , (1, 2, 3), 1, 2, 3, 4.

( ) 1, 2. .3.3.1 .
3.3.1.

AI
AII
AIII

BI
BII

1
2

500
800

600
400

700
-

300
400
-

1000
1500
1200

700
600

500
500

500
200

600
100

2300
1400

.3.3.2 ( = (ij) ).

23

 3.3.2.

BI
AI 80
AII 100
AIII 102

BII
215
108
68
3.3.3.

M3
M4
M1
M2
M4
M1
M2

AII
AIII

BI
BII
M1
M
M
100
M
M
102
M
700

M2
M
M
M
100
M
M
102
500

M3
80
M
M
M
M
M
M
500

M4
M
80
M
M
100
M
M
600

M1
M
M
108
M
M
68
M
600

M2
M
M
M
108
M
M
68
500

M3
215
M
M
M
M
M
M
200

M4
M
215
M
M
108
M
M
100

-
700
300
500
600
400
800
400
3700

, . , ,
. , .. , , . .
.3.3.3 . , , .
,
1 4. .3.3.3 (Cij = M).
.3, , . , . .3.3.3 :

24

 3.3.4.

) 1

AII
AIII

BI
BII
100
108
102
68
700
600

500
800

BI
BII
100
108
102
68
500
500

600
400

BI
BII
80
215
500
200

700

) M2

AII
AIII

) 3

AI

) M4

AI
AII

BI
BII
80
215
100
108
600
100

300
400

,
,
.3.3.3. , , .3.3.3.
, .3.3.3?
, .3.3.3
.
( ,
),
. 5 .

25

1. 3.3.1 , 3.3.3.
2. 3.3.1 , 3.3.4 (, , , ).
3. 3.3.1 , I 1-800 ., 2-500, 3-300, 4-600, II
700, 400, 300, 100 . ,
.3.3.3 ( ).
4. 3 , 3.3.4
.
5. 1 :

:

BI
BII

%
10
20
10
5

M1,M2
M3,M4
M1,M3
M2,M4

. , (M1, M2), (M3, M4), (M1, M3) (M2, M4).

.
6 - 10. 5 :
6.

BI

%
10
10
15

M1,M3
M2,M4
M1,M2

BI
BII

%
20
5
15

M2,M4
M1,M3
M2,M4

BI
BII

%
5
10

M1,M2
M2,M3

BII

7.

8.

26

9.

BI
BII

%
5
15
30
25

M1,M3
M2,M4
M1,M2
M3,M4

%
40
5

M3,M4
M1,M3

10.

BI
BII

3.4.

,

. ,

,
.
.
,

.
. (
)
, .
.

, . , ( , ) . , ,
, , . ,
27

 ( )
.
3.2.1.
.
.
,
.

( ) ()
, . .
m

B a = b
i

i =1

i =1

, . ,
,
3.2.1. ,
( , 1 1) ,
(,
1-2 2-1, ).
3.4.1.
1

130

90

3700

215

4700

100

108

5200

68

4900

205

3700

3700

1000

135

0
3700

2
80

95

30
200

1300

35

102

3500

79

99

1400

110

0
3700

200
3700

107
3700

72
3700

205
6000

3700
5100

.3.4.1
,
3700 . ,
(1,
2 3) (1 2) , 3.2.1.
, .
28

 .3.4.1 , .
. , .3.1. 2 2
3, 200
. .

.3.1
,
. , 3.2.1
, , , .

29

. 3.2.

 , , 1 2.
, ,
800, 500, 750, 1000 650 . ,
.

.
( 4 5 .3.2) , , .
, , . .3.4.2. ,
( 4 5) , 3700 .
3.4.2.
1
2
3
4
5

4
80
100
102
0
M
3700

5
215
108
68
M
0
3700

6
M
M
M
130
90
800

7
M
M
M
135
30
500

8
M
M
M
95
35
750

9
M
M
M
80
105
1000

10
M
M
M
100
70
650

1500
1200
3700
3700

.3.2 , . .3.4.2 () . ij=, .

3.4.3.
1
2
3
4
5

1
0
135
95
75
200
3700

2
130
0
35
55
107
3700

3
90
30
0
110
72
3700

4
80
100
102
0
205
3700

5
215
108
68
205
0
3700

6
M
M

130
90
800

135
30
500

95
35
750

80
105
1000

10

100
70
650

4700
5200
4900
3700
3700

,
.
. . 3.4.3
. , ,
.
31

1. , .3.4.1
.
2. , .3.4.2.
3. , .3.4.3.
4. 2 1.
5. 1, 1 .
6. 1, 2 .
7. , .3.4.3 ,
1 .
8. , .3.4.3 ,
2 .
9. , .3.4.3 ,
3 .
10. , .3.4.3 ,
1 2.

32

4. ( )
4.1.

4.1.
: , () .

4.2.
4.2, ,
.
, ,
. .

,
. , ,

,
.
, , .
, , , .

() :
1. ?
2. ?
33

 , , ,

:
;
.

.4.2.
3.
?
4.
?
5.
?
6.
?
.
, (just in time).
34

 .
,
, ,
..
4.2.

, ,
, .

() ,
(. 4.3).

.4.3.

.4.4.
(. 4.4).

35


. 4.5.

. 4.5.
4.3.

- . :
- ( ,
);
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .

().
:
1. .
2. .
3.
.

36

 , .

, .
7

1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. ( ).
8. .
9. .
10. .
4.4. ()

.
.
, , , ,
.
4.4.1.

(d),
() .
( ).
. .4.6 .
. 4.7 d.

37

. 4.6. (t) *.
, ; 1 ; 2 ; tg .

38

. 4.7.

39

 * - ;
t0= /d ;
(2) .
*, , . * , .

. , , , ..
, h .
:
( ) =

d
=

t0

(4.1)

:
( ) = h

(4.2).
:

K d
F ( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
+ h

2
min ( >0)
(4.3)
.
F ( ) =

K d

F ( ) =

2K d

h
=0
2

,
. :
=
F (

)=

2K d
h

(4.4)

2K d h

(4.5) ;

t =

2K
hd

40

(4.6)

 (4.3) . 4.8.

. 4.8.
4.1. 100 . () 1000 . 5 . 15 .
*=

21000100
= 41000 = 2000 .
0,05

. (4)-(6) :
(1) , (2) ;
F( *) = 210001000,05 =100
t* =

21000
= 20
0,05100

*=2000 .; =1500 .; t*=20 .; t1( )=15 .

15 , ..
=10015=1500 . (. . 4.9).

41

.4.9.

42

 t*, 22 ,

2 (22-20), .. *=200 .
.
(. . 4.10).

43

.4.10.

44

4.4.2.

(4.3)
(). ,
. ( ).
, 4.4.1.,
1, < q,
=
C 2, q,

(4.7)

C1>C2, q , . , (4.8).

F 1( ) = dC 1 +
F( ) =
F 2 ( ) = dC 2 +

Kd

h
; < q,
2
Kd h
+ ; q;

(4.8)

F( ) min ( > 0)

(4.9)

F1() F2() , , , :
* min =

2Kd
h

. 4.11

. 4.11

.4.11

45

 (4.9) - *
q, *min q1, q1
F1(*min) = F2(q1); q1>*min
(4.10)
:
* min , 0 q < * min ,
* = q , * min q < q1,
* min , q q 1

(4.11)

(4.5) . 4.11 (, , ).
4.2. 4.1.
C1 = 2 , C2 = 1 .
q , , : q(1)=2500 .;
q(2)=1800 . q(3)=7500 .
. *min = 2000 . (. 4.1) 1800 = q(2) <
*min = 2000, q = q(2)=1800; *=2000 (. )).
q q(1) q(3), *min<q(1) *min<q(3) * (4.10).
2000
1000100
+ 0,05
= 300,
2000
2
1000100
q1
F2(q1) = 100 1 +
+ 0,05 ,
q1
2

F1( * min) = 100 2 +

(4.10)
q12-8103q1+4106=0.

q1(1,2)=(412)*103=(43,46)*103.
q1>*min , ..
q1=7,36*103=7360 .
, q = q(1) = 2500 < q1 ( ),
* = q = 2500,
q = q(3) = 7500 ( ),
* = * = 2000 .

46

 8
1. 500
. . 2 . . 10 . . 12 ( 6- ).
, 20% . ,
? , 300 , ,
.
2. , , .
500 . ,
X, 2500
. , X, 200 . .
1,50
. . .
, ? ? , 50 .
3. "Dekkers" .
. 25
, . 9 . . . 15 . .,
50 15% . ,
50 . :
1. .
2. "Dekkers" 300 . , , .1?
3. 5 . .,
, .1?

47

4. 1000 , 150 . ,

, .
25000 . . ,
500 . . . :
1. ,
?
2. ? ?
3. ,
, 25 , . 2?
5. "Systems" .
. , ,
20000 .
32 . .
1% . 0,80 . . ,
; .
:
1. , .
2. .
3. , , 24200 .
, .1 ,
?
4. .,
.
6. 1., .
158 2 . . . :

48

, %

, ..

0-199
200-499
500

0
2
4

2,00
1.96
1,92

?
7. [8.,9.]
2000 . 500 ; . ,
20% ,
2,50 . . 1000 . .
7. ,
,
?
8. 500 .
., ?
9. 7, 250 . .?
10. "Greens Ltd"
. .
, 2000 , . 50 . . . 50 . ., -15%
,
,
. , , , , 5 . . . :
1. , . ?
2. ,
.
.
?

49

4.4.3.

P n
, , i- , Pi (i=1,..,n).
, 4.4.1,
,
.
n

F ( ) = F ( 1, 2 ) =

i =1

K i d i h i i
+
) min
i
2

(4.12)

P P
i

(4.13)

i =1

i>0 ( ) (4.14),
di i- ; Ki ; hi .
(4.12)-(4.14) , F(1,2) ,
(4.12-4.14) (4.12).
(4.12)-(4.14) .
, (4.12)-(4.14)
,
(4.13) .
, 4.4,
i * =
n

i i

2 Kidi
; i = 1,.., n
hi

(4.15)

Pi

i =1
,
(4.15) (4.12)-(4.14),
(4.13) , :
n

P = P
i

(4.13' )

i =1

4.3. (4.12)-(4.14) n=1; K1=10; d1=2; h1=0,3;

P1=1. P = 12 P = 9 .

50

K 1d 1

h1 1 20
=
+ 0,15 1 min
0< 1 P
2
1

. n = 1 :
4.4 ( ).
, P = 12, P11* = 11,5<12, 1* = 11,5 (4.12)-(4.14).
1* =

2 K 1d 1 20
=
11,5
h1
3
20

+ 0,15 1 min

0< 1 P

P = 9, P11 = 11,5>9, = 9.

1*

4.4.
(n = 2),
.
Ki, $
di, .
h i, $
Pi, 2

1
10
2
0,3
1
2
5
4
0,1
1

P = 25 ..
.
K 1d 1

h1 1 K 2 d 2 h 2 2
+
+
min
2
2
2
1 1 + 1 2 P
1,2 > 0

. n = 2 (4.12)-(4.14) :

4.4.
*
*
1 + 2 = 31,5 > 25 , (4.16),
, :
F ( ) =

20

+ 0,15 1 +

20

+ 0,05 2 min

(4.16)

1 + 2 25

2* =

1* =

1, 2 > 0

2 K 2d 2
=
h2

2 K 1d 1
=
h1

25 4
= 400 = 20
0,1

2 10 2 20
=
11,5
0,3
3

51

 1 + 2 = 25

(4.17)

2 4.17 (2=25 (4.16).

F ( 1,25 1) =

20

+ 0,15 1 +

20
+ 0,05( 25 1) min
1> 0
25 1

(4.18)

(4.18) . 1(0) = 10 h = 1.
F(9) = 5,62; F(10) = 5,58; F(11) = 5,59 , , :
9 < 1* < 11.
, 1* = 10, :
2* = 25 10 =15.
:
F(1*, 2*) = 5,58.
9
1. , , .
1500 .
20 .
2 ., .
-
.
-
.
.
2. , 50 .
. 25 . .
70 .
(
), , ,
, .
3. . , 20 . 100 . .
, 15 . ,
, 0,02 . .
26000 . . ,

52

 , , :
?
4. 30 . .
0,05 ., 100 . , 10 .
, q = 300, 8 . , . , q
= 500?
5. 4 .,
150 10%- . , 20
, , . 50 .,
0,03 . .
?
6. 5 , ,
150 .
7. ,
h1,
q, h2 q, h1>h2. .
8. K = 50 ., h = 0,05 ., d = 30 ./.
, ,
(1) 14 ; (2) 40 .
9.
. . , .
Di i- (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
. .

1
2
3
4

Ki

di

hi

Di

100
50
90
20

10
20
5
10

0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1

10000
5000
7500
5000

53

 , , (
) 200.
10. 9, ,
C=10000 .,
. ci i- , ci = 10,
5, 10 10 i = 1, 2, 3 4. .
4.4.4.

, () , .
, . .
(
), ,
, .
N
, .
: j (), j=1,..,N;
j , j- ;
xj-1 j- ;
dj j- ;
fj(xj, j) , j-
, :
fj(xj,j) = Kj(j) + j(xj) + j(j) ,

(4.19)

Kj, j > 0
Kj (j ) =
0, j = 0

- (
) j- ;
j(xj) = hjxj xj ,
hj ,
j j+1;
j(j) () j
j.
,
x0 xN.
, ():
N

x1xN-1,
54


xj = xj-1 + j dj; j=1,..,N

(4.20)

F = fj ( xj, j ) ,

(4.21)

j =1

:
xj0; 0; j=1,..N
(4.22)
0 xj dj + dj+1 + .. + dN

(4.23)

0 dj + xj

(4.24)

(4.20)-(4.24) . , xj, j
,
.
(4.20)-(4.24) .
K

Fk * ( xk ) = min fj ( xj, j )

..
j =1

- k
. .
(4.25) .
1

Fk*(xk) =

min [fk(xk,k) + Fk 1*(xk k + dk)]

0 k Xk + dk

k = 1,N ;F 0* = 0.

(4.25)

0 j 4
7j;;
(j) =
28 + 15(j 4 ); j 4

(4.26)

4.5.
(N=3). :
J
1
2
3
dj
3
6
2
Kj
6
8
7
hj
4
3
5
x0 = 1; x3 = 0.
.
1- .
K=1, :
F 1*(x1 ) =

min

0 1 X 1 + d 1
0 X 1 d 2 + d 3

[f 1(x1,1 )] =

min

0 k X 1 + 3
0 X 1 6 + 2 = 8

[K 1( 1) + 4 x1 + ( 1) ] -

55

(4.27)

- , x1
.
(4.20) :
x1 = x0 + 1 - d1 = 1 + 1 - 3 = 1 - 2, ..
x1) = x1 + 2 (4.28)
() .
, .. x1 = 1 - 2 0, 1 2, :
F 1*(x1 ) = min [K 1( 1) + 4 x1 + ( 1) ]
2 k X 1+ 3

1*( x 1) = x 1+ 2

7( x1 + 2); x1 + 2 4

11x1 + 20; x1 2
= 6 + 4 x1 +
=
(4.29)
28 + 15( x1 + 2 4); x1 + 2 > 4 19 x1 + 4; x1 > 2
F 2*(x 2 ) = min [ f 2(x 2 ,2 ) + F 1*(x1 )]

0 X + 6
-
K=2,

, , x2
. F2x2) , :
2

F 2*(x 2 ) = min [K 2( 2 ) + 3x 2 + ( 2 ) + F 1*(x 2 2 + 6 )]

(4.30)

0 2 X 2 + 6
0 X 2 d 3= 2

x1 = x 2 2 + 6

F2*(x2)

4.4.1 x2 = {0, 1, 2}.

F 2(x 2, 2 ) = K 2( 2 ) + 3x 2 + ( 2 ) + F 1*(x 2 2 + 6 )

4.4.1.
2

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
7
6
5

2(2) + 32 + (2) + 1
(1)
0
0
0
118
8
0
7
99
8
0
14
80
8
0
21
61
8
0
28
42
8
0
43
31
8
0
58
20
0
3
0
137
8
3
7
118
8
3
14
99
8
3
21
80
8
3
28
61
8
3
43
42
8
3
58
31
8
3
73
20
0
6
0
156
8
6
7
137
8
6
14
118
8
6
21
99

56

=2(2, 2)
118
114
102
90
78
82
86
140
136
124
112
100
96
100
104
162
158
146
134

2(2)

2(2)

78

96

4
5
6
7
8

4
3
2
1
0

8
8
8
8
8

6
6
6
6
6

28
43
58
73
88

80
61
42
31
20

122
118
114
118
122

114

F 3*(x 3 ) = min [K 3( 3) + 5 x 3 + ( 3) + F 2*( 2 2 )] ,

0 3 X 3 + 2

(4.31)

x 3 = 0,
x 2 = x 3 3 + 2 = 2 3,

, K = 3, :
F3*(x3) - .
F 3(x 3, 3 ) = K 3( 3) + ( 3) + F 2*( 2 2 ) 4.4.2.
4.4.2.
3
0

3
0
1
2

2
2
1
0

3 + (2) + 2(2)
0
0
114
7
7
96
7
14
78

=3(3, 3)
114
110
99

3(3)

3(3)

99

2- .
, 4.4.2. , :
3* = 2; x3 = 0; F3* = 99.
:
x2 = x3 - 3* + 2 = 0 - 2 + 2 = 0.
.4.4.1.
2* (x2 = 0) = 4.
:
x1 = x2 - 2* + 6 = 0 - 4 + 6 = 2.
(4.28) :
1* (x1 = 2) = 2 + 2 = 4,
:
x0 = x1 - 1* + 3 = 2 - 4 + 3 = 1,
.
, :
1- . 1* = 4, 2 (x0 = 1), 2
(x1 = 2).
2- . 2* = 4,
(x1=2;d2=6), .
3- . 3* = 2,
(d3 = 3).
( ) = * = ( 4 ,4 ,2) .
( ) = X* = (x0, x1, x2, x3) = (1, 2, 0, 0).
99 .
57

 10

1-10 4.5 .
1. x3 = 1.
2. x0 = 0.
3. d=(4,6,2).
4. 4.5 :
J
1
2
3
dj
5
3
4
Kj
6
8
7
hj
3
3
4
5. x3 = 3.
6. x0 = 0, x3 = 0.
7. h = (2 ,3, 2).
8. K = (5, 6, 4).
9. x0 = 0, x3 = 2.
10. d = (1, 7, 6).

58

1. . . ..
- .: -, 1997.
2. . " ". - .:
, 1997.
3. .. . - .: ,
1997.
4. .. . - .: , 1997.
5. . . - .: , .1,2,
1985.
6. ., . . - .:
, 1997.
7. .., .., ..
. - .: , 1998.

59