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Mining Product Reputations on the Web

Satoshi Morinaga, Kenji Yamanishi

Kenji Tateishi, Toshikazu Fukushima

NEC Corporation
4-1-1, Miyazaki, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa
216-8555, JAPAN. TEL: 81-44-856-2143

NEC Corporation
8916-47, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara
630-0101, JAPAN. TEL: 81-743-72-3341



  
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ABSTRACT

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1.
1.1

INTRODUCTION
Motivation

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SIGKDD 02 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-567-X/02/0007 ... 5.00.

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4.1

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#
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5.

EXPERIMENTS

5.1

Cellular Phones

5.2

PDAs

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CONCLUDING REMARKS

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REFERENCES

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