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GEOG 214
TOPICS
Introduction to the Theodolite Description and use of the Theodolite Introduction to the Total Station Using the Total Station Fieldwork
STATION A
STATION B
KEY
Theodolite Booking
Instrument station Back station Forward station Face and swing HCR (Height of Collimation) Include angle Difference Remarks
Instrument station
Back station
Forward station
H.C.R
Included angle
Distance (m)
Remarks
LECTURE
Background
Rapid technological advances particularly in electronics, a number of cartographic and surveying equipments have been more acceptable as More modern, accurate surveying equipment. The equipment looks similar to the manual theodolite and the tacheometer and therefore shares with them some of their operating principles The features and in-built abilities of the total station make work more flexible and less tedious The TS makes surveying less time consuming and has a very high degree of accuracy compared to the other instruments used in land surveying.
TS - a combination of:
Electronic transit /Tacheometer Electronic Distance Measuring device (EDM) Computerized systems
keyboard, software for editing, download, storage and display.
Reflective Prism
Principles of Operation -2
An electronic theodolite with telescope for measuring angles between stations. An electronic distance measuring (EDM) system which enables accurate measurement of distances Computerized input/output system/interface (keyboard, in-built rechargeable battery, software for editing, download, storage and display)
Calculating System
The TS also includes a simple calculator to figure the locations of points sighted
The calculator can perform the trigonometric functions needed, starting with the angles and distance, to calculate the location of any point sighted.
Calculating System
The TS station also includes a simple calculator to figure the locations of points sighted The calculator can perform the trigonometric functions needed, starting with the angles and distance, to calculate the location of any point sighted
Data Recording
Many total stations also include data recorders. The raw data (angles and distances) and/or the coordinates of points sighted are recorded, along with some additional information The data thus recorded can be directly downloaded to a computer at a later time. The use of a data recorder further reduces the potential for error and eliminates the need for a person to record the data in the field.
The determination of angles and distance are essentially separate actions. One aims the telescope with great care first; this is the part of the process with real potential for human error. When the telescope has been aimed, the angles are determined. Only then does one initiate the reading of the distance to the target by the EDM. That takes only a few seconds; the calculations are performed immediately.
STATION
STATION
KEY
Function of the TS - 4
The TS with the above features enables accurate field-tofinish survey where angles can be measured and included, angles calculated even on the fields. It automatically measures and displays distance and direction data (both horizontal and vertical angles), and transmits the results to its computer. It also facilitates the measurement of distance from the instrument station to the back or forward station, an activity that would have been done using a chain if the theodolite was being used. The TS also has an additional advantage of ensuring more accurate traversing to be done in the end and further changes made when necessary and at a later date.
KEY
Field Procedures -1
From the above, A is the back station and B the forward station. The angle (?) which is known as the included angle is calculated by the total station by subtracting B from A. The coordinates of A and B are measured by the total station in degrees, minutes and seconds.
Field Procedures -2
In-put the angle of the back station into the system using a keyboard after reading from the graduated card at the base of the instrument through a lens (telescope) Turn the instrument without moving towards the forward station and record the angles also. Command the system to calculate the angle between the two stations using the keyboard and record distance between instruments station and back or forward station
Field Procedures -3
The same procedure can be repeated until all the recordings in the series are completed. Set up/Level TS on tripod Mount/Set up the reflective prism Sight with the telescope Take readings Make recordings Identify and address field problems and challenges Download data and use
Making measurements
When the instrument is set up and turned on, it sets itself to be pointing to zero degrees (north) when power is first supplied. There are two adjustment knobs for rotating within the horizontal plane. One rotates the telescope to make a sighting, with the readout of angles displaying changes. The other, however, permits the user to rotate the entire instrument and to keep the current angle unchanged during the process. That effectively re-orients the zero or north setting. That can be very helpful when setting up or re-setting the instrument. Thus, it can be devastating if one makes that adjustment by mistake and thereby changes the north setting. The survey information can be recorded by hand, and the data then entered into the AutoCAD model. Recording could be done in a field notebook or stored in the system memory to be assessed at a later date. This process is not necessary if a data collector with the most modern of capabilities is available. The data collector can automatically orient all new points to a pre-existing set of survey coordinates.
Conclusion
In a land survey the feature and in-built abilities of the total station makes work more flexible and less tedious As you can see, the use of the chain or compass, or even the mechanical theodolite becomes unnecessary when you use the TS The total system is a most effective and accurate method of traversing that facilitates the work of the modern surveyor. It is indeed a Field to Finish System