:

: /, . 110
: ,
, 2010

 : ,

:
,

: /, . 110
: ,

17/03/2010

, 2010

. 2

 : ,

,

,
.

,

, .
. ,


.
,
,
... ,

.
, ,
, (..)
!

. 3

 : ,

................................................................................................. 7
..................................................................................................................................... 8
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 9
.................................................................................................................................... 10
1

............................................................................ 12
1.1

........................................................................... 12

1.2

: ................ 13

1.3

: ................................................................ 14

1.4

: ................................................................................................. 15

1.4.1

--- .................................................................. 15

1.4.2

(stakeholders) ......................................................................... 17

1.4.3

...................................................................................... 17

1.5
2

......................................................... 21
............................................................. 22

2.1

.................................................................................................................. 22

2.2

Gantt ........................................................................................... 23

2.2.1

Gantt .............................................................................. 23

2.2.2

................................................................... 26

2.3

................................................................. 27

2.3.1

.................................................................................................................. 27

2.3.2

.................................... 27

2.3.3

...................................................... 28

2.3.4

.............................. 29

2.3.5

.................... 30

2.3.6

(Dummy activities)............................................. 30

2.3.7

.............................................. 31

2.3.8

................................................................. 32

2.3.9

................................................................................. 35

2.3.10

............................................ 37

2.3.11

..................................................................................... 37

. 4

 : ,
2.3.12

: ........................................................................... 38

2.3.13

: PERT ........................... 40

2.3.14

CPM PERT ........................................................................ 47

2.4

:
(Critical Chain Project Management - CCPM)..................................................... 48

2.4.1

.............................................................. 48

2.4.2

....................................................................... 49

2.4.3

.................................... 50

2.4.4

buffers .................................... 52

2.4.5

- CCPM
: ............................................................................. 55

............................................................................................. 56
3.1

............................................................................................................ 56

3.2

...................................................................................... 56

3.3

(resource loading)
(resource leveling) .............................................................................................. 57

3.4

(resource-constrained
project scheduling problem - RCPSP) ................................................................. 61

3.4.1

................................................................................................................ 61

3.4.2

............................................................................................ 62

3.4.3

................................................................... 62

3.4.4

.. 67

........................................ 79
4.1

............................................................................................................ 79

4.2

project management ....................... 79

4.3

............................. 80

4.3.1

............................................................................................ 80

4.3.2

Microsoft Project ................................................................................................ 81

4.3.3

Oracle Primavera ................................................................................................ 85

4.3.4

Asta PowerProject .............................................................................................. 88

4.3.5

Open Workbench ................................................................................................ 89

4.3.6

........................................................................................................ 90

. 5

 : ,
4.3.7
5

...... 91
Case study: ........................................................................................ 92

5.1

............................................................................................................. 92

5.2

................................................................................ 92

5.3

......................................................................... 92

..................................................................................................................................... 94
) ............................................................................................................................ 94
) ......................................................................................... 95
............................................................................................................................. 96

. 6

 : ,

1-1: ............................................................................ 15
1-2: - ...................................................................... 18
1-3: .................................................... 20
1-4: -S ...................................................................... 20
2-1: Gantt ........................................................................................ 24
2-2: Gantt .................. 25
2-3: Gantt
.............................................................................................................................. 25
2-4: ...................................................... 29
2-5: 2 ........................................................ 30
2-6: (dummy) ............................................................................ 31
2-7: ................................................................... 32
2-8: ..................................................................... 32
2-9: - 1 ..................................................................... 33
2-10: - 2 ................................................................... 34
2-11: - 3 ................................................................... 34
2-12: - ................................... 34
2-13: .......................................... 36
2-14: ............................................................. 36
2-15: Beta , ............................ 41
2-16: PERT ..................................................................... 44
2-17: vs ................................................................ 51
2-18: - buffer penetration ................................................ 53
2-19: - buffer ..................................................... 54
3-1: Resource leveling/: PERT- .... 58
3-2: Resource leveling/: Gantt chart .......................................................... 59
3-3: Resource leveling/: ................................ 59
3-4: - ...... 68
3-5: - ............................. 68
3-6: ant colony........................................................................ 78

2-1: PERT ........................................................................... 44

3-1: Resource leveling/: , .............................. 58
4-1: .............................................. 81

. 7

 : ,

,
. , , ,
, , .... , ,

,
, / /
(, ..)
.
, .
, ,

, 1.
2, ,
.

(Critical Path Method CPM)
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
(Critical Chain Method),
.
3

.
/
.

,
.
4
.


.
, 5
.
..,


.

. 8

 : ,

Abstract
The present diploma thesis is dealing with the theory of project management, under a mostly
technical perspective. This statement effectively means that the current thesis does not deal with
issues organizational, managerial, issues involving human resources and the like. These issues, of
course, are of extreme importance for the even and effective realization of a project and for the
functional correlation of the project entity, as this is embodied by the project team and the
assigned resources, with the mother organization/s (companies, state organizations etc) which
have created those project entities and are their proprietors. Still, our object of main focus was
chosen to be that of the technical part of the relevant aspects of the theory- which justifies the
an algorithmic approach end of this thesis title.
For this purpose, this thesis begins with an introduction to the notion of project, which is
followed by an analysis of the fundamental elements of the project management theory and the
definitions of the relevant terms and functions involved, in Chapter 1.
In Chapter 2, project scheduling is being analyzed. Project scheduling is the framework for the
entire function of project management. Extensive analysis of the basic techniques of network
representation and the techniques of time scheduling that are based on it (namely, Critical Path
Method CPM, and Program Evaluation and Review Technique PERT) are presented. To the
same category of scheduling techniques belongs the Critical Chain Method as well, therefore it is
thoroughly analyzed in this chapter.
In Chapter 3, we move from the simplified case of the project tasks which are characterized
only by the time they need so as to complete, to the more realistic case of tasks needing various
resources. The notion of resources and the way their possible time/quantity availability
constraints affect project scheduling are presented. Special emphasis is laid on the resource
constrained project scheduling problem, which is a very hard problem to solve in an optimal way,
and extensive analysis of the suitable scientific techniques available is offered.
Chapter 4 deals with the more practical issue of the project management software. A
correlation of the necessary functions of the software programs to the respective ones of the
project life cycle is made, and some of the most popular software programs are presented under a
critical perspective.
Finally, Chapter 5 illustrates the example of a company whose needs make the application of
project management principles and techniques necessary. This company is ERGOSE S.A., which is
the affiliated company of the mother organization OSE (the Greek rail organization) and has
undertaken the construction task of Greek railroads. In this final chapter the companys integrated
information system that is based on a project management software program is presented.

. 9

 : ,

.
,
,
, .
: H
, , ,
, ,
.

, ,
Taj Mahal , , ,
, ,
,
, , .
. ,
,
,
. ,
.
,

. , ,
,
, .
, ,
.

. 20 ,
Manhattan
. Manhattan

.
& (R&D)
,
- (outsourcing)-
,
!

. 10

 : ,


,

.
.


, Project Management,
,
(constrained resource scheduling).
,
.
/ managerial ,
,

(stakeholders) .
,
.

(constrained resource scheduling)
.

.

. 11

 : ,

1
1.1
.
,
, , .

, , , ...,
, .
, , , ,
,
.


,
.

,
,

.

.

.
,
, , Manhattan, 2
,
Apollo ..., .
,

.

. 12

 : ,

1.2 :

,
. :
1. ,

.
2. ,
, .

.


.
, ,
..,
,
.
3. ,

(.. , emails, ,
virtual workspaces ...)
, .


, (project manager).


, .
,

. ,
.

. 13

 : ,

1.3 :

.
,
, ,

.
,
.

, ,

.

,
2004 . ; ,
,
.
.
; ,
, .
, , ,
,
.
; ,
:
(tradeoff).

.
:
1.
2.
3.
,

. ,
,
. .
; ,

. 14

 : ,
.
. , .

, , .

.

1-1:

1.4 :
1.4.1 ---
,
.
,
1
:
() 1
1

1

(, , ...)

, ,
.
, ,
.
.
1

(A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Third Edition, 2004)

. 15

 : ,

,
,
, ,

, .
, ( ) ,
. ,
(.. )
/ .
.
, ,
..,
. (research and development
R&D) / ,
.
,

2
,
,
: , ,
, , ,
logistics, , , .
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
. ,
,
.
.

.
,
.

. 16

 : ,
,
,
. ,
.
,
,

. ,

.
, - .

,
,
.
.
1.4.2 (stakeholders)

,
. project manager
,
.
(
)
(stakeholders).
1.4.3

( , ) ,
: .
(project life cycle) . ,
(
). , ,
,
.
.

. 17

 : ,

1-2: -

: ,

.
,
: (business plan), ,
/ , ,
, ,
.
( )
(..,
), .
.
:
. ,
, .
, :
o
o
o
o
, , ,

, ,
.
, , , ,
.
,
,

.
,
,
,
.

. 18

 : ,
,
. (
/ )
, .

,
. ,
,
,
.

. 2

: .
.
(, , )
. ,
.

.


(benchmarks),
( ),
( ) (-deliverables)
.
,
,
.
: .
. ,
,
, ...
.

. , , ,
/ ,
2

(Project Management-a managerial approach, 2000)

. 19

 : ,
, ,


.
, - .

1-3:

.
S
, .

1-4: -S

. 20

 : ,

1.5
:
H .
, .
,
, ,
,
. ,

(.. -deadlines)
.
.

,
(job description) . ,

(
delegation).

.
- .
.

,
.

.

,
.

, , ,
, .

, .
, ,
, ,

.

. 21

 : ,

2
2.1
,

.
.
, , ,
.

,
. ,

, ,
,
.
.
.

,
.
, ,
, .
.
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,

,
.

.
,
:

. 22

 : ,
.
,
.
.
.
.

. ,
. , ,
. ,

, ,
, ,
, ..
( ),
,
.
,

2.2 Gantt
2.2.1 Gantt
Gantt (Gantt chart)
.
3,
.
1 ( 1917), .Gantt,
,
,
.
Gantt
,
. ,
,
3

Gantt .

. 23

 : ,
(, , , .) .
,
.

2-1: Gantt

Gantt. ,
, ,
. ,


, .
, .
2-1 Gantt,
Microsoft Project (
)
. ,
.
. ,

,
.

.
.
. , Gantt,
2-2.

. 24

 : ,

2-2: Gantt

Gantt ,
. Gantt
chart 2-3.
.

. ,
,
.
.
, .
, .
( ,
) .
Gant ,
.

2-3: Gantt

. 25

 : ,
2.2.2
Gantt:
, .
.
.
, :
. , ,
, .
, ,
( )
Gantt .


.


.

. 26

 : ,

2.3
2.3.1
Gantt
. .
:
( 20 ),
.
1950-60 4
, (network analysis),
CPM (Critical Path Method) PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
.
,
,
PERT/CPM .

( ),

,
.
, (Metra Potential Method),
,
.

,
.
PERT/CPM,
, .
2.3.2
,

.
,
,
.

... Polaris,
.

. 27

 : ,

(graph), ( , )

.
, .
(activity):

.
.
(event): / ,
. .
(network): ,
.

,
, .
(Path):
.
, (Critical Path, Activity):
,
.
2.3.3
, :
,
.
Gantt.
Gantt

.

. ,
, .

.
, ,
,
.

. 28

 : ,
(, ),

.
,

.

, . ,

.
2.3.4

, .

.
,
.

. . ,
.., ()
, .
.
4 .
.

...

2-4:

. 29

 : ,

AOA Activity On Arrow,
,
.
: AON Activity On Node.
2.3.5
,
:
,
( 2-4). ..
.
.
,
, , ,
. ,
,
1 , 2 1
. ( 2-5).

2-5: 2

,
,
.
2.3.6 (Dummy activities)
(Dummy activities)
.

CPM PERT .

. 30

 : ,
,
.

...
...

2-6: (dummy)

2.3.7
,
.
.
.

.

.
,
.

.
.
,
.
(
),
.
.
, ,
2-6.

. 31

 : ,
,
:
A

2-7:

,

.
2.3.8

. ,
.

.
, -
,
, 2-8.

(ES - EARLY START)

(ES - EARLY START)

...

...

...

...

...

2-8:

. 32

 : ,
,
(Expected Start ES)
, (Early Start ES).
,

.
,
. 5
. , ,
. ,

ES / /
/. , j,
/ /, n
i tij,
ESi, ESj
. , ESj
MAX: ESi+tij .


, ES .
ES .

ES1

ES4

3
5
ES3

ES=0

ES

9
ES2
2

2-9: - 1

, ,
. , ES=0.

. 33

 : ,

ES4

3
5
8

ES=0

ES

9
6
2

2-10: - 2

3
5
8

ES

9
6
2

2-11: - 3

3
5
8

15

9
6
2

2-12: -

. 34

 : ,

ES
ES ,
.
3 ,
(dummy).
3
2.
,
. 15 .
2.3.9
,

. ,
3 8 .
3 : t(3->)=5 3
13 , 2 . ,
2 , . 10 ,
.
.

,
, (LS
Late Start). ,

. LS-ES
(slack time) .
2-13:
:

. 35

 : ,


(ES - EARLY START)

(ES - EARLY START)

...

...

...

...

(SLACK)

2-13:

.
( ),
. ,
, i t i
( ) t j
. ,
:
LSi = ti = min(tj tij)

, (rollback),
,
2-14.

12

4
3

5
0

10

9
6

2-14:

. 36

15

15

 : ,

, (t i - ti),
(slack time)
.
.
,
.

2.3.10
2-14,
,
( 2 ) , . ,
.

,
.

.
, .
2-14
- .
,
.
2.3.11

, .
.
:
) (Free Float FF). ESi
- ESj - tij ij,
. slack .
:
FFij = ESj - ESj - tij
)
(lndependent Float, DF). ESj - LSi - tij

. 37

 : ,
ij , . LSi,
. :
INDFij = ESj - LSi - tij
) (Total Float - TFij). LSj
ESi - tij
, ,
. ,
, .
TFij=LSj-ESi-tij
, ,
:
,
. .

2.3.12 :
.
, :
, , , ,
. ,
. .
,
.
, ;

/ .
CPM
/ /
. , ,
,
, ,
. ;
.


.
,

. 38

 : ,
.
(normal) (crashed).

( ,
, : , ...)
, . ,
/ :

. , .
.
,
.
,
,
.

. 39

 : ,

2.3.13 : PERT

, .

, ,

.
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique),
....
,
:
)
.
)
, ,

.
,
.
,
.
,
.
( : )
:
1 1 3 2
. PERT
Beta .

2.3.13.1 Beta

Beta . ,
:

. 40

 : ,
1. ,
, .
2.
,
, .
3. !
Beta. ,
:
1.
.
2. 2 ( a,b>1)
3. , .

Beta :

2-15: Beta ,

Wikipedia GNU Free

Documentation License.

. 41

 : ,
Beta :

2.3.13.2 Beta
,
( )
Beta. , ,
a,b>1
. ,
PERT t tb

Beta . ,
ta tb
. ,
tm.
,
:
taij
i j. ,
tbij.
.
tmij.
.

, .
eta PERT,
:

: .
, ta, tb tmax r q,
.
5% 95% ta tb
4.
, ta, tb tmax
TE :

. 42

 : ,

, ( ) :

.
, TE
beta tmax, .
TE beta tmax,

.

,
.
2.3.13.3 Beta
PERT/CPM
,
Xi
, :

:
:
:

, . .
, . .

/ N(0,1)
: =(x-)/ .
, Beta

. , ,
CPM
. , ,
,

. 43

 : ,
TE (time expected) ,
TE=(ta+4tmax+tb)/6 2=[(tb-ta)/6]2 . ,

.

CPM,
.
:

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

(ta)
4,0
6,0
5,0
2,5
8,0
4,5
2,0

(tmax)

(tb)

TE=(ta+4tmax+tb)/6

=[(tb-ta)/6]2

5,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
9,0
5,0
3,0

6,0
9,0
6,5
5,0
11,0
5,5
4,0

5,00
7,83
5,92
3,92
9,17
5,00
3,00

0,111
0,250
0,063
0,174
0,250
0,028
0,111

2-1: PERT

1.1
5
0

8,17

3,17

1.4
3,92

12,09 8,92
3,17

10,09 7,83

1.2
7,83

2,26

1.6
5

1.7
3
15,09 15,09
0

1.3
5,92
5,92

5,92

1.5
9,17

2-16: PERT

. PERT
: 2 . 2-1
. 44

 : ,
.
,

.
,
. :

. , ,

.
2.3.13.4 PERT/CPM
,
, , . , :

N(0,1):
= (t-)/ = (t-15,09)/0,313=3,195*(t-15,09)
, :

(deadline) D=18;
: = 3,195*(18-15,09)= 9,30.
:
(9,30)=0,9999, .

(deadline) D=16;
= 3,195*(16-15,09)=2,907 => (2,907)=0,9985.
.

(deadline) D=15,5;
= 3,195*(15,5-15,09)= 1,30995 => (1,30995)=0,9049, .
deadline D=15,09. =0 => (0) = 0,5.

. :

. 45

 : ,

, !

, :
95%
;
: = -1*()=0.95+ = 1.645. : = 3,195*(D-15,09)=1.645
=> D=15.61.
,
.
()
. ;
:
-3- ;
slack :
=7,83+5=12,83, : 2=0,25+0,028=0,278.
: =(t-12,83)/0,278.
(
): =(15,09-12,83)/0,278=0,99999 .

. ,

.
:
:
, .
.
. ,
:

( )
. ,

. 46

 : ,
1 ( : (-3- )=0,9999.
, .

, .
merge bias
( : 3 ).


.
!
simulation predictive modeling, Crystal Ball,
Risk+ ...
2.3.14 CPM PERT
CPM PERT,
, .
:
CPM () ,
PERT .
PERT , CPM
, ,
tradeoff /.
CPM (job crash)
,
PERT.

. 47

 : ,

2.4 :
(Critical Chain Project Management - CCPM)
*Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)+
(Theory Of Constraints TOC),
management. Goldratt
1997 Critical Chain (Goldratt, 1997)

.

,
. : DuPont, HP, LSI Logic, Procter&Gamble, British Aerospace, Lucent
Technologies, Intel,
2.4.1
,
project , (work breakdown
structure WBS) ,
/
. ,
,
. ,
.


.
90% .
, Beta
PERT.



.
,
. ,
,
, , .
,

. 48

 : ,

, !7

,
. ,
.
,
.


,
.
2.4.2
CCPM (
)
:
1. ,
2. .
CCPM
, buffer .
CCPM
. :
1. (
).
2.
,
.
3. , ( ASAP),
.
4. , ()
.

(student syndrome) Dr.

E.Goldratt . ( !)
Parkinson:
!,
,
.

. 49

 : ,

,
.
, -
CPM
.

2.4.3
,

.
.
90%.
,
50%, .
50%, .
50%.
(
, ).
50% 90% Goldratt Expected Safe Time ,
.
PERT. CCPM Goldratt ,
Beta,
i (buffers):
Bufferi = Safe Time Expected Time

(
).

.
buffer
.
= 0,5 ( )

25%.

. 50

 : ,

.
.

.
CPM,
.
, .
,
.
:

CPM
. ,
. resource leveling :

2-17: vs

. 51

 : ,
,
. ,
, ,
, !
Goldratt ,
,
, (Leach, 2004).

(Critical Chain). , ,
. !


.
.
.

( - feed-in) -,

, buffer ( buffer feed-in buffers).
2.4.4 buffers

,
50%,
.
,
buffer,
, buffer.

, ,

/ .
.

buffer ,
. ,
.
,
,

. 52

 : ,
(.. ,
earned value, ...). ,

.

.
buffer
, buffer (buffer penetration).
.

2-18: - buffer penetration

buffers .
buffer ,
. buffer,
.
buffer (, ).

. 53

 : ,

2-19: - buffer

:
1. : .
2. : .
3. :
.

.
buffer
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
buffer
Resource Buffer.
( , ...)
,


.

.

.

. 54

 : ,

2.4.5 - CCPM
:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.

:
( 20% 50%),
,

,
,
ROI.
:

slacks, ,
,
resource buffers
.

(Ribera, Sachon, & Grasas, 2003) (Lechler, Ronen, & Stohr, 2005)
CCPM.

. 55

 : ,

3
3.1

.
, ,

.
,
,
, , ..,
CPM. ,

, ,
.
:
1. ,
2. (tradeoffs).
,
( !). ,
. , .
.

3.2
,
.
1.
,
,
.
.
2.
a. (renewable) :
(.. ).
b. (depletable) :
(.. ).

. 56

 : ,
c. (doubly constrained) :
(.. , /
...).
3.
a. (constrained) :
(.. ,
).
b. (non-constrained) :
(.. ,
).
,
.

.
,
. .
,
.
.
:
, ,
. ,
.
. .
,
.

3.3 (resource loading)

(resource leveling)

. timetable ,
, ,
Gantt.
,

. 57

 : ,
,
, .

. ,
,
. ,
.
. , ,

(.. ) (..
) ,
.
, ,
,
:

TE=(ta+4tmax+tb)/6

=[(tb-ta)/6]2

5,00
7,83
5,92
3,92
9,17
5,00
3,00

0,111
0,250
0,063
0,174
0,250
0,028
0,111

10,000
16,000
12,000
8,000
18,000
10,000
6,000

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

3-1: Resource leveling/: ,

8,17

3,17

1.1
5|10
0

12,09 8,92
3,17

10,09 7,83

1.2
7,83|16
1.3
5,92|12
5,92

1.4
3,92|8

2,26

1.6
5|10

1.7
3|6
15,09 15,09
0

5,92

1.5
9,17|18

3-1: Resource leveling/: PERT-

. 58

 : ,
Gantt, :

3-2: Resource leveling/: Gantt chart

3-3: Resource leveling/:

. 59

 : ,
,
50%.
, ,
.
:
. ,
.

.
, .
,

.
.
,
( )
.
(resource leveling).

,
,
(resource-constrained project
scheduling) .
, : ,
.
,
.
project planner
, .
. ad
hoc
.
,
, ....
, .
,
,
.

(

. 60

 : ,
preemption),

.. .

.

3.4
constrained project scheduling problem - RCPSP)

(resource-

3.4.1

,
,
. ,
, ,

.
,
. :
,
,



,
8. , .
/
,
.
,
, /
. ,

, RCPSP NP-hard
(Demeulemeester & Herroelen, 2002).

. 61

 : ,
(resource-constrained project scheduling problem
, RCPSP).
3.4.2

:
1. (exact methods) ,
2. (heuristics).
,

.


. ,
.
,
, .
.


,
.

:
, ,
( ) ,
(
).

(NPV) .

3.4.3
,
,
,
. ,
,

. 62

 : ,
, ,
.
3.4.3.1
RCPSP
:
fi i(1,,n) di
. rik I k ak(t)
k t.
,
fn .
, fn,
. :

Min fn
, (i,j)
f1=0

St t.
St ,
/
.
. , .
.
, 1969 Pritsker.
xit
i t , 1 0 .
xit (feasible) ,

:
, upstream
downstream CPM.

:

(Watters, Wolfe, & Pritsker, 1969)

:

. 63

 : ,

1 . 2
. 3
. 4
xi.
Pritsker et al. nT xi, .
nT (
). ,

. , n+mT+||, n+mT+n(n1)/2 ,
.

,
.
RCPSP ,
.

3.4.3.2 (branch and bound)

,
RCPSP.
, (truncated)
(. 3.4.4.3).
, ,
:
1. (branching characteristic):
,

. 64

 : ,
.
(feasible) -.
2. (bounding characteristic):
,
, .
RCPSP
(Demeulemcester & Herroelen, 1992).

3.4.3.3
()
,
,

.

,
,
.

,

. ,

,
(.., , ).

,


.
,
, ,
.

/,
Bellman:

. 65

 : ,
(1) .
(2) ()
"" .
(3) "" .
(4)
.
(5) ().
(6) , ,
,
.
(7) ,
.

.
(forward recursive)
:
n : , n
.
xn : - n.
sn : .
fn(xn,sn) : ,
n, s xn
.
r(xn,sn) : s n-
xn.
Tn+1(fn) : n+1
s n- .

:
1)
a. 2) fn (xn,sn) = maxxn {r(xn ,sn) + fn-1 (xn-1 , sn-1)}
b. 3) sn+1= T(fn(xn,sn)),
. fn xn s
,
, T .

. 66

 : ,

, (backwards recursive).
forward recursive
Dijkstra (shortest path)
.
RCPSP
(Kaplan, 1988).

3.4.3.4

. :
(schedule schemes)
Float splitting

, .
3.4.4
,

. ,
, ,
, ,
(
) (HERROELEN, 2005). ,
.
:
1. (constructive heuristic methods):
.
2. (improvement heuristic methods):

( ) .

3.4.4.1
(complete time schedule):

(feasible time schedule):
,
.

. 67

 : ,
- (semi-active time schedule):

,
, .

(local left shift).
(active time schedule):

, ,
( - global left shift).
RCPSP
.
- (non-delay time schedule):

,
, ( ,
).
-
.

3-5: -

3-4:

3.4.4.2 -

(Schedule Generation Schemes - SGS).


,
.
.

. 68

 : ,
SGS. SGS
g = 1,.n ,
(
). .
,
.

.
.
SGS - g
tg .

.
tg, . , SGS
,
. SGS
-. , -

.
SGS
.
:
1. ,
.
2.
.

.
.

.
,

.
.
:

. 69

 : ,
(As Soon As Possible - ASAP):
.
.
(As Late As Possible - ALAP):
.

.
:
.


.
:
,
.

.
(slack) :
,
.
.
:
,
.
,
.
: ,
.
:
( ..
).
, , .

.
- (FCFS First Come, First-Served)
,
. , .

. 70

 : ,
- (LCFS Last Come, First Served ) FCFS.
Fendley

.
FCFS.

.

Single Pass method,
,
, Multi Pass method.
Kolisch (1995) SGS
SGS Single Pass ,

.

3.4.4.3 (truncated branch

and bound)
,
(truncated branch and bound).
, .
(state tree)
(nodes) (branches)
.
,
,
.
, , .
,
,
.

(depth-first, jump-tracking branch and bound search)
.
, ,
(depth-first)

,

. 71

 : ,
. ,
(jump-trucking).


. Pollack-Johnson (1995), DemeulemeesterHerroelen (1997) Sprecher (2000) .
, ,
.
3.4.4.4
Oguz
Bala (1994) (Watters, Wolfe, & Pritsker,
1969)., . ,

,
. j
.
Mausser Lawrence
. . ,
SGS ( ),
.
. ,
.
3.4.4.5 -

- (metaheuristics).

( , *
+ RCPSP),


/ .
-
, -.

.
:
,
,

. 72

 : ,

,
(brute-force search)
.
-
.
stochastic optimization, .
, .
,
.
-
RCPSP :
() ,
(steepest ascend hill-climbing),
(simulated annealing) (tabu-search).
()
(genetic and evolutionary algorithms).
. ,
.

3.4.4.5.1 (Single-State methods)

( Quality(S) ), Tweak(S)
,
.
:
.

<- . :

steepest ascend hill climbing :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

n: ()
S
repeat
R <- Tweak(Copy(S))
for n 1 do

. 73

 : ,
6.
W <-Tweak(Copy(S))
7.
if Quality(W) > Quality(R) then
8.
R <- W
9. if Quality(R) > Quality(S) then
10. S <- R
11. until
.
Copy(S) S.
Tweak(S) .
: ;
, ,
. ,

.
,
. ,

.

,
, (local optimization
method). , .
(global optimization method)
,
.
Tweak .
(random walk /
search) . ,


.

, .
. , steepest ascend hill climbing
n
Tweak,
.

. 74

 : ,
(Simulating annealing)
, , : loop,
hill climbing,

.
t:
, ,
, hill
climbing.
,


.

(Tabu search): . ,
steepest ascend hill climbing,
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
3.4.4.5.2


( Tweak), ( Quality) ,

( Tabu search
, ).
,
.

,
.

(EA,
Evolutionary Algorithms).

. 75

 : ,
(Genetic Algorithms).

.
:




1.
.
.
.
.
()


.
()
.
. , .
() . .. RCPSP
.
RCPSP
.

, .. , , ..,
(Nearchou, 2004b), (Nearchou, 2008).

3.4.4.5.3 -


.
, , ,

. 76

 : ,
, , ...
. ,
, ,
.

.
.
,
, -
, .
(..
).
; , , .
,
;
(Travelling Salesman
Problem TSP),
,
.
,
. RCPSP, .
ACO
(Ant Colony Optimization). -

. (),
.
, .
,
, .

,
.
, ,
!
,
Free Float
CPM.
(Priyanto, Adiwijaya, & Maharani).

. 77

 : ,

3-6: ant colony

() m .
s
js
,
js.
:

: j:,s: , S: , a,b: .
:

*jsk(t) k
, .
js
, ..
,
m ,
,
,
.

. 78

 : ,

4
4.1
,

project
manager .
Gantt

,
, ,
.


,
(..
), (
ERP), ... .

.

4.2 project management

, ,
:
1. .
,
.
2. (project planning).
,
. ,
,
. top-down ,
Work Breakdown Structure,
.
. WBS
.

. 79

 : ,


(CPM, PERT, , PRINCE, ...).

, EST, LST, EFT, LFT, slacks
.

,
.
(project planning).
baseline
.
3. .
(monitoring and controlling).
. ,
, ,
, , ... .


baseline. ,

.

.
.
.
4.
, .
. ,
,

contract closure.

, .

4.3
4.3.1
, , , Internet
forum: Planning Planet (http://www.planningplanet.com)

. 80

 : ,
( :
22-02-2010):
VOTE RESULTS PAGE
Question: Which Planning & Scheduling Software do you CURRENTLY USE as your main
software tool?
1 Primavera P3
2 Primavera Enterprise
3 Artemis
4 Pertmaster
5 Openplan
6 CS Project Professional
7 PowerProject / TeamPlan
8 Tilos
10 Micro Planner X-Pert
11 Spider Project
12 Construction Computer Software (CCS)
13 Microsoft Project
14 SureTrack
15 AMS Realtime
16 Graphisoft Control 2007

709 ( 54.3 %)
288 ( 22.1 %)
7 ( 0.5 %)
3 ( 0.2 %)
16 ( 1.2 %)
7 ( 0.5 %)
102 ( 7.8 %)
3 ( 0.2 %)
5 ( 0.4 %)
9 ( 0.7 %)
6 ( 0.5 %)
129 ( 9.9 %)
16 ( 1.2 %)
2 ( 0.2 %)
4 ( 0.3 %)

4-1:

,
,

.
Oracle, Primavera Project Planner
(p3) Primavera Enterprise, Microsoft Project Asta PowerProject.
, ,
.

4.3.2 Microsoft Project

(20 user licenses 2006). MS Project
Microsoft
MS Office ,

. 81

 : ,

.

Microsoft Project
- (client)
Microsoft, MS
Project Server. Project Server SQL Server

SOAP .
Microsoft
Project Portfolio Manager.

MS Project Web Access,
(middleware) Project Server
web client , MS Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox.
-
.

. 82

 : ,
CPM/PERT,

(third-party software module).
, MS Project budgets
.
( )
.
.
(resource pool).
:
: 2007 MS Project
, user interface
MS Office. (..

menu, (Views) ,
leveling ...). ,
documentation Microsoft
.
:
, Gantt .
,
, WBS , .
:
Microsoft ( MS Project-Project Server
Microsoft: Excel, Word, Visio, Sharepoint Server, Exchange),
proprietary .
MS Project-Project Server MS
Windows.
XML.
project manager: ,
( MS Excel Visio).
,
, resource-constrained project
scheduling. leveling , .
Work Breakdown Structures. ,
, versioning. ,
,
, Project Portfolio

. 83

 : ,
Manager9. leveling prioritization,
.
: .
:
o Transactional, Check In / Check Out , .
, .

.
o single project ,
,
. multiproject MS Project
Server, ,
MS Project Professional.
.
o scheduling enterprise / program ,
Project Server .
o security
Access Control Lists policing,
.

2010 Project Server,

standalone MS Project / Project Professional.

. 84

 : ,
4.3.3 Oracle Primavera
Primavera Primavera Software Inc
2008, Oracle, (6
2008
, )
portfolio .

.

, () Primavera
Oracle
. ,
Primavera : (
, ..), (,
..), , (, ,
..).

. 85

 : ,
Primavera :
P6 Enterprise Project Portfolio Management (
),
P6 Professional Project Management ( ),
Contract Management ( ),
Risk Analysis ( ),
Contractor ( ),
P3 Project Planner ( ),
SureTrack ( ).
,
.
CPM/PERT.
,
(third-party
software module) .
Primavera Project Management
- (client) .

Oracle, Oracle Database 10g Express Edition .
, standalone MS Project.

, DB server
Oracle, Oracle Database 10g, server SQL o Microsoft SQL Server ,
, MySQL.
, Primavera Project
Management enterprise
- multi-project .

. Oracle SureTrack,
Professional Project Management 1000$ 2500$.
Primavera P6 Professional Project
Management, .
:
: P6 Professional Project Management
.
. documentation

. 86

 : ,
Microsoft, ,
context sensitive .
:
, Gantt .
, :
Earned Value Analysis, documentation, .. .
:
,
proprietary . ,
Oracle SQL
.
XML MS Project file format.
: HP Unix, IBM AIX, Linux,
Solaris, MS Windows.
,
Primavera ( , MS Project suite
Windows ).
project manager: ,
,
. , ,
MS Project.
enterprise level, .
leveling , .
Work Breakdown Structures .
: .
:
o real time , .
,

. / Save (
!).
o multi project ,
( ).
, , , WBS ...,

(cross-project). ,
.
o scheduling enterprise / program ,
.
o
.

. 87

 : ,
4.3.4 Asta PowerProject

.
, , WBSs templates.
,

/
.
,
(intuitive). chart
project manager
.
standalone, single user, Transactional Check In / Check Out.
CPM, PERT,
. multiuser
Astra Central Database, proprietary ,
modules Asta Site Progress reporting
site engineers, PDAs, Asta Executive Reporting
reporting.
Microsoft Project
Oracle Primavera.

. 88

 : ,
multiproject

financing accounting.
, ,
,
. ,
MS Project.
, ,
.
,
.
leveling
,
.
4.3.5 Open Workbench
,
CA Corporation.

interface
, .
CPM Gantt charts, PERT,
.

. 89

 : ,
: , , , WBSs.
client/server ,
Clarity
.
multiproject

. (resource pool).
( )
, CPM scheduling, Earned
Value Analysis, , ...,
(, ).
Open Workbench ,
, views
controlling project manager,
, baseline.
report, project
manager.


.
4.3.6

CivilTech.
,
, , Gantt charts

. 90

 : ,
scheduling , CPM PERT
.
, ,
, .
--
, ,
... .
,
,

. , ,


.
, MS Windows,
. multiuser ,
MS SQL Server, 2005 Express
.
offline MS Project,

.
,


, MS Project.

4.3.7
,



. ,
,
.


.

. 91

 : ,

5 Case study: ..

5.1
... .. ,
1996
,
.
1997.

5.2
,
(Project Manager) ,
,

,
.


, ,
, , , , ,

.

5.3
1997
Primavera Project Planner Enterprise (P3),
.
Management Information System (MIS)

, , ,

( -GIS).

.
( , ,

. 92

 : ,
), ,
. ,

(P3).

,
,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.

,
(, , , ) ,

.
,

( ). ,
( , , ,
, , , ),
.
(GIS)
(
1:5000) ( , ,
).
, ,
.

. 93

 : ,

)
,
.
, ,
. ,
.

.
,

.
,
, ,
.
,
,

,
. ,
.
, ,
-
beta.
,

. .. .

. 94

 : ,

)


. ,
, .


.
,
,
,
,
.
,

,

,
.
,
. :
,
, value chain , virtual firms,
outsourcing ... .
.
,
.
:
,
,
,

,
,

.

. 95

 : ,

:
Dasgupta, S., Papadimitriou, C. H., & Vazirani, U. V. (2006). Algorithms
(.penultimate draft). University of Berkeley / DP of Electrical Engineering &
Computer Sciences.
Demeulemeester, E. L., & Herroelen, W. S. (2002). PROJECT SCHEDULING - A Research
Handbook. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS.
Goldratt, E. M. (1997). Critical Chain. THE NORTH RIVER PRESS.
Leach, L. P. (2004). Critical Chain Project Management. Artech House.
Luke, S. (2010). Essentials of Metaheuristics (Online Version 0.7 .). George Mason
University / Department of Computer Science.
Meredith&Mantel. (2000). Project Management-a managerial approach. Wiley.
PMI (Project Management Institute). (Third Edition, 2004). A guide to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). ANSI Standard: PMI 99-001-2004.
, . (2004). & - .

:
, . . (2009).
. , ,
.
Kaplan, L. (1988). Resource-constrained project scheduling with preemption of jobs.
, University of Michigan, Electrical an Computer Science.

:
Bertsekas, D. P. (2008). LECTURE SLIDES ON DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING.
, . . (n.d.). .
" ", "
".

- :
Demeulemcester, E., & Herroelen, W. (1992). A Branch-and-Bound Procedure for the
Multiple Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem. Management Science ,
38 (12), . 1803-1818.
HERROELEN, W. (2005). PROJECT SCHEDULING - THEORY AND PRACTICE. Production
and operations management .

. 96

 : ,
Kastor, A., & Sirakoulis, K. (2009). The effectiveness of resource levelling tools for
Resource Constraint Project Scheduling Problem. International Journal of Project
Management .
Lechler, T. G., Ronen, B., & Stohr, E. A. (2005, December). Critical Chain: A New
Project Management Paradigm or Old Wine in New Bottles? Engineering
Management Journal .
Merkle, D., Middendorf, M., & Schmeck, H. (2002, ). Ant Colony
Optimization for Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION .
Nearchou, A. (2004a). Flow-shop sequencing using hybrid simulated annealing.
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing , . 317-328.
Nearchou, A. (2008). Multi-objective balancing of assembly lines by population
heuristics. Int. Journal of Production Research , 46 (8), . 2275-2297.
Nearchou, A. (2004b). The effect of various operators on the genetic search for large
scheduling problems. Int. Journal of Production Economics , 88 (2), . 191-203.
Priyanto, A., Adiwijaya, & Maharani, W. (n.d.). IMPLEMENTATION OF ANT COLONY
OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM ON THE PROJECT RESOURCE SCHEDULING PROBLEM.
Ribera, J., Sachon, M., & Grasas, A. (2003). PUTTING THE CORE ELEMENTS OF
CRITICAL CHAIN PROJECT MANAGEMENT INTO PERSPECTIVE: A GENERAL
FRAMEWORK FOR BUFFER MANAGEMENT. Barcelona, Spain.
Watters, L., Wolfe, P., & Pritsker, A. (1969, 16). Multi Project Scheduling with
Limited Resources: A Zero-One Programming Approach. Management Science , .
93-108.
Yang, B., Geunes, J., & OBrien, W. J. (2001, ). Resource-Constrained Project
Scheduling: Past Work and New Directions. Gainesville: University of Florida.

:
Planning Planet. (2010, ). http://www.planningplanet.com/
Project Management for
http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/

Construction.

(n.d.).

llusiness. (2009, ). www.allbusiness.com

. 97

2010),

 : ,

. 98