Tn ti

S HNH THNH BT (FOAM) TNH CHT V BN BT HIU NG GIBBS HIU NG MARANGONI - NG DNG TRNG THI BT

MC LC
1. Bt ........................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Bt l g .....................................................................................................................1 1.2. Cu trc ca bt: ......................................................................................................2 1.3. S hnh thnh bt .....................................................................................................6 1.4. Tnh cht v bn bt ............................................................................................7 1.4.1. 1.4.2. Tnh cht ..........................................................................................................7 Cc nguyn nhn lm bn bt .......................................................................8

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NHM 5

a) b) c) d) e)

Hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni ........................................................................................8 Lc tnh in:..................................................................................................................9 nht ..........................................................................................................................10 Tnh n hi ca mng: ...............................................................................................10 Tnh cht ca mng bt: ..............................................................................................10 1.4.3. Nguyn nhn lm bt khng bn ................................................................10

2. Cht tng bt- cht ph bt .............................................................................................11 2.1. 2.2. Cht tng bt ..............................................................................................................11 Cht ph bt ...............................................................................................................12

3. ng dng ca bt .............................................................................................................13 3.1. Bt lng (Liquid foam) ...........................................................................................13 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. H bt cha chy ..........................................................................................13 H bt trong thc phm ...............................................................................14 Tuyn ni qung: ..........................................................................................15

3.2. Bt rn (Solid foams) ..............................................................................................16 TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................21

1. Bt 1.1. Bt l g L h phn tn kh trong mi trng phn tn lng. phn tn ca bt rt th, cc ht c kch thc c mm hay cm. Cc ht bt chu s nn ca cc ht bn cnh nn b mt dng hnh cu, tr thnh nhng hnh a din phn cch bi mt mng rt mng ca mi trng phn tn. Mng trong bt thng c mu sc, l hin tng giao thoa gy ra, iu chng t chiu dy mng tng ng vi bc sng nh sng. 1

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NHM 5

Nu pha kh trong lng c hm lng thp v lp cht lng c cha nhng bt kh c gi l nh tng hay cu bt (spherical foam). Nhng bong bng kh c dng hnh cu (nu kch thc n khng ln) v khng c s tng tc gia chng. Do c tha pha kh v cc bt kh ny chn p ln nhau nn cc bt kh ny mt hnh dng cu v to thnh cc a din phn cch nhau bi cc mng rt mng ca mi trng phn tn. Cc mng mng ny gi l mng bt. Ngoi ra, bt c th l h phn tn kh vo trong rn, thng gi l bt rn (solid foam).

Hnh 1. Cu to ca bt Bt tn ti qua 3 giai on sau: Giai on u: hnh thnh bt kh. Giai on hai: cc bt kh t li, to thnh h bt. Giai on cui: mng bt mng i v bt v. Cu trc ca bt: Bt kh c bao quanh bi cc phn t hot ng b mt. Cc bt kh (bng bt) thng cha khng kh hoc kh CO2 m p sut ln hn p sut ngoi nhng p st vo nhau nn cc bng bt c hnh a din. Mng mng bao quanh bt rt mng, ch dy khong chiu di ca nh sng nhn thy. B mt pha kh lng c th t n 1m2 cho 1mL cht lng.

1.2.

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NHM 5

Hnh 2: C u trc bt (Foam structure) Cc u Hydrophobic (u k n c) quay vo trong b t kh v Hydrophilic (u a n c) quay ra ngoi dung d ch. Mng bt c cu trc mng mng (lamella) tc l dng c nhiu lp micell keo xp

chng ln nhau.

Hnh 3. Cu trc lamella ca bt Bt c th c dng hnh cu hoc a din (ph thuc vo lng lng trong bt). Khi mi hnh thnh bt l nhng hnh cu, lng cht lng trong bt kh ln. Khi lng bt tng ln bt c xu hng lin kt li vi nhau. Sau mt thi gian hm lng nc trong bt gim, bt s chuyn t hnh cu v dng a din. Hnh dng bt ph thuc vo phn th tch

TIU LUN HA L NNG CAO

NHM 5

lng (liquid volume fraction) trong bt, nu phn th tch lng 5%: bt c dng hnh cu. Cn phn th tch lng < 5%: bt c dng hnh a din.

Hnh 4. Dng hnh cu, a din ca bt Khi cc bt lin kt vi nhau s hnh thnh ng bin gia cc bt, to thnh nhng mao qun lng di chuyn.

Hnh 5. Mao qun bt Th k th XIX, Joseph Plateau - 1 nh vt l hc ngi B chng minh c nh lut Plateau, ni dung ch yu ca nh lut

TIU LUN HA L NNG CAO

NHM 5

Hnh 6. Kiu 3 bong bng tip xc nhau im giao nhau bi cc mng bt to vi nhau mt gc 120o kh cn i to s n nh v mt c hc, cn gi l tam gic Gibb.

109,47

Hnh 7. Kiu 4 bong bng tip xc nhau cu trc 2 chiu, chng khng bn dng to gc 90o m chuyn v dng lc gic. Cn cu trc 3 chiu, chng to thnh gc t din 109o47.

TIU LUN HA L NNG CAO

NHM 5

1.3. S hnh thnh bt Mt bt kh do c t trng nh hn cht lng, n bay ln mt thong. Ti b mt thong n i mt lp cht lng c dng hnh vm. Nu bt kh l rt nh, lc y Archimede (Ac-si-mt) vo n nh, n khng th ph v mng nc v th bt kh nm yn di lp cht lng. Tp hp ca mt s ln cc bt nh nh vy to thnh mt lp bt ni trn mt nc. Nu bt kh l ln, lc y Archimede (Ac-si-mt) ln lm bt kh v ra. S to bt km theo s tng b mt phn cch lng kh rt mnh, v s to bt ch c th xy ra khi sc cng b mt nh. Nc tinh khit khng to bt, mun to bt c phi c mt ca cht hot ng b mt. X phng l cht gip cho s to bt trong nc. Trong qu trnh ty ra, bt gp phn vo vic tch v gi cht bn trong nc git ngn cn s bm tr li mt vi, vt ra. Cc giai on chnh ca s hnh thnh bt c th c thc hin thng qua quan st trng thi khi tng s lng bong bng. Khi bong bng c hnh thnh hoc c to ra trong mt dung dch cht hot ng b mt, mt s hp th ca cht hot ng b mt bt u t giao din sau tip cn b mt cht lng mi bong bong v to thnh mt b phim bn cu cht lng. Trong bao gm hai hp th b mt hp ph v lp cht lng gia chng, lp hp ph b mt m bo cho s tn ti ca lp bt. Vi s gia tng trong s lng cc bong bng b mt v lc ht mao dn gia bong bng gip cho qu trnh lin lc v bin dng bong bng, dn n hnh thnh mng mng cht lng gia bong bng k cn. Do , mt lp n ca cc bong bng kh c hnh thnh b mt, tip theo l mt lp th hai, v nh vy cho n khi thu c mt bt ba chiu.

Hnh 8. S hnh thnh ca lp bt trn b mt cht lng 6

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NHM 5

Ngoi ra, s a pha kh vo pha lng c th c thc hin bng cch thi trc tip hoc c mt tc ng c hc. Cc bt to nn c bao bc bi mt lp mng nc rt mng. Nhng mng ny tch cc bt c th c xem nh l nhng mng ming mng c cu trc ging ht nhau v c nhng giao din rt gn nhau gia ci n vi ci kia.

Hnh 9. Cc phng php to bt 1.4. Tnh cht v bn bt 1.4.1. Tnh cht Bt c th n nh hay khng n nh. Bt khng n nh c thi gian tn ti t vi giy n vi tun. Bt n nh c thi gian tn ti hn vi thng. Bt khng bao gi c to nn trong mt cht lng thun ty, bi v cht lng ny khng th cho mt s n hi no cho mng bao quanh bt hi hoc i khng vi dng chy ca mng y. Bt c to nn do a khng kh hoc nhng hi khc vo trong pha lng c mt thun dn no . S a pha hi vo trong pha lng c th thc hin bng cch thi trc tip hoc mt tc ng c gii (lc, c xt trong lc git). Cc bt c to nn c bao bc bi mt mng rt mng, cc mng c tc dng gi cc kh bn trong. S n nh ca bt hay khng n nh ca bt c lin h cht ch vi dng chy ca cht lng trong mng bao quanh bt kh. Trong giai on u, lc cc mng tng i dy, trng lc ng vai tr ln trong hin tng dng chy ca cht lng gia cc bt. Khi cc mng tr nn mng, hiu qu ca trng lc tr nn t quan trng. Khi nhng phn t cht hot ng b mt c trong pha lng, mt s hp ph giao din kh /nc lm chm s mt nc trong mng sinh ra mt h thng c c tnh n nh. Hin tng ny da trn hai thuyt: Hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni. 7

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NHM 5

1.4.2.

Cc nguyn nhn lm bn bt

a) Hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni

- Hiu ng Gibbs
Sc cng b mt ca mt cht lng gim khi nng ca cht hot ng b mt tng n nng micell keo ti hn (CMC).

- Hiu ng Marangoni
Hiu ng Marangoni l s dch chuyn vt cht bn trn hoc bn trong mt lp cht lu do s khc nhau ca sc cng b mt. Hiu ng ny c tm thy u tin vo nm 1855 trong mt th nghim ca k s ngi Ireland James Thomson v hai cht lng c sc cng b mt khc nhau. Sau nh vt l ngi Marangoni hon thin v pht biu nh mt hiu ng v sc cng b mt vo nm 1871. Sc cng b mt lc bt mi c to ra lun lun cao hn gi tr cn bng, iu ny c ngha rng trong mt thi gian rt ngn, cc phn t ca cht hot ng b mt phi tin v pha b mt tip xc pha lm gim sc cng b mt. Hai hiu ng trn b sung cho nhau v c gi l hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni bi v chng c cng chung mt tc ng: mt mt lin quan n nng cht hot ng b mt (Gibbs) v mt khc lin quan n tc lan to ca cc cht hot ng b mt trong mng mng ca bt (Marangoni). Hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni dng lm c s m t c ch n hi v n nh ca mng bt. Khi mng gia hai bt tri rng ra bi dng chy (do hiu ng trng lc), th to thnh mt vng mi c nng cht hot ng b mt thp, do sc cng b mt tr nn cao hn. T ko theo s di chuyn ca nhng phn t cht hot ng b mt t vng c sc cng b mt km v pha vng c sc cng b mt cao hn. Do , hiu ng ny ngn cn khng mng tr nn qu mng c th lm v bt. Hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni khc nhau ty theo nng ca cht hot ng b mt trong pha lng. Nh vy, vi hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni, nu nng cht hot ng b mt qu thp, cc sc cng b mt gia cht lng tinh khit v dung dch s khng khc nhau lm c th chuyn cht hot ng b mt ca dung dch v pha c sc cng b mt cao, bt nh vy s khng n nh, d v bt. Ngc li nu nng cht hot ng b mt qu cao th 8

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NHM 5

s lng sn c ca cht hot ng b mt cao n ni khng to c khuynh trong mng, nn mng cng km n nh.

B Hnh 10: Hiu ng Gibbs (A)_Hiu ng Marangoni (B)

Hiu ng Gibbs- Marangoni khc nhau ty theo nng ca cc cht hot ng b mt trong pha lng. b) Lc tnh in: Lc y tnh in hay lc y lp th gia cc b mt tip xc k cn ca cc ionic v cc cht nonionic cng gp phn vo s n nh ca bt. Vi cht hot ng b mt ionic th mng mng c lm bn bi 2 lp in tch n tri du. B mt ny bn c l do: tnh y nhau gia cc lp in tch. Nu c chnh lch nng ion th di nh hng ca hiu ng Gibbs Marangoni, nng ion s cn bng tr li.

Hnh 11. Tnh y nhau gia cc lp in tch.

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NHM 5

c) nht Dung dch c nht cao s lm tng bn bt do:

- nht ca pha lng: nu nht cao, n lm chm dng chy t nhng mn k

cn dn n lm chm s mt nc trong mng.

- Lm chm qu trnh khuch tn kh, gim tc di chuyn ca cc cht hot

ng b mt.

- nht b mt cng lm chm dng chy lng gia cc giao din ca cc

mng v cng c tc dng ngn cn s v bt. d) Tnh n hi ca mng: c h bt bn, n nh th mng mng to thnh xung quanh mi bt kh phi dy, c kt, n hi, lin tc v khng thm kh. Dng nh cc bt hnh cu vi mng cht lng c khi lng phn t cao v kh b gin mch b mt s to c nhng mng hp th dy do lm cho bt rt bn. C th to c ra cc mng mng bn nh th th nhiu lp mng b gin mch tng phn trc tin phi t lin hp vi nhau b mt lin pha bng cc tng tc a bo v c th bng c lin kt hydro v lin kt tnh in na. e) Tnh cht ca mng bt: S hnh thnh bt ph thuc vo vic gim sc cng b mt v tng lc lin kt gia cc phn t cht hot ng b mt. Trong dung mi l nc th bn bt ca cht hot ng b mt l ionic bn hn so vi nonionic. Do trong nonionic th phn t chim din tch b mt ln hn v thng xy ra hin tng chnh lch mt tp trung cht hot ng b mt trn mng mng, nn hin tng thot nc v khuch tn kh xy ra d dng hn. 1.4.3. Nguyn nhn lm bt khng bn Cc h bt thng t bn v chng c tng din tch b mt lin pha rt ln. Thng thng c 3 hin tng sau lm cho bt khng bn: S rt cht lng (hay s chy cht lng) ca vch (mng lng) do trng lc Do hiu s p sut v (hoc) do s bc hi. p sut bn trong P ca bt c tnh theo phng trnh ca p sut mao qun ca Laplace

10

TIU LUN HA L NNG CAO

NHM 5

Trong : cong ca bt.

l p sut kh quyn,

l sc cng b mt lin pha,

l bn knh

Trong h thng bt c mt thp, cc bt c xu hng p st vo nhau do lm tng s rt cht lng ca cc vch. Sc cng b mt lin pha yu v ng knh ca bng bt ln s lm gim p sut bn trong v lm gim s rt cht lng. Thc ra s rt cht lng cng xy ra trong khi hnh thnh bt v khi n mt mc gin n cao ( s lm gim dy v bn ca cc vch lng. Hin tng rt cht lng s b gim khi pha lng kh nht v khi nht b mt ca mng mng cht lng c hp th l rt cao. S khuch tn kh t cc bng bt nh sang cc bng bt ln l do c kh ha tan trong pha nc. S ph hy ca vch lng ngn cch cc bng bt do xy ra hin tng hp bt lm tng kch thc ca cc bt ri dn n n v bt. Thng th c mt s ph thuc ln nhau gia s rt cht lng v s ph hy v s ph hy s lm tng s rt v s rt s lm gim dy v bn ca vch lng. Nu cc mng mng phn cch c hp th c dy v n hi th s chu c s ph hy. Khuynh hng gim b mt ca h: gim nng lng b mt, tc l gim b mt d th, theo nhit ng hc cc ht phn tn dng ht n nm ring l s c b mt d th ln, cu trc ny khng bn. Cc ht n ny c khuynh hng tp hp li thnh cc ht i, ht ba gi l cc ht kp. Khuynh hng gim din tch b mt th hai l cc ht nh s tan ra to thnh ht ln hn. cao), s rt v li cng d dng. Sau khi hnh thnh bt, vic tip tc rt nc s cn lm tng gi tr

Hnh 12. Cc ht nh s tan ra to thnh ht ln hn. 2. Cht tng bt- cht ph bt 2.1. Cht tng bt 11

TIU LUN HA L NNG CAO

NHM 5

bn v n nh ca bt i vi cc cht bn l mt c tnh quan trng. Bt ca du gi u phi bn vi m hi, nc cng v nhng thnh phn c bit nh conditioner hoc refatener. Bt sa tm phi bn vi x phng v cc cht bn trn thn th. Cc sn phm ra tay phi to nhiu bt thm ch trong s c mt ca cc cht bn nng. S lm bn bt c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: tng nht v tnh n hi ca mng bt vi nht ln th s hn ch s mt cht lng t mng bt hoc cch khc l tng lc y tnh in gia ion ca cc cht HDBM. Cht tng bn cho bt c th c phn thnh 3 lp chnh: cht in ly, cht phn t hu c phn cc (surfactants) v hp cht cao phn t. Cht hot ng b mt: S la chn cht lm bn bt hu c cho nhng cht to bt ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Bn cht ion hoc khng ion ca cht HDBM to bt. i vi cht HDBM ionic, s thm vo cht HDBM nonionic c a chung. phn cc ca cht HDBM nonionic l yu t quan trng cho php tng tc vi cht to bt ionic trong mt lp mng (amine oxide). i vi cht HDBM nonionic , s thm vo cht lm bn ionic to thnh lc y in tch lp mng. S tng hp v cu trc gia cht to bt v cht lm bn bt: chiu di mch Kh nng thm vo h thp nng CMC ca dung dch cht HDBM to bt. S thm vo cht in ly S thm vo cht in ly c th lm bn bt to ra t cht HDBM anionic do gim CMC, do gim lc y gia cc u b mt tip xc kh-lng. cht in ly khng nh hng i vi cc cht HDBM nonionic. Water-soluble polymers and proteins Cc polymer v protein tan c trong nc c th lm bn bt do lm tng nht ca mng bt do vy gim c s chy ca cht lng. ng thi nhng cht ny cn mang li cm gic m du cho da. V d v cc polymer ny nh agar-agar, polyvinylalcohol, alginates, dn xut cationic v nonionic ca guar, polyacrylates v dn xut cenlulose. 2.2. Cht ph bt Cht ph bt khng tan trong h to bt v c tnh hot ng b mt phn chia pha. c im cn thit ca mt sn phm ph bt l nht thp v d dng chy loang trn b 12 carbon, mch thng hay nhnh -

TIU LUN HA L NNG CAO

NHM 5

mt bt. N c i lc vi b mt kh-lng ni m n lm gim bn ca mng bt lm b mt bt b ph v. gim bt, ngi ta thay th mt phn cht hot ng b mt anion bng cc loi khng ion, hay cc loi x phng. Cng c th thm mt s tc nhn ph bt khc nh: steryl phosphate, du, sp, silicone. Cht ph bt dng du Cht ph bt dng du s dng du l h mang. Du c th l du khong, du thc vt hay bt k du no khng tan trong h to bt, ngoi tr du silicone. Mt cht to bt dng du cha mt cht sp hoc ht silica k nc tng tnh nng. Cc sp thng dng l ethylene bis stearamide, paraffinic, ester, ru bo. Nhng cht ph bt ny thng c b sung thm cht hot ng b mt tng s to nh v chy loang trn b mt bt. Cht ph bt dng nc Thnh phn cht ph bt dng ny gm nhng ht du hoc sp c phn tn trong nc. Du thng l du trng, du thc vt v sp l nhng ru bo mch di, x phng acid bo hoc ester. Cht ph bt dng Silicone Thnh phn hot ng ca cht to bt dng ny l nhng hp cht silicone hoc hp cht silicone bao gm ht silica k nc phn tn trong du silicone. Cht to nh c thm vo m bo silicone chy loang nhanh v tt trong h bt. Silicone c nhng tnh cht c bit nh: khng tan trong nc, bn nhit, bn vi O2, O3, tr ha hc, khng c, sc cng b mt thp, khng mu, d loang trong cc dung dch nc. Silica k nc rt hiu qu trong vic ph v bong bng bng cch ph v im tip xc gia nc v bong bng kh. Cht gim bt silicone c ng dng trong cc cht ty ra thng gm 2 thnh phn: cht lng silicone v cc ht silica k nc. Cc cht lng silicone hot ng nh mt cht mang dn truyn cc ht silica n b mt kh-nc ca bt. 3. ng dng ca bt 3.1. 3.1.1. Bt lng (Liquid foam) H bt cha chy Bt cha chy l mt mng bt c khi lng ln, c tnh bn, cha y khng kh, c t trng nh hn du, xng hoc nc. Bt cha chy c to bi 3 thnh phn: nc, bt 13

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NHM 5

c c v khng kh. Nc c trn vi bt c c to ra mt dung dch foam, dung dch ny c trn vi khng kh (ht khng kh) to ra mt loi bt cha chy c tnh nng, sn sng phun ln b mt vt gy chy v dp tt chy. Mt vi loi bt thng dng : flo ha. Cht to bt tng hp: cht to bt trn c s hn hp ca cht hot ng b mt Cht to bt bn ru: cht to bt c bn chng phn hy khi s dng trn b Cht to bt to mng nc: cht to bt trn c s hn hp ca hydrocarbon v hydrocarbon v cc Flocarbon c b sung cht n nh. mt ru hoc cc dung mi phn cc khc. cht hot ng b mt c flo ha c kh nng to mng nc trn b mt mt s hydrocarbon. Cht to bt floprotein to mng: cht to bt floprotein c kh nng to mng nc trn b mt mt s hydrocarbon. Cht to bt protein: cht c ngun gc t vt liu protein thy phn. Cht to bt floprotein: cht to bt protein c cho thm cht hot ng b mt

Hnh13. nh v bt cha chy 3.1.2. H bt trong thc phm Hnh nh v cu trc b mt ca bt bia l hai trong s cc yu t quan trng nht nh gi cht lng bia tt hay khng. Bt bia c to thnh t hot ng hp ph cc cht c hot tnh b mt trn b mt ca CO2. S hnh thnh bt: a) Trong sn phm gii kht

14

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NHM 5

Bt xy ra trn b mt bia l kt qu ca s hnh thnh ca bong bng kh CO2

c hnh thnh do s gim p lc. Nhng bong bng CO2 nh lin kt vi nhau lm tng din tch b mt bt v ni ln. Cc cht hot ng b mt c mt sc cng b mt thp, iu ny c ngha l trong gii hn m h c th tng din tch b mt ca bt, sau khi kch thc bt bong bng tng, chng to thnh mt mng n hi xung quanh bong bng kh. Vic hnh hnh thnh bt kh CO2 ngy cng nhiu. Nhng ng thi xy ra s ph v bt. Bt ch n nh khi c s hin din ca cht hot ng b mt. b) H bt trong sn xut bnh: H bt c vai tr quan trng trong sn xut bnh. Nh c cu trc xp, h bt lm tng th tch cho sn phm bnh ng gp vo c im cm quan v gi tr ca bnh. Ngoi ra nh vo tnh cht c trng ca bt m to ra nhiu sn phm khc nhau lm phong ph sn phm bnh trn th trng, nhm phc v nhu cu n ung ca ngi tiu dng.

Hnh 14. Mt s sn phm thc phm Tuyn ni qung:

3.1.3.

c tnh ca qu trnh tuyn ni: Tuyn la khong sn bng cch lm ni cc khong vt l phng php lm giu khong sn da vo tnh cht l ha khc nhau ca b mt cc khong vt, quan trng nht l tnh dnh t. Trong qu trnh tuyn ni, khong sn phi nghin ra vi nc thnh mt th bn khong vt nho, lng hoc st. em thi khng kh v thm ha cht cn thit ( cc thuc tuyn ni ) vo khi bn qung ri khuy mnh ln. Trong bn qung c nhng loi khong vt t dnh nc s dnh vo cc bng khng kh v cng chng ni ln 15

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NHM 5

b mt thong ca khi bn qung, to thnh mt tng bt c mang cc ht khong vt. Trong bn qung cn c nhiu khong vt b dnh t, khng dnh vo bng khng kh nn khng th ni ln v li trong bn qung. Gt ly lp bt mang cc ht khong vt c tnh dnh t thp ra, tc l thc hin s phn chia, tch ring c cc khong vt c tnh dnh t cao, thp khc nhau. Tc ng ca thuc to bt: S d ht khong vt trong bn qung ni ln c l nh c cc bng khng kh. Bng kh cng bn, mc phn tn bng kh cng cao trong khi bn qung th tng bt do cc bng kh ni ln v to thnh trn b mt bn qung cng bn, cng mang nhiu ht khong vt. Trong nc sch ( tinh khit ) rt kh to ra c nhng bng kh phn tn, v chng tc thi c xu hng dnh vo nhau. Hn na cc bng kh to ra c trong nc sch khng th gp li v lm cho chng ni ln trn mt nc thnh mt lp bt bn v v ca chng l mt mng nc rt d v. Nu thm vo nc sch mt cht c hot tnh b mt, phn t cht ny, hp ph c ln trn b mt bng kh th lc cng b mt nc trn s gim i phn no v bng kh bt u n nh hn, gim xu hng bm vo nhau, v cng t d v. Loi bng kh ny c th ni ln b mt nc v to thnh lp bt bn vng. Phn t thuc to bt cn khng cho cc bng kh dnh kt vo nhau, gi chng tnh trng phn tn trong mt thi gia kh lu. Do tc ng ln nhau gia nhm c cc thuc to bt vi lng cc nc m bn v cng ca v bng kh c tng thm, v mun ph v bng kh phi c mt lc kh mnh. Thuc to bt hp ph ln v bng kh cn lm tng sc bn c hc ca bng kh khi c cc lc c hc lm cho bng kh co li hay dn ra. Tng hp ph thuc cn lm gim s chuyn ng ca bng kh trong bn qung do tng thi gian tip xc bng kh vi khong vt v to iu kin khong ha tt. 3.2. Bt rn (Solid foams) Bt rn l mt trong nhng vt liu quan trng i vi khoa hc vt liu, bt rn c th chia lm hai loi da trn cu trc l rng ca n : cu trc loi open-cell v closed-cell. Cu trc loi open-cell c cc l m n lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt mng li tng i mm, xp. Loi cu trc ny s lp y bt c ci g m n c bao quanh. Nu n lp y khng kh, th s to thnh mt vt liu cch in hiu qu, nhng nu n c

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NHM 5

lp y vi nc th tnh cht cch in s b gim i. Bt cao su l mt loi thuc cu trc ny. Loi cu trc closed-cell khng c to lin kt gia cc l rng vi nhau, tuy nhin, loi cu trc ny c cu trc dy c hn, i hi tn nhiu chi ph sn xut. Trong c l rng ca cu trc ny c th cha khng kh lm ci thin tnh cht cch nhit ca vt liu. Cu trc ny c n nh cao, h s hp th m thp, v bn cao hn so vi cu trc open-cell. Loi cu trc ny c p dng rng ri trong vt liu composite. B tng xp nh: Btng xp nh l btng c cha bt. Btng xp nh thc ra l dng ng cng ca va ximng cha bt kh. Va c th l hn hp ca ximng-nc, hoc ximng vi ct v nc. Btng xp nh khng cha ct liu th (si ). Hm lng bt trong btng c th ln n 75% th tch, c t trng trong khong 400-1600 kg/m3 v c chu nn t 1 MPa to 15 MPa.

Hnh15. B tng xp nh Vi tnh a nng, n c th c iu chnh cng thc pha trn khi sn xut ph hp vi cc mc tiu s dng rt khc nhau, cho hiu qu k thut v kinh t ti u. Cng thc pha trn c th thay i c ngha l btng xp nh khng phi l mt sn phm duy nht. Loi tr mt s sn phm c sn, btng xp nh khng phi l sn phm c sn cho mt mc tiu no . N hu nh c sn xut ti cng trng, vi mt cng thc trn ti u ph hp cho mt mc ch s dng nht nh.

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NHM 5

Btng xp nh khng c cc c tnh ging nh btng thng thng: n nh hn v cng lc khng bng btng thng thng. Do chng cng c p dng vo cc mc ch s dng khc nhau vi tnh cht khc nhau. Sn xut b tng xp nh: B tng xp nh c sn xut bng cch trn bt kh c bit vo va ximng. Bt kh c sn xut bng cht to bt . y l mt cht to bt dng lng hiu qu cao, c, hm lng dng rt thp. N c pha vi nc v cp vo my to bt hay my tng ng. Trong my to bt, cht to bt c pha vi nc to ra hn hp dung dch to bt, sau dung dch ny c thi di p lc cao qua u phun ca my. Ti u phun, bt bn vng c to ra vi th tch gp 20-25 ln dung dich to bt. u im ca b tng xp nh: - Chy t do: khng cn sn gt khi vo khun, mt trn lun phng, rt nhn v p. N c th chy n v lp y bt c l hng no. Khng cn san khi sn. - Kh nng phn b ti trng cao: c th dng mng nh tit kim chi ph. - Tnh nng cch m, cch nhit tuyt ho. - Khng gy ra ti trng ngang. - Khng thm nc. - Gi thnh r, khng c hi. - D kim sot cht lng khi sn xut. Phm vi p dng: Cch nhit mi: Dng btng xp nh c t trng thp mi trn: cch nhit rt tt, thi cng nhanh, d dng v rt r. Lp cc ho rnh : Btng xp khng ln. khng cn dng my m m cht, n lp ht cc l hng o ra trong ho, v vy n cho php thi cng san lp rnh rt nhanh, cht lng mt ng rt tt, khng cn ch lu ngy mi hon thin. t ng ng xong l ho thin ng ngay. Lp cc l hng: Va btng xp rt lng d chy nn c th chy n mi v tr kh nht, khe nh nht lp y: c bit hu hiu trong sa cha cng trnh.. Xy tng nh: Cc tng bao khng chu ti c th c xy bng cch khun trc tip trong cp pha. Xy tng rt nhanh v r. C th xy bng gch btng nh c 18

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NHM 5

sn: xy nhanh, lp t in nc d dng, ti trng cng trnh gim ng k gip tit kim rt nhiu chi ph xy mng. Mng tr cu: dng btng nh c ngha l cn t mng hn, ng t cc hn. Xy dng ng hm: Btng xp nh c dng bm vo cc khe, hc to ra khi o hm qua t , bm trm trong hon thin thnh hm. Lm sn nh: dng btng nh t trng thp thi cng sn nh, sn bi hay cc mt phng trong cng trnh rt nhanh, d dng, mt rt phng , gi thnh r. Bt kim loi (Metal foam) Bt kim loi l mt cu trc t bo bao gm mt kim loi vng chc (kim loi thng l nhm) c cha mt phn nh khi lng ln cc l rng cha y kh. Cc l rng c th c nim phong (cu trc closed-cell), hoc h c th hnh thnh mt mng li lin kt vi nhau (cu trc open-cell). c tnh ca bt kim loi l mt xp rt cao: thng 75-95% khi lng bao gm khong trng lm cho nhng vt liu siu nh. Bt kim loi c bn ln, mt loi vt liu dy c 20% l nhiu hn hai ln nh mnh m nh l mt vt liu dy c 10%. Bt kim loi thng gi li mt s tnh cht vt l ca c bn ca kim loi. Bt c lm t kim loi khng chy s vn khng chy v bt thng c ti ch tr thnh dng kim loi ca n. H s gin n nhit cng s vn tng t trong khi dn nhit hoc nh hn.

Cu trc closed cell

Cu trc open-cell

Hnh 16. Cu trc closed cell & Cu trc open-cell Cu trc open-cell

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NHM 5

Cu trc open-cell thng s dng polyurethane lm b khung c ng dng lm cht trao i nhit (lm mt thit b, PCM trao i nhit), hp thu nng lng, khi lng ring nh. Do chi ph sn xut cao nn thng c s dng trong cng ngh tin tin, hng khng v tr. Vi bt kim loi c cu trc open-cell ln c th nhn thy bng mt thng, c s dng trong cng nghip ha cht. Bt kim loi c s dng trong lnh vc trao i nhit nh gn tng cng truyn nhit nhng c th mt gim p lc b sung. Do , s dng vt liu ny cho php gim kch thc vt l ca mt b trao i nhit v chi ph ch to. Cu trc closed-cell Bt kim loi c cu trc ny thng c lm bng cch tim mt loi kh hoc pha trn mt cht to bt (thng xuyn TiH2) vo kim loi nng chy. Kch thc ca l rng thng l 1 n 8 mm. Bt kim loi c cu trc closed c s dng ch yu nh l cht hp th, tng t nh bt polymer trong mt chic m bo him xe p nhng cho c tc dng cao hn. Khng ging nh nhiu bt polymer, bt kim loi vn b bin dng sau khi tc ng v do ch c th c s dng mt ln. Bt kim loi nh (thng l 10-25% mt ca mt hp kim ging ht nhau khng xp, thng bng nhm) v cng, thng xuyn c xut nh l mt vt liu kt cu trng lng nh. Tuy nhin, n khng c s dng rng ri cho mc ch ny. Bt kim loi c cu trc ny c kh nng chng chy v ti ch ca bt kim loi khc nh kh nng ni trn nc.

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NHM 5

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ha Keo, Mai Hu Khim,NXB i Hc Quc Gia TP.HCM, 2009. 2. Ha Keo, Nguyn Th Thu, NXB i hc S Phm, 2004. 3. Foam and foam films, Exerowa, D.; Kruglyakov, P.M.; Elsevier: New York; 1998. 4. The physics of foams, Weaire, D.; Hutzler, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1999. 5. Update on Syntactic Foams, Bibin John, C.P. Reghunadhan Nair, United Kingdom, 2010 6. Integral Foam Molding of Light Metals, Carolin Koerner

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