THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING PROGRAM

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ECE 4925W 10 SENIOR DESIGN

Final Product Review: Mind to Music Project

Stephen Tranovich Morgan Oxenrider Charles Lee

Submitted on April 7, 2014

Professor D. Nagel

Abstract The ability to translate the brain has become an intriguing study in recent years. Ranging from recreational devices to core medical instruments, brain state recognition technology has made significant advances. It will continue to be vital for neuroscience research and development. The Mind to Music project takes a recreational approach to utilizing EEG signals from the brain and translating them into songs according to read states. The project will consist of two physical components: an on-body system and an off-body system. These systems will connect wirelessly and will house all the components for gathering the signals and playing the music. The on-body system consists of the electrodes and circuit that receive and process the raw EEG signals. The analysis microcontroller will also be in this system, but will take canned EEG signals and determine the state of the brain waves. This system will be light-weight and small enough to carry on the body. The off-body system consists of a microcontroller and a speaker that will play pre-loaded music according to the state sent from the on-body system. Although a recreational device initially, further research and development may allow for advanced medical purposes.

Table of Contents
Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Equations Introduction Historical Perspective System Level Requirements and Specifications Approach to Overall Design Overall System Design Mechanical Drawings Module Level Requirements and Specifications Signal Acquisition Module Amplification and Filtering Module Signal Analysis Module Audio Processing Module Module Design Signal Acquisition Module Amplification and Filtering Module Signal Analysis Module Audio Processing Module Important Design Changes Since the FDR Implementation Module and System Tests Signal Acquisition Module Signal Analysis Module Audio Processing Module Engineering Standards Timeline Estimation and Milestones Labor Costs Costs & Economic Analysis Summary and Conclusion Qualifications of Personnel Morgan Oxenrider Charles Lee Stephen Tranovich Team Arrangements & Contributions References Appendix A. Electrode Head Placement B. Schematics C. Data Sheets D. Housing Alterations E. Voltage Dividers F. Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) Layouts G. Gantt Chart Enlarged H. Bill of Materials I. Weekly Labor Costs J. Signal Analysis Python Code Page 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 15 19 22 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 36 37 38 40 40 44 47 51 52

List of Figures Figure 1: System Block Diagram Part 1 Figure 2: System Block Diagram Part 2 Figure 3: Mechanical Drawing of the On-Body Housing Figure 4: Mechanical Drawing of the On-Body Housing Figure 5: Block Diagram of Signal Acquisition Module Figure 6: Electrode/Copper Cap Components Figure 7: Coaxial Cable / Copper Cap attachment (not showing conductive tape) Figure 8: Adhesive, Disposable EEG Electrodes (Top and Bottom) Figure 9: Block Diagram of Amplification and Filtering Module Figure 10: AD620 Pin Layout Figure 11: LM741 Pin Layout Figure 12: Completed Amplification and Filtering Module (Outside) Figure 13: Completed Amplification and Filtering Module (Inside) Figure 14: Schematic of Signal Acquisition and Amplification and Filtering Modules Figure 15: Block Diagram of Signal Analysis Figure 16: Software Flow Diagram Figure 17: Block Diagram of Audio Processing Module Figure 18: Audio Amplifier and Gain Schematic Figure 19: EEG Test Figure 20: Digitized Data Set Figure 21: Time match for 0.8-1s Figure 22: Gantt Chart of Mind to Music Project Figure 23: Labor Cost Over Time Figure 24: 10-20 EEG Placement Schematic Figure 25: PSPICE Schematic of Cascaded Amplifier and Filter Figure 26: PSPICE Simulation of cascaded amplifier and filter (with 10V input) Figure 27: Drilling Specifications for Front of On Body Housing Figure 28: Drilling Specifications for Front of Off Body Housing Figure 29: Drilling Specifications for Top of Off Body Housing Figure 30: Drilling Specifications for Back of Off Body Housing Figure 31: Microcontroller - Transceiver Voltage Divider Figure 32: Microcontroller - SD Card Reader Voltage Dividers Figure 33: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Amplification and Filtering Module Figure 34: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Amplification and Filtering Module (3D Top View) Figure 35: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Amplification and Filtering Module (3D Bottom View) Figure 36: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Audio Processing Module Figure 37: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Audio Processing Module (3D Top View) Figure 38: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Audio Processing Module (3D Bottom View) Figure 39: Gantt Chart Enlarged 1 Figure 40: Gantt Chart Enlarged 2 Figure 41: Gantt Chart Enlarged 3 Figure 42: Gantt Chart Enlarged 4 Figure 43: Signal Analysis Python Code

List of Tables Table 1: Requirements and Specifications of the On-Body System Table 2: Requirements and Specifications of the Off-Body System Table 3: Requirements and Specifications of the Signal Acquisition Module Table 4: Requirements and Specifications of the Amplification and Filtering Module Table 5: Requirements and Specifications of Signal Analysis Module Table 6: Requirements and Specifications of Audio Output Module Table 7: Inputs and Outputs of Signal Acquisition Module Table 8: Time and Completion for Signal Acquisition Module Table 9: Inputs and Outputs of Amplification and Filtering Module Table 10: Time and Completion for Signal Amplification and Filtering Module Table 11: Inputs and Outputs of the Signal Analysis Module Table 12: Time and Completion for Signal Analysis Module Table 13: Raspberry Pi Microcontroller Specifications Table 14: Inputs and Outputs of Transceiver Submodule Table 15: Time and Completion for Transceiver Module Table 16: Inputs and Outputs of Processing Submodule Table 17: Time and Completion for Processing Module Table 18: Inputs and Outputs of Audio Submodule Table 19: Time and Completion for Audio Module Table 20: Labor Cost Analysis Table 21: Total Cost Per Unit Table 22: Unit Cost Analysis Table 23: Dimension and Quantity of PCB Table 24: Dimensions and Quantity of PCB Table 25: Bill of Materials for PCB Production Table 26: Weekly Labor Cost Breakdown

List of Equations Equation 1: Gain equation for the AD620 Amplifier

Introduction Electroencephalograms (EEGs) are scans primarily used in the medical field to measure the voltage fluctuations in the brain through ionic currents in the neurons. Exploring broader uses of EEG data gathering, companies have begun to release commercial products that utilize simple systems that do not confine the EEGs to just the medical field. Many examples of these products range from testing brain activity while learning new subjects, such as mathematics and English to reading individuals emotions and moving a small mechanical device. The voltage fluctuations within an EEG system can be defined as a complex AC signal. This project explores the idea that these EEG signals can be translated into synthesized music or tones based on the voltage amplitude and frequencies of these signals. This system expands on the commercialized idea of EEG analysis. With a front end system designed to gather EEG signals through a filter to minimize noise, and an amplifier to create workable signals, this project simplifies the data gathering to a small commercial product such as a headband or a cap. The most unique part of this project is found in the back end speaker system. Specific to the project, the speaker or boom box has wireless capabilities to connect with the front end system. Operation of the music player is determined by specific states of the brain, to give a direct correlation between thought and music. Taking an initial step at truly understanding the use of brain signals from the base level of engineering, this project aims to create a bridge between education and recreation by discovering a simple way to connect the human body and technology. Eventually, these EEGs will be more than simple tones; they will create symphonies. Historical Perspective The idea of controlling devices through ones thought is entirely science-fiction to the everyday person, but for some companies this is a hope for the near future. Products of this capacity have a history spanning back only a few years. The use of electroencephalography has dominated the field, largely due to its relative unobtrusiveness to the user. One of the earliest demonstrations of such products is Mattels Mindflex Game, during which the user maneuvers a balloon through a course via their level of concentration. This device received mixed reviews, many claiming the balls motion to be more random than controlled. Overall it was taken more as a novelty than a commercial product. Most of the products following Mindflex were not so pinpointed in their usage. Neuroskys Mindset and Axios EEG Headband functioned more as data collection and signal analysis tools, recording data onto a computer and leaving the rest up to the user. Some products, such as InteraXons Muse and Emotive Systems EPOC Neuroheadset, took things a step further. These were designed as controllers, to be connected to any system if the user is savvy enough, or to be programmed for open-source. However, this still puts the usefulness of the product in the hands of the user. The only commercially successful product of this type is Necomimis Brainwave Cat Ears, a headband with two ears that move according to the users mood. The Cat Ears is a sleek product that neednt the highest level of accuracy to be enjoyable. Mind to Musics user
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friendliness sits between that of this product and products like Muse, being a plug and play system with a sticky setup. As a whole, Mind to Music takes the next step in user operated thought controlled systems. System Level Requirements and Specifications On-Body System Requirements 1. Retrieve Brain Signals 1a. 5-40 Hz 1b. Sampling Rate: 100 Hz 1c. 5V-50V 2. Decipher brain states from brain signal 2a. 4 states 2b. 2-4 Hz 3. Amplifies Signal 4. Low Pass Filter Acquired Signal 3a. Gain of 2500 4a. 0.5 and 40 Hz cutoff 4b. 6 dB/octave 4c. Gain of 4 5. Transmit brain signals wirelessly from headset 5a. Bluetooth: 2400-2483.5 MHz 5b. Class 2 Transmitter: 100 ft Maximum 6. Multiple EEG sensors with shielded cable 6a. 3 Sensors 6b. Sensors are disposable EEG adhesive electrodes 7. Shielded Housing 8. Housing is lightweight and wearable 7a. 50 Ohm impedance 8a. 5 x 4 x 3 (Aluminum box) 8b. 1 lb on back
Table 1: Requirements and Specifications of the On-Body System

Specifications

Off-Body System Requirements 1. Output audio signal Specifications 1a. 15-20,000 Hz 1b. 1 W 2. Produces sounds based on states 3. Receive brain signals wirelessly with box 2a. 8 distinct outputs 3a. Bluetooth: 2400-2483.5 MHz 3b. 20 ft range 4. Box within reasonable dimensions 4a. 5 lbs 4b. Less than 1 cubic foot
Table 2: Requirements and Specifications of the Off-Body System

Approach to Overall Design Current Design Originally, the device was to gather and read raw electroencephalogram signals and translates this data into canned music depending on a users brain state. However, it was later determined, through tests performed by Professor David Nagel and ECE Lab Supervisor, James Nunez, that it would be impossible to generate reproducible EEG signals. Reproducible signals were a key aspect to the original design of the product, and therefore, the design had to change. The new design has two parts. The first part is the acquisition of EEG signals and displaying them on an oscilloscope. The second part takes in canned a EEG signal that travels to an on body box that determines the brain state then is transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth to an off body box and speaker that will play music. The information the off body system receives is a simple value ranging from 0 to 4, of which the non-zero values pertain to a brain state while 0 is the brains idle state. The on body box will be strapped to the users chest to minimize movement and user error. The raw signals from the electrodes are filtered with an LC filter, amplified, and then filtered with a bandpass filter to create machine-readable data. The canned EEG signal is then converted from analog to digital signals so it may be read by the microcontroller in charge of determining states. Generally, the signal flows linearly from electrode cap to on body box for state determination and finally to the off body system to produce music. Evolution of Current Design The evolution of the Mind to Music project has been the most interesting aspect of the work and design. Several decisions were made later in the project, such as the use of either canned music or four singular tones, or the software method of determining state. Many hardware and software parts of the design were changed as we progressed through
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implementation and testing. An important decision in the signal acquisition module was the type and design of electrodes, which changed as we did more research. The biggest change in design was when it was decided to use canned EEG signals for the signal processing and audio output. Another big change was the switch from concentric ring electrodes to adhesive, disposable electrodes, because a good amount of work went into the design and fabrication of the concentric ring electrodes. Signal analysis initially used an Arduino board, but later utilized the more powerful Raspberry Pi board. This module also changed the method of state determination late into the design stages, moving away from independent component analysis and instead using a method similar to DNA gene locating. The audio processing module made a solid decision on the bluetooth set for wireless communication, but made a late decision on the use of canned music over individual tones to play. Overall, this system has changed to more suit the needs of the engineers building it and to better match specification with the hardware parts chosen. Overall System Design

Brain Wave Signals

EEG Electrodes

Safety Resistor

LC Filter

Oscilloscope

Active Filter

Amplifier

Figure 1: System Block Diagram Part 1

Canned EEG Signals

Microcontroller

Bluetooth Transmission

Microcontroller

Audio Output

Speaker

Amplifier

Figure 2: System Block Diagram Part 2

The Mind-to-Music project takes signals from the users brain and converts it into music. Through thought manipulation, the user is able to change the song clips coming from the device. It will consist of two parts: one on the body of the user to collect information, and the other to output the result. These two systems will communicate wirelessly, and the completed device will output sound from a built in speaker. The project will be broken into three subsystems: 1) signal acquisition subsystem consisting of the electrodes, amplifier, and filter, 2) the middle computational determination section, and 3) the sub-system for storing and playing music, consisting of a microcontroller, memory, amplifier and speaker. 1) Signal Acquisition: Disposable, adhesive electrodes are used with electrode gel for signal acquisition, and the circuits are shielded from outside noise. TI Filter Pro and PSPICE were used to design the amplifier and filter circuits (module 2), and all final circuits will be on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Amplified and filtered EEG signals will be displayed on an oscilloscope. 2) Signal Analysis: This module consists of only a single microcontroller and an Analog-to-Digital Converter adapter for the chosen microcontroller. The real time EEGs are analyzed and determined using a similar method to DNA location in the Human Genome Project. Initial training vectors are created using a GUI to train an individual to produce certain states. The EEGs are first taken and read through the ADC then placed into an n number of t length vectors, where n is the number of electrodes and t is the number of time stamps (this will fill in as time goes along). These vectors are then digitized and placed into bins for ease of use and normalization. The training weights are scanned along these digitized vectors to locate time points where matches occur, signaling the brain is in a certain state. 3) Audio Processing: This subsystem is divided into three separate modules. The first module is the Transceiver Module, which takes the information obtained in the Computational subsystem and wirelessly sends it to an off body microcontroller. This microcontroller, along with attached outboard memory, makes up the Processing Module (module number 2). In this module the song dictated by the determined brain state is streamed from the outboard memory to the microcontroller, then output as an analog signal to the Audio Module. This third and final module amplifies the signal and outputs audible sound. Mechanical Drawings The completed product consists of two separate housings: one for on the body of the user and the other for off the body. Both housings are made of metal to eliminate outside interference and provide grounding. Each box is purchased, with modifications to the purchased box notated in Appendix E: Housing Alterations.

On-Body Housing The box is the LMB Heeger Incorporated 64c3 CHAS aluminum box, purchased from Digi-Key. This model was chosen for its comfortable dimensions for fitting on a persons body, and its inclusion of a lid. The alterations to the box consist of 8 holes being drilled into the front, 7 of which are for BNC cables and 1 for an antenna. This system will sta y on the users abdomen by attaching Velcro to the underside of the housing and attaching it onto the user via a worn strap with Velcro on it. The layout for this housing and the components within are depicted below.

Figure 3: Mechanical Drawing of the On-Body Housing

Off-Body Housing The purchased box is the Hammond Manufacturing 1415d steel box, purchased from Digi-Key. This model was chosen for its dimensions, comfortably fitting the speaker, and its inclusion of a lid. The alterations to the box consists of holes drilled in the front for the speaker and screws, holes in the back for a power cord and screw holes for the microcontroller, and a hole in the top for an antenna. The lid attaches to the side of the box via screws and holes provided with purchase. Having the lid attach to the side of the box eliminates complications from attaching hardware to the lid. This system stays stationary and must be plugged into a wall to function. The layout for this housing and the components within are depicted below.

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Figure 4: Mechanical Drawing of the On-Body Housing

Module Level Requirements and Specifications Signal Acquisition Module Requirements 1. Retrieve Brain Signals Specifications 1a. 5-40 Hz 1b. 100 Hz Sampling Rate 1c. 5V-50V 2. 2 active electrodes and 1 reference electrode 2a. Adhesive 2b. Correct placement on head 3. Safety 4. Satisfactory electrical connection between the head and the electrodes 3a. 2k resistors placed between each electrode and the circuit 4a. Electrode gel placed on electrode before attaching to the head

Table 3: Requirements and Specifications of the Signal Acquisition Module

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Amplification and Filtering module Requirements 1. Filter out high RF signals Specifications 1a. LC filter 1b. 232 Hz cutoff 2. Amplify Signals 2a. Gain of 2500 2b. AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier 3. Bandpass filter to capture EEG signals 3a. 6th order Chebyshev bandpass filter 3b. 40 Hz cutoff 3c. 6dB/octave 3d. Gain of 4 4. Circuit is battery powered 5. Shielded circuit 4a. 2 9V Batteries 5a. Enclosed aluminum box with feedthroughs for electrode leads

Table 4: Requirements and Specifications of the Amplification and Filtering Module

Signal Analysis Module Requirements 1. Trainable to each individual 2. Read and Receive EEG Signals 3. Digitize Signal Specifications 1a. Stores 4 combs for each state (7, 9 or 11 Bins) 2a. Amplitude (Voltage Potentials (mV)) 3a. 7,9, or 11 Bins to separate signal (Size Dependent)

4. Determines (and outputs) 4 Brain states 4a. Int output (1,2,3,4) for each state
Table 5: Requirements and Specifications of Signal Analysis Module

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Audio Processing Module Requirements 1. Wirelessly Retrieve State Specifications 1a. Bluetooth: 2400 - 2483.5 MHz 1b. 20 foot range 2. Determine Song from State 3. Store Songs 2a. 4 song choices 3a. 4 Songs 3b. Non-volatile 4. Amplify Signal 5. Play Audible Music 4a. Gain of 50 5a. 1 Watt

Table 6: Requirements and Specifications of Audio Processing Module

Module Design Signal Acquisition Module

Figure 5: Block Diagram of Signal Acquisition Module

Input Brain signals via electrodes

Output Unaltered brain signals via wire

Output

Table 7: Inputs and Outputs of Signal Acquisition Module Estimated Hours

Signal Acquisition Module Actual Hours Design 2 5 Implementation 6 8 Testing 10 15 Documentation 2 4 Table 8: Time and Completion for Signal Acquisition Module

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This device accepts EEG signals within the range of 5 V- 50 V. The electrodes are self-adhesive and are positioned on the head according to the 10-20 system for EEGs. Figure 18 in the appendix shows the different brain functions that correspond to the different electrode placements in the 10-20 system. The EEG signals acquired by the electrodes are sent to the amplification and filtering module via a wire. The amplification and filtering module is comprised of a circuit that amplifies and filters the EEG signal acquired from the signal acquisition module. The first design of the electrodes is shown in Figures 6 and 7. Figure 5 shows the electrode components and also how the opposite end of the coaxial cable is stripped to enter the amplifier. Figure 6 shows how the braided shield of the coaxial cable is attached to the copper cap. However, this design was discarded because the copper cap and electrode were too close to each other in order to receive two different signals. If the copper cap was bigger, it would not sit flat on the round head, and would not receive adequate signals. Therefore, the switch to the adhesive, disposable foam electrodes was made. Two adhesive electrodes can be placed on the head at any distance from each other, and no electrode cap is needed to hold them on to the head. The adhesive electrodes are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 6: Electrode/Copper Cap Components

Figure 7: Coaxial Cable / Copper Cap attachment (not showing conductive tape)

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Figure 8: Adhesive, disposable EEG electrodes (Top and Bottom)

A cable with an alligator clip on one end and a BNC connector on the other was used for an electrode lead. A total of three were used, two for the active electrodes, and one for the reference electrode. A safety resistor was placed in the wire by cutting the wire and soldering the resistor in between the two pieces.

Key Components Selection

The signal acquisition module reads input signals in the range from 5 - 50 V. In the initial stages of the project, it was necessary to identify what type of electrode would be used. Both reusable and disposable electrodes were considered. Originally, reusable electrodes were selected because they are more durable. However, the design was later changed, and disposable, adhesive electrodes were chosen. Key Component Selection: Adhesive, disposable electrodes Silver/Sliver Chloride reusable disc electrodes were originally chosen to obtain the users EEG signals. However, trouble came about because the concentric ring design that was used had the outside ring too close to the silver/silver chloride disc electrode in the center. Self adhesive, disposable foam electrodes were then chosen. These do not need a cap to hold the electrodes on the head, and they can be placed at whatever distance from each other that is wanted to perform a variety of tests. The foam was chosen over paper or plastic because the foam is much more flexible, and can easily take the shape of the round head. Key Component Selection: Electrode Conductive Paste Biopac electrode gel was chosen as the electrolyte because it showed the smallest resistance when tested against other gels. The gel is washable and does not dry out.

Amplification and Filtering Module

Figure 9: Block Diagram of Amplification and Filtering Module

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Input Unaltered brain signals

Output Amplified brain signals (10,000 gain)

Table 9: Inputs and Outputs of Amplification and Filtering Module

Signal Amplification and Filtering Module Estimated Hours Actual Hours Design 2 5 Implementation 4 8 Testing 4 10 Documentation 2 3
Table 10: Time and Completion for Signal Amplification and Filtering Module

The EEG signals are acquired by the electrodes and serve as the inputs to this module. The 3 acquired signals (2 active signals, and one reference signal) go through the circuit. The first stage of the circuit is a LC filter to get rid of the high radio frequencies. Two identical LC filters were put in the circuit, one for each active signal, and the cutoff was set to 232 Hz. The second stage of the circuit is a low noise, high gain instrumentation amplifier. This is where the two active signals are combined, and the difference between the two signals is what travels to the final stage of the circuit. In the final stage of the circuit, the signal travels through a 6th order Chebyshev bandpass filter with a bottom end cutoff at 5 Hz and a high end cutoff at 40 Hz. The bandpass filter removes unwanted signals above the 40 Hz signals. The reference electrode lead attaches to the ground of the entire circuit. The amplified and filtered signal is the output that is displayed on the oscilloscope. The circuit is powered by two 9V batteries. One battery has the positive lead connected to Vcc+ and the negative lead connected to ground. The other battery has the positive lead connected to ground, and the negative lead attached to Vcc-. This set up mimics the +9V and 9V that are produced by the DC power supply in the lab. Figure 29 shows the PSPICE schematic for the circuit in the amplification module. The overall gain is 10,000, with 2500V/V coming from the initial instrumentation amplifier stage and 4V/V coming from the Chebyshev bandpass filter stage. The amplification module was originally built on a breadboard, then transferred to a perf-board, before finally being transferred to a printed circuit board (PCB). This transition made the components of circuit more compact and more durable. The PCB is housed in an aluminum box, shown in Figure 3, to both protect the circuit and reduce extra outside noise. The box will be worn by the user on their chest. The box will be held on by 1.5 inch wide, 5 ft long Velcro strap that will wrap around the users chest. This design will make the product portable. Key Component Selection After the electrodes capture the users EEG, those signals will feed into a circuit, which will alter those signals in order for them to be displayed on the oscilloscope. As mentioned earlier the EEG signals that will serve as this modules input fall in range from 5-50 V. It was
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important for this module to determine how this input signal will be amplified. There are a variety of amplifiers available, but for this module it was important to select something that can amplify a very low input voltage with minimal distortion and low additive noise with a large range of gain options. For the filter, an op-amp designed for low voltage signals was needed. Key Component Selection: AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier Instrumentation amplifiers are most commonly used in circuits that require small biopotential signals to be amplified. The AD620 instrumentation amplifier was selected for this module because it is a low noise instrumentation amplifier designed specifically to work with microvolt input signals. It is the most commonly used amplifier for EEG signals because of its size, low power (1.3 mA max supply current), and wide power supply range (2.3V - 18V) which make it a good fit for battery powered, portable devices. The AD620 requires one external resistor to set the gain (1-10,000 V/V). They are cheap and readily available, making them a good component for this module. Equation 1 shows the gain equation for Ad620. A resistor value of 200 was chosen to obtain a gain of about 250 V/V. The pin layout is shown in Figure 8, and the entire AD620 data sheet can be found in the appendix.

Equation 1: Gain equation for the AD620 Amplifier

Figure 10: AD620 Pin out

Key Component Selection: LM741 Operational Amplifier For the 6th order Chebyshev bandpass filter, three LM741 op-amps were used. The LM741 was chosen for its low cost and ready availability. It is also is free from oscillations and will work in the temperature range of -55C to 125C. Three op-amps were cascaded in the Chebyshev bandpass filter. Figure 11 shows the pin layout for the LM741 op-amp.

Figure 11: LM741 Pin out

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Once the two modules have been constructed independently, they are integrated in order to complete the subsystem. The electrodes are connected to the AD-620s. The two active signals pass through the two LC filters, and then plug into pins 2 and 3 of the AD620. The output of the amplifier enters the Chebyshev filter, and then enters the oscilloscope. The electrodes are located on the head, and the amplifier and filter PCB, Raspberry Pi (from the signal analysis module), and batteries to power the amplifiers and op-amps are located in the on-body housing. The electrode leads feed through the aluminum box via BNC connectors. Once the two modules are successfully integrated together, the subsystem is complete. Figures 12 and 13 show the completed Amplification and Filtering Module, and figure 14 shows the schematic of the entire subsystem.

Figure 12: Completed Amplification and Filtering Module (Outside)

Figure 13: Completed Amplification and Filtering Module (Inside)

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Figure 14: Schematic of Signal Acquisition and Amplification and Filtering Modules

Signal Analysis Module

Input Amplified Filtered EEG Data

Output One of four determined states (1,2,3, or 4)

Table 11: Inputs and Outputs of the Signal Analysis Module

Signal Analysis Module Design Implementation Testing

Estimated Hours 5 6 2

Actual Hours 8 9 3

Table 12: Time and Completion for Signal Analysis

This method of signal analysis borrows its core concept from the searching DNA for genes. Similar to a DNA sequence, EEG potentials can be placed into distinct bins sequentially to create a chain that can be fed through a reader to find points of similarity between an established state and a portion of the chain.

Figure 15: Block Diagram of Signal Analysis

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Initially, he acquired potential values from the real EEG data are recorded continuously and placed into a horizontal matrix to represent each electrode at each time point of data recovery (this will create a 6 x T matrix). These potential values are then normalized and placed into labeled bins. A training program is required to acquire a specific set of values with a certain length from each electrode to represent the time points where the brain has entered a state (creating a separate 6 x t matrix). Such sets are developed by having the user think of 4 distinct objects or values and connecting them to 4 states. The individual will think of these objects to switch from state to state. If an individuals thoughts stray, then no value will be the output. The binned EEG signals are then scanned with all 4 training sets, looking for matches between the real data and the trained set. A one hundred percent match is not required and instead these matches will be measured what percent of the specific portion match the training set. Each training set will correspond to a value 1, 2, 3, or 4 for each state and will output accordingly as the software determines the appropriate threshold percentage to pass.

Figure 16: Software Flow Diagram

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It is required for the hardware containing the software to be adequately small so it can be worn on the body. A microcontroller will act as a mini-computer that is capable of computing and analyzing the data with acceptable delay. The controller would require a large memory and high clock speed with a versatile language library. The comparable options available in the market are the Raspberry Pi and the Arduino series (these were chosen as the two most popular). The Raspberry Pi has a superior memory, relatively high clock speed, and more literature on how to write software. Key Component Selection: Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi has 512 MB RAM, a 3.3V and 5V output pins, 17 I/O pins, and an RPI.GPIO Compiler written in Python (with C, C++, MATLAB and other languages available). This microcontroller was chosen for its ability to handle high computational loads with a larger RAM and higher overclock speed than the traditional Arduino microcontroller. Memory Clock Speed I/O Pins Voltage/Reference Compiler/Download er Language 512 MB 700-800 MHz Power cord port (on/off) and 17 I/O pins 3.3V, 5V, and Ground reference pins Raspbian RPI.GPIO Compiler Python/MATLAB

Table 13: Raspberry Pi Microcontroller Specifications

Analog to Digital Converter The Raspberry Pi itself is not equipped with an ADC, which is a requirement as the EEGs are analog signals and the software must read digital. There are a few plug-in ADCs available that are pre-built and preset for the Raspberry Pi in the market. The ADC Pi and the Adafruit 4Channel ADC were two affordable and recommended additions for a Raspberry Pi ADC. The ADC Pi was chosen, as it had 8 channels (6 channel minimum requirement for this project) and came as a stackable option on the Raspberry Pi. Key Component Selection: ADC Pi The Analog to Digital Converter Pi is a 8 Channel, 17 bit analog to digital converter designed for the Raspberry Pi. It has a single ended A/D converter using the internal 2.048V reference voltage with the V pins tied to ground. The voltage divider brings the input voltage range to 0 5.06V. The maximum voltage for inputs is +/-5.0V and the maximum current on the I2C port is 100mA. It is powered through the GPIO port on the Raspberry Pi and has extended pins so it can be stacked on top of this and other boards. Sample code is available for easy access to the I2C port via Python.
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Audio Processing Sub-System

Figure 17: Block Diagram of Audio Processing Module

Transceiver Submodule Input Brain State Data (via Bluetooth) Output Brain State Data (via Wire)

Table 14: Inputs and Outputs of Transceiver Module

Transceiver Module Estimated Hours Actual Hours Design 2 2 Implementation 12 16 Testing 2 5 Documentation 2 3 Table 15: Time and Completion for Transceiver Module

This module consists of two Bluetooth transceivers and one voltage divider. The first transceiver is wired to the Raspberry Pi from the Signal Analysis Sub-System. Using an antenna to get through the protective metal housing, the signal is wirelessly transmitted to the off body housing via a second antenna and Bluetooth transceiver. This second transceiver wires the incoming signals directly into the Arduino Uno in the processing module, but communication in the other direction first goes through a voltage ladder. This is because the Arduino outputs at 5V while the transceiver operates at 3.3V. A schematic for the voltage ladder can be found in Appendix F: Voltage Dividers Key Component Selection: Bluetooth Protocol Bluetooth protocol is optimal for high data rate, short distance communication. This product expects the user to be within the same room as the speaker playing their music selection, putting emphasis on the data rate rather than range of communication. This was compared to ZigBee, which had lower data rates and a range beyond that needed for this product. Key Component Selection: BTM-5 Transceiver This is a version 2 (3 Mbits/s), Class 2 (100ft range) Bluetooth transceiver. This model satisfies our range and data rate requirements and was chosen over competing models due to its low cost and wide availability.

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Processing Submodule Inputs Brain State Data Outputs Audio Signal

Table 16: Inputs and Outputs of Processing Module

Processing Module Design Implementation Testing Documentation

Estimated Hours 10 5 2 2

Actual Hours 4 5 3 2

Table 17: Time and Completion for Processing Module

This module takes in the signal from the transceiver submodule and outputs an audio signal to the audio module. The determined brain state is input to the microcontroller and is stored for 2 cycles of incoming brain states. The most recently input state and the previously input state are used to determine which song is played. This selection is then sent from the microcontroller to the SD card reader module, using a voltage ladder to alter the Arduino 5V output to 3.3V. The digital song data is then streamed to the Uno, where it is output of the submodule via the Unos pulse-width modulation. While the Arduino has no analog output pins, pulse-width modulation works as a substitute by outputting a digital signal with varying pulse widths, creating variable average voltages at different times, simulating an analog signal. The SD card reader module and the microcontroller are connected by 4 communication pins, as is standard for SD modules. Three of these links (the three lines handling data coming from the Arduino to the card reader) require voltage dividers for the same reason a voltage divider is in the transceiver submodule: the card reader module operates at 3.3V. The schematic can be found in Appendix F: Voltage Dividers. This submodule also powers everything in the off body housing. The Arduino Unos power cord plugs into the wall, providing power to the devices which need it via its 5V output pin. Key Component Selection: Arduino Uno The Arduino Uno has a 16MHz clock, 6 analog input pins, 14 digital I/O pins, 5V and 3.3V output pins, Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) capability, 32 KB Flash Memory, 2KB SRAM, and 1KB EEPROM. While not the most robust of microcontrollers as far as processing power goes, the Uno has enough memory for code and a high enough clock speed to handle music at the minimum desired quality. This unit was chosen particularly for its pulse-width modulation capabilities, which forgoes the need for an analog to digital converter. The Arduino Uno can also function as a power source, plugging directly into an outlet and supplying enough voltage and current to drive the rest of the subsystem.
23

Key Component Selection: SanDisk model SDSDB-004G-B35 SD Card This is a 4 GB class 4 (4Mbytes/s) SD card. It was chosen for its easy reprogrammability and its non-volatility, because this unit is expected to keep all songs stored even without maintaining power to the system. Key Component Selection: ARM MCU SD Card Reader Module This unit reads data from the SD Card and releases the data through open pins, allowing for easy soldering. It was chosen for its compatibility with the Arduino micro-controller, as well as its low cost. Audio Submodule Input Audio Signal Output Audible Sound

Table 18: Inputs and Outputs of Audio Module

Audio Module Design Implementation Testing Documentation

Estimated Hours 5 8 2 2

Actual Hours 5 6 1 2

Table 19: Time and Completion for Audio Module

This is the final module in the product, amplifying the analog signal and outputting sound through the speaker. The analog signal from the processing module is amplified by the LM386 circuit (shown below) before being output by the NBM-406A speaker. The maximum gain of the system is 50, while the potentiometer allows for this gain to be lowered for volume adjustment. Key Component Selection: LM386 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier This chip was chosen for all of the reasons in its name: power amplification is desired to increase the loudness of the system, low voltage allows the design to be driven by the Arduino Uno, and as an audio amplifier there is minimum distortion to the signal. Key Component Selection: NBM-406A Speaker This speaker was chosen for its compact size and availability.

24

Figure 18: Audio Amplifier Schematic

Important Design Changes Since FDR The Signal Acquisition Module was redesigned, because the original concentric ring electrodes did not work as predicted. The copper cap was too close to the center electrode, and if the copper cap was made larger, it would not sit flat on the head. A switch to adhesive, disposable foam electrodes was made. These stick to the head by themselves, and therefore, the electrode cap was no longer needed. The Amplification and Filtering Module changed because an LC filter was added to the beginning of the circuit in order to filter out any high radio frequencies that may be present in the surrounding environment. Another change to this module was the increase in gain in the amplifier, which made the overall gain of the module 10,000. This made the output signal easier to read. The Signal Analysis Module was modified due to the lack of reproducibility of EEG signals. This caused a split between the acquisition module and analysis, as any gathered EEGs would be unusable for the chosen analysis method. Now the analysis module is using canned signals from previous experiments and competition data to determine and choose the brain state to send to the audio module, which simplifies the data and creates knowns for the algorithm to work around. The amplifier circuit used in the Audio Module was redesigned. The LM386 chip replaced the AD620 because of its lower power consumption, lower operating ranges and higher audio clarity. the rest of the circuit was redesigned around this chip placement. Implementation The on-body housing has a strip of velcro on the bottom of it. The user must don a strap with a paired velcro strip on it to keep the system on his or her body. All circuit components are on two separate PCBs in order to fit them all inside the housing. The PCBs are stacked inside the
25

housing box, next to the batteries powering the system. The Raspberry Pi is mounted on the lid of the housing. Although this causes wiring inconveniences, it allows the housing to be as small and comfortable for the user as possible. Within the off-body housing all circuit components are also on a single PCB. Each voltage ladder consists of a 1.43 kOhm and a 2.87 k Ohm resistor for consistency. The Arduino Uno is mounted onto the wall of the housing with screws, the placement of which can be seen in Appendix E. All of the components that need it are powered by the Arduino, which can be directly connected to the wall with a dedicated power cable. Sub-System Tests Signal Acquisition Sub-System It was important to first test the amplification module to ensure it is capable of amplifying small signals, has adequate gain, and cuts off at the correct frequencies. This was tested using a function generator and an oscilloscope. A simple voltage divider was constructed before the input of the amplification module to scale down the output of the function generator by a factor of 1000. Values should be tested from 5V- 50V to ensure that the device can in fact amplify signals within the specifications of the device. The output should be a sine wave on the oscilloscope about 10,000 times greater than the input signal. Each input voltage should be tested at different frequencies to ensure the Chebyshev bandpass filter is working. From 5-40 Hz, the gain should increase until it reaches the calculated gain. Before 5 and after 40 Hz, the output signal should start to shrink as the overall gain is decreasing. By 60 Hz the gain should be next to nothing. Once the circuit was tested, the entire subsystem was tested. Two electrodes were placed on the motor cortex area of the head, and the reference electrode was placed behind the right ear. The leads were connected to the electrodes, and right away a signal was displayed on the oscilloscope. Figure 14 shows an example of one of the signals that was received.

Figure 19: EEG Test

26

After the amplification and filtering module and the electrodes have been successfully tested, the modules can be integrated and placed on the hat, so that the EEG Acquisition subsystem can be tested. Testing the EEG acquisition subsystem requires putting the cap (which has the electrodes positioned appropriately and amplification modules on it) on a test subjects head to see if it can acquire his/her EEG signals. The output should be a set of 6 EEG signals with minimal noise. Signal Analysis Subsystem The signal analysis module consists entirely of the software, so the testing was broken down into stages following the signal flow diagram. The first portion created and tested was the digitization function of the data set provided (EEG signals from electrodes). The digitized data should appear as a series of points rather than a continuous function, but still follow the same shape as the original data. These points are ascertained by placing the the data at certain time intervals into bins according to the potential range that each point fits into.

Figure 20: Digitized Data Set

The second level of testing is matching the training weights to the digitized data using a scanning method along the data (like fitting a DNA comb to find a specific sequence). To test for accuracy, a certain time range was taken from the data set and used as the training weight. If the weight is able to match at the specific time it was taken from, then the system will be deemed accurate.

Figure 21: Time match for 0.8-1s

27

Audio Processing Subsystem The transceiver module was first tested by connecting one of the bluetooth transceivers to the Arduino and connecting to it wirelessly with a computer running a simulated terminal. An LED was attached to the microcontroller, which was coded to prompt the user to strike different keys and to light the LED when the proper key was struck. This gave visual confirmation that the wireless was working. The processing module was tested first by connecting the Arduino to a computer running a simulated terminal again, this time by cable. The microcontroller was programmed to prompt the user to choose one of four songs stored on the SD card. The output of the subsystem connected into a manufactured amplifier and speaker. The system was proven to be successfully working when the correct song was heard. The next stage of testing was the same, save actual brain states being used as the incoming data. The audio module was first tested by using a function generator to send a signal through the amplifier and comparing the input and output signal with an oscilloscope to verify the gain of the amplifier is consistent with the input. The next stage of testing was connecting the speaker and microcontroller to the amplifier to ensure the music can be heard. The subsystem as a whole was then tested by having the Raspberry Pi send brain state data over Bluetooth to the system. The corresponding songs could be heard, and the delay of the system was minimal, proving the subsystem to work. Engineering Standards The Signal Acquisition and Signal amplification and Filtering Modules follow the AAMI ES60601-1:2005 Medical Electrical Equipment Standard. This standard states the general requirements for basic safety and essential performance, and also contains requirements for reliable operation to ensure safety. The wireless communication follows the IEEE 802.15 wireless personal area network standard. Task group one of this standard is based on Bluetooth technology, making all devices that adhere to the standards of Bluetooth also adhere to this IEEE standard. Timeline Estimation and Milestones

Figure 22: Gantt Chart of Mind to Music Project

28

See Appendix G for enlarged image

Figure 23: Labor Cost Over Time See Appendix F for breakdown of data

Costs & Economic Analysis

Project Manager 1 2 66 132 25 5.00 660.00 660.00 13,140.00 Table 20: Labor Cost Analysis Design Engineer 1 2 57 114 110 22.00 2,508.00 2,508.00 Hardware Engineer 1 3 48 144 125 25.00 3,600.00 3,600.00 Software Engineer 1 3 40 120 125 25.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 Test Engineer 1 1 36 36 110 22.00 792.00 792.00 Technical Writer 1 10 30 300 43 8.60 2,580.00 2,580.00

Position Number of Employees Hours per Week Hourly Rate Salary per Week Number of Days Number of Weeks Total Cost per Person Total Cost per Type Total Labor Cost

29

Man. Name LMB Heeger Inc. Hammond Manufacturing Arduino Kootek SanDisk Kootek Raspberry Pi

Man. Part Number Type 643C Metal Housing

Supplier's Name Digikey

Supplier's Number L192-ND

Cost Cost Per Total Unit ($) Number ($) 19.29 29.36 18 8.95 5.99 6.99 35 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 19.29 29.36 18 17.9 5.99 6.99 35

ADC Pi Nippon America Pmedical Online Texas Instruments Texas Instruments Sunstone Circuits Super Power Supply Amphenol Connex Velcro

1415D Metal Housing Digikey HM308-ND Uno A000066 Microcontroller Amazon B006H06TVG Bluetooth BTM-5 Transceiver Amazon B0093XAV4U SDSDB004G-B35 SD card Amazon B000WQKOQM ARM MCU SD card reader Amazon B00C8IDI8I Microcontroller Analog to Digital Converter NBMNippon 406A Speaker America NBM-406A Adhesive Foam LL510 electrodes ebay AD- Instrumentation Newark 620ANZ Amplifier Electronics 59K4387 Operation Newark LM-731CN Amplifer Electronics 97K3586 Printed Circuit Sunstone N/A Board Circuits N/A Wall Adaptor 9V650MA Power Supply Amazon B00BWA48AA 112443 91372 BNC Adapter Velcro Straps Documentation Estimate Packaging Estimate Digikey Home Depot ACX1058-ND 7596791372

28.98 9.98 0.27 7.24 0.7 20

1 1 25 8 24 6

28.98 9.98 6.75 57.92 16.8 120

1.6 10 3 10

6 1 1 1 1

10 10 3 10 1.99

Texus Instruments

LM386 Power Amplifier Radioshack Table 21: Costs per unit

HM85BF

1.99

Total Cost per Unit as Purchased Estimated Cost per Unit if Items Purchased Wholesale Total Labor Cost Expected Number of Sales Cost per Unit (using estimated whole sale prices) Wholesale Unit Price Retail Unit Price Table 22: Unit Cost Analysis

$407.95 $313.81 $13,140.00 $500.00 $340.09 $408.11 $510.13

30

These first two tables show the breakdown of estimated labor costs and actual part costs. The total cost for parts was $407.95, however this number represents costs at retail value. Assuming a markup of 30% from wholesale to retail pricing, a second total cost was calculated to take account for bulk purchases at these values. This number was then added to the total labor cost divided by the expected number of sales to get the base cost of production per unit. It is difficult to estimate how many units will be sold for this product because of its unique nature and the lack of many commercialized thought controlled devices at this time. Despite this, an estimation of 500 units seemed accurate, which yielded a total production cost of $340.09. Wholesale and retail prices were calculated by marking up the production cost 20% and 50% respectively. Altering these numbers slightly to aid in sales, a unit of this device would sell for $408.11 wholesale and $510.13 retail. Summary and Conclusions The most important conclusion drawn from this project is the difficulty of using simple EEGs for any analysis that requires determining brain information with any repetitive nature. Simple electrodes that are designed to only pull pure electrical signals are not sufficient by themselves to determine important information about brain activity outside of alerting the users that there is activity in general. The main reason for the split in the middle of the project was due to this issue, and required greater analysis than was put into the project. The integration of multiple different microcontrollers were not a problem, as there was exact literature for connecting the Raspberry Pi and Arduino via Bluetooth. The integration between the electrodes and Raspberry Pi was not an issue due to the use of canned signals for analysis rather than real EEG signals. The integration aspect of the three subsystems was diminished and simplified, with the focus instead on getting the individual systems working optimally rather than making sure the entire system flowed perfectly. The initial project that the group imagined has changed significantly from two years ago to now. We imagined that the Mind to Music project would function simply by placing a cap or helmet on an individual and playing music from a separate speaker, to impress peers and mentors alike. Unfortunately, due to the mystery of the human body, this idea did not come to fruition and instead we have a project that is full of revisions from the knowledge that we gained during our stint together. Although Mind to Music did not turn out how we first envisioned it, the real industry experience and group work has been educational and unpredictable, for better and for worse.

31

Qualifications of Key Personnel

32

Morgan Oxenrider
33

2350 H St. NW Washington, DC, 20052 Home: (740)587-0123 Cell: (740)398-4177 moxen14@gwmail.gwu.edu

EDUCATION
B.S., Biomedical Engineering The George Washington University Washington, DC Expected date of graduation, May 2014

RELATIVE ENGINEERING PROJECTS Senior Design Capstone Project

Designed, built, and tested an EEG that plays different audio outputs corresponding to different brain states. My personal part of the project involved the designing, building, and testing of the electrodes, and also the shielding, amplification, and filtering of the EEG signals.

EXPERIENCE Prosthetics and Orthotics Laboratory

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD

May 2013-Present

Intern Worked alongside the top prosthetists and orthotists to learn the basics of prosthetic fabrication and fitting, and also about the career and field as a whole. Learned processes and techniques of casting, making plaster molds, modifying molds, socket fabrication, leg assembling, laminating, alignments, fittings, appropriate patient-doctor relationships/care, and some aspects of physical therapy. In May of 2014, I will have volunteered over 450 hours at this location.

Human Engineering and Neural Rehabilitation Laboratories

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA

May 2012-July 2012

Intern Worked alongside a researcher using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to compare sensorimotor cortex activity between an individual with a spinal cord injury and an able bodied subject. Personally performed data analysis, using Brainstorm and MATLAB, to determine brain differences after chronic partial paralysis. Also helped perform experiments with the subjects, assisting and interacting with subjects, attended lab meetings, and observed a brain surgery to place electrodes.

SKILLS
Technical: Matlab, C Programming, Java, PSPICE, Brainstorm Software - Use of lab equipment: Function Generator, Oscilloscope, and Power Supply Office: Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook

34

Team Arrangements & Contributions This project was divided amongst the three people outlined above. Morgan Oxenrider was in charge of the signal acquisition module and the amplification and filtering module, Charles Lee was in charge of the signal analysis subsystem, and Stephen Tranovich was in charge of the audio processing module. Each member was responsible for researching, implementing and testing all portions of their modules. Beyond these modules, Morgan designed the electrodes and will design all PCB boards, while Stephen designed and had fabricated both housings. In addition to these responsibilities, Charles and Morgan lead the foundational research into EEG signals and the feasibility of thought controlled devices, Charles lead the research on brain state determination, and Stephen lead the cost and economic analyses. Citations/Bibliography/References "FAQS." RaspberryPi. Raspberry Pi. Web. 29 Sep 2013. <http://www.raspberrypi.org/faqs>.
http://www.abelectronics.co.uk/products/3/Raspberry-Pi/17/

http://www.webtronico.com/documentos/BlueTooth_Module_Datasheet.pdf http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/dac5574.pdf http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf

"OpenEEG Electrode Howto." Avenhaus. N.p.. Web. 29 Sep 2013. <http://www.avenhaus.de/ EEG/Electrode_Howto/index.shtml>. "About Electrodes." The Learning Curve, Inc. The Learning Curve, Inc, n.d. Web. 29 Sep 2013. <https://brain-trainer.com/equipment/about_electrodes.html>. Prats-Boluda, G, Y Ye-Lin, and E Garcia-Breijo. "Active flexible concentric ring electrode for non-invasive surface bioelectrical recordings." Measurement Science and Technology. 23.12 (2012): n. page. Web. 29 Sep. 2013. <http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-0233/23/12/ 125703/article>. "AD620: LOW DRIFT, LOW POWER INSTRUMENTATION AMP WITH SET GAINS OF 1 TO 10000." Analog Devices. Analog Devices, Inc, n.d. Web. 29 Sep 2013.<http://www. analog.com/en/specialty-amplifiers/instrumentationamplifiers/ad620/products/product.htm> "Coaxial Cable." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 20 Sept 2013. Web. 29 Sep 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable>. Fayez Al Rez, Mohammed. "EEG electrodes." Trans. Array2007. 48-64. Web. 29 Sep. 2013. <http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/MFALREZ/EBooks Library/EEG/EEG electrodes.pdf>.

35

Appendix A. Electrode Head Placements

Figure 24: 10-20 EEG Placement Schematic

B. Circuit Schematics

Figure 25: PSPICE Schematic of Cascaded Amplifier and Filter

36

Figure 26: PSPICE Simulation of cascaded amplifier and filter (with 10V input)

C. Data Sheets AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/data_sheets/AD620.pdf LM741 Operational Amplifier http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf

37

D. Housing Alterations
All units are in inches. A) On Body Alterations

Figure 27: Drilling Specifications for Front of On Body Housing

Figure 28: Drilling Specifications for Front of Off Body Housing

38

Figure 29: Drilling Specifications for Top of Off Body Housing

Figure 30: Drilling Specifications for Back of Off Body Housing

39

E. Voltage Dividers

Figure 31: Microcontroller - Transceiver Voltage Divider

Figure 32: Microcontroller - SD Card Reader Voltage Dividers

F. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Layouts Amplification and FIltering Module Circuits:

Width Length Quantity

2 in 3 in 1

Table 23: Dimension and Quantity of PCB

40

Figure 33: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Amplification and Filtering Module

Figure 34: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Amplification and Filtering Module (3D Top View)

41

Figure 35: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Amplification and Filtering Module (3D Bottom View)

Audio Processing Module Circuits: This module requires three circuits, and they will all be placed on the same board.
Width Length Quantity 1.79 in 2.34 in 1

Table 24: Dimensions and Quantity of PCB

42

Figure 36: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Audio Processing Module

Figure 37: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Audio Processing Module (3D Top View)

43

Figure 38: PCB Layout in Ultiboard for Audio Processing Module (3D Bottom View)

G. Bill of Materials
Reference Man. Part Supplier Description ID Package Man. Number Supplier Part # Price INSTRUMENTATION_ U1, U2, IPCNewark AMPLIFIERS, U9, U13, 2221A/222 Texas AD- Electron AD620AN U17, U21 2\DIP-8 Instruments 620ANZ ics 59K4387 $7.35 U3, U4, U5, U6, U7, U8, U10, U11, U12, U14, U15, U16, IPCU18, U19, 2221A/222 Newark U20, U22, 2\MDIPTexas Electron OPAMP, LM741CN U23, U24 8(N08E) Instruments LM-741CN ics 97K3586 $0.69 J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J7, J8, J9, J13, J14, J15, J19, J20, J21, J25, J26, Emmerson J27, J31, Generic\H Network 105-1103GENERIC, HDR1X2 J32, J33 DR1X2 Power 001 DigiKey J577-ND $0.68 J6, J12, Newark 00 9276 J18, J24, Generic\H Electron 003 021 GENERIC, HDR1X3 J30, J36 DR1X3 AVX 25T0226 ics 106 $0.04 IPCR2, R11, 2221A/222 ERJR21, R31, 2\RES 6ENF10R0 PCC186 RESISTOR, 16.31k R41, R51 1300- Panasonic V DigiKey 4CT-ND $0.09

44

R5, R12, R22, R32, RESISTOR, 105.65k R42, R52

R1, R13, R23, R33, RESISTOR, 200 R43, R53

R8, R14, R24, R34, RESISTOR, 19.28k R44, R54

R3, R15, R25, R35, RESISTOR, 5.14k R45, R55

R4, R16, R26, R36, RESISTOR, 14.43k R46, R56

R6, R17, R27, R37, RESISTOR, 5.96k R47, R57

R9, R18, R28, R38, RESISTOR, 1.09k R48, R58

R10, R19, R29, R39, RESISTOR, 1.26k R49, R59

R7, R20, R30, R40, RESISTOR, 6.93k R50, R60 C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, IPCC11, C12, 2221A/222 C13, C14, 2\CAP C15, C16, PA16 00CAPACITOR, 1F C17, C18, 1000X450

700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250

Panasonic

ERJPCC231 P06J102V DigiKey 4CT-ND $0.09

ERJ6ENF1650 P165CC Panasonic V DigiKey T-ND $0.09

ERJ6ENF1650 P1.0KA Panasonic V DigiKey DCT-ND $0.09

ERJ6GEYJ510 P165CC Panasonic V DigiKey T-ND $0.09

Panasonic

ECJ2FB0J106 P51ACT M DigiKey -ND $0.09

Panasonic

ECJ4YB0J107 PCC222 M DigiKey 5CT-ND $0.09

ECJ2VC1H100 PCC226 Panasonic D DigiKey 7CT-ND $0.09

ECJ2VF1H104 PCC186 Panasonic Z DigiKey 4CT-ND $0.09

ECJGVB1C105 PCC231 Panasonic K DigiKey 4CT-ND $0.09

ECJ2YB1C474 PCC181 Panasonic K DigiKey 8CT-ND $0.22

45

C19, C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C34, C35, C36 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250 IPC2221A/222 2\RES 1300700X250

RESISTOR, 1.43k

R1, R3, R5, R8

Panasonic

EEAP14498GA1HR10 DigiKey ND $0.09

ERJR2, R4, 6GEYJ510 P51ACT RESISTOR, 2.87k R6, R7 Panasonic V DigiKey -ND $0.09 J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, ECJJ7, J8, J9, Generic\H 2FB0J106 PCC222 GENERIC, HDR1X2 J10 DR1X2 Panasonic M DigiKey 5CT-ND $0.68 INSTRUMENTATION_ IPCNewark AMPLIFIERS, 2221A/222 Texas AD- Electron AD620AN U1 2\DIP-8 Instruments 620ANZ ics 59K4387 $7.35 IPC2221A/222 2\RES ERJ13006ENF10R0 PCC222 RESISTOR, 500 R9 700X250 Panasonic V DigiKey 5CT-ND $0.09 POTENTIOMETER, Generic\LI ERJPCC226 5k R10 N_POT Panasonic P06J102V DigiKey 7CT-ND $0.76

Table 25: Bill of Materials for PCB Production

46

H. Gantt Chart Enlarged

Figure 39: Gantt Chart Enlarged 1

47

Figure 40: Gantt Chart Enlarged 2

48

Figure 41: Gantt Chart Enlarged 3

49

Figure 42: Gantt Chart Enlarged 4

50

I. Weekly Labor Costs

Project Design Hardwar Softwar Testin Technica Total to Manager Eng. e Eng. e Eng. g Eng. l Writer Total Date 264 0 0 0 0 0 264 264 132 0 0 0 0 0 132 396 132 228 0 0 0 0 360 756 132 228 0 0 0 0 360 1116 0 228 144 0 0 180 552 1668 0 228 144 0 0 300 672 2340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2340 0 0 288 0 0 0 288 2628 0 0 432 0 0 0 432 3060 0 0 288 0 0 0 288 3348 0 0 0 0 36 0 36 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 3498 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 3612 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 3726 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 3840 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 3954 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 4068 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 4182 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 4296 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 4410 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 4524 0 114 0 0 0 0 114 4638 0 0 0 120 0 0 120 4758 0 0 144 240 0 0 384 5142 0 0 288 240 36 0 564 5706 0 0 432 480 36 0 948 6654 0 0 144 480 72 0 696 7350 0 0 144 360 36 0 540 7890 0 0 144 360 36 300 840 8730 0 342 144 240 36 300 1062 9792 0 0 144 120 36 0 300 10092

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

51

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Total

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 660

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

144 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 144 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

120 120 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36 72 72 72 72 72 36 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 300 0 0 0 0 300 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 300

300 492 192 72 72 72 336 480 144 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 300

10392 10884 11076 11148 11220 11292 11628 12108 12252 12540 12540 12540 12540 12540 12540 12540 12840 13140

2508 3600 3000 792 2580 13140 Table 26: Weekly Labor Cost Breakdown

J. Signal Analysis Python Code

import numpy as np from array import * import scipy.io.matlab as mio import matplotlib.pyplot as plt help = mio.loadmat('C:\Users\Charles\Dropbox\data.mat') S = help['S'] if abs(max(S)) > abs(min(S)): N=abs(max(S)) else: N=abs(min(S)) normS = array('i',S) normS = np.array(map(float,normS)) normS = [i/N for i in normS] k = raw_input("How many bins? ") n = (int(k)+1)/2 tk = array('i',range(1,int(k)+1)) tk = [i - n for i in tk] Q = [] for q in range(int(k)+1): Q.append(-1+q*2/(float(k))) Class = [] for K in range(len(S)-1):

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for T in range(int(k)): if np.mean([normS[K],normS[K+1]])>=Q[T] and np.mean([normS[K],normS[K+1]])<Q[T+1]: Class.append(tk[T]) else: continue TSONE = Class[400:400+2*250] TSTWO = Class[2200:2200+2*250] TSTHREE = Class[4800:4800+2*250] TSFOUR = Class[6600:6600+2*250] def ones(n): ones = [1] * n return ones Check1 = [] Check2 = [] Check3 = [] Check4 = [] for a in range(len(S)-1): if np.all(Class[a:(a+len(TSONE))] == TSONE[0:len(TSONE)]): Check1.extend(ones(len(TSONE))) else: Check1.append(0) for b in range(len(S)-1): if np.all(Class[b:(b+len(TSTWO))] == TSTWO[0:len(TSTWO)]): Check2.extend(ones(len(TSTWO))) else: Check2.append(0) for c in range(len(S)-1): if np.all(Class[c:(c+len(TSTHREE))] == TSTHREE[0:len(TSTHREE)]): Check3.extend(ones(len(TSTHREE))) else: Check3.append(0) for d in range(len(S)-1): if np.all(Class[d:(d+len(TSFOUR))] == TSFOUR[0:len(TSFOUR)]): Check4.extend(ones(len(TSFOUR))) else: Check4.append(0) State = raw_input("What State would you like? ") while int(State) != 0: if int(State) == 1: fig = plt.figure() A1 = fig.add_subplot(211) A1.plot(S) A2 = fig.add_subplot(212) A2.plot(Check1) plt.pause(0.0001) plt.show() State = raw_input("Another State? ") plt.close(fig) elif int(State) == 2: fig = plt.figure() A1 = fig.add_subplot(211) A1.plot(S) A2 = fig.add_subplot(212) A2.plot(Check2)

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plt.pause(0.0001) plt.show() State = raw_input("Another State? ") plt.close(fig) elif int(State) == 3: fig = plt.figure() A1 = fig.add_subplot(211) A1.plot(S) A2 = fig.add_subplot(212) A2.plot(Check3) plt.pause(0.0001) plt.show() State = raw_input("Another State? ") plt.close(fig) elif int(State) == 4: fig = plt.figure() A1 = fig.add_subplot(211) A1.plot(S) A2 = fig.add_subplot(212) A2.plot(Check4) plt.pause(0.0001) plt.show() State = raw_input("Another State? ") plt.close(fig) else: State = raw_input("Please select correct State (1-4) ")

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