Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NEC Corporation
4-1-1, Miyazaki, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa
216-8555, JAPAN. TEL: 81-44-856-2143
NEC Corporation
8916-47, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara
630-0101, JAPAN. TEL: 81-743-72-3341
!#" $%
ABSTRACT
1 243
57628:9';<>=0<!?@49A9'6B3C24D>3
EF3C@=>3
572GAC24HI
3C=KJ3LM?+<9'6B93
=0DN
?=03H@J9D6BD76BLM?+3C=09A
29OE3
=L>A
=P<9'6248KAC24HQJ!@4D93L><0==0<!RBA9'6B3C2S
D';6?TL>AC24A8<L><!29UWVX9Q6BDY;3
57<-Z<!=
YZ<0=0F[J3D9'RBF[93\J-3CRRB<J9
A
2H]A
2A
RBF^<_D'@=0Z<F`HA9A:L>AC2@4ACRRBFUba7;6BDM?A
?+<!=>?=0<D<!29DcA
24<5]Ed=0AL><-573C=PeE3
=7L626248f?=03H@J9g=0<!?@49A9'6B3
2D3
2K9';<)Vh29<!=S
24<9UiVX9A
@93L>A9'6BJ-ACRRBF_J3
RRB<J9D7?+<3
?RB<N D73
?626B3C24DA
j+3C@4979AC=08<9
?=03H@J9DkEl=03Lnmo<!j?4A8<-DYA
2He6B9p@4D<D9<q9rLM626248e9<J;26Bs@4<D
93c3Cj49AC62G9';<=0<!?@49A9'6B3C24De3CEt9';3D<f?=03H@J9DU
uO2G9';<>j4AD'6BDK3CEi;@L>A
2S#9<D9cDALM?RB<DYg57<K8<!24<!=0A9<v62wAHxS
Z
A
2J<:DF29AJ-9'6BJ`AC24HyR6248C@6BD9'6dJ`=@RB<DQ93GH<9<0=0LM62<G5);4<9';4<!=
A
2F>8C6BZ<!2_D9A9<L><!29g6BD7AC2z3C?626B3C2:3C=g2439YAD75i<!RR+ADi5);4<9';4<!=
D'@4J;:AC2F_3C?626B3C2`6BD?+3D'6B9'6BZ<{3
=2<8A9'6BZ<M62o24A9'@=0<Um:<f|=0D9
J-3CRRB<J9D9A9<L><!29D}=0<-8AC=0H6248>9AC=08<9~?=03H@J9D7@4D'628cAe8<!24<!=0ACR
D<-AC=0J;\<!248C624<YAC24Hb9';4<!2rY7@D'6248]9';<K=@RB<-DY<q9'=0AJ9K3
?626B3C24D
El=03LAL>3C248Q9';4<LA
2H`A99AJ;`9';=0<<MRBA
j+<!RBD>93z<AJ;G3C?626B3
2kY
RBA
j+<!RBD_62H6BJA9'628n9';<_?+3D'6B9'6BZ<
I2<8A9'6BZ<]H<9<0=0LM62A9'6B3C2rY>9';4<
?=03H@J924ALc<f6B9D<!REY+AC24H_AC2_2@4L><!=6BJA
R7Z
ACR@4<<q?=0<-DD'628_9';4<
H<8
=0<<3CE4DFD9<LJ3C2|H<!24J<9';A9}9';4<7D9A9<L><!29k6BDY62cEAJ9YAC2
3
?626B3C2rUa7;<RBACj<!RB<HQ3
?626B3C24D7A
=0<79';<02M62?@49}6293AC2K3
?626B3C2
HA9A
jAD<U
a7;4<OL626248K3CEk=0<0?@49A9'6B3
2DY6U <UBY9';<|24H628>3
ED9A9'6BD9'6BJACRRBF
Lc<AC2628
Ed@RM62E3C=0LcA9'6B3C262J!R@4H<H62n9';<:HA9ACj4AD<Y6BD_9';<!2
J-3C24Hx@4J9<H+Umo<:D'?+<J06EF[9A
=08<9_J-A9<83C=6B<D_@D'6248bRBACj<!RKZ
ACRS
@4<D_D'@4J;wAD?+3D'6B9'6BZ<o3
?626B3C24D_3CE?=03H@J-9{fA
2H]?+<!=E3
=0L
Eh3C@=_9'F?<DQ3
E>9<q9KLM626248\<q9'=0AJ9'6B3C23CEK{J;A
=0AJ9<0=6BD9'6BJ
5i3C=0HDYOJ3
S'3J-J!@==0<02J<K573
=0HDY+9'F?6BJACRiD<!29<!24J<DY+E3
=e62S
H6BZ6BH@A
R9AC=08<-9{J-A9<83C=6B<DYA
2HwMJ3
==0<D'?+3
2H<!24J<oA
2A
RBFD'6BD
AL>3C248KLf@RB9'6?RB<>9AC=08<9JA9<83C=6B<DU
J9'@A
RLcAC=P<-9'628HA9A6BD~@4D<HK93H<L>3
2D9'=0A9<9';4<ZCA
R6BHx6B9#F
A
2HK<!<J9'6BZ<02<DDi3CEr9';<7Ed=0AL><573
=P+Y57;6BJ;K3
+<!=0D7AeH=0AD9'6BJ=0<!S
H@4J9'6B3C2K62K9';4<73
Z<!=0A
RR+J3D9}3
E=0<!?@9A9'6B3C2zAC24ACRBFD'6BD3
Z<!=g9';4A93
E
J-3C2Z<029'6B3C24ACRD'@=0Z<FzAC??=03AJ;<-DeAC24HoD'@??3C=09De9';4<MH6BDJ3
Z<!=0F
3
EP23
57RB<H8<MEl=03L9';4<?+33
Rg3CE3
?626B3C24D3C2_9';4<57<!jrU
1.
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Motivation
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
permission and/or a fee.
SIGKDD 02 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-567-X/02/0007 ... 5.00.
!#&'
&#
$%
)(*+ ,- &.//
$%
'0
1243
5)62489';<}=0<0?@49A9'6B3
2D73
E+F3
@=i3
572KAC24HI
3C=iJ3L?+<9'6B93C=0DN
?=03Hx@4J9DO6BD76BLM?3C=09AC29E3C=)L>AC=P<9'628KA
2HzJ!@D93L><!==0<!RBA9'6B3C2S
D';6?:L>AC24A8<L><!29U)O@<D9'6B3
224AC6=0<KD'@=0Z<FDAC=0<eJ3
2H@4J9<HQE3
=
9';6BDf?@=?3D<YA
2HG3C?+<!2s@<D9'6B3
2DAC=0<c8<!24<!=0ACRRBF`@4D<H_62]9';<
;43C?+<3CEg8AC62628zZCA
R@A
jRB<62E3
=0L>A9'6B3
2`A
j+3C@49O=0<0?@49A9'6B3
2DU
uO24<O?=03CjRB<L62zH<ACR6248K576B9';QD'@=0Z<-F>HA9A6BD79';4A979';4<L>AC2S
@4ACRg;A
2HR628G3CE76B96BDej+39';J!@Lej+<!=0D3L><KAC24H`Z<0=0F_J3D9'RBFYt<D'S
?+<J06BACRRBF\57;<02`6B9K<q6BD9DM62bRBA
=08<zZ3CR@4L><YA
2H]J3LM?@9<!=6B^-<H
LM62628c3CEr3C?+<02QA
2D5i<!=0Dd6U <UY9';4<AC24D57<!=0Dg93e3C?<!2zs@<D9'6B3
2D0
6BDJ0=@J!6BA
RUe3
=e9';6BD?@=?+3D<Yk57<;4A
Z<e?=0<-Z6B3C@4D'RBFo?=03
?+3D<-HoA
9<q9'S#J!RBADD'6|JA9'6B3C2S#9#F?+<_D'@=0Z<F:AC24ACRBFD'6BD>933
R9';4A96BDe?A
=S
9'6BJ!@RBAC=RBFw57<!RRS#D'@6B9<-Hb93Qj=0AC24H6BLcA8<KA
2A
RBFD'6BDU]a);=03C@48C;43C@49
9';6BDO?4AC?+<!=
Y457<=0<!E<0=93c9';6BD933CRtADf0U
239';<!=K?=03CjRB<L6BDK9';4A9M6B9>6BDQZ<!=0F]J3D9'RBF]93`8A9';4<!=z9';<
RBAC=08<eZ3
R@L><3CEr;6B8
;Qs@4ACR6B9#FQD'@=0Z<FcHA9AY57;6BJ;Q6BD}24<J<-DDAC=0F
E3
=7L><-AC2628
Ed@RtAC24ACRBFD'6BD3CE+=0<!?@9A9'6B3C24DUuO2<AC??=03AJ;_57;6BJ;
?=03LM6BD<D93{=0<-Hx@4J<>J3D9D62]9';6BD=0<8A
=0Ho6BDe9';<=0<J<!29'RBF_?=03
S
?+3D<H:!rdd0x#Cd
C#Y57;6BJ;>6BD7A
jRB<93eA
@93L>A9'6BJA
RRBF
<q9'=0AJ9}3
?626B3C24DA
j+3C@497D'?+<-J!6|J?=03H@J9DiADg<q?=0<-DD<HQ3
2K9';<
57<!jrUa7;6BD}JA
2>j+<79';43C@48C;9g3CEADgAOP624H{3
E62E3C=0L>A9'6B3C2z<q9'=0AJ!S
9'6B3C2zD<<Y
<U 8UYB!#Y C#Y-C#Y
'Y C#Y 3C=tADkA7P624HM3
Es@4<D9'6B3
2S
AC24D57<!=6248MD<-<}<U 8UBYBC#YB
'YB#Y 'YB CC#YB
#YBC#YB-C#Y h!Y'j+39';
3CEi57;6BJ;_;4ACZ<><q9<!24D'6BZ<0RBFj+<-<!2`<-q?RB3
=0<Ho62:9';4<f|4<!RBH`3
Eg57<!j
9<q97=0<9'=6B<Z
A
RU
a7;4<?@=?3D<`3
E9';6BDQ?4AC?+<0=Q6BD_93o?=03
Z6BH<`A]8<!2<0=0ACRe24<5
Ed=0AL><573
=PQE3
=A
@93L>A9'6BJ-ACRRBF`J3
RRB<J9'6248_AC24HoA
2A
RBF^!6248_3C?62S
6B3C24DK3C2w9';4<_Vh29<0=2<9UGmy6B9';w6B9Y~6B96BDv?3DD'6jRB<o93_H=0AD9'6BJA
RRBF
=0<H@J-<{939ACRiJ3D9DeE3
=L>AC=P<9'628_=0<D<A
=0J;AC24H`AC24ACRBFD'6BD>A
2H
93_D'@??+3
=09K9';<>P243C57RB<H8<_H6BDJ3
Z<0=0Fy3
2]9';4<_Vh29<0=2<9Ua);6BD
Ed=0AL><573
=Po;4ADej+<<!2wJ!=0<-A9<HojF:J3Lfj626248]9';<K3
?626B3C2<qS
9'=0AJ-9'6B3C2c9<J;26Bs@<7H<Z<!RB3C?+<-HM62Q C
576B9';9<q9rLM626248eL><9';43HS
3CRB38C6B<DYg9#573K3CEi5);6BJ;]57<!=0<e?=0<-Z6B3C@4D'RBFy<-LM?RB3
F<Ho62w#U
a7;<P<FK93>9';4<eJ3Lej624A9'6B3
2`3
Eg3C?626B3
2`<-q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2`576B9';_9<-q9
LM62628e6BD!rdlB!BdUVh29';4<73C?626B3
2z<q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2>?=03J<DDY
RBACj<!RBDA
=0<A99AJ;4<Hz93M<AJ;3CEt9';<3C?626B3
2DYrAC24HQ9';4<!2rYx629';<
9<q9LM62628K?=03J-<DDY+D'@?<!=0Z6BD<H_RB<AC=2628QEl=03LRBACj<!RB<H:3C?62S
6B3C24D6BDJ3C24H@J9<-Ho93K<q9'=0AJ9D9A9'6BD9'6BJA
RRBF`L><A
26248CEd@RP243C57RS
<H8<Y457;6BJ;:57<=0<!E<0=93M;4<!=0<MAD''rdU
r<9@4D_=03C@48C;RBF[6RR@D9'=0A9<b;3
59';4<?=03C?3D<HEd=0AL><573
=P
573
=PDUb@D<0=762?@49DYE3
=7<qALM?RB<Y9';=0<<}d?+<!=0D3C24ACRrH6B8CS
6B9ACRtADD'6BD9A
29D0)?=03Hx@4J972AL><Ded?=03Hx@4J9DYY4AC24H_!Ua7;<
DFD9<L9';4<!2_J-3CRRB<J9D?+<3
?RB<N D3
?626B3C24DeACj3C@499';4<LEd=03LT9';<
Vh29<0=2<9eA
2HGA99AJ;4<DM9';=0<<MRBA
j+<!RBD>93z<AJ;r{9';<2AL><>3CE
9';4<v?=03H@J9e=0<!E<0==0<H`93Y~9';4<v?3D'6B9'6BZ<I24<8A9'6dZ<Q2A9'@=0<K3CE
9';4<O3
?626B3C2rY+AC24HK3C?626B3
2SR6BP<!RB6B2<DDY6U <UBYAe2@L><0=6BJACRrZ
ACR@4<
a7;6BDK933CR6BDKA
Z
AC6RBA
jRB<ojF]9';4<Q2AL><_3CEf@=0Z<-FO24ACRBF^<!=_62
AC?4AC2rU@=0Z<F2A
RBF^<!=-6BDMAz9'=0AH<L>AC=P3CE773C=?+3
S
=0A9'6B3
2_62GAC?4AC2rU
Related Work
RB9';3
@8
;Q3
@=g?=03C?+3D<H{Ed=0AL><573
=PMEh3C==0<!?@9A9'6B3C2LM626248C
J-3Lej624A9'6B3
2Q3
E9#5737J3LM?+3
2<!29Dt3C?626B3
2Q<-q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2KAC24He9<q9
L626248o@4D'628]fY6BDe24<562]9';4<KAC=0<A_3
EL>A
=P<9'6248Yg<AJ;]3
E
9';4<J3LM?3C24<!29Df6B9D<0REACRBD3K;AD23
Z<0RB9'F_AC24H:<!+<J9'6BZ<!24<DDfEh3C=
L>A
=P<9'6248U
uO?626B3
2<-q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2kY3
2<_3
Ee9';4<{P<-Fy9<-J;23
RB38
6B<D{@4D<Hy62
3C@=QEl=0AL><5i3C=P+Y57ADzH<Z<!RB3C?<H[jFbaA9<!6BD';6YVXD';6B8C@=03YeA
2H
@P@D';6BL>A` C
'UVX976BDeJ!RB3D<!RBF=0<0RBA9<H:93:d0Mdz0x#
dM9<-J;26Bs@4<DKD<<<U 8UYB!#Yk C#YkB
'Yr
'Yr
'Yr!Y62:57;6BJ;
A_57=0AC??+<!=c3C=A_D'?+<-J!6|Jz<q9'=0AJ-9'6B3C2]?=03J-<Hx@=0<{6BDej@6RB9>A
@93
S
L>A9'6BJACRRBFn3C=zL>A
2@A
RRBF[A
2Hb@4D<H\93`<q9'=0AJ9QD'?<J!6|4Jo?6B<-J<D
3CEi62E3
=0L>A9'6B3
2]=0<s@<-D9<HojF_AQ@4D<!=
U>3
=<qAL?RB<Yi;3
?j39
C#Y 7@4D<DKa_n9A8DK93:AC@493L>A9'6BJACRRBF\<-q9'=0AJ9>?=03Hx@4J9
?=6BJ<D>3
=KD'?+<J!6|4JA9'6B3C24DU\uO@=M?=03C?3D<H]Ed=0AL><-573C=P+YjF:57A
F
3CEgJ-3C29'=0AD9Y+A99AJ;<-DORBACj<!RBDe93><q9'=0AJ9<HQ62E3C=0L>A9'6B3C2rYk57;6BJ;
L>A
P<DM6B9e?+3DD'6jRB<:93_AC??RBF]A_D'@?+<!=0Z6BD<H]RB<AC=26248yA
??=03AJ;
93Q9<-q9eLM626248YgA
2H`9';6BDeH6BD9'628
@6lD';<-Dv6B9eEd=03LJ3
2Z<!29'6B3
2A
R
62E3C=0L>A9'6B3C2G<q9'=0AJ-9'6B3C2G9<J;26Bs@<DU
uO?626B3
2<-q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2nJAC2ACRBD3`j+<Q9';43C@48C;9z3CEADKAP624H\3CE
d-
!lkD<<g<U 8UBY-C#Y C#YB#Y 'YB
C#YB
!Y
57;6BJ;:;ADe<q9<!24D'6BZ<!RBFoj<<!2G<q?RB3
=0<Ho62G9';<|<!RBH:3CEi9<q9=0<!S
9'=6B<Z
ACRUvVh2_EAJ9Y6B9eJA
2_j+<>J3
2H@J-9<HojF_AD'P6248_AC2:3
=0Hx624AC=0F
DFD9<L57;A9{3
?626B3C24D_<q6BD9KE3C=K9A
=08<9>?=03Hx@4J9DUna7;<
nDFD9<L576RRg3C@49'?@493C?626B3
2DY8
6BZ628z<AJ;_AR6P<!R6;433H`3CE
6B9DMj+<0628`624J!R@H<Hb62AC2wAC24D57<!=K93:9';4A9>s@4<D9'6B3C2rUwL>3
28
\DFD9<L>DY4aA9<!6BD';6r<9U ACRUBN D7DFD9<-L CC+6BD}?4AC=09'6BJ0@RBA
=RBF_57<!RR
D'@6B9<HK933C?626B3C2z<q9'=0AJ-9'6B3C2zD'62J-<)6B9?=0<!?A
=0<DgD'?+<J!6BA
R6B^<HQH6BJ!S
9'6B3C24AC=6B<-D)Eh3C=iL>AC3C=7?=03Hx@4J9}|4<!RBHDAC24HM@26Bs@4<eDF29AJ9'6BJ=@RB<D
E3
=QJ-ACRBJ!@RBA9'6248[3
?626B3C2SR6P<!R6B2<
DDUa7;4<D<Q6BLM?=03CZ<`3C?626B3C2S
D<A
=0J;z=0<D'@RB9DD'6B8
26|4JAC29'RBFY+A
2HK6B9)=0<0?+3C=09<HRBFK3C+<0=0DOAe?4AC=09'6BJ!S
@RBAC=RBF`;6B8
;b=0A9<{3
EAJJ!@=0AJ-Fy576B9';]=0<D'?+<-J9M93:D<A
=0J;628G3C@49
3C?626B3C24DMA
j+3C@49eA>9AC=08<9O?=03H@J9n?=0<J06BD'6B3C2`=0A9<M3
EgU
E3
=e9';4<>93C?w
U3CEi939A
RgD<AC=0J;o=0<-D'@RB9DY57;6RB<K9';<M?3C=09'6B3C2
3CE939ACR4D<A
=0J;>=0<-D'@RB9D7AJ9'@4ACRRBF>J3
29AC62628c3C?626B3
2DY43Cj49AC624<H
jF:AQ8<02<!=0A
RS?@=?+3D<:D<A
=0J;]<028
62<:#338CRB<f57AD{xU 62
939A
R
C#U
gAC=6B3
@D9<q9L626248_9<J;26Bs@<-Df;4A
Z<Mj+<-<!2`A
??R6B<H]93KAC2S
ACRBF^0628z3C?+<!2AC24D57<!=0D762_s@4<D9'6B3
224AC6B=0<>HA9AY62J0R@H628_9';43D<
57;6BJ;<LM?RB3CFw9<q9'S#J!R@4D9<!=628\9<-J;26Bs@4<D]<U 8UBYe-Ch!Ua7;<
6BH<AQ;<0=0<M6BDM93zZ6B<5<AJ;GAC24D57<!=ADAKZ<J-93C=c3CEi573C=0HDYkA
2H
93KJ!R@4D9<!=eZ<J93C=0D3C2:9';4<fj4AD'6BDe3
EgD'6BLM6RBAC=6B9#F`L><AD'@=0<-DU@4J;
L><9';43HDMA
=0<{<0+<J9'6BZ<vEh3C=D'@4L>L>AC=6B^0628b8
=03C@?6248AC24D57<!=0DY
j@9g9';<-FeAC=0<7239<!+<J-9'6BZ<OEh3C=g<q9'=0AJ9'628AC24ACRBFD'6BD9A
=08<9J;A
=S
AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJDU7_<-9';3HD~Eh3C=A
2A
RBF^!6248>3C?+<02>A
2D57<0=0D}3
2>9';4<}j4AD'6BD
3CEADD3J!6BA9'6B3C24DOj+<9#57<<!2c573
=0HD;A
Z<OA
RBD3fj<<!2>?=03C?+3D<H_<U 8UBY
B!h!U_3
=0<D'?+<J06|JA
RRdFY+ADD3J!6BA9'6B3C24Dj+<9'5i<<!2z573C=0H>?4AC6=0DAC=0<
JA
RBJ!@RBA9<Hb3
2`9';4<Mj4AD'6BD>3
E9';4<!6=>J-3CS#3JJ!@==0<!24J<De62]3C?+<02]AC2S
D57<!=0DYAC24HQ9';4<F>AC=0<Z6BD'@4ACRRBFQ?=0<D<!29<Hz3C2zAe9'5i3CS#Hx6BLc<!2D'6B3
2A
R
?+3D'6B9'6B3C262+8_L>AC?rUiVh2L>3D93CEg9';4<?=0<Z6B3C@4De573C=Pz3
2Q?+3D'6B9'6B3C2S
6248oL>A
?DYr=0<Hx@24HA
29>573C=0HD9<!2HG93_AC??+<AC=c933QEd=0<s@4<!29'RBFY
L>A
P628>9';4<L>AC?4D};4AC=0HK93e@24H<0=0D9AC24HpUia);6BD7D'@488<D9D9';<724<!S
J<DD'6B9#F`3CE?=0<!?=03J<DD'6248yD9<0?`62\57;6BJ;wJ;A
=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJ_5i3C=0HD
AC=0<|=0D9<q9'=0AJ-9<HpU
n9<q9gJ!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B32:A
??=03AJ;93MD'@=0Z<-F>AC24ACRBFD'6BD;AD}j+<<!2
?=03C?+3D<H`jFo+67A
2H`gALcAC26BD';6eB
'UKa<-q9DeJ3C24D'6BD9>3CE)3C?+<!2
AC24D57<!=0DKJ3
29AC624<Hb62\s@4<D9'6B3
224AC6=0<`=0<D'@RB9DYAC24HbJA9<83
=6B<D
AC=0<_D'?<J!6|4<H[3
2n9';<Qj4AD'6BDz3CEJ!RB3D<H\AC24D57<!=0D:d6U <UYA
2D57<0=0D
93KJ!RB3D<-Hos@4<D9'6B3C24DYkE3
=e57;6BJ;_?+3DD'6jRB<K=0<D'?+3
2D<D;4A
Z<ej+<<!2
R6BLM6B9<H+YAD>62nJ;<JPbR6BD9D0!UTVd2n9';6BDzAC??=03AJ;kYA`J!RBADD'6|4JA
S
9'6B3C2\=@RB<:9';A9QADD'6B8
2D_AG9<q9>6293y3
2<:3CED3L><Q2@4Lfj+<0=_3CE
JA9<83
=6B<DM6BDMRB<A
=2<-HEl=03L9'=0AC62628G<qALM?RB<DYgAC24H]9';<>P<FS
573
=0HD>9';4A9cAC??+<AC=K629';<K=@RB<_JA
2]j+<Q9';43C@48C;9K3CEAD>9';43D<
9';4A9A
=0<>J;A
=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJK3
E79';4<MJ-A9<83C=0FUea7;4<fP<FQ93K9';6BDeAC?S
?=03AJ;_6BDD'@?+<!=0Z6BD<-HoRB<AC=26248{Ed=03LRBACj+<!RB<-H`<qAL?RB<DY+57;6BJ;
6BD757<0RRS'D'@6B9<Hz93e9';<AC24ACRBFD'6BD3
Ek9';4<7RBACj+<0RB<HQ3
?626B3C24D9';4A9g9';<
3C?626B3C2]<q9'=0AJ9'6B3C2:DFD9<-L?=03H@J-<DU
Vd2]3C@=eEd=0ALc<573C=P:5i<>J3Lej62<zAC2:62E3
=0L>A9'6B3
2\<q9'=0AJ9'6B3C2
k6B8
@=0<Q8
6BZ<DA>3
53
Z<0=0Z6B<5E3C=3C@=e=0<!?@49A9'6B3
2]LM62628
User
Reputation
Product names
Web page
collection
Mining results
Analysis
condition
Characteristic Word
Co-occurrence
Positive/negative
determining
Opinion-likeliness
calculation
Opinion Extraction
Typical Sentence
Opinion
Database
Correspondence
Reputation Analysis
hG>k
d+bGXk
El=0AL><5i3C=P+Ua7;4<oDFD9<-L?+<0=E3C=0L>DK9#573oEd@2J-9'6B3C24Db3
?626B3C2
<-q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2\AC24Ho=0<!?@49A9'6B3C2AC24ACRBFD'6BDUG@D<!=cJA
2y|=0D9e62?@9
?=03H@J9724AL><-D<U 8UBY=03H@J9DiMYYA
2HYACRRr3CEr57;6BJ;_A
=0<
J-<!RR@RBA
=o?;43C24<D0v6293]9';4<oDFD9<LzYAC24H\9';<_3
?626B3C2<-q9'=0AJ!S
9'6B3
2`Ed@2J-9'6B3C2w576RR7@D<KAzD<AC=0J;]<!248C624<Q93zJ3CRRB<J-9>57<!j:?A8<D
9';4A962J!R@4H<_9';3D<{24AL><DUVX99';<02b<-q9'=0AJ9D>D<029<!2J-<D>9';4A9
<-q?=0<DDc!rddk=0<8A
=0Hx6248Q9';4<D<e?=03H@4J9DA
2HQ62?@49De9';4<L
6293zAC2:3
?626B3C2]HA9A
jAD<Uea7;4<M9<q9LM626248QEd@24J9'6B3
2kYr57;6BJ;
6BDi9';<7LcAC3
=7D'@j<J9i3CE+9';6BD}?4AC?+<!=
Y9ACP<-D7AD62?@497AC2KA
2A
RBFD'6BD
J-3C24Hx6B9'6B3
2bD'?<J!6EF6248o9';4<>9A
=08<9eJA9<83
=0FYrAC24H6B9e3
@9'?@9De6B9D
L626248{=0<D'@RB9DU
3.
OPINION EXTRACTION
7a ;4<M3
?626B3C2w<q9'=0AJ9'6B3C2`El@24J9'6B3C2J3C24D'6BD9De3CE9';4<eE3CRRB3
57628
Lc3Hx@RB<D
C#+mo<!je?4A8<}J-3CRRB<J9'6B3
2zL>3Hx@RB<Y?3D'6B9'6BZ<I24<8A9'6BZ<
H<9<!=0L626248MLc3Hx@RB<YAC24HM3
?626B3C2SR6P<0R624<DDJACRBJ0@RBA9'6B3C2_Lc3HxS
@RB<
U>zC
e0dB0CdK
xB
a7;6BDL>3H@RB<f@4D<DA>J!=0A
57RB<!=93>J3
RRB<J95i<!jQ?4A8<D7=0<!RB<Z
AC2993
62?@9?=03Hx@4J92AL><DU
U77-dd
+#xd
O
!dlM
xB
43C=K<AJ;w3
E9';4<QJ-3CRRB<J9<-Hb?A8<DYi9';6BDKL>3H@RB<Q|=0D9><q9'=0AJ9D
D<-9De3CED<!29<02J<-DM9';4A9e62J0R@H<`
Bd!r'0!-dACj+3
@9
9';4<O?=03H@J9DUia7;<D<A
=0<J;<JP<-H{576B9';zAe?=0<Z6B3
@D'RBFK?=0<0?A
=0<H
Bd#0!+#00dd
Xl!
U4VX9k9';4<!2D<!RB<-J9D~El=03L\ALc3C248
9';4<LD<029<!2J-<D62`57;6BJ;:<-ZCA
R@A9'6B3C2w<q?=0<DD'6B3C24DAC=0<eRB3JA9<H
576B9';62:AJ<!=09A
62_H6BD9AC24J<3CE9';4<O=0<0RB<Z
AC29O?=03H@J9724AL><YA
2H
6B9kH<D'6B8
2A9<D}9';4<D<gADr3C?626B3
2DUi<!=0<<AJ;c<Z
ACR@4A9'6B3
2S#<q?=0<DD'6l3C2
6BDQ=0<8
6BD9<!=0<H\62n9';<`H6BJ9'6B3
2A
=0F[AD{j+<!6248b<06B9';<!=_?3D'6B9'6BZ<]3
=
24<8A9'6BZ<U3C=<qAL?RB<Y62G9';4<|<!RBH:3CEgJ-3LM?@9<0=<s@6?4L><!29Y
XEhAD9Y '833HpY XR6B8
;9Y T'DA9'6BD'|<H+Y yA
2HTX=0<J-3L>L><02HACjRB<
AC=0<K?+3D'6B9'6BZ<o<-ZCA
R@A9'6B3C2<q?=0<DD'6B3C24DY57;6RB<\X;4<A
ZFY #<AD'6RBF
j=03CP<02kY o23
6BDFY >AC24H]X@2D9A
jRB<cAC=0<72<-8A9'6BZ<UuO2v9';<7j4AD'6BD
3CE<-ZCA
R@A9'6B3C2<-q?=0<DD'6B3
2H6BJ9'6B3
2A
=0F[<!29'=6B<-DY9';4<[?+3D'6B9'6BZ<
3C=:2<-8A9'6BZ<_2A9'@=0<>3
E<AJ;G3C?626B3
2b6BDeH<9<!=0LM624<H+Yg9ACP6248
6293KAJJ-3C@29Y2A9'@=0A
RRBFYpR6248C@6BD9'6lJv24<8A9'6B3C2rUVhEYxEh3C=<qAL?RB<Y
AC2:62;<!=0<029'RBFX?+3D'6B9'6BZ<:<q?=0<DD'6B3C2]R6P<yRB3
5)S#J3D9QA
??+<-AC=0D
576B9';62wAzJ<!=09AC62Hx6BD9A
2J<K3
EA{24<8A9'628:<q?=0<DD'6B3C2rYgD'@J;]AD
X624D'@KJ!6B<!29Y K9';<e3
?626B3C2:AD7AM57;43CRB<e576RRkj<H<<L><HwX24<8A
S
9'6BZ<U
UM+rdd'BBd0i!B
BXl>M
B
3
=<AJ;c3C?626B3
2z3Cj49AC624<HMjF9';4<}?=0<Z6B3C@4DgL>3Hx@RB<Y9';6BDL>3HS
@RB<>JACRBJ0@RBA9<Df6B9De3
?626B3C2SR6P<!R6B2<D0D>DJ3
=0<Y+A>=0<ACRgZ
A
R@<M=0A
28
S
6248Ed=03LK93_Yk624Hx6BJA9'628]9';4<M=0<!RBA9'6BZ<QR6P<0R6;33H\9';4A99';<
D9A9<-L><!29e=0<!?=0<-D<!29DMA
2]3C?626B3C2rK9';<>;6B8C;4<!=>9';4<KDJ3C=0<Y9';<
;6B8C;4<!=_9';4<QR6P<!R6;33HkUa7;6BDKDJ3
=0<6BDKJA
RBJ!@RBA9<H\@D'6248bDF2S
9AJ-9'6BJf?=03C?+<0=09'F{=@RB<DY+57;6BJ;JAC2:<!6B9';4<!=j+<RB<AC=24<H:L>AC2@4ACRRBF
Ed=03L9'=0AC62628<qALM?RB<-DOD<<e C
E3C=gH<9AC6RBD0g3C=jFeAD9A
2HAC=0H
L>AJ;62<RB<AC=26248{9<-J;26Bs@4<Y4D'@J;KADiH<J06BD'6B3C2S'9'=0<-<!S62H@J
9'6B3
2U
a7;4<ORBACj<!RB<H:3C?626B3
2DAC=0<O62?@96293>9';<3C?626B3
2:HA9ACj4AD<U
aACjRB<e7D';43
5ODgAC2v<qALM?RB<3CE+eD'@4J;>3
?626B3C24DUe#Vh2c9';6BDg?A
?+<!=
Y
ACRR3C?626B3
2D7;4ACZ<7j+<<!2K9'=0A
2D'RBA9<H>Ed=03LAC?4AC24<D<93~248CR6BD';rU
4.
4.1
REPUTATION ANALYSIS
Rule Analysis (Characteristic-Word Extraction)
a7;4<v|=0D9D9<!?`62]LM626248o3
?626B3C24D{;4<!=0<M6BD>93z<q9'=0AJ-9fP<FS
573
=0HD9';A9MA
=0<>62H6BJA9'6BZ<o3
EA_D'?+<J06|<HwJA9<-83C=0FU:Vh2]3
=0H<0=
93>H3K9';6BDY+57<RB<-AC=2G9<q9J!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B3
2]=@RB<DAC24H_ADD3J!6BA9'6B3C2
=@RB<D>Ed=03L<qALM?RB<D:D<<oB
'YB-Ch!U`a7;4<{RB<A
=2<Hb=@RB<DKAC=0<
j4AD'6BJA
RRBFR6BD9De3
Eg573C=0HD9';4A9Lf@4D97j+<f?=0<D<!29E3C=A>24<5[9<-q9
93Mj+<eJ0RBADD'6|4<H6293KA>D'?<J!6|4JMJA9<83
=0FU7a7;4<D<eAC=0<e9';4<K0
C0-dK'e3
Ee9';4<QJA9<83
=0FU]}q9'=0AJ9'6248`J;4AC=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJ
573
=0HDeE3C=c<AJ;]J-A9<83C=0Fo;4<!R?4DM@D93_H6BDJ3
Z<!=KH6+<!=0<02J<-Dv62
3C?626B3C24Dfj+<-9'57<<02_9';4<e9AC=08<-9OJ-A9<83C=0FQA
2H_39';<0=J-A9<83C=6B<DU
a7;4<9AD'Pc3CE+=@RB<!SjAD<HQ9<-q9}J!RBADD'6|J-A9'6B32:JA
2{j<OH<DJ!=6j<H
ADE3CRRB3
5D_m:<{;4ACZ<_A2@4Lej+<!=K3
EeJA9<83
=6B<DY<AJ;\A
R=0<AHF
J3
29AC62628>A2@4Lej+<!=i3CE+9<q9DgAD9'=0A
626248><qALM?RB<D57<iAC=0<793
AC@493LcA9'6BJA
RRBF{AJs@6=0<OAD<9k3
E=@RB<D~El=03Ln9';<LAC24HM9';4<!2cJ!RBAD'S
D'6EF>24<5[9<-q9DO3
2_9';4<jAD'6BD3
E9';43D<AJs@6=0<HQ=@RB<DU7<!=0<e57<
<LM?RB3
FQ9<q9iJ!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B32:j4AD<H_3
2QAz
0d0CBdB
CC#YB#YB
J3
2D'6BD9'6248K3CEtAC2z3C=0H<!=0<HKD<s@4<!24J<e3CEtVXkS#agOS
gb=@RB<DE3C=ADD'6B8C24L><!29e3CE24<5n3C?626B3
2D93>AK8C6BZ<!2:JA9<!S
83
=0FUga7;<J3
2H6B9'6B3C2_?4AC=09#Vo?4AC=090L>A
FM=0<s@6=0<e9';<D'6BLf@RB9ACS
24<3C@4DO?=0<D<!24J<3CEgD<Z<!=0ACRg573
=0HD3
=D'6BL?RBF:9';<?=0<D<!24J<3CEgA
D'6248CRB<573C=0H+YAC24He9';<7J-3C24D<s@<02J<g?A
=097aO}:?A
=090pD'?+<J06|<D
A_JA9<83
=0FU:}AJ;`=@RB<QA
RBD3oA99AJ;<-D>AQ?=03
jA
j6R6l9'Fnd=0<!RBA9'6BZ<
Ed=0<s@4<!24JFOZ
A
R@<93M6B9DADD'6B8C24L><!29U
a7;4<>573C=0HD62]9';4<>J3
2H6B9'6B3C2w?A
=09e3CEi9';<K3Cj49AC624<H`J0RBADD'6|S
JA9'6B3C2`=@RB<DE3
=eAKD'?+<J!6|4JKJA9<-83C=0FQ=0<0?=0<D<029e9';<>J;4AC=0AJ-9<!=S
6BD9'6BJD3CEr3
?626B3C24De9';<0=0<Um:<JA
2Q<-q9'=0AJ97J;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJM5i3C=0HD
E3
=A_D'?+<J!6|4JQJA9<83
=0F629';<K3C?626B3C2wHA9ACj4AD<KjFRB<A
=26248
9<q9gJ!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B32_=@RB<DY@4D'628c9';<3C?626B3
2:HA9ACj4AD<O6B9D<0REkE3
=
9'=0AC626248Q<qALM?RB<-DU
3
=<qAL?RB<Ygk6B8
@=0<{D';43C5DeAzJ!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B32w=@RB<>E3
=9';<
JA9<83
=0F\D'?+<J!6|4<H\jF[ ?=03H@J-9Q2AL>
< J<!RR@RBAC=:?;43C24<`
} d ]{
]>
+
K`kKXd+{
"! #$%
&! ')(
*+
*+,.-+*+/!0-+*
!011 ')(
*+
*+
0!-+-+
-+2(
3
%
!$4 2%1*+&*+5!
6
7 8:9
0!-+-+
-+(
3
!)4;*+1$=<?>@5&*+!%7
0!-+-+
-+2(
3
%
!$4 $# !0A&*+5!
B7 C6
DE1&"!FSRGT<!10-+-+7
-+%H(
3
%
!I4J
1&!0KL!05!M3
%
A3N*+?*+1=1%*+O&NPQ!"*+
05!
*+!0$*+
0!-+-+
-+(
3
!HU $# !0A&*+5!
V
7 V:C
D>@!!0-
"-+*+&-+!$
1&&*+1.WQ!0?R*+3X0!-+-+
-+2(
3
%
!HUYPQ!0
1&!*+3
1>Z!0R[!0>Z
0*+
1
&3
\3
!0["
!-+107
!-+-+
-+%[(
3
!)] 2 %1*+&*+5!
B7 ^
_
Da` b1&*+1cWQ!"R*+&3d=<"(
&!1&![(
3
!fe:!0-+-+
-+2(
3
!)]2eg7
!-+-+
-+%2(
3
!$h 2 %1*+&*+5!
6
7+_TB
i0!-+j-+
-+M(
3
-+<N!)
hS7 R
-+%dWQ5%!""!-+
*+!1SX0!-+-+
-+S(
3
!"U)K21XD?&!0""!
<-AJ;`28
R6BD';\<q?=0<DD'6B3
2`;ADfj<<!2G9'=0AC24D'RBA9<H`Ed=03LAzD'628
RB<
A
?A
2<-D<{Z3JACj@RBAC=0Fo6B9<Lv!U>a7;<|=0D9=@RB<>62H6BJA9<-D>9';A96E
A
2z3C?626B3
2_J3
29AC624DO9';4<<q?=0<DD'6B3C2nj+<!24J;4L>AC=Pc=0<D'@RB9c9';<!2
6B9D';3
@RBHQj<MJ!RBADD'6|<-HoADOA
2:3C?626B3
2`A
j+3C@49J-<!RR@RBA
=M?;43C24<M
576B9';A?=03Cj4ACj6R6B9'F\3
E>Ix-UVhE6B9KH3<DM2439>j@9>H3<DKJ3
2S
9A
62_9';4<573
=0H]'aaeY 9';<02{6B9iD';3
@RBH_A
RBD3Mj+<J0RBADD'6|4<HoAD7AC2
3
?626B3C2ACj+3
@9gJ<!RR@RBAC=i?;43C24<MY
9';43C@48C;z576B9';>A?=03
jA
j6R6l9'F>3
E
ICU}a7;4<e3C?+<02:AC24D57<!=6BD<qALM624<H_62_9';6BD57A
F>576B9';_=0<D'?<J9
93_9';4<>=@RB<-DY}Ed=03Lj+<8
622628]93_<!24H+U_a7;<K<q9'=0AJ9<H]573C=0HD
D'@4J;_ADcXj+<!24J;L>A
=PQ=0<D'@RB9Y `'aaeY e<-9JUgJAC2Kj+<9';3
@8
;9O3
E
J;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJD3CEgJ<!RR@RBAC=e?;43C24<>MY57;6BJ;:57<=0<J-38C26B^<>ADA
=0<0?@49A9'6B3
2`3
Eg9';6BD?=03H@J-9U
Vd2]k6B8C@=0<_Y~El=0<s@<02JF:jA
=0D>H<0239<Q9';4<{2@4Lfj+<0=K3CE3C?62S
6B3
2De62G9';<>J-A9<83C=0F:9';A9eJ3C29A
62]<AJ;:62H6BZ6BHx@4AR573C=0H+Y+=0<!S
D'?<J9'6BZ<0RBFUna);4<Q9#573_2@Lej+<!=0D>62b?4AC=0<029';<D<-D{24<q9K93o<AJ;
<-q?=0<DD'6B3
2`624Hx6BJA9<K9';<2@4Lfj<!=3CEg3
?626B3C24D>J3
29AC62628_<AJ;
<-q?=0<DD'6B3
2o62:9';4<eJA9<83
=0FQAC24H_9';4<eHA9ACj4AD<>ADOAc5);43CRB<Y=0<!S
D'?<J9'6BZ<0RBFU
m:<A
RBD3><LM?RB3
FQADD3J06BA9'6B3C2:=@RB<DJ3
2D'6BD9'6248K3CEgA
2Q3
=0H<0=0<H
D<-s@<!24J<73
E+VkS#aO}SuQ=@RB<DUga7;4<D<~=0<0?=0<D<029k9';4<}D9'=0<!2489';
3
EADD3J!6BA9'6B3
2Dgj+<9'5i<<!2c3C?626B3
2D7A
2HA9AC=08<9JA9<-83C=0FU}AJ;
=@RB<_;AD{A:J3
2H6B9'6B3C2nE3C=vA`8C6BZ<!2nADD3J!6BA9'6B3C2rY3
2<_9';4A9K9';4<
?=0<D<!24J<_3
EeA:D'628
RB<o573
=0H]3C=K9';4<_D'6BLf@RB9AC24<3
@DK?=0<D<02J<_3
E
D3L><e2@Lej+<!=3CEg573
=0HDU)VX9ACRBD3zA99AJ;4<DAM?=03Cj4ACj6R6B9'Fwd=0<!RBACS
9'6BZ<fEl=0<s@<02JFZ
ACR@4<M93><-AJ;_ADD3J06BA9'6B3C2rU
DeAC2]<qALM?RB<Ygk6B8C@=0<Q_D';43C5DADD3J!6BA9'6B3C2w=@RB<DE3C=9';4<
J-A9<83C=0F J<0RR@RBA
=`?;43C24<]O#U7a7;4<o|=0D9Q=@RB<`62H6BJA9<D`9';4A9
9';4<!=0<AC=0<e3C?626B3
2DJ3C29A
626248K9';<<q?=0<DD'6B3C2nj+<!24J;4L>AC=P
=0<-D'@RB9`62\9';4<_3C?626B3C2HA9ACj4AD<YAC24Hb9';4A9KACRR3CE9';<LA
=0<
.ay|qZa c@ c@
qay0&qZa +H &++.q .q
&++@c Z
u+a. q @
0 q .
qZqa @ c
+aZ .| y . q
Qcu@ . q
Z +q . c
.|qu c .
T.c.y
d+j+"N
2 d
d+\Kd
"+NMQ.dd"k+kM
62G9';<JA9<-83C=0F_3
E ?=03Hx@4J9O24ALc<NJ<0RR@RBA
=M?;3
2<cO#Ua7;<
9';6=0Hv=@RB<O624H6BJA9<D9';4A962K9';4<O3
?626B3C24DA9kRBAC=08<9';4<!=0<AC=0<
3C?626B3C24DJ3
29AC62628K9';4<O5i3C=0H`EAD9AC24HK9';A9O-M3
Ek9';4<LAC=0<
3C?626B3C24D=0<8A
=0Hx6248KJ<!RR@RBAC=e?;3
2<MUa7;4<D<e<q9'=0AJ9<HQ5i3C=0HD
3C=iJ3Lfj62A9'6B3C24D3
E+573C=0HDgJAC2>j<9';43C@48C;9g3CErADgJ;4AC=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJ
3CEg9';4<eJA9<83
=0FU
3
=K?@=?+3D<-D_3CEJ3LM?A
=6BD3C2rYORB<-9{@4DvRB33
P\A9{AG573C=0H];6BD'S
938
=0ALQYi57;6BJ;\J3
2D'6BD9z3CE573
=0HD>R6BD9<H]62\H<DJ<!24Hx6248b3
=0H<0=
576B9';o=0<-D'?+<J9e93K9';4<M2@Lej+<!=3
E73
?626B3C24D>J3
29AC62628:9';4<L62
9';4<MJA9<83
=0FU7k6B8
@=0<c>D';3
5DAc573C=0HQ;6BD938
=0ALE3
=9';<eJA9'S
<83C=0Fb J<!RR@RBAC=z?;43C24<_O#U39<Q9';4A9>D'@4J;b8<!24<!=6BJ_573C=0HD>AD
'H3c3C=Kj+<J3L><573C@RBHQ3
jZ6B3C@4D'RBFQ;A
Z<23=0<!RB<Z
AC24J<e933C@=
?@=?+3D<DU
Vd2>J3
2D9'=@4J9'6248eJ!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B3C2_A
2HADD3J06BA9'6B3C2K=@RB<DY57<<-LMS
?RB3CF]D93J;AD9'6BJoJ-3LM?RB<q6B9'Fn!ADcAoJ!=6B9<0=6B3C2\E3
=KD<!RB<J9'6248
573
=0HDU]7<0RB3C557<KH<DJ!=6j+<:9';<zL>A9';4<L>A9'6BJDK3CED'@J;wD<!RB<J!S
9'6B3C2rU
m:<>H<!239<MAK9<q9576B9';oRBA
j+<!HR AD_0KAC24Ho9';4A9576B9';`A
2F
39';4<!=eRBA
j+<!RAD_'U a7;<!=0<0jF_57<>H<!239<KAQD<9e3
E79<q9d
D AD
A_j624AC=0FwD<s@<02J<Ubm:<QH<!2439<_A:D'@j4D<s@4<!2J-<o3
d
E 57;6BJ;
J3
2D'6BD9Dz3CE9<q9DM624J!R@4Hx6B28wAo5i3C=0H]3C=KA_?;=0AD
< AO
D M
AC24H_9';4<=0<L>AC626248QD<s@4<!24J<MAI
D M !U
r<9 M A
2
H IM j+<}9';4<62E3
=0L>A9'6B3
2S#9';4<3C=0<-9'6BJ
J3LM?RB<-q6B9'FQ3
$E M }AC24O
H M !Y=0<D'?+<J-9'6BZ<!RBFUVd2z8<!24<!=0ACRY
E3
=eA>j624AC=0F:D<s@4<!24JX
< kY6B9D62E3C=0LcA9'6B3C2S#9';<-3C=0<9'6BJzJ3LM?RB<qS
6B9'FYH<!239<HQAI
D . +!Y6BDJACRBJ0@RBA9<H@4D'6248{D93J;4AD9'6BJJ3LM?RB<qS
6B9'FzAD7E3
RRB3C5D
.+M
M
BR 38
8H"/% 1
! "
#$"
&%'
())* ++
G
?@ A
>F ;
DE
BC
' -
?@ A
=> ;
<
9 :;
. 34
. 52 6 +
4"
&) 6
9';4<L_a`cbedgf~Z
ACR@4<6BD9';<RBAC=08<D9U7m:<9';4<!2K=0<L>3
Z<Ed=03LT9';<
HA9A9';43D<9';4A9DA9'6BD'EFe9';<iJ3C24Hx6B9'6B3
2_3
E9';4<}|=0D9k=@RB<Ug3
=g9';<
=0<L>A
626248`HA9AY57<>A8AC62wJA
RBJ!@RBA9<Q9';4J
< _a`cb^dcf Z
A
R@<>E3
=
<AJ;:3
Eg9';<=0<LcAC62628Q?+3DD'6jRB<>=@RB<DY+AC24H_D<!RB<J-9ADA>D<J3
2H
=@RB<Q9';4A9eE3C=c57;6BJ;w9';J
< _a`cbedgf fZ
ACR@4<{6BDc9';<>RBAC=08<D9U:mo<
=0<!?+<-A9>9';6BDM?=03J<DD>@29'6R57<KJA
22439|24H]AC2Fo=@RB<Q57;6BJ;w6BD
D'6B8C26|4JAC29e62_9<!=0LcDO3
jE _a`cb^dcf !U
Vd2]9';<RB<AC=2628G3CEADD3J!6BA9'6B3
2b=@RB<DY57<>J-ACRBJ!@RBA9<Yg3
2]9';<
j4AD'6BD3CEiACRRg9';4<>HA9AYrJ
A _a`cb^dcf ZCA
R@<E3C=<AJ;`3
E79';4<M?+3D'S
D'6jRB<Q=@RB<DYiAC24H]D3C=099';<K=@RB<D62bH<DJ<02H628]3
=0H<!=c3CE9';4<!6=
_a`cbedgf
)Z
A
R@<DU39<9';A99';6BDeA
RB83C=6B9';4L6BDHx6+<0=0<!29Ed=03L
J3
2Z<!29'6B3
2A
RKADD3J!6BA9'6B3C2=@RB<yL626248\ACRB83C=6B9';4L>DbD<<:<U 8UBY
h!Y57;6BJ;_?<!=E3C=0Lj4AD<-H_3C2:D'@??+3
=09M
#a39ACRr=0<-sU M62:9';6BD
?4AC?+<!=->A
2H]J3
2|4H<02J<]
'=0<sUI
a39A
R=0<sU 629';6BD?A
?+<!=-
3C2RBFU
.+bL62 yRB38?
#
<!=0<Y2H<!2439<De9';4<fRB<0289';]3CEHkY2 9';4<f2@4Lfj<!=3CEc!-D
62rYo RB38 "y? RB38 ? !YAC24H 6BDAJ<!=S
9A
62_?+3D'6B9'6BZ<KJ3C24D9AC29U39<e9';4A99';4<eD93J;AD9'6BJ>J3L?RB<q6B9#F
3
EI
6BD629<!=?=0<-9<HbADM9';4<KD';3
=09<D9>J3H<{RB<!2489';]=0<s@6=0<Hw93
<02J3H<\
@D'6248bA]8
6BZ<!2n?=03
jA
j6R6lD9'6lJyLc3H<!Rzd62n9';6BD_JAD<Y
PO
X
YX
[Z\X
RQ
S
]X
UTWV
^Z
]X
A_i<!=23
@RR6L>3H<!Rlf@2H<!=K9';4<{?=0<!|4q`J3H628:J3C24H6B9'6B3C2 x!#U
<!=0<YD93J;4AD9'6BJJ3LM?RB<q6B9'FM6BDA
RBD3J3
2D'6BH<!=0<H>Ed=03L[9';4<7Z6B<57S
?3C6293CEiA{D9A9'6BD9'6BJACRiH<J!6BD'6B3C2w9';4<3C=0F_A>RB3DDE3C=?=0<H6BJ9'624Y
8
62G9';4<MJAD<M57;4<!=0<e9';4<fRB38AC=6B9';4LM6BJKRB3DDOEl@24J9'6B3C2G6BDO@4D<H_ADA
H6BD93C=09'6B3
2]L><AD'@=0<U7gq9<!2H<H_D93J;AD9'6BJ>J3LM?RB<-q6B9'F_JA
2_j+<
J-3C24D'6BH<!=0<-H`93Mj+<A>8<02<!=0A
Rg<q9<!24D'6B3C2G3CEgD93J;AD9'6BJ>J3LM?RB<-qS
6B9#FY62G9';<D<!24D<M9';4A9A>8<!24<!=0A
R}RB3DDOEd@2J-9'6B3C2:6BDe<LM?RB3CF<H:AD
AcHx6BD93
=09'6B3C2GL><AD'@=0<Kd62]#!Y57<@4D<eA>H6BDJ!=0<9<MRB3DD!U
m:<eJACRBJ0@RBA9<>9';<eDJ-3C=0<e3CHE \AD7E3
RRB3
5OD
q { w M M
_a`cbedcfx
~=0<!?=0<D<!29D762E3C=0L>A9'6B3C2G8A
62`AJ;6B<Z<-HQjF{9';4<eD<!S
RB<-J9'6B3C2:3
E eY57;6BJ;Q629'@6B9'6BZ<0RBF_D';3
5D7;3
5bLe@4J;9';<D93J;4AD'S
9'6BJeJ-3LM?RB<q6B9'F_3
Eg9';<e3
=6B8C624ACRgHA9A>D<-s@<!24J<JAC2zj+<=0<H@J-<H
jFzD<!?4AC=0A9'6248Q6B9O6293z9'573?A
=09D9';A957;6BJ;:J3
29AC624X
D [A
2H
9';4A957;6BJ;:H3<-DO2439U7nRBAC=08<0h
= _a`cbedgf i624H6BJA9<De9';4A9 6BD
<06B9';<!=J;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJQ3
E79';4<MD<-93CEiACRRi-K9<q9De3C=3CEi9';<D<9
3
EeA
RR`9<-q9DUwVhE57<Q5i<!=0<Q93:<!R6BLM624A9<:9';<zD<J3
2Hw9<!=0L
El=03LD93J;4AD9'6BJeJ-3LM?RB<q6B9'FKE3C=0Le@RBA{!YRB<A
Z628K3
2RBFK9';4<O<02S
9'=03
?F`9';<e|=0D99<!=0LK!PY _a`b^dcf 7573C@RBH:9';<!2_j<J3Lc<><s@6BZS
A
RB<!29e93Q9';4<Lf@49'@A
R62Eh3C=0L>A9'6B3C2w3CE9<02_@D<H_62GH<J06BD'6B3C2S'9'=0<-<
D'?R6B99'6248 CC#U`39'6BJ<>;4<!=0<K9';A9MD93J;4AD9'6BJ!S#J3LM?RB<-q6B9'FSXj4AD<-H
_a`b^dcf
k6BDOAL>3
=0<?=0<J06BD<eL><AD'@=0<e3CE+62E3C=0LcA9'6B3C2:624J!R@H<H
62zAeHA9AeD<s@4<!24J<3
E+|26B9<ORB<!2489';z9';4AC2K<029'=03C?FYAC24HK9';<7E3
=S
Lc<!=576RRrJ3C2Z<!=08<93M9';4<ORBA99<!=ADi9';<RB<!289';_3
Ek9';4<D<-s@<!24J<
624J!=0<AD<De93M62|26B9'FU
Vd2Q9';4<ORB<-AC=2628K3CEtJ!RBADD'6|4JA9'6B32o=@RB<DY5i<JA
RBJ!@RBA9<Y+3C2z9';4<
j4AD'6BDg3CEA
RR9';4<gHA9AYi
A _a`b^dcf pZ
A
R@<}Eh3C=<-AJ;>3
E9';<}?3DD'6jRB<
=@RB<DUg<0=0<Y9';4<OJ-3C24Hx6B9'6B3
2:3CE+A=@RB<L>A
Fe62J0R@H<f2439g3C2RBF>9';4<
?=0<D<!24J<:3CE3C24<_573C=0H+Y7j@49KACRBD3`9';4<_D'6BLe@RB9A
2<3
@DQ?=0<D<!24J<
3
EeD<Z<!=0ACR573C=0HDUwmo<zD<!RB<J9KADKA_|=0D9>=@RB<_9';A9ME3
=K57;6BJ;
_a`cbedgf
4.2
Co-occurrence Analysis
3
=`<-AJ;J;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJ\573C=0H3C=:?;=0AD<w<q9'=0AJ9<-H[Ed=03L
3C?<!2\A
2D57<0=0Dvj<!RB3C248C6248\93oAGD'?+<J!6|4JoJ-A9<83C=0FY57<z<q9'=0AJ-9
A{R6BD9c3CE573
=0HD3C=e?;=0AD<D>9';4A9eJ-3CS#3JJ!@=>576B9';]9';4A9573
=0Ho3
=
?;=0AD<Uea7;=03
@8
;`9';6BDR6BD9e57<AC=0<ej+<99<!=ACjRB<>93>@24H<!=0D9AC24H
9';4<eJ3C29<q9D62:57;6BJ;:9';<eJ;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJMP<-F573C=0HDAC??+<AC=
U
aA
jRB<:QD';43
5ODcAoJ3
S#3JJ!@==628`5i3C=0H`R6BD9ME3
=K9';<]#3Uw
} dpdM 02
k +
U3
%&!&*+1&*+ G U,.
&&*+
A G
&! g7
#)
7$_
0
*+
&!
_
-+_
I(
&P
-+!0 Z1
PQ(g!&
*+%(
VB
$k
Pm
rq
lK
jm
Ho
0&!
8
7 8%8:B6
8
7 8%8:B6
8
8
77 8%8%8:8VC68
p
AC24H23Q?=03CjRB<L>_D';43
5)2G62]k6B8C@=0<zxUKmy6B9';G23zJ3C29<q9'@4ACR
62E3C=0L>A9'6B3C2rYJ;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJ`573
=0HD>D'@4J;\AD]#3Un:3C=w23
?=03CjRB<L>e;A
Z<7R6B99'RB<eL><-AC2628eE3C=@4DYj@9gJ3
S'3J-J!@==0<02J<AC24ACRS
FD'6BD7JA
2kYE3C=i<qAL?RB<Y;<0R?{@4D;<!=0<93eD<<9';4A97J-<!RR@RBA
=?;43C24<
6BD=0<J38C26B^<H`ADe9';<3U>>JA
2H6BHA9<>E3C=D3L><-9';6248YA
2H
9';4A9K9';<0=0<Q6BDv243o?=03CjRB<L62bj+339'628`@?\J<!RR@RBAC=_?;43C24<oU
a7;<-D<eJ3C29<q9D;<0R?_E3C=0L=0<!?@49A9'6B3C24DE3
=J-<!RR@RBA
=e?;43C24<MU
7<0RB3C557<H<DJ!=6j+<e;43C5n93>JA
RBJ!@RBA9<A>J3CS#3JJ0@==0<!24J<DJ3C=0<
E3
=A
2FK8C6BZ<02o?4AC6=3CEP<-F573C=0HDUg3C=A>573
=0H_3C=?;=0ADX
< eYxRB<-9
rt]H<!2439<K9';4<>D<s@4<!24J<K3CEi9<q9D62J0R@H628 fU3C=AC2439';4<!=
573
=0H{3
=7?;=0ADd
< iudYxRB<-?9 t iuB}H<!2439<9';4<eD'@jD<s@4<!24J<3C$E
<AJ;z3CEt57;6BJ;Q624J!R@4H<D u Ua7;<02kYRB<99'624O
8 rtk!LY rt u !Y
t I t iuBj+<}9';4<gD93J;4AD9'6BJ7J-3LM?RB<q6B9'6B<D73
LE t :Y t iuB!Y
rtj;rt u ADJA
RBJ!@RBA9<Ho62w
!Y=0<D'?+<J-9'6BZ<!RBFYt57<eH<0|24<
9';4<eJ3CS#3JJ!@==0<!24J<DJ3C=0<3CfE iup576B9';z=0<D'?+<J99N
3 \AD
_a`cbedgf u Q
wv t y t u t t u x
57;<0=0d
< 6BD9';<2@Lej+<!=3CE9<-q9D)624J!R@4H<-Ho6
2 t Uta);4<RBAC=08<!=
_a`cbedgf
u O6BDY9';4<>RBAC=08<!=K9';4<{H<8
=0<<K3CEJ3
S#3JJ!@==0<!2J-<Q3CE
iu=0<!RBA9'6BZ<M93 6BDU
_Aq6BLM6B^!624]
8 _a`cb^dcf u
}5eU =
U 9U u 6BD<s@6BZ
A
RB<!29e93ML626S
LM6B^!624
8 t yu t d t yu+5eU =
U 9U yuD'62J-"
< t p6BD
624H<!?<!2H<!293CE u U39'6BJ<ACRBD3z9';AL
9 _a`cbedgf u L }6BDADFLMS
L><9'=6BJK576B9';:=0<D'?+<J99j
3 AC24
H u t9';A96BDzY _a`cb^dcf u [ h
{
_a`cbedgf
\Q iu}62:8<02<!=0A
RU
4.3
3
=eAKD<93CEi3C?626B3
2DMj<!RB3C248C6248o93KAKD'?+<J06|J>J-A9<83C=0FYr57<
8C6BZ<MAKDJ3
=0<e93><AJ;:3
Eg9';<LzY576B9';:AM;6B8C;GDJ3C=0<e62H6BJA9'628_A
;6B8C;]?+3DD'6j6R6l9'Fb3
E76B9Dej+<!6248oA_9#F?6BJA
R3C?626B3
2bE3
=9';<KJA9<!S
83C=0FUga7;6BD8C6BZ<D9';4<O@4D<!=AMD'6BLM?RB<>3
Z<0=0Z6B<5[3
Eg9<!24H<!24J!6B<D62
3
=6B8C624ACRi3C?626B3
2`HA9AU
aA
jRB<KQD';43
5DMAKR6BD9>3CE9#F?6BJ-ACRD<!29<02J<-DM62]9';4<>JA9<-83C=0F
D'?<J!6|4<H{jFK ?=03H@J924AL>I
< bJ<!RR@RBAC=?;3
2<O#U
a7;<J;A
=0AJ!S
9<0=6BD9'6BJe573C=0HD7<q9'=0AJ9<HKACj+3
Z<MD'@4J;zADcXj+<!24J;L>A
=PK=0<D'@RB9Y
23?=03
jRB<-LQD0'Y<9JU eAC??+<AC=g576B9';;6B8
;>Ed=0<s@4<!24JFe62>9#F?6BJA
R
;6B8C;S#DJ3C=6248_D<!29<!24J<DU
7<0RB3C557<eH<-DJ!=6j+<M;43
593>JA
RBJ!@RBA9<KA{DJ-3C=0<E3
=eAC2Fz8C6BZ<!2
3
?626B3C2wD<!29<02JJ
< |Uer<h
9 } j<MAzD<9e3CEiACRRi573C=0HDeAC??+<A
=628
62:3
?626B3C2GHA9ACj4AD<AC24
H ~Qj<eAMD<93
EACRRtJA9<-83C=6B<-DU7k<-i
9 h
j<e9';<2@Lej+<!=3CEt3C?626B3
2Dj<!RB3C248C6248Q939';<JA9<-83C=0
F `~kU
r<y
9 ^ hUgm:<JA
RBJ!@RBA9<>9';4<e3JJ!@==0<!2J-<f?=03Cj4ACj6R6B9'F
3
zE `O@4D'628K6B9D_b<-D9'6BL>A9<
`
#
Q
`
}
t
_a`cb^dcf|
)
#
`
[ `
Q
e
57;4<!=0<>57<@4D<H:9';<2A
6BZ<>7A
F<DeADD'@4LM?49'6B3C2w9';A9<AJ; 6BD
624H<!?+<!24H<029U
4.4
Correspondence Analysis
m <J3
2H@4J9J3
==0<D'?+3
2H<!24J<MA
2A
RBFD'6BD62_3
=0H<!=93>8<9757;4A9
:
5i<{J-ACRRAo9#573CS#H6BL><!24D'6B3C24ACR?+3D'6B9'6B3
26248bL>A
?w3CZ<!=c9';<zD<9M3
E
A
2A
RBFD'6BD_3Cj<J-9D>AC24HyP<F573C=0HDK<q9'=0AJ-9<HyEd=03L9';<_3
?626B3C2
HA9A
jAD<Uga7;<7LcAC?cZ6BD'@A
RRBF{D';43
5D9';<}=0<0RBA9'6B3C24D';6?D7j+<9#57<<!2
9';4<7JA9<83
=6B<D7A
2H>J;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJ573
=0HDY576B9';KH6BD9AC24J<3
2>9';4<
LcAC?Qj<!628zAM=0<!?=0<D<!29A9'6B3C2G3CEgJ3
==0<D'?+3C24H<!2J-<QJ!RB3D<02<DD0!U
7<0E3C=0<_?+<!=E3
=0LM6248bJ3
==0<D'?+3C24H<!2J-<yA
2A
RBFD'6BDY>J;A
=0AJ9<0=6BD'S
9'6BJe5i3C=0HDOA
=0<e<q9'=0AJ-9<HQE3C=)9';<eJA9<83
=6B<DH<D'6B8
2A9<HjFK9';4<
@4D<!=
U?<J!6|4JACRRlFY573
=0HDJ3C24D'6BH<!=0<Ho624Hx6BJ-A9'6BZ<K3CEg62H6BZ6BH@+ACR
9A
=08<9iJA9<83C=6B<DA
=0<<q9'=0AJ9<HQ3
2z9';<jAD'6BDO3
E+=@RB<eA
2A
RBFD<DU
a7;4<D<g<q9'=0AJ9<-HfP<F573C=0HDAC=0<62EAJ9+<s@6BZ
ACRB<!29i93O9';43D<gJ3
2S
9A
62<-H`A99';<e@??+<!==0<AJ;4<D3
E79';4<>ADD3J!6BA9'6B3
2y=@RB<DE3
=e9';4<
9A
=08<9DUm:<M9';4<!2:J3
2D9'=@4J9AK9A
jRB<>9';4A9J3C29A
62DEl=0<s@<02JF
HA9A>E3
=<q9'=0AJ9<H_573
=0HD7E3
=<-AJ;_3CEg9';4<e9AC=08<9JA9<-83C=6B<-DU
73C==0<-D'?+3C24H<02J<:AC24ACRBFD'6BDzJAC2wj+<QZ6B<-57<HbADKAC2w<q9<!24D'6B3C2
3
E}r0d
4+074C4BC-'OM57;6BJ;:6BDD'6BL6RBAC=c93
6248C@RBAC=]gACR@4<o<J3LM?+3D'6B9'6B3
2+!U VX9>6BDQJ-3C2Z<029'6B3C24ACRBRBF[?+<!=S
Eh3C=0L><H+YrAD62\ #Y+3C2]9';4<Mj4AD'6BD3CEi9';<Ed=0<s@4<!2J-FoHA9A_9A
jRB<U
gqAL?RB<Di3CEr9';<g=0<D'@RB9i3CE+J3
==0<D'?+3
2H<!24J<eAC24ACRBFD'6BDAC=0<D';43
5)2
62:9';4<24<q9D<J-9'6B3C2rU
39<Q9';4A9K6EJ3C==0<-D'?+3C24H<02J<GAC24ACRBFD'6BDQ6BDQJ-3C24Hx@4J9<HbEd=03L
3
=6B8C624ACRrHA9A576B9';43C@49}<-q9'=0AJ9'6248eJ;4AC=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJ573C=0HDYAC2@2S
=0<-AHACjRB<O?+3D'6B9'6B3C2628>LcAC?rY62K57;6BJ;KL>A
2F@224<J<DDA
=0F>573C=0HD
A
??<AC=
YiL>A
Foj+<Q8<!24<!=0A9<HwADA=0<-D'@RB9UGa);4A96BD>57;Fo@D'6248
=@RB<:AC24ACRBFD'6BDQ62b?=0<!?=03J<DD'6248b6BDKJ!=@J06BACR93:<!+<J9'6BZ<oJ-3C==0<!S
D'?3C24H<!24J<>A
2A
RBFD'6BDU
5.
EXPERIMENTS
5.1
Cellular Phones
5.2
PDAs
m <}J-3C24Hx@4J9<H<q?+<!=6BLc<!29D~629';=0<<gHx6<!=0<!29?=03H@J-9k|<!RBHD
:
J<!RR@RBAC=K?;3
2<-DY}DYkA
2H]Vd29<!=24<9eD<!=0Z6BJ<>?=03CZ6BH<!=0DUzmo<
62?@49o9';4<_2AL><D_3CE|4Z<:J<!RR@RBAC=`?;3
2<-DYfEh3C@=_gODYA
2H
|4Z<cVh29<!=24<9D<!=0Z6BJ<M?=03
Z6BH<0=0D6293{9';4<DFD9<LQN DO3
?626B3C2<qS
9'=0AJ-9'6B3C2nD<J9'6B3
2kUna7;4<_57<!j]?A8<_J3
RRB<J9'6B3
2L>3H@RB<_=0AC23C2
A:@24~29<0=?=6BD<
C`576B9';]A__
^ ORB9'=0Ax+1SVVAC24H`A
xC_TL><L>3
=0FUGVX9J3CRRB<J-9<H[C_?4A8<-DME3C=c<AJ;]?=03Hx@4J9
24AL><Q939ACRe-576B9';62]>;3
@=0DUea7;4<f?3D'6B9'6BZ<I24<8A9'6dZ<
H<9<!=0LM62628\Lc3Hx@RB<`AC24Hn9';<_3
?626B3C2SR6P<R6B24<DD`JA
RBJ!@RBA9'6B3C2
L>3H@RB<e=0AC2:3
2_A>}r`=0<J!6BD'6B3C24
_576B9';_AC2:_^e<!2S
9'6@4LKVVVfA
2HGA`
_TL><L>3
=0FU_a7;4<Fo?=03J<DD<H]9';4<v?4A8<D
576B9';62w;43C@=
UkA
j+<!RB<H:3C?626B3
2D576B9';:3C?626B3
2`R6P<0R62<DD239
RB<DD>9';4AC2UK57<!=0<>=0<J3
=0H<H`62w9';=0<<KD<!?A
=0A9<zHA9ACj4AD<DM62
AJ-J3C=0H_576B9';_9';4<!6==0<D'?+<J9'6BZ<f?=03H@J9|<0RBHDJ<!RR@RBAC=e?;3
2<DY
gODYAC24H]V#xgD0!UQa7;4<>2@Lej+<!=c3CEHA9AQ=0<-J3C=0HD{<-q9'=0AJ9<H
3C?626B3C24D0)5iADY=0<D'?<J9'6BZ<0RBFY+Y4xYAC24H>xUgm:<H<DJ0=6j+<
j+<!RB3
59';4<=0<D'@RB9D3
Eg9<q9LM626248{Eh3C=<AJ;_3
Eg9';<|4<!RBHDU
m <M<-q9'=0AJ9<HzJ;4AC=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJ>5i3C=0HDOE3
=<AJ;:3CEt9';<J<!RR@RBAC=
:
?;3
2<Dz3C2n9';4<QjAD'6BD_3CEeRB<A
=2<-H\ADD3J!6BA9'6B3C2=@RB<DQA
2Hb?<!=S
E3
=0L><HKAMJ-3C==0<D'?+3
2H<!24J<AC24ACRBFD'6BD3
E9';4<LQUa7;4<9<q9iLM626248
57ADk?=03J<-DD<H>3C2cAC2cio_a]576B9';KA
2>_^7<!29'6@4L
VVVkAC24HKA
_bLc<L>3C=0FUgVX9g933CPcACj+3
@9D<J3C24HD793RB<AC=2
=@RB<D7E3C=iAMD'6248CRB<e?=03Hx@4J9YAD}3
??3D<H_93=03
@8
;RBF;43C@=0D}E3
=
L>A
2@A
Rk=@RB<eAC24ACRBFD'6BD>J3
2H@J-9<HQE3C=)9'6BL><eJ3L?A
=6BD3C2!U7a7;<
J3
==0<D'?+3C24H<!2J-<>AC24ACRBFD'6BD933CPzACj3C@49eMD<J-3C24HDU
a7;4<=@RB<oA
2A
RBFD'6BD=0<-D'@RB9Dz8A
Z<:A`833Hb624H6BJA9'6B3
23
E9';<
=0<!?@9A9'6B3C2]3
E7<-AJ;`J<0RR@RBA
=>?;43C24<U3
=e<qALM?RB<Y57<Hx6BDJ3
ZS
<!=0<Hw9';A9K9';<Q=0<H]j+3HFy3
EJ<!RR@RBAC=_?;3
2<G;4AHbJ-AC?49'@=0<H
9';4<O?@jR6BJN DEAC24JFYAC24HQ9';4A9iJ<!RR@RBAC=e?;3
2<[A99'=0AJ9<-H{?+<3
S
?RB<o57;43`57AC29<-Hb93_=0<!?RBAJ<:3CRBH<!=_L>3H<!RBDUk6B8C@=0<`oD';43
5D
9';4<Q3Cj49AC624<Hb?+3D'6B9'6B3C262+8]L>AC?rUwa);4<Q5i3C=0HDM?RB399<HbA
=03C@2H
<AJ;J<!RR@RBAC=?;43C24<eAC=0<9';4<e93C?KE3
@=)J;4AC=0AJ9<!=6BD9'6BJ573C=0HD}E3
=
<AJ;rUmo<JA
2:D<<M9';4A9J<0RR@RBA
=>?;43C24<[;ADeA>833H_=0<!?@9A
S
9'6B3C2:E3
=e6B9DjAD'6BJM?+<!=E3
=0L>AC24J<_Cj<!2J;4L>AC=P:=0<D'@RB9YXEAD9Y
X243Q?=03CjRB<LQD0'!YiAC24H`J<!RR@RBAC=z?;43C24<K;ADMAQj4AH`=0<!?@9A
S
9'6B3C2GH3<D'2rN 9573
=P>57<0RRBY7#D'RB3
5O!U7m:<JA
2zACRBD3>D<<9';A9}E3
=
J<!RR@RBAC=K?;3
2<z6B9Do#Hx6BD'?RBA
F`6BDML>3
=0<K3CEA
2`6BDD'@<z9';A
2]6B9D
j4AD'6BJM?+<0=E3C=0L>A
2J-<MD'624J<>9';4<?+3D'6B9'6B3
2]3CE6B9D?=03H@4J92AL><e6BD
RB3JA9<HQJ!RB3D<!RBFQ93:'H6BD'?RBACF>j@9gEAC=7El=03L573C=0HD}=0<!?=0<D<!29'6248
?+<!=Eh3C=0L>A
2J<U
dV 2=0<!?@9A9'6B3C2LM626248[E3C=}Dyd?+<0=0D3C24ACRKH6B8C6B9A
RKADD'6BD'S
9AC29D0!Yg57<>@4D<H`j+39';w3
E9';4<{?=03H@J92AL><{RBA
j+<!RAC24H`?+3D'6S
9'6BZ<I24<8A9'6BZ<72A9'@=0<gRBACj+<!RUgm:<}<-q9'=0AJ9<HeJ;4AC=0AJ-9<!=6BD9'6BJ573C=0HD
E3
=<AJ;K3
E9';4<7gD3C29';4<}j4AD'6BDg3CERB<-AC=24<H>ADD3J06BA9'6B3C2K=@RB<D
E3
=7J3
224<J9'6248M?+3D'6B9'6BZ<3C?626B3
2D93?=03H@4J9}24AL><DUga7;4<O9A
=S
8<-9eJA9<83C=0F:57ADeH<!|2<-H`AD> ?=03H@4J9f24ALcM
< MY+2A9'@=0
<
?+3D'6B9'6BZ<!#U
m:<QH6BDJ3
Z<!=0<-Hb9';4A9>g;AD>A_833H`=0<!?@9A9'6B3C2n576B9';
=0<D'?+<-J97939';4<O@4D<3CEr<L>A
6R+57;<02KA
57A
FfEd=03L;3L><
IC5i3C=P+Ugmo<
ACRBD3cHx6BDJ3
Z<!=0<HQ9';4A9g6B9DOLc3C243J;=03L><eDJ0=0<<!2zZ<!=0D'6B3
2Q6BD}?3C?@S
RBAC=
Uf624J<>9';4<>L>3
23J;=03L>A9'6BJKs@4ACR6B9#F6BDe8<!2<0=0ACRRBF_=0<8A
=0H<H
AD2<-8A9'6BZ<Yr9';6BD=0<!?@49A9'6B3C2:6BDZ<!=0FQ629<!=0<D9'6248UD<AC=0J;:3CE
9';4<_3C=6B8C624ACR3
?626B3C2HA9AoE3C=v9';<_573
=0HbL>3C243J;=03Lc<y62S
H6BJA9<Hn9';4A9K9';<QRB3
28`=@226248\9'6BL><Y9';4<Q=0<AD3
2A
jRB<o?=6BJ<Y
AC24H_9';4<RBAC=08<eP<-Fj+3A
=0H_3CEg9';4<eL>3C243J;=03Lc<>Z<!=0D'6B3
2:AC=0<=0<A
S
D3C24DeE3C=6B9DM833Ho=0<!?@9A9'6B3C2rU:k6B8C@=0<Q_D';43C5De9';4<K3Cj49AC624<H
?+3D'6B9'6B3C262+8`L>A
?oE3
=eE3C@=c}DUKRB9';3
@8
;wACRRi3CE9';4<>?=03HS
@4J9D7;A
Z<e833H{=0<!?@49A9'6B3C24DY+9';4<FKD';3
5\ACRBLc3D9O243D';A
=628K3CE
#$
7
BV_
6
8 7 6 !0-+-+
-+2(
3
!)4;"*+A3[Pg!S"
*+
&! >Z(
&u3
1&!
&!
8
8
77 :C8B
8
7 ^
8
7 96
p
[p
q
Ho
eP0cec\
\
Cellular Phone A
\yR
$2
\\2
z[^
0\[
Cellular Phone B
Cellular Phone E
$
H0JHg
[ec P2
0jLe2
health
h0
Cellular Phone C
^
[^c L
c0
Cellular Phone D
!$
c
d+l+dO
hhXk]n+KjMQ.dk+k
>4dkr+
Q
bXk4g
@
@ lK
salesman
large
PDA B
e
sub-notebook
No. 1
sense of security
ISP D economy
package
ISP E
long
time
idiot
button
PDA C
light weight
fond of
PDA D
proud of
crowded display
engine
ISP B
worst
ISP C
search horrible
email
PDA A
ISP A
rounds forum
conference room
monochrome
make appearance
e
e
e
Y0
d+
p O
d
d+kN[J+"N
`4FXk4Q k
-C@
q JK+
d+pOL
d
d+k][ =
>bkQ 2k
@
@ K+
A99'=6j@49<!S#573
=0HDY57;6BJ;]6BLM?R6B<DQ9';4A9Y629<!=0L>D3CEe<-q9'=0AJ9<H
5i3C=0HDY9';4<D<?=03H@4J9DeH3239OJ-3LM?+<-9<M576B9';_<-AJ;:39';4<!=
U
9<q9H3J0@L><029DY62]7#CeB>!"#`%$
0
!d4+
'
0e&
_4
x
k'
$XY
??r C
SCYU
eU8
=0A
57ACRrAC24H_eU4=6PAC29Y+4AD9ACRB83C=6B9';4L>DE3C=)LM626248
ADD3J!6BA9'6B3C2`=@RB<DY62`i'
(*)&0* + , * '-4
!/
.+lx
$e1
0- -.2$'0
Y??r Y-U
C`U eU4O24H<!=j<!=08YkB-X
if4BC-+i)+Bd0d0Y
JAH<-LM6BJM=0<DDYr
U
CMU4D';6BD';:AC24H:U1243CjRB3JP+Y+m_=0AC??+<!=8<!24<!=0A9'6B3C2:E3C=
D<LM6S#D9'=@4J9'@=0<-H629<!=24<9D3C@=0J<DY! "#G3 $i!0'Y
C!Yk-xU
fU U7<!24^<J0=6Y!#X4
07eB
5 4e0
CY
_<!=0J<!Rt<!PP<!=
YU
CMUi;4AC@4H;=6tAC24H_fU4k6P<DY4O24D57<!=6248zxFD9<LcDYg
16+d++74l
g0!4d!47'4!8 7269 :*)Y
eVY3CZ<Lej+<!=>-U
MUiRBA
=P+Yr;43C?j+39D7<J-3L><8<!29D7E3C=}@4D'62<-DD
};A
28<Y7r
YY??rBCxxY+<!j=@A
=0F_CU
C`U+}=0A
Z<!2rYUO6BADs@43YrMU=0<06B9A8Y+U_J
7ACRR@4LQY+aeU
Q6B9J;4<!RRYr1>U6B8ALzYAC24H:U+RBA99<!=0FY4k<A
=26248Q93
J3C24D9'=@4J9OP243
5)RB<-H8<MjAD<DOEl=03Lm:3C=RBH:my6BH<mo<!jrY
e! ;7
d< 0lBC4YY??r0Y+CU
CeU33
=0<!2j+3DYuMUg9^!6B3C26Y+AC24H_MU4mo<!RBH+Y+nDJACRBA
jRB<
J3L?A
=6BD3C2S'D';43C??62+8_A8<!297E3
=9';<em:3C=RBHS#my6BH<{m:<!jrY
62]7#
= eB/
6gd( 0
!d4Cr
'
0
ex~7C4hi7
d + >Y
??r CYxU
BCMU4kRB3C=0<DJ!@rY+MU4k<ZFYA
2H_U_<!2H<!RB^3
2kYrA9ACj4AD<
a<J;26Bs@<-DE3C=9';4<emo3
=RBHxS#my6BH<Kmo<0jkg@=0Z<FY
"7? G3 $i!0'Yx!YkU
!
B!@'6B9D'@kYrFLME3
57A
=0<emo3
=RBH
;99'?k II
55O5eU Ed@'6B9D'@kU J3U '?I#?+I
D3CE90I
DFLME3
57AC=0<I624H<qU ;9LMR#Y
CU
B
fU4A
=0ACj4A8C6@rYr`UADJAY4AC24H:U4_AC6B3
=0AC243Y
5.3
6.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
7.
REFERENCES
k 6B8KD';3
5DAM?+3D'6B9'6B3
2628QL>A
?_|Z<V'}DUgDJA
2Qj+<eD<-<!2kY
9';4<FKE3C=0L9';=0<-<e57<!RRS#D<!?4AC=0A9<-H`J!R@4D9<!=0DU=03
Z6BH<0=0De5)6B9';62GA
D'6248CRB<GJ!R@D9<0={;4A
Z<:D'6BLM6RBAC=z=0<!?@9A9'6B3C24DU3
=Q<-qALM?RB<Y9'573
J0RB3D<!RBF]RB3JA9<HV'}DYgAC24H]OYD';4AC=0<Q=0<0?@49A9'6B3
2D>E3
=>j+39';
#<J3
23LMFAC24H`'D<02D<3CE+D<J0@=6B9#FYA
2H6B9~6BDg<ADFc93O6BL>A8C624<
9';4A99';4<FQL6B8C;9J-3LM?+<-9<e<AJ;:39';4<!=
U
dV 2`9';6BDM?4AC?+<!=c57<>;4ACZ<>?=03
?+3D<H]AQEd=0AL><573
=PoEh3C=LM62628
?=03H@J9=0<!?@9A9'6B3C24D73C2c9';4<757<!jrUgVX9rJ3C24D'6BD9Dg3CE+A
2>3
?626B3C2z<qS
9'=0AJ9'6B3C2c?+3C=09'6B3
2KAC24HMA9<q9L626248?+3C=09'6B3
2k9';4<}E3
=0L><!=5i3C=PD
AD_AC2nA
??R6BJA9'6B3
2S#D'?+<J!6B|4Jbs@4<D9'6B3C2S#AC24D57<!=6248DFD9<LQYeA
2H
9';4<{RBA99<!=zJ3C24H@J9D>E3
@=cEd@24HAL><!29A
Re9AD'PDQJ;A
=0AJ9<0=6BD9'6BJ
5i3C=0H:<q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2kYrJ3
S'3J-J!@==6248:573C=0H_<q9'=0AJ9'6B3C2rY9#F?6BJA
R7D<02S
9<02J<c<q9'=0AJ9'6B3
2kYgA
2H`J-3C==0<D'?+3
2H<!24J<QA
2A
RBFD'6BDUQa7;4<MP<-F_93
J-3Lej62628_9';4<D<e9#573M?4AC=09D76BD3
?626B3C2:RBACj+<0R628Y57;6BJ;:L>ACP<D
6B9e?+3DD'6jRB<z93QJ3
2H@J-9MD'@?+<!=0Z6BD<H`RB<A
=26248o62G9';<K9<q9eL62S
6248Q?+3
=09'6B3C2rUMm:<M@4D<H_=0<ACRgHA9Az93{<-LM?6=6BJ-ACRRlF`H<-L>3C24D9'=0A9<
9';4A9e9';4<M?=03C?+3D<HoEd=0AL><573
=PQ6BDACjRB<>93{;4<!R?`@4D<!=0DeH6BDJ3
Z<!=
D'6B8
26|4JA
29'RdF>6BLM?+3
=09AC297P243C57RB<H8<=0<8A
=0Hx62489';<7=0<!?@9A9'6B3C24D
3
Ek?=03Hx@4J9D3CEk629<0=0<D9YA
2Hz93>Hx=0AD9'6BJACRRBFQ=0<-Hx@4J<e9';4<eJ3D973
E
J-3CRRB<J9'6248_AC24H_AC24ACRBF^0628z3C?626B3
2DUuO@=Ed=0AL><573
=PzJ3C@RBHpY+3
E
J-3C@=0D<YACRBD3oj<Q57<!RRA
??R6B<H\93:LM626248`=0<!?@9A9'6B3C24D{EA
=>j+<!S
F3C24HQ9';4<eAC=0<Ac3CEk624H@D9'=6BA
R}?=03Hx@4J9DYE3C=<-qALM?RB<Y624Hx6BZ6BH@S
A
RBDY+<Z<029DYD<!=0Z6BJ<-DY+J3LM?4AC26B<DY+83CZ<!=24L><!29DY+<9JU
0UH<!Rj+<!=08Y+3H3D<eSgA>933CRrE3C=D<L6S'A
@93L>A9'6BJ-ACRRlF
<q9'=0AJ-9'628KD9'=@4J9'@=0<-H_AC24H_D<LM6BD9'=@4J9'@=0<-HoHA9AMEl=03L
}q?<!=6BL><!29D5)6B9';:3
?+<!2S#H3L>AC62G9<q9'@4ACRs@4<D9'6B3
2
AC24D57<!=6248Y62G7#C K73 .29@1"7B A :::YC??k CSCY
CU
B
U1eA9^Y4=03LD<029<!2J-<?=03J<-DD'628z93M62Eh3C=0L>A9'6B3C2
AJJ-<DD3C2_9';4<mo3
=RBH_my6BH<Mm:<!jrU6C
2 @e'! .
7#
!0d}_zB`zd_zCB
>D
r0dM+)4-deY
??rY-U
B
1e3L>A9D'@:3CE9YVh2E3C=0LcA9'6B3C2:Q626248Qa33CRt}<-q90x<A
=0J;
d62:A
?A
2<D<
;99'?k II
55O5eU P3L>A9D'@4D3CE9U J3U '?ICH<Z<!R?+I
Zq9DJ
I62H<qU ;9LMR#Y
CU
B
MUp6rA
2H_1>UgAL>A
26BD';6YkQ626248{Ed=03L3C?+<!2:A
2D5i<!=0D762
s@<-D9'6B3C22A
6=0<{HA9AY62]i'
'
E'$F$GA ::Y
??r
Yr
U
B
MUp6rA
2H_1>UgAL>A
26BD';6Yka<-q97J!RBADD'6|4JA9'6d3
2`@D'6248
7}SjAD<HQD93J;AD9'6BJ>H<J!6BD'6B3C2:R6BD9D(Y 00Xl
7#
!0dMH
M
dYY??rU
YtCU
B
1>UU+6B9'P3
5D'P6YrO@<-D9'6B3C2S'A
2D5i<!=628Q@4D'6248QD<L>A
29'6BJ
=0<!RBA9'6B3
2:9'=6?RB<-DU 62\i'
eBD
B`0xg7
!lC
#C4!CpJ Ik?
K Y??k CCYU
B
MU_3CRBH3
Z
AC2GAC24H:U4AC=0A
jA8C6@rY+a7;<eD9'=@4J9'@=0<MA
2H
?+<!=E3
=0L>AC24J<e3
EgAC2:3C?<!2S#H3L>A
62`s@4<D9'6B3
2`A
2D57<0=628
DFD9<LQY62`i'
e/
LB>e! _0
d>eB
f0
dd7>7rd .tdd0Y
??r C
CYr
U
B
cU~=0A8<!=
Y4OU}=03
572kY4AC24H_MU473H<02kY
O@<-D9'6B3C2S'A
2D5i<!=628KjF{?=0<H6BJ9'6BZ<>A
22439A9'6B3C2rYp62G7#
=
eB'
AL'eM 0
0d> ! "#
#C4!Q7-!#!zH
$e
B!rM
rd
00Md>i
X0d
Y??r-Y-U
C
1>UaA9<!6BD';6Y+MU4VXD';6B8C@=03Y+A
2H_aeU@P@D';6BL>AYk
=0<!?@9A9'6B3C2:D<A
=0J;:<!248C624<9';A98A9';<0=0D)?<3C?RB<N D
3C?626B3
2DEl=03L9';4<629<!=2<-9Yd62GAC?4AC24<D<
K00d0
7'40 @'.k *))9 YVh2E3C=0LcA9'6B3C2:=03J<DD'6248_3J!6B<9#FQ3
E
AC?4AC2rY??k xYrCU
OU `U}33
=;<-<DA
2HzMU `Ua76BJ<Y4}@6RBH6248_A>s@<-DH9'6B3
2
AC24D57<!=6248K9<D9J3CRRB<J-9'6B3C2rYp62]i'
eBD
AL#Me4
0
!d> < "#
'
0Qi0'0
H
$C
B!rC4kd&
0-!d{i
X0d
YC??r
CxCxY
CU
C
1>UgAL>A
26BD';6Yk\RB<A
=26248QJ!=6B9<0=6B3C2_E3
=D93J;4AD9'6BJ=@RB<DY
_0dJ
.+0!lYY??r-CY-U
1>U}AL>AC26BD';6Y+H<J06BD'6B3C2S'9';4<3
=0<9'6dJc<q9<!24D'6B3C2G3CE
D93J;4AD9'6BJJ3LM?RB<-q6B9'F_AC24HQ6B9DAC??R6BJ-A9'6l3C24DM93MRB<-AC=2628Y
9I3I%I'Q
&
00Md:00CY!Y
??rB
C4Y-U