FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Theory and Programming 'A comprehensive book giving detailed description of the theory along with computer programs that can be readily understood and used by students and practising engineers ment formulations are developed through easy-to-follow. solid, plate bending, ‘hree-dimensional solid and shell problems, This treatment facilitates easier computer programming necessary for practical applicatibn of the method, A unified treatment is provided for the analysis of framed structures bast ‘on the finite displacement model 0 that theteader gets the tools necessary for the stress/ Structural analysis ofall types of problems in one single text. * a unique feature of this book is in the development and presentation of a general purpase ‘computer program, PASSFEM, with an element library for six types of elements with {tires lament shapes for each type of stres Appendixes 1 to 8, This would -bid programming aspacts of the finite elem The applications Solve practical problems are illustrated through a number of examples. the program to wi sidfiple style and lucid treatment, the book is designed to take the student or . ic ited for the finite ring, ete, and also to impart skis loping and using finite rams. © S KRISHNAMOORTHY is currently Professor of Structural Enginesring'in the Department of Civil. Engineering at the Indian institute of Technology. MadraS. He obtained his B E (Hons) and M.Sc (Engs) degrees from the Univesity of Madras, He was awarded a commonwealth ‘seholgrship in 4969 at Imperial College of Science and Technology. London and obtaified his Ph D degree trom the University of London in 1972. Professor Krishnamoorthy has been teaching finite element analysis and o otiented subjects and haa been actively engaged in research in.fjon-linear init ‘analjsis, structural optimisation and software development for CAD in civiléngin In 1978, he visited West Germany as Principal Investigator of a Joint Indo-G Research Project. During 1980-81, he wAs awarded the Fulbright Scholarship and wes a ‘siting Fulbright Scholar atthe University of Southern California, Los Angeles and the University of Ilinois at Urbana-Champaign. Professor Kiishnamoorthy is a Member of the Institution of Structural Engineers. London tnd Representative of the Institution in Madras. He is also a Member of the Computer Society of India. He has published a number of papers in international journals and also contributed chapters in books. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited 4/12 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110002 0-07-460195-4 THEORY AND PROGRAMMING ic PASSFEM SUBROUTINE iG FINITE ELEMEN (© CALL ELEMENT GOTO (10, 20 3 10° GALL THREDT GOTO 100 e0 CALL THREDB GOTO 100 SQ CALL PLANE GOTO 100 AQ CALL THREDS GOTO 100MeGraw Hill Offces Now Det New York St Louis San Francisco ‘Avekland Bogott Goatemaia Hamburg Lisbon Montreal Panama Paris San Juan Sto Paulo Singapore Tory Toronto FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Theory and Programming € S Krishnamoorthy Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHIDedicated 0 MY PARENTS © 1987, TATA McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED Fourth Reprint 1992 RLDRCRYERXDAR, "No part of this publication can be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publishers This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 4/12 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 002, and printed at Chaman Enterprises, 1626 Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 a. Preface The stress_analysis in the fields of civil, mechanical and aero-space engi ‘neering, naval architecture, off-shore engineering and nuclear engineering is invariably complex, and for many of the problems it is extremely difficult ‘nd tedious to obtain analytical solutions. In these situations, engineers usually resort to numerical methods to solve the problems. With the advent ‘of computers, one of the most powerful techniques that has been developed in the realm of engineering analysis is the finite element method, and the ‘method, being general, can be used for the analysis of structures/solids of complex shapes and complicated boundary conditions. With the rapid development of the method a number of books have been Published on this subject during the last ten years. Many of the books are concerned with the description of the method and development of elements for various applications. Also, the analysis of framed structures is usually ‘eated separately under matrix methods of structural analysis. ‘The finite clement method is a product of the computer age, and the application of the method to solve practical problems requires use of ‘com. uter programs for analysis. The method is presented here in a computer- oriented manner so that the student or engineer can thoroughly understand the theory and the connected programming aspects of the various elements. The analysis of framed structures is formulated using the finite element ‘model which makes the coverage unified and widely applicable to the analy- sis of all types of structural systems. ‘An essential feature of the book is the presentation of a general three- dimensional finite element analysis program (PASSFEM) around. a main core program. Following the description of the theory for each type of ele- ‘ment, the computational aspects of the element are illustrated through the subroutines. This approach will help acquire knowledge and experience in the development and use of finite element analysis programs. After the introduction of the method in Chapter 1, the basic structural mechanics. background required for learning the method is presented in Chapter 2 through.a brief review of the basic equations of lastcity and the principles of virtual displacement and potential energy. ‘The displacement model which is widely used in package programs is introduced in Chapter 3.along with the derivation of the element proper- ties. One of the significant developments in ‘finite elements’ is the concept