4.41 1.1 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of mass umes velocity, (b) the product of force times volume, and (c) kinetic energy divided by area. mT! (4) mass x velocity = (MCT) Sine Famer? mass x velocity = (FL tr YILT) = Er FL? (eT 203) = Ltr N. (b) force x volume ul. (c) Kinetic energg - Flo pyHl area L —1.2 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) angular velocity, (b) en- ergy, (c) moment of inertia (area), (d) power, and (e) pressure. angular displacemest 77 (@) angular velocity = a = me = (5) energy ~ capacity of body + co work Since work = force x distane, Chergy = FL or with font * energy = (et )(L) 2 ML? () memend of inerha(area) = second moment of arca = (47)(L*) = _L* (A) power = rate of doing work = Fl: per7 = 2 Wir ir) 2 meer? - force» Fo + py? Ce, = ae = ) pressure = TT ye (mt ?)e?) = Me '? Ue4.3 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the stem, of the following quantities which appear in Table acceleration, (b) stress, (c) moment of a force, (d) vol- ume, and (e) work. (@) acceleration = velocity = toa rT +ime T = (L) stress = force 7 area Since F2 mtr} 2 stress = a = AL'T ce) tnement of a force = force x distance = FL Sfair dl = Ae? (a) volume = Cengts) 7 = L? (@) work ut force x distance = FL LT UL = Mitr I1.4 14 If P is a force and x a length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dP/ dx, (b) &P/dx’, and (6) §P dx? dL dk 2f= fae (4) irs FL (4) PL sf 2 el3 dx} es = © [Pa = FL1.5 1.5 Ifwisavelocity, x alength, and atime, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/at, (b) Fulaxat, and (c) f (aulat) dx? 2 @) 5 zg = LT = = | + 6) 2% 2 LT 2 72 axdd (L)(7) — ©) [4 de = ar) 4) = 1°?1.6 1.6 If Visa velocity, fa length, and va fluid property having dimensions of L?T-!, which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vbs, (b) Vily, (@) V2v, (a) VIC? (a) VAV = (r-Wt)ler) = ltr? (not dimensionless) ww) VE 2 (eT ML) 2 pore v (17-1) le) V2 = (TD (LET) 3 LIT? Cot dimensionless) ( dimension less ) —t (d) y = ar = L* (not dimensionless )17 1.7 Dimensionless combinations of quan- tities (commonly called dimensionless parame- ters) play an important role in fluid mechanics. Make up five possible dimensionless parameters by using combinations of some of the quantities listed in Table 1.1. Some possible examplesi acceleration x time 7" CL T 27) +L? T? velocity (LT-') Frequency xtime = (TINT) = (velocity) . (ur7)* 5 er7e = (eT 2 7 length x acceleration (L)(L rT) forcex time. (ENT) . FMT? ry Prementum (M4 ™m LT!) ler yur) density x velocity x lempth , (me2ltr ML) dynamic viscosity ML 7 FLT? = MLer?1.8 1.8 The force, P, that is exerted on a spher- ical particle moving slowly through a liquid is given by the equation P= 3muDV where jis a fluid property (viscosity) having di- mensions of FL~*T, D is the particle diameter, and V is the particle velocity. What are the di- mensions of the constant, 32? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equa- tion? P= 30uDV Fle baled [rls (err 37 1s dimensjon less, and the equation’ és a general homogeneous eguation. Yes.4.9 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula hh = (0.04 to 0.09)(D/dy'V?/2g where / is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter. d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. R= (0.04 o0.09)(2)* ¥ i EE} bors oo( SERIE [1] = [0.0% 40.09] [L] Since each term tn The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 4 0.09) rust be di rmensionless. Thus, The eguntiby Is & general home geneous Epub That 1s Valid th any system of anits. Yes.1.10 4.10 The pressure difference, Ap, across a partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is approximated by the equation cosity (FLT), p the blood density (ML~), D the artery diameter, Ag the area of the unob- structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis. Determine the dimensions of the constants K, and K,,. Would this equation be valid in any sys- tem of units? Vv 0 : ap = K+ x (4 1) ove where V is the blood velocity, , the blood vis- Ao _ Voy? p= ky Ad + ka lad apy a2 2 ate foc T= fa) SIE) LES -] EEL] [re’] = [k, | { FL? + {ku} frc*] Since each term must have the same dimensions, Ky, and Ky are dimensionless, Thus, the equation is a general homo geneous eguation that would be valicl tn ang Consistent system of units. Yes4.14 Assume that the speed of sound, ¢, in a fluid depends of an elastic modulus, E,, with dimensions FL~2, and the fluid dk p, in the form c = (E,)"(p)". If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and b? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) ES ay Since C3 LT"! SFL psFl ty? [sr] ( 2%] ° For a dimensionally homogeneous epuakion each term tn the eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the vight hand side of £3.01) must have The dimensions of LT! There fore, ath=o (to elimnate F) 2h=-1 C40 sabisty Cond'pon onT) 2at¢b=-l Ch absty conditen on L) rt Lillows Thet ast and bz-d So Met This result i's Consistent. with The shrndard toriula fr the Speed ef sound. yes.1.12 1.12 A formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is given by the equation Q = 3.09BH*" where H is the depth of the water above the top Q= 307 Bu of the dam (called the head). This formula gives Q in ft’/s when B and H are in feet. Is the con- stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used? ler] = Bore] [LI" (37-] 2 [x00] [1 Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 32.09 rust have dimensions Vari rl of L*7~' and is therefore not dimensionless, No. Since the constant has dimensions its value will change with « change in units. No.1.14 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib:s/fe’. @ jo2™ = (102 % )(esmx0 2) few) = -3 vm = 4arxlo”° Ss 432 om (b) 441 slegsz (491 shgs) (2459-410 4)- 70,2 49 (e) 3.02 b= (R02 )(4eve H) = saen A 3/4: (37/4) (aorraw' SB ) 2 223 & 32 a Ibes [bes Ms () 0,0234 = (0.0234 "SS, ) (4 T8PXID “ame ) bet « (0. onay “ed (uretan 4 Te1.15 1.15 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (c) 1.61 kg/m’, (d) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (a) 142 4m = (42210%m) (3201 )= 466x108 H a) BKB, = (814% ) (0 366000? FE) = sexi? 4 Mw I ms 4 slugs. 5 ce) Lb) =& = (os , ) (oxi Fe). 31216 sts a cd) 6.0320 %" = (0.0320 M2) (1 5tbx10' al ) M = 23bx10” aay = (2) 547 Mt = (Sb7 x10" a2) (2281) Lhe = 5/7 x10" ee1.16 1.16 Make use of Appendix A to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 742 Btu, (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. #e* 5 amt (4) 160 acre = (lel acre) (4 35t.«10" Z,) (2290x10 z=) = 6.47/10 m* 3S 5 = 1.0 oF l= 783x10° J (r¥2 ary) (i SS x/ 2) 7.8310" J (4) 7¥2 BTU (é) 240 mi = (B40 me) (1609x109 =) = 3.8L 410 om Gd) 79%./ hp= (741 hp ) (1457 x10? al S90 x/0 W # (623-32) = 15.7°C = 189 K te) 7, kK 15.7 °C + 273 41.17 Verify the conversion relationships for (a) acre, (b) bar, and (c) U.S. liquid gallon found in Appendix A. (a) Shee | acre = #3560 FL% Chy definition) it follevs thet - 3 / acre =( #3560 2M" LEY) (2, 296304 x10 ex) 3 = HA OKbIS6Y X10 am” 3 Thus, tmultiply | acre by Eb¥LESEH XID fo Convert to tn?. _ S) Since 1 bar = 10° dynes/em> (by definitisa ) ib bls that lb atx dues Vip Mes Md tm , = 10° Thus, rualtiply 1 bar by 105 to converd to N/m? 3? Lo. (2) Siice 1 US. gallon = 231 Ia (by definition) vt follows That / gal =(23/ In, > )(zs4 x an)? = 2ITGEUIE X10 Ann -3 Thus, multiply | VS. Gallon be 3.285¢NS x) Lo Convert to m?. ¥ Exact by cdetinrtibn,1.18 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity, and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (a) / #*= (I flo sora) 2a" 0.09290 am ye Thus, multiply tt? by 9.270 E-2 t+ convert to m*, th) 7 Slug = (] slog hy \[ 1 fe d/o (1 shed ) (9.5% ft) la a Re = S/S5.4 Fas Thus, multiply slug fe? by S1S¥ E+2 to convert to ko /m?3 ee) y He [| ft) (0.3049 @)= O 3049 & Thus, multiply tt/s bg 3.048 E-1 to convert to mS. w)f_Lée? a te ( a) Havers f [wana | = 171% Thus, multiply I6/A? by L5TLEt2 + convert to N/m,1.19 1.19 For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. (a) (hs (1% C2808 ft )= 3.28/ bt 2 Thus, rrultiply m/s? by 3.d8) to convert to ft/s2, As. (; 48) slugs)[ Lam _ | &) | Bes (| Sh )(o.ovssar Se4*) aaah - -3 sl = 1. fo x10 = Thus, multiply Ay Jem? by 1.940 E-3 to convert to slug/Le3. Mo (| M.) (oazye: 2 )f te | rn (| me) n 2) (3 2908)? Ft* = noeg x? 2 Thus, mulbiply N/m? by 2.084 F-2 to convert to Ib/ Fe”, 33 3 (d) | a =(I am?) [ @ 2008) |. 35.31 Thas, mult iply m/s by 3531 Et! to convert to ft/s,1.20 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1500 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in m?/s and in liters/min? = Mm? flowrate = (/500 gal ) (6,309x10° “s ) Pain —_ gal min = 2% x10" ae? Since | liter = 10? m3, flowrate = (9% x10? an?) (102 shes) bes) anin 5680 Liters1.21 1.24 A tank of oil has a mass of 30 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? ca) weight 2 mass x g = (30 slugs) (222 = (30 slugs) (4454 x ) (481 %)= Yeron 706 bh 66) mass = 30 slugs (rmass does not depend on gravitation) attraction ) weight (2 slugs ) (222 “) = Jel lb @1.22 1.22 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s? weight Mass = “a 300 N_ = 306 4g Ze) — for gs 40 4e/s> weight = (30.0 4g ) (404) (0.3048 &) 373 N1.23 1.23 An important dimensionless parameter __the Froude number using SI units for V. g, and in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude _€. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgl, where Vis a velocity, calculations. 8 the acceleration of gravity, and (a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s’, and { = 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 units, vo, ot _ i (32.2 )(24) Ln SI units: V=(lo & ) (2.3049 F)- 305 @ = 43! {é & w s2 R= (24) (0.3048 2): 0.610 m Thus, 305 F Vv ———— = 125 ge Visi %)eiom The value of a dimensionless Parameter is independent ef the unit system.es 1.24 — The specific weight of a certain liquid is 85.3 Ib/ft. Determine its density and specific gravity. ib peeks 853 ys 2s slugs 4 322 # Ft slags 26S wy soz poe st . @ # slugs Cot * A G4 oe1.25 1.25 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 805 kg/m*. Determine its specific gravity and specific weight. z SG = A = 505 ps = 0,905 a= Ber Toe y=P9 = (905 ££.) (4.81 %)= 7970 BM1.26 1.26 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft* of water at 40 °F, Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F, Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain. mass of water = W*P where ts the volume and 2 The densty. Since the mass must vemain Constant as The temperature @hanges OS ye = ae ay From Table B.1 A bs - 1,940 Slets OF - bas bay @ goo = 1 FAL E Therelore, from £4.04) sh “ 2 GAN ED yon ges n° 143) 28, Thus, The sacvease ja volume (3 4)9l -#o00= 20186 ft? The change 1h Wweter depth, AL, a Gael fb 4+ . 0) 8b Ft7 ~ 4a= 7 oN = 592KI0 LL= 0.0Tbin a = @ft)* 7% This small change in clepth would not be very hotrceable, No. Mote: A slightly different value for SL will be obtained if specific wergnt of water Is used feTher Than density. This 1s due to the fact that there is seme ancertuitty in the fourth dignitiant figure oF these tuto values, and fe Solubion 3 sensitive te This unartenty1.28 1.28 A liquid when poured into a graduated cylinder is found to weigh @ N when occupying 2 volume of 500 ml (milliliters). Determine its spe- cific weight, density, and specific gravity. _ weight _ &N = oo FH volume (0,500 2) (10 3m? ms (6.5008) (10% qe) 3 NW. - = [6 410 78 163 xj AS p= 4 9.81 2 “m3 st ——— 3 hy 163 x10 F3 Pere — The 163 My d 10 ms 5G =1.29 4.29. The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units. Weight of Fluid a) Y= Plame of Fluid tolal weignt = massx g = O3bthg (981% )= thaw weight ef con= ©. 153 3 . Volume of Fluid = 55xW2L) (072 = £55-x10 om? Thus, trom Eg. l1) ye Bb2N - 0153N os = 7776 x, SSF X 10m =—— P- 3 7.8) 24 s* oy 2 . 79678 Acer 1000 BE Nes? 4 = 996 2S = 79 A8, 4 5G = 0.946 For water a& 20°C (see Table 8.2 Appendix B) = “os 4. sp = Bye 1789-3 5 Oa 16.2% | SG =0.9982 4 comparison of These Values hr Watley with These fer The pop shows Thad The specie weight, density, gad specie gravity & The pop are al] Slightly Jower Than The Corresponding Values for water.1.30* 1.30* The variation in the density of water, p, with temperature, T, in the range 20°C = T= 60 °C, is given in the following table. Density (kg/m) | 998.2 | 997.1 | 995.7 994.1 | 992.2 988.1 eeeerronlians! =a lagi salraqlonlieay Use these data to determine an empirical equa- tion of the form p = c, + cP + eT? which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1°C? 7o solve This problem use POLREG. IG EIU III IOI OIE IO ICI ICR ICI CIO IO IIR TOR A AOI AR AA ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for any order polynomial of the form: +k ** y = dO + ditx + d2¥x°2 + d3¥x°3 + ... ced SESS EE SS OEIC OE OS ORE OOO OIRO CO COGS ARIAT AR IOI IK Enter number of terms in the polynomial: 3 Enter number of data points: 7 inter data points (X , Y) 20,998.2 25,997.21 30,995. 35,994. 40,992, 45,990, 50,988. Wa www fereneraeey The coefficients of the polynomial are: d2 = -4.0953E-03 di = -5.3332E-02 dO = +1. 0009E+03 x Y Y(predicted) +2,0000E+01 +9.9820E+02 +9.9825E+02 +2.5000E+01 +9.9710E+02 +9.9706E+02 +3.,0000E+01 +9.9570E+02 +9,9566E+02 +3.5000E+01 +9.9410E+02 +9. 9407E+02 +4,Q000E+01 +9.9220E+02 +9.9226E+02 +4,5000E+01 +9.9020E+02 +9,9026E+02 +5.0000E+01 +9.8810E+02 +9.8805E+02 Thus, T 004095 T* Note that P (predicted ) & th goed agreement \y)'th e (green). At T= 4#2./ °C, 2 P= 100l~ 0.08333 (42.1%) ~ 0.004088 (42.1%) = 991.5 28,1.32 1.32 The density of oxygen contained in a tank is 2.0 kg/m* when the temperature is 25 °C. Determine the gage pressure of the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa (2.0 48 (asta 2) [aster 209)a] 155 4h, Gbs) BC9¢9¢) = Tas, ~ Bin * I p=PRT [55 4B -97AR = FORE1.33 Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 5 kg/m? under an absolute pressure of 425 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius. A CEL PR (5 on Nat 37) = 296K Te = UP - 273 = 286K-~aq3 = /13%¢1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft? is filled with 0.30 Ib of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 2304 : ° Z = weight = aan Fr inne © (428 lew) 2 slags = Abb K ID os Since pr Zz with ps (2+ 167) pore Catmosphene pressure assumed to be & 1467 psia ) and with T= (bor +#b0)°R st Allows thet (24.7 i.) (4 i int) Lie shegs BR (S¥OR) 7 iS #3 From Table 7? Rah S5KX107 for oxygen ana Re /22x10% Feb feb Ay helium, ohgR Thus, trom £g.l1) 1h the Gas Is oxygen -3 ana te feluim -+ p> 2 Te = E77 X10 as n24¢2 x10 * (1) A Comparisou of These Values with The actual density of the gas ii the tank indicates That The gas rnust be Ok ygen.1.36 136 Atire having a volume of 3 ft* contains air at a gage pressure of 26 psi and a temperature of 70 °F. Determine the density of the air and the weight of the air contained in the tire. p= - = Gabe a7) (ree) = 6 4p x10? sass (176 FA) [(r e400) weight = pg x volume = (Gapce? slats) (322 re) (348) = 0.6221.37 A compressed air tank contains # kg of air at a tem- perature of 80°C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. volume = T0425. r 3 n AP (Boor 101) x0 Fre = 349. #4 mm? f= RT ——— oe (ana g, ) [Gore + 27) k] 843 3 volume = ——~£ —— = 2.02 am 39 Re ee mes1.38 138* Develop a computer program for cal- culating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the temperature in de- grees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg-K are specified. For an deal gas paPRT So that - 2 C? Rr where pls absolute pressure, and T bs @bsolute temperature. Thus, Jf the temperature is in *C Then T> °C + 273.15 A computer program for calculehig follows. 100 cls 110 Bint ers S edo S OS OKO IORI IOIO KORO IES ERI OREO ORI RoC! 120 print "** This program calculates the density of an **" 130 print "** ideal gas when the absolute pressure ae 140 print "** in Pascals, the temperature in degrees C, **" 150 print "** and the gas constant in J/ke*K are yee 160 print "** specified en 170 Birt HEBER EBS B HES AIO AS KIORISIORIITORIKIOOEAC IOI TOKAI OKA AK 180 print 190 input "Enter absolute pressure in Pascals, P = ",p 200 input "Enter temperature in degs Celsius, T = ",t 210 input "Enter gas constant, R = ",r 220 tk=t+273.15 230 dens=p/(r*tk) 240 print 280 print using "The density of the gas is +#. ###H* kg/m3" ;dens Example: Gleulate fbr pr 200k. tempemtyre = 20°C, and Re 2871S hy k. a ’ SOE OS CEOS OSSD OI ODIODIIOFOEI SEACH OCIA S EI AKIOI IRI AIRE ** This program calculates the density of an ** ** ideal gas when the absolute pressure ** ** in Pascals, the temperature in degrees C, ** #* and the gas constant in J/kg*K are ** ** specified ee JESSIE IORI OR ICICI CII OIA GOI IE TODOS ICI AOA CI OOK AOE TAK Enter absolute pressure in Pascals, P = 200E3 Enter temperature in degs Celsius, T = 20 Enter gas constant, R = 287 The density of the gas is +2.3772E+00 kg/m3aoe 1.31* Repeat Problem 138 for the case in which the pressure is given in psi (gage). the tempera ture in degrees Fahrenheit, and the gas constant in ft-lb/slug°R. For an ideal I per & so that “RT where p 1s absolute pressure, and T 1s absolute Fem perature . Thus, Wf Femperature in FF, dnd pressure sh pst, Then TF 44587 ond pe [plpse]+ py, (psc) 3 A computer program for Calculating Fellows. 100 cls THO int Hebd rddebon OSS E ES ESS SOSOSI SSE ORS IAI EK EM 120 print "** This program calculates the density of an **" 130 print "** ideal gas when the gage pressure in psi, **" 140 print "** the atmospheric pressure in psia, the ae 150 print "** temperature in degrees F, and the gas eH 155 print "** constant in ft*lb/slug*degR are specified **" 260 (Bint obroRSo EK SS COS SR OS OBOE OEE TER SSE KOGEI KCK OE 170 print 2 180 input "Enter gage pressure in psi, P = ",p 190 input "Enter temperature in degrees Farhenheit, T = ",t 200 input "Enter gas constant, R = ",r 205 input "Enter atmospheric pressure in psia, Patm = ",patm 210 pabs=(ptpatm)*144 220 tket+459.67 230 240 print 250 print using "The density of the gas is +#.####°°°* slug/ft3";dens Example: Gleulate ? & = Yo psc, temperature = /00°F, Reba = (7 Psh@, and Re rte Ft1b/ slg R. JESSIE OISISIOSI IOI SCRIO BS GSORI ICI AE IORI ADI AIA IA ** This program calculates the density of an ** ** ideal gas when the gage pressure in psi, ** ** the atmospheric pressure in psia, the ** ** temperature in degrees F, and the gas ¥ ** constant in ft*lb/slug*degR are specified ** JERE OSORIO IORI CECI CIOOI OO EE II IOI II TOR A OR A Enter gage pressure in psi, P = 40 Enter temperature in degrees Farhenheit, T Enter gas constant, R = 1716 Enter atmospheric pressure in psia, Patm = 14.7 100 The density of the gas is +8.2016E-03 slug/ft31.40 1.40 — Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of mercury at 75 °F, Express your answer in BG units, r ~ 5S fr. _£ een ee PB LEG 32) = & (75% 32) = A3.9°C From Fig, &/ in A ppendix B: Cmercarg af 15°F (43.9%) 2 LSxO rus 2 (isi WE 3.099 x10) ES ~ pS (bes Va =) ( =2E) 31x10 an1.41 4.44 Determine the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of water 10 air at a temperature of 70 °C. Compare this value with the corresponding ratio of kinematic viscosities. Assume the ait is at standard atmospheric pressure. From Table 8.2 ia Appendiz Bi =t _ <7 2 (fer water at 70°C) (Pe = #02 x10 wi Vs %13¢xi0 From Table 4 in Appendix. 8: = “5 2 Chr air at 70°) Pee 288 410 SME» Ye 197 KIO a Thus, e fino _ Faye 410 19.9 7. - ale 2.03 K 10 <7 Vo = eae Vari 497 x10 = 2loxjo*1.42 The kinematic viscosity and specific gravity of aliquid are 3.5.x 10°* m?/s and 0.79, respectively. What is the dy- namic viscosity of the liquid in ST units? hove (= (56) Mg eve) fez fasnw? 2) (0.79 «107 44):1.43 143 A liquid has a specific weight of 59 Ib/ft® and a dynamic viscosity of 2.75 Ib-s/ft?, Determine its kinematic viscosity Sie V2 an P24 Ve Ae = (275 es) (322) _ 150 es 57 a —1.44 — The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10~ poise. Determine its viscosity in both ST and BG units. From Appendiz A Wor’ “8 wes = [pas Thus, (5 210 * poise pt Ws = Sujo* Ns f 10 “poise ) ( Wes) = ° es Poke and From Table 14 feo (Bx 1o* Hes ) (2.084 x10" ee.) = 14x10 tes oa1.45 1.45 — The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. Arup pe #4. rsox 1X, : er (268.8 92D] (e's tara] 7 oa V= 0,/oy stokes = O/0¢ —= Je (0.10% 2°) (so oe \ (497 4) -5 -e = 2.05 «/d AR 2 gos nie? NS. 4s am1.46 4.46 Determine from Figs. B.1 and B.2 in Appendix B the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of kerosene at 40 °C. Express your answer in both SI and BG units. From Fig, B,/: 73 ae A (kerosene at Yore) 2 hx 10 aise? LS) (acegni* (sC unite) ye 2.3%)0° eS (Baunite) From Fr, 8.2: 6 2 Y (Kerosne at Jot) # 4x & (SE units) 15x 10 EP Ge units)1.47 1.47 SAE 30 oil at 60 °F flows through a 2-in.-diameter pipe with a mean velocity of 5 ft/s. Determine the value of the Reynolds number (see Example 1.4). : ~3 Ibes 2 1.77 Sleas 80x Lbs e a fe ) Re = PUD 2 (utr PENSE) (BH Va Box io? bes Fé: = 184%1.48 1.48 — Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 3-mm-diam- eter tube, if the mean velocity is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric feared For water at 30°C (trom Table B.2 i Append'y B): 4 - sx! ME f= 795.7 4, oe 1995 0108 Pe a vod “7 Ba, #2) (2. Re = @ ~ (795.7 24) (3 Z) (2.003 m) = 14,200 - 7.975 £j07* MS aa For acr at 30'¢ ( trom Table 8.4 in Appendix B): = Ae = -5 Ms - 2 LIGS Ts PF 186x100 ; 44 2a hee & VD _ (1.168 Fra) (3 3) (6.008) a & 1.86 x10° LS ras1.49 For air at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10* kg/(m-s:K'*) and $ = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B. 2 7 3 - CT? (ise 20* At, ) 72 p= 2 —=— = ans: Ke Tts se T+ llo4k For T= /0°C = [0°C + A73,15 = 283.15 Kk, ~6 34 1.459 x10) (483,15 K - Pe oe c Ye Lus«1eF Mes Ag3,IS K + 110,4 —— ae From Table BH, Ae Le w1o® Mee For T= 70°C = 90°C + APIS = 363,5K, From Table 8.4, Pe Zin xjo*® Ms (145g x 107°)( 363,16 n)% -5 = 213x100 Ms 3635 K + O04 2 ym1.50* 1.50* Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants C and S which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.49. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form Te _ (1 Ss Mm _(1\r.5 # (e)r c and plot T*2/ versus T. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.) Equation 1.10 Can be written in The form ah gis Ss oe =(¢)T+ c and with the deta from Table BY: Tic) Tk) J (sla) ° ABS Lue ® ao A936 182 X10" Yo 31315 187K )0~ bo 393,15 ha7 xo 80 35815 2.07 x Jo* (00 37315 2574 10~ ~) Tye [ bye s)] 2540x108 2.758 x 08 4.963 x108 3.087% 108 2. 06x10 3, 322.X10 A plot of TM/e vs. T 1 shown below: 35x10" z1.50* (cont ) Since The data plot as an approximate straight Ine, Fg.) aan be represented by an eguetion of The fe mm Yr bx te where yu TYe ) xXwT, b~ Vo, ana am S/e, To obtain a and b use LINREGA, FEE ESOC BIS RIOKIOSI SISSIES OR SE IOSIORISEIIORIORI OIA ARAKI ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for a function of the form y = a+b * x ** SEO OS OBO SIERO OE ESE SISOS OS FOSS OSS ISCO RIA AA Number of points: 6 Input X, 2? 273.15,2.640E8 293.15,2.758E8 313.15,2.963E8 333.15,3.087E8 353.15,3.206E8 373.15,3.322E8 2 2 ? 2 ? +7. 44 1E+O7 +6. 969E+05 x Y Y(predicted) +2.7315E+02 +2.6400E+08 +2,6476E+08 +2.9315E+02 +2.7580E+08 +2.7869E+08 #3,1315E+02 +2.9630E+08 +2.9263E+08 +3.3315E+02 +3.0870E+08 +3.0657E+08 +3,5315E+02 +3.2060E+08 +3.2051E+08 +3.7315Et02 +3.3220E+08 +3, 3444E+08 Thus, babs 6.969% 0% ~6 so that C= Lax” ks fimis» K*) ana oe Seas 74 x1 Cc and therefore Ss /07 K These values hr Cand S are in good agreement w/'th values given in Problem 1.49 .1.51 1.51 — Foracertain liquid ¢ = 7.1 x 10-S1b-s/ ft? at 40 °F andy: = 1.9 x 10-5 Ib-s/ft’ at 150 °F. ‘Make use of these data to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). What would be the viscosity at 80 °F? B Vi DeT™ (23,10) AL T= Gore 45467) = 49901°R) he aint Sy and -F jbp at T= (50% 145-467) 60767 eR, ws LF x10 Bs Take the logarithm of both sides of Eg. hil to yield tn p= Ble) + 4nd a Substitute above values of fe and T into Ey.tl) te give Ln (71 210%) = 8 e44)* 4nd (2) Ln (14 21077) = 8 laa) ten @) and solve Egs.(a) and(3) simultaneously for Band D, Subtuet £4.03) trem £4. (2) 40 give An msi? \. 8 +--+) L4a1ee 494,67 04,67 and B= 3650. Substtute this value of B int &4. (2) fo gleld tn (7.141077) = 3650 (akin) + 44D and “ D=4¥77K 10%, Thus, Bz 3650 nd De h77410" AL T= 0° + 459,67 = 534.67 Bese / 2 497x10 e $3767 = 4/3 X10 -F les1.52* A plot of /h p vs. 1.52* Use the value of the viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form Ing = (B) E+ InD and plot In x versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq. 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) Eguation (1 can be written i» the form In x 28) = + InD and with The cata trom Table BZ ° TT) Th) WT) Alm’) Inf eo 2731s 3.Lb/ £10° L787 x07 ~ 6.327 do 293,15 34 K107 1002410" ~ 6.906 ho BIB IS Bu3nio>? —6.829xKp* — ~ 7.334 66-3335 Booznw? KR beGk* = 7. bo G0 38315 aésznio? SS4TKO* ~ 7.444 (00 3735 gesenw? Lele" ~ BIT# Tt ~for 3 shown below :4.52" (Cont) Since the deta plot as an approximate straight line, 47.0) can be used +o represent These data. To obtein Bann D use EXPFIT. JESSE SSI IIIS OIC IRI ACEI ICI OIDI AOSIOII IORI OER IO A AOR AOR IO ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for a function of the form y = a * e * b*x ** IE EOS IOI COI IIE ICI ICI ECE IO AOICE ICO! AAO IIE. Number of points: 6 Input K, Y 2? 3,661E-3,1.787E-3 «G11E-3,1.002E-3 +193E-3,6.529E-4 +002E-3,4.665E-& +832E-3,3.547E-4 +680E-3,2.818E-4 VKwowe +1.767E-06 +1.870E+03 oo wu x y Y (predicted) +3,6610E-03 +1.7870E-03 +1.6629E-03 #3.4110E-03 +1.0020E-03 +1.0418E-03 #3.1930E-03 +6.5290E-04 +6.9298E-04 +3.0020E-03 +4.6650E-04 +4.8482E-04 +2.8320E-03 +3,5470E-04 +3,5277E-04 ¥2.6B00E-03 +2.8180E-04 +2.6548E-04 Thus, ‘ D=as 1167 xI0° Nslan and 3 Bz $= 8X K so That 1870 <6 fe L767 Xl @ At 50°C (323,15k), 1870 3235 = fer ETT x Se From Table B.2, m= 5: HEX) "ysl1.53 1.53 Crude oi] having a viscosity of 9.52 x 107‘ Ib: s/f? is contained between parallel plates. The bottom plate is fixed and upper plate moves when a force P is applied (see Fig. 1.3). If the distance between the two plates is 0.1 in., what value of P is required to translate the plate with a velocity of 3 ft/s? The effective area of the upper plate is 200 in. P= Tx plate area CAE 32 Pz Gsaxjo* we (251.54 1.54 A thin layer of glycerin flows down an inclined, wide Fig, that for equilibrium, the component of weight acting parallel to the plate surface must be balanced by the shearing force devel- oped along the plate surface. In your analysis assume a unit plate width. ® FIGURE P1.54 wt * \-s ZF,=0 TI ag hus, Fao? TAM) W sinto’= T, 0) and with W = ¥Lhl) ¥LhO) sin 20° = %, £0) er yh sinzo= MT, ary At the plate ~ du Cr - (4)... Since du_ zu _2VUy dy > bh h (% > 2U 4Y yen Thus, from #3. (1) Yhoin 207 = ih uy and Ue xh? slr 20° = - C8. 6 $s (22.4) sin 20” 0.269 ft Z (313x107 —1.55 1.55 The viscosity of blood is to be determined from meas- urements of shear stress, 7, and rate of shearing strain, du/dy, ‘obtained from a small blood sample tested in a suitable viscom- eter. Based on the dita given below determine if the blood is a ‘Newtonian or a non-Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at your answer. For a Newkoman Fluid The ratio of t ts aufdy 1s 4 Constant. For the data given: Z¢ CN s/m: du fty ) The ratio 1s not a Constant but decreases a5 the rate of shearing Strain imeregses. Thus, This Fluid bleed) ss & ton-Wedbonan Flurd. A plot of the data & shown below. Foy a Wewlonen Pluid the curve would be a straight line with « slope of | 40 /- 0. 0178 | 0.0133 |2. 0107 | 2.0080| 0.0067 | 4.0058 \2.0050 | 02047 TEU ala Kate of sheanng skran, tty, 51.56 1.56 A 10-kg block slides down a smooth inclined surface 0.1 mm gap. as shown in Fig. P1.56.. Determine the terminal velocity of the we block if the 0.l-mm gap between the block and the surface contains SAE 30 oil at 60 °F. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear, and the area of the block in contact with the oil is 0.2 m?, m FIGURE P1.56 y ZF, =0 — w Thus, oe W sin 20° = TA : Since Ts pM where b 1s Film thickness, W sin2o*= av A Thus, (with Wm) m fA (0.3@ %2 V0.2 om) bw sin 20°, (0.c001m)(104s aS 2 Nin 209)1.57 4.57 A piston having a diameter of 5.48 in, and a length of 9.50 in. slides downward with a velocity V through a vertical pipe. The downward motion is resisted by an oil film between the piston and the pipe wall. The film thickness is 0.002 in., and the cylinder weighs 0.5 Ib. Estimate V if the oil viscosity is 0.016 ths/fi2. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. = Ferical = tA Thus, Ww AW: TA ts, | Where Az=DL£ a a Po and (velocity ) V ke ~ eae D c= C Film thickness) / § 7 so thet We (p 4 \(rod ) Follows The Bh lows * as . (osu) (220? 4) Ve TDrK EHS 4) $50 fe)( 0164S ) = 0.00459 a1.58 1,58 A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with the velocity profile shown in Fig. P1.5g,Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U = 3 m/s and h = 0.1 m. dé TP a m@ FIGURE P1.58 4 5 oe a et Tha, at the biied surface (4=0) & ) = 2 dy lyre A so That 72 H(4E) = (seis Na) = 67 «107 4. acting in direction of Flow1.59 4.59 When a viscous fluid flows past a thin sharp-edged | © plate, a thin layer adjacent to the plate surface develops in which the velocity, 1, changes rapidly from zero to the approach ve- locity, er is called a boundary layer ases with the distance x along the plate as shown in Fig. P1.59. Assume that « = Uy/® and 8 = 3.5 Vox/U where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Determine an expression for the force (drag) that would Plete be developed on one side of the plate of length / and width b, width=> _ a Express your answer in terms of f, b. v, and p, where pis the &® FIGURE P1.59 fluid density, Drag, B= [Tie 0A Where dhe BK So That D> [te bd ne du - Since tt a(t) and ay bith fo 35 [DE , it follows From &B.1) rf 73h 4% 3 4 - fey sx hor (Cy a: [ ZV % bade = LO x “dx 0 & - and with ve @ = 0.571 bp Vio? Thus, i nS y x oo ™> w ss LL a)1.60* 1.60* Standard air flows past a flat surface and velocity measurements near the surface indicate the following distribution: y (ft) | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 u (ft/s) 10.74 [1.51 13.03 10.21 | 14.43 The coordinate y is measured normal to the sur- face and w is the velocity parallel to the surface. (a) Assume the velocity distribution is of the form u=Cy+ Gy! and use a standard curve-fitting technique to de- termine the constants C, and C;. (b) Make use of the results of part (a) to determine the mag- nitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0) and at y = 0.05 ft. (a) Use nonlinear regression program, such as SAS- LIN, fo obtain Coefbrctents C, ane Cz. This program produces least Squares estimates of The parameters of a nonlinear medel. For the data given, - f Cr 1538 S' am G 4350 fb Ss" () Since, Tah dg it follows That Teh (Gt 36, 4°) Thus, ot the wall (4=0) T+A6, = (a74x 0 BE \fissd) = srax” Ze, At y= 0.05 ft . T-(3% xe" 2) [ss ir 3( 4350 eg Nooste) | -f Ib = 194 x10 Fre1.61 1.61 — The-viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P1.61. In this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated with an angular velocity, «. The torque ‘required to develop cis measured and the vis- cosity is calculated from these two measurements. Develop an equation relating 4, @, 5, f, R, and R,. Neglect end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. Torgue, qf, due +o shearing stress on faner cylinder 13 egual t a7T= R. TIA where JA =(fe.d0)h, Ths, a7: RL T do and forgne regained to rotate inner cylinder is yy Fixed outer cylinder ‘inner cylinder _ ZZZZZIZIILILLILLL Ri Ro~ FIGURE PI. 64 (L~ cylinder length ) 7. RT [ de = arR Lt For a linear velocity distribution in the gap T Fee wo V Re-Re se that °1.62 1.62, The space between two 6-in. long concentric cylinders is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 X 107? Ib-s/ft?). The inner cylinder has a radius of 3 in, and the gap width betweer cylinders is 0.1 in, Determine the torque and the power requirec to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min. The outer cylinder is fixed, Assume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear From Problem 1.66, 3 Ty = ark; SAO RR, and with wes (180 Fe rev (ar rea ) ee = 617 vad then 3.6 -3 Mes Ne weed ) ope RIOR NASI RINT ED spy to (2 | ft) Since power = Teor ct fellows That power = (0.994 fe-b)lom M4) = 178 41.63 1.63 One type of rotating cylinder viscometer, called a Stormer viscometer, uses a falling weight, ‘W,, to cause the cyl- inder to rotate with an angular velocity, «, as illustrated in Fig. 1.63, For this device the viscosity, 1, of the liquid is related to W and @ through the equation ‘W = Kyo, where K is a constant that depends only on the geometry (including the liquid depth) of the viscometer. The value of K is usually determined by using a calibration liquid (a liquid of known viscosity). (a) Some data for a particular Stormer viscometer, obtained using glycerin at 20 °C as a calibration liquid, are given below. Plot values of the weight as ordinates and values of the angular velocity as abscissae. Draw the best curve through the plotted points and determine X for the vis- cometer. ‘W (lb) 022 | 066 | 110 | 1.54 | 2.20 w(rev/s) | 0.53 159 | 279 | 3.83 | sa9 1—Fixed outer cylinder @ FIGURE P1.63 (b) A liquid of unknown viscosity is placed in the same viscometer used in part (a), and the data given below are obtained. Determine the viscosity of this liquid. Wb) oos | ou | 022 | 033 | 044 w(rev/sy | 072 | 189 | 3.73 | saa | 7.42 (2) Since W= Kyu the slope of The 2) ys, W earve Ms Wb) slope = Kk = So that 4 slope C ) n Far the glycerin data (see plot on next page) The slope Cbasea on a least squares fit of The dela) & Sloe glycerin) = 0.390 tes Since M Gplycenin) = 213 x10 "ILS then 9 Mes k= 0398S F513 X10" tos (4) For the unknown fluid deta Csee plot on neck page) The Slope Cbesed on 4 least sguares Hit of the data ) Ks Slope Cankwown fui) = 2.0601 gs (cont)1630 ort) Thus, from &7 ll) /b-s -3 Pi letaoun Fluid) = 7 ape #73x10 3%1.64* 1.64* The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained with a rotating cylinder vis- cometer of the type described in Problem 1.61. Torque (ft-lb) _ | 13.1 | 26.0 | 39.5 | 52.7 | 64.9 | 78.6 Angular velocity (rad/s) | 1.01 2.01 3.01 4.01 sol 60 For this viscometer R, = 2.50 in., R, = 2.45 in. and { = 5,00 in. Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to determine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer. The torgue, ZT is related +» the angular velocity, 23, Through the gua bion , (4) (see solution to Problem 166). Thus, tor « tied geometry and a gwen viscosity, £3.) fs of The form y=bx (9D and xaW) Where b I's 4& Constant gual to 3 b= ae AA (2) RS To obtain b use the dete given with LINREG |, ISIE SII OEIC ISIE IS OI GEORGE SEI ORI SRK ORI OK IE ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for a function of the form y = b * x ee FEBS SSIS IODIDE ERICH CE IBIS OIRO ASR ADI IOS ESE AEA AOE IK Number of points: 6 Input X, 7.1.0,13. 2.0,26. 3.0,39. 4.0,52. 5.0,64. 6.0,78. www Owe rnoned +1.308E+01 ft-lbs o " x Y ¥ (predicted) +1.,0000E+00 +1,3100E+01 +1.3082E+01 +2.,0000E+00 +2.6000E+01 +2,6165E+01 +3,0000E+00 +3.9500E+01 +3,9247E+01 +4.0000E+00 +5.2700E+01 +5.2330E+01 +5.0000E+00 +6.4900E+01 +6,5412E+01 +6.0000E+00 +7.8600E+01 +7.8495E+01 (con't )1.64" (Cut) Thus, trom Ey 2) pe (6) (Fe- Bz) 2r RR and with the cate given, (3.08 felbes M450 24s a an (248 2) (824)1.65 1.65 A 12-in.-diamet Rotating plate lar plate is places ap between the two plates filled Torque P1.65. Determine the torque > requir e circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that the shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible. Lin. gap FIGURE P1.65 Torgue,dT , due to shearing stresses on Plate 5 egual te t IN ede aT=+ tdA « * where dA-= 2rrdr, Thus, S— vr AG: + Tearrdr us . ana or. al bo dr stresses acting on bottom of plate 0 ; [—> V2 rw Since Ts fh gu y and hr a Fee /inear men Astri butin Cseehgure) = rw lu ov. rw ase dy 57 Ss Tas, bs + Velocity distribute ” mr: amp [ria = He(E) locity distribuhon ana with the data gien Pp xr. tse ya por Yow ts Lae #) . (2 (4)1.67 1.67 A rigid-walled cubical container is completely filled with water at 40 °F and sealed. The water is then heated to 100 °F. Determine the pressure that develops in the container when the water reaches this higher temperature. Assume that the volume of the container remains constant and the value of the bulk modulus of the water remains constant and equal to 300,000 psi. Since The water mass remains tonstoat, AY *P Cr At) too? where Vou volume and 4¥ ks Change in volume s# water were Unconstraimed during hecting, Thus, Ay Ge! - Oa . From Table B.l 10 Appendex B, oe 1940 hess and 2: 07 Me So That slags AY. 190 #3 ve -] 2 0.00675 4 ps A427 Se a beh From 7,112 dp &y & it Allows wi des and Ap= SP Tet The change yn pressure reguired to Compress the water back t its original Valume 1's APs - (300,000 pat )E2.00075) = 2,03x)08 pse1.68 Ina test to determine the bulk modulus of a liquid it was found that as the absolute pres- sure was changed from 15 to 3000 psi the volume decreased from 10.240 to 10.138 in.’ Determine the bulk modulus for this liquid. =. ot (Eq, hi2) UV d¥/¥ J Ss, nome dp 2 Ap = 3000-15 = 2985 pse ana dee 4¥ = 10.d40-10,/32= 0.102 in? 4 Bs — 2955 wee ( 2,102 in? ) 10.240 In? = 3.00 x10" pre1. Calculate the speed of sound in m/s for (a) gasoline, (b) mercury, and (c) seawater. c= (&.119) (a) For gasoline’ iON th) For mercury) C= PASH nt = 14s om 136% 10" 42, s (¢) For seawater: ©1.70 1.70 Airis enclosed by a rigid cylinder con- taining a piston. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. De- termine the reading on the gage when the piston has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi. For isothermal compression, Ps constant 30 thet 2 where &~ (inital state Gnd £~ Final state . Thas, . Mass a é, Since pF aie ) 2 = fathal whine. 5 Chr consent mass) Final volume and therefore B= (3)[A5 + 1%) psiGbsy}= 117 psd Gabe) & (gage) =(//9- 1,7) pat 104 psi (gage)1.71 4.74 Often the assumption is made that the flow ofa certain fluid can be considered as incompressible Now if the density of the fluid changes by less than 2%. If air is flowing through a tube such that the air pressure at one section is 9.0 psi and at a downstream section it is 8.6 psi at the same temperature, do you think that this ow could be considered an imcompressible flow? Support your answer with the necessary calculations. As- sume standard atmospheric pressure For ssothermal change in density & 4 so That 4, fh The percent change th ast densities Lefuten sechons 1) FO) 18 of change * At x 1b0 4 =(- & ) «100 = (1- B) + to Cie) - (y- Brie T pce \ 155 Change = (Fo r1%7) pia = 169% Since 1b9%K< 2% the flow could be considered mesmpressible.1.72 1,72 Oxygen at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure ex- pands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 120 kPa. Deter- mine the final density of the gas. For /sothermal expansion, S = constant so That tee FE where '~ tnibial state and 4 ft~ final state. Thas, 4 (t = = Z: 2 Also ? 3 te: 300x110 Z fs see = = 39) 42 RT, (a5% ee o )[Gererar)k] ae so that 1204 - 4 a (thon) 101.73 1.73 Natural gas at 7o °F and standard at- mospheric pressure of 14.7 psi is compressed is- entropically to a new absolute pressure of 60 psi- Determine the final density and temperature of the gas. For /sentrepre Compression , a = constant so That ee, * & Where in inital state and ia Ff fx tind! state. Thus, 4. tet Br Be or A (2) 2 2: Also , px tee Wah iF ) oa eh 6 RT sete ni? fh aay hte oS (2 tae) )[ae%+s0°e] so that a 3d fs 60 pet labs) (429 «10° sue) = BIT xi slugs 147 pst Cabs) #63 3 and Ge tees (60 8, (4B) BR Sy xo? slues \Vfo p79 jp tee \ 377x107 SMEs 3 o99x lo FEB [: x/0 Fe ]Ge 9x10 Flug = 740 °R er Tp= 140 - 4d = 280 °F1.74 1.74 — Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same pressure. For air (&3,hI7), Ey? Ap = C40) (tor x wih) = 1.41 «10° RB For water (Table lt) Ey = 215 x10"R Thus, E, (water) 2.16x 10" ¢ = — =z = 1524/0 E, (aur) LY 10° -; SS1.75* 1.%5* Develop a computer program for cal- culating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program against the results ob- tained for Problem 1.70 For compression or expansion, 4 = Constant where R=! for sothermal process, and #> specific heat vati for entropic process. Thus, tes Br aR 4 where tin imibal state, £~ ting! stabe, so That 8: (2)*2 a) Since _ mass ~ Volume then fe Ve a oN where yy Ye, are The mitial and tinal volurnes, vespectively . Thus, trom £3 01) k = [Me 4e r hem . (% ) (ty ibm ) ay Where the subscrpt g refers to gage pressure Eguation 2) can be written as \4 4, = (#) (Ay * teow) ~ Bm ” A computer program tr coleulatvig fey follows. (cont )4.75* (ton é ) 100 cls 7110 Srlint ESR EG eK ESOS OSE OSS KSOS SOR ISSO RIECK IORI RIAA AEE I 120 print "** This program calculates the final gage pressure of 130 print "** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi 140 print "** the initial volume, the final volume, the 150 print "** atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of 160 print "** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified oe seer sen set ern 770 Unt ORS R SEE OSA SEES COS D EEC OES ECORI OSOSS I IORI IERIE IRC 180 print 190 input "Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi = ",p 200 input "Enter initial volume, Vi = ",vi 210 input "Enter final volume, Vf = ",vf 220 input "Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = ",patm 230 pabsi=p+patm 240 print:print "Enter type of process" 250 print "0 : Isothermal" 260 print "1 : Isentropic" 270 input pt 280 print 290 k=1 300 if pt=1 then input "Enter specific heat ratio, k = ",k 310 pabsf=pabsi*(vi/vf)"k 320 absf-patm 330 print 340 print using "The final gage pressure of the gas is P£ = +#.####°°°* psilypf Run program using data trom Problem 1.70. ESOS OE IOI IOS IE ORO ORCS AGEI ORGIES OSI OIA ** This program calculates the final gage pressure of ** ** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, ** ** the initial volume, the final volume, the ie ** atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of ee ** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified # JOSE OO OSCE ESSE OR OE COO OE EE ORS ISOS AICO AAO IK Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi =25 Enter initial volume, Vi = 1 Enter final volume, Vf = 0.3333 Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = 14.7 Enter type of process Isothermal 1: Isentropic 2 The final gage pressure of the gas is Pf = +1,o4#[E+02 psi1.76 “1.76 — Determine the speed of sound at 20 °C in (a) air, (b) helium, and () natural gas. Express your answer in m/s, = VART (Eg. 120) Win T= 80°C +273 = 293k : (4) fe | =|! v Br air, eS = 543m (h) For helium, iG Se (293%) = J/o10 a ce) For natural gas, @ WHh31) $17.31) (578, = ? ( #320 ) rsx) = au,1.77 1.77 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx. imately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range. c= VART (Eg. 20) tr b= 140 and R= 1716 Shag 19k c= 440 V7 From Table C1 in Appendix C at an altitude of OF2 T= 57.004 ¥60 = SIV?R 30 het cs #ROVEITR = M6 LE Similar caleulations Can be made tor cther alb'tudes and The resulting graph is shown below. fAittude, ft Temp.°F Temp.°R c, Tus o 59 519 11416 5000 41.47 501.17 1097 10000 23.36 483.36 1077 15000 5.55 465.55 1057 20000 “12.26 447.74 1037 25000 -30.05 429.95 1016 30000 -47.83 412.17 995 -65.61 394.39 973 390.3 968 40000 15000 20009 25000 30000 25000 40000 Altitude, ft1.78 1.78 When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without causing cavitation if the fluid is water at 160 °F. Cavitation may occur when the local pressure eguals the vapor pressure. for water at 160°F ffhom Table 6.1 va ApptrdicB) zB = 474 pst labs) Thus, minimum pressure = 474 psclabs)1.79 1.7% — Estimate the minimum absolute pres- sure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is ethyl alcohol at 20 °C. Cavitation may eccur when the suction pressure at the pump inlet eguals the vapor pressure. Sor ethyl alcohol at 20°C ps7 BR (abs). Thas, minimum pressure = 5,94F. (abs)1.80 4.80 When water at 90 °C flows through a converging sec- tion of pipe, the pressure is reduced in the direction of flow Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop with- out causing cavitation, Express your answer in both BG and SI units. Cavitation tmaq occur th The converyng section of pipe when The pressure eguals The vapor pressure. trom Table 6.2 tn AppenlixB for water at 90°C, B= 70.1 RR Cabs). Thus RR Cabs) yy 5D units, minimum Pressuve = 7. Ln 86 units nes ; . ramimum pressure = (Fe) x10 Vb ysoxii* EE ) & 10.21.81 4.81 Apartially filled closed tank contains ethyt alcohol at 68 °F. If the air above the alcohol is evacuated what is the minimum absolute pressure that develops in the evacuated space? Minimum pressure = vapor pressure = 0.95 psu labs)1.82 1.82 Estimate the excess pressure inside a rain drop having a diameter of 3 mm. = ao (€. Las pe 4 aD) 20734%07°£ ) 0.00/5 am 97.9 B1.83 4.83 A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere, Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure, Determine this difference in pressure, For equilibrium (see tyure ), plant): 7 (2 SL) 4 That So == PER 734 x G xi ”™m parsf = 12.22 prexcess pressure surtace Htnsion Sovces 7 2.501.84 1.84 Whatis the difference between the pres- sure inside a soap bubble and atmospheric pres- sure for a 3-in.-diameter bubble? Assume the sur- face tension of the soap film to be 70% of that of water at 70 °F. are bor eguilibrium , V29ee 1 2 A (arree)= prR <— pret I i or 40 i Re radiies ? R pu excess pressure (Mex | There ave two surfaces for bubble, | 7 (water at WF) = 4497x107 2 (Table BI si Apptndnd) Thus - 4 #07491 x #) A pe — = O11] xe 45 Sz ft1.85 1.85 Determine the height water at 70 °F will rise due to capillary action in a clean, }-in.-diameter tube. What will be the height if the diameter is reduced to 0.01 in.? 27 cos® he rR For water at 70°F (From Table 2.1 rr Appendic B), (€3. 422) oz 47 x? B and F* 62.30 Hy. Thug with O70, (fr R=0.15th.) -3 , : 2t4 Z - = 2 C497 x ge NO) - Aen) = 153 x10 * ft (02.30 is) (“3° #) or . , = hy. > 12 = a E . ha (usexw ft)(2M) = 2184 In Sa a Jmailarly, (for R= 0.005 1.) - » \(fO125 In \ . 4 = (0.194 in.) Bee ) = 4,60 in.1.86 1.86 Twovertical, parallel, clean, glass plates are spaced a distance of 2 mm apart. If the plates are placed in water how high will the water rise between the plates due to capillary action? For eguilibrium in the vertieal divechéu , oh 2 kee W= 2(0L cose) Since, i w= vhbs i VRLL= 27h tos or, kb 4: ce (Q~ width of plates) Thus, (fer 620) 2(rauuet RB) T4d XB im = THQ nt ( 4.80x10 2, (0,002 m)1.87 1.87 — Anopen, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? Ae 20° 0050 ae (23.122) for o = 130° _ 2 Cpetxw' * ) cos /30° -3 = oes ees — 3,00 X10 om (133 x10? )(o. 0015 om) Thus, column will be depresses 3.00 mam1.88 1.88 Anopen2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a pan of ethyl alcohol and a similar 4-mm- diameter tube is inserted into a pan of water. In which tube will the height of the rise of the fluid column due to capillary action be the greatest? Assume the angle of contact is the same for both tubes. 4 = 20 COs@ Pel (Eg. 122) TS; Caleohel) — C-Laleel) ¥Cunter) (#22) Z (water) TF Lwater) F Caleshol) © 2mm - (2.28/07 H Maver? 2%, \(4 mm) PERO NEE (7.341107 & ) (174410? 25) (amon) = 0.7817 Height of rise of water column is greatest.1.89* 1.87* The capillary rise in a tube depends on the cleanliness of both the fluid and the tube. Typically, values of h are less than those predicted by Eq. 1.22 using values of ¢ and 0 for clean fluids and tubes. Some measurements of the height, h, a water column rises in a vertical open tube of diameter, d, are given below. The water was tap water at a temperature of 60 °F and no particular effort was made to clean the glass tube. Fit a curve From Eg. |2r to these data and estimate the value of the prod- uct ¢ cos @. If it is assumed that ¢ has the value given in Table 1.5 what is the value of 6? If it is assumed that 0 is equal to 0° what is the value of 0 d (in. 0.10.05 h (in.) 10.133 10.1651 0.198 10.273 10.421 10.796 fe sel) © ese (4) “ with d=2R. Thus, Eg.0) & of the form 4:6! 4 0-tas 8 + where: b= (2) and ‘= + The constent,b, can be obtained by 4 Vinear least Sguares fit of the gwen deta (CR and Yel ). /d ("') Yo 48 60 Bo 120 L4o (cont) 4 ft) 0,0/108 0.0087 0.01650 0, 02275" 0.03508 0, 066331.89* (cont ) To obtan & use LIVREG L. IEE CORIO COCCI ACTOR ORCA AAAI AAR AAA ACI ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for a function of the form y = b * x Sad IEC SISO EEE CIE AIA ACAI TOA TC AAAI AA AACA A. Number of points: 6 Input K, Y ? 40,0.01108 48,0.01375 60,0.01650 80,0.02275 120,0.03508 240 ,0.06633 aes b = +2.799E-04 #¢* x Y Y(predicted) +4.,0000E+01 +1.1080E-02 +1,1195E-02 +4.8000E+01 +1.3750E-02 +1.3434E-02 +6.0000E+01 +1.6500E-02 +1,.6792E-02 +8.Q000E+01 +2.2750E-02 +2.2390E-02 +1.2000E+02 +3,5080E-02 +3,.3584E-02 +2.WO00E+02 +6,6330E-02 +6.7169E-02 Thus, o~ Tose: &f | C & - 4 ren x18 * H*Norn $s) wie iz = 437xI0 Fy Df os 5.03 20" WME, Then te H37KI0 fe = 0 369 5 b3X10°3 605.6 F = Ft and 6= 227° If 620° Then cos =t0 and 3 le Le 3 4BTKIO fe 2 437 x10 40 bs FL1.90 1.90 The capillary tube viscometer device shown in Fig. P1.90 can be used to determine the kinematic viscosity, v 12/p, of a liquid. The volume flowrate, Q cubic feet per second or mé per second, at which a viscous liquid flows through a small diameter tube (i.e., a capillary tube) depends upon many parameters including the diameter and length of the tube, the acceleration of gravity, the density and viscosity of the liquid, and the head (height) of the liquid above the top of the tube. ‘An advanced analysis of this situation would show that with other parameters held constant, the kinematic viscosity is re- lated to the flowrate as v = K/Q, where K is a constant. The value of the constant K can be determined by measuring Q for a fluid of known viscosity, in this case water. The flowrate is given by Q = ¥/t, where ¥ is the volume of water collected in a graduated cylinder in the time period t. ‘Values of ¥ and r determined experimentally when us- ing water at different temperatures are shown in the table below. | capita tube For each temperature, use the book value of the viscosity of water and the given data to determine the constant K. It is assumed that the value of K is constant, independent of the viscosity of the fluid used. Do your results support this? Discuss some possible reasons for this not being true. -— Graduated cylinder TCC) ™ FIGURE P1.90 Values of the Linemahi. viscosity of water at the various Lemperebures ( based on Iriver interpolation from Table 8.2 Wi AppenbrB) are giten below. Values of Q Caltalaten trom Q: (mt) : eos) are also gwen, along with the Caltalted value of K where k= VQ 2 T @c) wvlF) 26.3 | asbx0 | 0.540 x10~* 2.3 2.778 x10 | a.5g5x 10-6 12.3 4 237 0-8 0. 549 x 707% 343 0.739 x 10 0.5i¢ x 10~* S04 0.550% 1% | 0,522 x10 58.0 0. 4404 10-8 0,50/ K1p~6 The average value for K ts kK, = 0.527 xe ane ak ge ‘av > 3 but K does appear to be decreasing with an increasing temperature,1.1R 1.4R (Dimensions) During a study of a certain flow system the following equation relating the pressures p, and p, at two points was developed: P2 = py + In this equation V is a velocity, & the distance between the two points, D a diameter, g the acceleration of gravity, and fa di- mensionless coefficient. Is the equation dimensionally consis tent? Bzpr FAV 7? OG erViV it pe] s[er] - (ee fre?) = Pec) +O] Since each term in the eguation does not have the same dimensions, the eguation 1s not dimensionally consistent. No.1.2R 1.2R (Dimensions) If V is a velocity, ¢ a length, Wa ight, and w a fluid property having dimensions of FL~ 27, determine the dimensions of: (a) VEW/a, (b) Wwe. (©) Vie/€, and (@) Vem /W (a) VLW (Lt-YL)(F) = Ltr? / (FL-*7 ) (6) Wels (FM FLIRT) 4 FPL ey VAR v4 (a a Ge 7K (4) () VK (ureNee?7) ., ue w Zz) aa1.3R 1.3R (Units) Make use of Table 1.4 to express the follow- ing quantities in BG units: (a) 465 W, (b) 92.1 J, (€) 536 N/m?, (d) 85.9 mm°, (e) 386 kg/m’. (a) ¥e5 w= (465 W) (1.31% x107' 44 ye 3.43 x10 Fel ie TS O) 921g = (4217) (13% KI" fh ) 67,97 #t-% ce) 536% 5 (532 % ) (2089«0"* b )= W2 2, _ 3 a5 “ (d) 85.9 mm = (85.9 x10 ‘m?) [ G281) fe] 2208010 fe 4 ho t ) €) 3% a (ase 42, _) (e920 * shee) ane slugs = 6 Ze Shes1.4R A person weighs 165 Ib at the earth's surface. Determine the persdars mast fs sugs,Knas and pot _ Weight mass = z In s lugs ‘mass - £64 2 sp slags 32,2 FE/52 Sn th &¢ v ? (16516) (4448 =) mass = = HP ay 9.8) am/s* a Ln lbm, ymass = 165 Ibm4.5R (Specific gravity) Make use of Fig. 1.1 to determine the specific gravity of water at 22 and 89 °C. What is the specific volume of water at these two temperatures? From Fig. 1/ : Z at 22°C 4, = 744 3, at 89°C A, = Feb Ae, 1 mas, eC _ 798 48, SG" 7 oye ye Os ore @ arte hao © # Joon #é Se m3 and 96h Bes Pe SG = a 0966 @ 4 loco RE ——— im Since specific volume rae / ~3 an3 P = = Lo00gxld” F- @ 22° Y= ggg te OKO fy? and Ss hose xl @ 87 *g1.6R 4.6R (Specific weight) A 1-ft-diametercylindrical tank that is 5 ft long weighs 125 Ib and is filled with a liquid having a specific weight of 69.6 Ib/ft’. Determine the vertical force re- quired to give the tank an upward acceleration of 9 ft/s? lft weight of tank =W,+ (251 rR ot ean weight of liguid = Wy = Xe ¥ velume Wh = (69.4 1 2) [Ede wor) L fay = 273 Ib te, v ZF, Fy -wWy-WwWe = rm ay _ ~ [l2sbe 2731) ft Fy, ~ 12516 - 273 1b (ae x9 a 507 Ib b1.7R 4.7R (Ideal gas law) Calculate the density and specific weight of air at a gage pressure of 100 psi and a temperature of 100 °F. Assume standard atmospheric pressure. From he ideal gas Jaw: a bb ty 144 1A ps _ (100 #. at (ATS, #.) ae ) Th 73 EE ) [Cee er 4e0)®| = 172 x10” sluas 3 Ry SI = eg = (trax shes) (322 B)= assy1.8R (Ideal gas law) A large dirigible ha 90,000 m* contains helium under standard atmo: tions {pressure = 101 kPa (abs) and temperature = 15 °C] yetermune the density and total weight of the helium. Cc > 3 volume = 90,000! From the ideal gas law, _ & 701 x10" 2, Cems Tm ds gg 42, a (aor Wistar weight = 09x volume = (2109 4 (4 g/ ot) (G10 m3) = L49«10°N1.9R 1.9R (Viscosity) A Newtonian fluid having a specific grav- ity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 x 10-* m?/s flows past a fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface is shown in Fig. P1.9R. Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U and , with U and 6 expressed in units of meters per second and meters, respectively. Fed surface FIGURE P1.9R Toy bse = G 74 yee where L=VP At 4-0, da. Zz -72Z() 4 Since, M2772 where PSG Alyy * 0-92 (J000 FA) ‘surkee HO(E £) (fet Naga xi 84 (E z# = 0,579 fa W/m* acting to right on plate1.10R 4.10R (Viscosity) A large movable plate is located between ‘ovo large fixed plates as shown in Fig. P1.10R. Two Newtonian fluids having the viscosities indicated are contained between the plates. Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing ° stresses that act on the fixed walls when the moving plate has a velocity of 4 m/s as shown, Assume that the velocity distri- 43 ene TES Fixed plate bution between the plates is linear. ® FIGURE P1.10R rent Howe so that TAE = 0a ts 4a ) t a -e aia TEP TTP ETE TOTTI 4m LAL = (0.01 ws)( TF) Stresses act on tized walls sr direction of moving plate1.11R 4A1R (Viscosity) Determine the torque required to rotate 2 50-mm-diameter vertical eylinder at a constant angul ity of 30 rad/s inside a fixed outer cylinder that has 2 of 50.2 mm. The gap between the cylinders is filled with SAB 10 oil at 20 °C. The ler der is 200 mm. ribution in the gap is linear. If of the oil increases to 80 C, what will be the percentage change in the torque? Torgue, 47, due +o shearing shess en saner cylinder 13 egual t d= 2 TAA where JA = (ke. d0)4, Thus, A7T= BLT de and forgue reguired to rotate top wew nner cylinder is (L~ cylinder length ) x. att [s en = ark Lt For a linear velocity distribution in the Gab, T=-4 Ro-Re se that T ar Riknw 5 RR: From Fig, 8.1 in Appendig B! (for SAE 10 el at dC) f= hon KS Ms -3 (Lor SAE 10 01/ at 80°C) f= Fos” XB, (contined)1.11R Continued Thus, at 20°C 7. 27 (2.252 9,9 (a.m lh 0410 Be )(30 e) (OE wn - 00,0500 m Zz = ©.589 N-m At 80%, oe = (0.599 Man S XY = (0.589 wv Tins 50 That = % reduction in torgue ts Cgual te? . O.589 - 2 504 Aas of veduchon wu TL = CH : A20° | x 100 Oo S8F = f _ Aa = 941.0 at 1.0 £107 |1.12R Estimate the increase in pressure 1.42R (Bulk modulus) (in psi) required to decrease 2 unit volume of mercury by 0.1%. 5 d: eye ey wwheve from Table 15, Ey= #14 x10° 2 Thus, in Er 4¥ 2 _ (ymxp # Mo 0,001) dp 7 3 e 414 X10 pPse1.13R 4.13R (Bulk modulus) — What is the isothermal bulk mod- ulus of nitrogen at a temperature of 90 °F and an absolute pres- sure of 5600 Ib/ft? For isothermal bulk modulus, E,i 4 (eq, bib) So That 4b £, = $600 fem1.14R 1.14R (Speed of sound) —_ Compare the speed of sound in mercury and oxygen at 20°C. For mercury , (49.117) so That oN C= \l 285X e k M45 x10 2 i 136 x01 EZ ms For oxygen, c=VART (Ep, 1.20) so that c= |G-4e) (asa oe lave rane] = 526 Thus, ¢ Cmercary) _ 1.45 «107 Bus c (exggen ) F2o a (See Tables 1.6 and 1.8 for values of Ey, k, and R.)1.15R 4.15R (Vapor pressure) Ata certain altitude it was found that water boils at 90 °C. What is the atmospheric pressure at this altitude? The vapor pressure of water at FOC Is To1x 10" Pa Cabs) (from Table 8.2 in Apptndie B). Thus, (f water boils at this temperature, the eee pressure must be egual to Patm= 701 410 *2o = Jo] AP labs)2.1 2.1 The water level in anopen standpipe is 0 ft above the ground. What is the static pressure at a fire hydrant that is con- nected to the standpipe and located at ground level? Express your answer in psi prsh +p Since the standpipe 1s open f,20, ana therebre p= lean By )(00 2)/( JE) = s47pse MYsn >2.2 er 2.2 How high a column of SAE 30 oil would be required to give the same pressure as 700 mm Hg? pra fr ty © by] Yay tug * Git 4y x, _ (33%) fun f (0,700. m) = 10.4% 1m 2 L044 om Fay ere 4 ) —2.3 2.3. What pressure, expressed in pascals, will a skin diver be subjected to at a depth of YO m in seawater? pra +P AL the surface ose Thet P= (10.1210 Mom) = yon x10 &, = Hy kR2.4 The two open tanks shown in Fig. P2.4 have the same bottom area, A, but different shapes. When the depth, /, of a liquid in the two tanks is the same, the pressure on the bottom of the two tanks will be the same in accordance with Eq. 2.7. However, the weight of the liquid in each of the tanks is dif- ferent. How do you account for this apparent paradox? a Von 5 LY, weight, of Ngud supported | Lf” Uaclined ule FIGURE P2.4 For the tank with The inclined walls, the pressure on The boHem ts due fo the weight of the liguid i The Column Clirectly above The boom as shown by The dashed lies si the figure. This is the same wert as That for the tank with the straignt sides. Thus, the pressure on the bottom of the two tanks 13 the same. The adaihenal Weight ti the tink wity the thelined walls 13 supported by the inclined unlls, 45 sTlustrated 1h the figure.2.5 2.5° The closed tank of Fig. P25 is filled with water and is 5 fi long. The pressure gage on the tank reads 7 psi. Determine: (a) the height, h, in the open water column, (b) the gage pressure acting on the bottom tank surface AB, and (¢) the absolute pres- sure of the air in the top of the tank if the local atmospheric Pressure is 14.7 psia. Open | FIGURE P25 p= th+ RB (4) he U,, Gt +h, Also p= Ying & se Tmt (one By) k = (C248, ate) +(7 je yles tn”) hs 24 or ce) By = [Cone Kylee) ol Be ce) Pay = 7 pu + MAT psia 7 2/7 prea2.6 2.6 Bathyscaphes are capable of submerging to great depths in the ocean. What is the pressure at a depth of 6 km, assuming that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 KN/m?? Express your answer in pascals and psi. pork +h At the surtue 222 30 Thad pz (0.1410 4 5 Me x108m) = 606x106 X = 606 MP Also, 8190 psc p= (C26 x10* Mavso xe * iB ) x ane27 2.1 For the great depths that may be en- countered in the ocean the compressibility of sea- water may become an important consideration. (a) Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater is constant and derive a relationship between pressure and depth which takes into account the change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use Ca) d - oP .-y =-pg Thus, dp. _ a dt ep of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus of 2.3 x 10° Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m’ at the surface. Compare this result with that ob- tained by assuming a constant density of 1030 kgim. (£g. 2.4) a1) Lf p ts a funchon of Pp, we must determne P>F(p) bere integrating £4. UW), Since, me db Cee, WI3) then o CIP p d, Jp z, [# le so Tht pe bn 4 Thus, = er where ps, at po ° pro at surfuce From &9.0) : * 4 ° is 4 oe + hek® be 4 or e v2 Ccon#) where k= %-z,, the depth below surface2.7 con't. lb) From part a), 2-6, bn (1 ~ Ag ) so that at fz bhm pe - (2.3x101 & )4n ! = (hossvo mi al er 43 x 107%, om mG # p = GIA X10 raid GLY MPa (c) For constant density peth= pak =(i og x10" $8) (4.6) % Nlexi°m ) = 6046 M%2.8 2.8 Blood pressure is usually given as the ratio of the maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). For example, a typical value for this ratio for a human would be 120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg. What would these pressures be in pascals and in psi? path For IkOmm Hg! p= (33x10, yo.1aom) = 16.0 Fa oe pa(Ie0x1 Husson tae Be). 2.32 psc me For 70 mag Hey ! pe (1334 10° 55 )(0.010m) ~ £314 or Ie ps (431210 % )(i 450x160 fates ): 135 pse &2.9 2.49 Two hemispherical shells are bolted together as shown in Fig. P29. The resulting spherical container, which weighs 400 Ib, is filled with mercury and supported by a cable as shown. The container is vented at the top. If eight bolts are symmetri- cally located around the circumference, what is the vertical force that each bolt must camry? Sphere diameter = 3 ft m FIGURE P2.9 \tA Mg Ei ~ force in one bolt pr pressure at mid-plane Aw area at anud-plane VW ~ weight of mertury in bottom helt 44 oF shell — — W, weight of bottom half of shell Pr eguilibrium, L Frertical =° Thus, eR = pa + Way + Ws 4,2) Fo") * Ga (ED) + + (10 ) leer SEVER) (04) org) GEE) f = /9/0 |b2.10 2.10 Develop an expression for the pressure variation in a liquid in which the specific weight increases with depth, h, as y = Kh + 7, where Kis a constant and )y is the specific weight at the free surface. Jd. Ste ny ( Eg, 24) Let Aad E so That dh =-dz Thus, and for Gnd dps ¥dh [* [re r= khrh, [op> [eevee pe kt’, xe2.11* (cont) 2.11* Ina cettain liquid at rest, measurements 60 407 of the specific weight at various depths show the 0 110 following variation: 80 112 90 114 h (it) 7 (Ib/ 100 115 D 6 The depth, h = 0, corresponds to a free surface 20 a4 at atmospheric pressure. Determine, through nu- 30 1 merical integration of Eq. 2.4, the corresponding 0 ” variation in pressure, and show the results on a 50 102 plot of pressure (in psf) versus depth (in feet). ed dz Let 22 2-R (see figure) so tad dz=-dh and Therefre dp=-tdzt= tdh b & fs = gah ‘0 ° or a R . [ oak a where #. 1 the pressure at depth ty. Eguation (1) can be integrated numerically using The following program. Thus, (Note’ The numerical integration can sho be acemplished Through viptated use of The program TRAPEROI |). (cont )2.11* con't. 100 cls THO mint HORSE OS a Bojionicioconi doin ic ioc OCI ISI ORA TOKAI ACK AK ACI 120 print "** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically **" 130 print "** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the 140 print "** pressure at different depths 160 print 170 dim p(11),gamma(11) 180 n=11 190 200 p(l 210 for i=1 ton 220 read gamma(i) 230 next i 240 data 70,76,84,91,97,102,107,110,112,114,115 250 for i=2 ton 260 s=(gamma(1)+gamma(i))/2 270 imt: 280 for 3=2 to imi 290 s=st+gamma(3) 300 next 3 310 p(i)=dh*s 320 next i 330 ' 340 'Print the results 350 print 360 print "h (ft) Pressure (psf)" 370 for i=1 ton 380 print using "###.# SEES 390 next i i-1)*dh,p(i) The tabulated results ave given below, along with the Corresponding plot ef pressure vs. depih. FE SSS OSS IOS OSORIO OKO OSORIO OKO AIO II Aa: ** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically ** ** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the ad ** pressure at different depths Sia JE EIS I OEOOCOO OETA AIOE III IO h (ft) Pressure (psf) 0.0 0.0 10.0 730.0 a 20.0 1530.0 30.0 2405.0 40.0 3345.0 50.0 4340.0 ers 60.0 5385.0 70.0 6470.0 80.0 7580.0 90.0 8710.0 100.0 9855.0 o.2 ° 2 78 80 Benen, mn (fe) oR sex TSO Blin Res C GOCE OO RO SOE COO OE ORI ORI SEO ISIERIOIARKAAI AK AK CM 30c elements of a hydraulic press are shown in Fig. P2.12. The plunger an area of 1 in.?, and a force, F), can be applied to the plunger through a lever mechanism having ‘a mechanical advantage of 8 to 1. If the large piston has an area ‘of 150 in2, what load, F;, can be raised by a force of 30 Ib applied to the lever? Neglect the hydrostatic pressure variation. Plunger Hydraulic fie . FIGURE P2. Ah terce of 30 1b applied to The ever’ vesalts 1m & phinger force, i, of = (@)Bo) = 240/16. Since Fl=pa, and Fy= par where p ts the Pressure aad A, and A, ave the 4reas of the plunger and piston, respectively. Since p 1s constant throughout the Chamber, Fis Fe A, Ae a Ale & R= (2m) (2¥0 4) = 36000 Ib2.13 2.13 A 0.3-m-diameter pipe is connected to a 0.02-m-diameter pipe and both are rigidly held in place. Both pipes are horizontal with pistons at each end. If the space between the pistons is filled with water, what force will have to be ap- plied to the larger piston to balance a force of 90 N applied to the smaller piston? Neglect friction. F= ph Fa= paz Thus, fl.f Ar Az Ae 00,30 )* 2 2 om = FRA eoam)? Gon) = 20,300N2.15 2.15 What would be the barometric pressure reading, in mm Hg, at an elevation of 4 km in the U.S. standard atmosphere? (Refer to Table C.2 in Appendix C.) Ak an elevation of 44m, pz beri” (trom Table Ca th Appendix C), Since yh P yw Ae Pb LOU XID Ayr = OLY am = HoH mam 133% 10° X im?2.16 2.16 An absolute pressure of "7 psia corre- sponds to what gage pressure for standard at- mospheric pressure of 14.7 psia? fp labs)= P Gage) + platm) P lgage)* Pp labs ) - fp latm) = Tpsca- /¥%Ipsé = 7.7 psd Thus,2.17 2.17 A Bourdon pressure gage attached to the outside of a tank containing air reads 77.0 psi when the local atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What will be the gage reading if the atmospheric pressure increases to 773 mm Hg? P(abs) = Plgage) + Platm) Assuming the absoluke pressure of the air in The tank Vemains Constant , then [poget)+ plate). = (t gaged + P (atm)], Where €~ initial state Md f~ dinil state, Thus, % Cpane)= #. Cpare) + lam) - fp letmn) Since % Belatn) = YA = (000 f, No Tom (a 201 BYE.) = 14.7 psta and ° £ (atm) = - (Wm Juss psia) = IED pce then a Gage) 77,0 psi + I%T psi ~ It Ipsec = 768 pst2.18 2.18 For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns in barometers containing one of the following liq- uids: (a) mercury, (b) water, and (c) ethyl alco- hol. Calculate the heights including the effect of vapor pressure, and compare the results with those obtained neglecting vapor pressure. Do these results support the widespread use of mer- cury for barometers? Why? (Lneluany vaper pressure ) Pletm) = yh +h, where Bw vapor pressure Thus, f= Plbm d= fe x v (A) For mercury: 4-= 4 133. x10°—*% ™ = 0,159 am 3 4 101 x10 730x109 & ™ &) For weter: = 10.1 mm a) For ety | he LO/X10 aw 59x10 f. alcoho] ! 7.74 x103 = 14.3™ Yes. For mereur 3 =! Jol «10° B= 1 oxio > = A77410 # an (Wr thovt vapor pressure ) flat) = ah Plato) io 3 ay 4 FOL XID ra. wu 133x1D aa 0.7154 m aw A= 101 1D Tm® Tox, ™ = 10,3 am Sw, 4, . Jor XID Iw TTF KID Oy u 13,01 barameters the effect of vapor pressure Is negligible, and the reguired hetght of The rmercurg column is bensenable,2.19 2.14 Aneroid barometers can be used to mea- ‘sure changes in altitude. If a barometer reads 30.1 in. Hg at one elevation, what has been the change in altitude in meters when the barometer reading is 28.3 in. Hg? Assume a standard atmosphere, and that Eq. 2.12 is applicable over the a of altitudes of interest. toh (-4)* ( ep. 212) 2 At 222, ane er 7 - & on gyn g Similarly, fr 222, te ef ~ 62 a2 a) 1 y Subtract £9.02) from £9.) 0 obtacn, Ta | 2. 3 t, ¥ a) 222, Fla - (2) | For Te= 289K, = e.c0esk , B= IRR, | Raas7 Jo » and RB. (avi gig) (0.00050 ) = 0190 d 921, with pF Yy 4, = (133 x10 )( 30.1 in (a. 5t0 x10 2 ) =/02 AB and . aw . stm\. os Big = (133008, (29.3 in)(2 50a = 9b AP then from EG (3) 0,190 a= AK (2 hp \o"? (se 4-2," e006, |\ toi kha 7 \ Tor RP = 543 ™2.20 2.20 Pikes Peak near Denver, Colorado has an elevation of 14,110 ft. (a) Determine the pres- sure at this elevation, based on Eq. 2.12. (b) If the air is assumed to have a constant specific weight of 0.07647 lb/ft’, what would the pressure be at this altitude? (c) If the air is assumed to have a constant temperature of 59 °F what would the pressure be at this elevation? For all three cases assume standard atmospheric conditions at sea level (see Table 2.1). 2 )% 4 (a) pe h (I~ az ) Eg, 2,12) fr f= aileoak, , f=000257 8, gx 8214 & , Ta = 918.67°R , R= 1116 EH, ane slag 4 = 32174 A _ = 262 z 3 : ? ( mb Hayne) (80807 ) Hen 5.152 oR . Lb (0.00357 Zz) 4110 #8) PF (aue2 Be) aise = (240 2B, (ats) (6) p= hrs = Qile2z a - (osry7 2 )ig no 4) = 1040 (abs) fone Be fabs) - gh «@) Pt e RT = (a1s6.24,) (eg.2107 = fe B) (4,10 F0) | e ) 73 2 THe Ba re UE GTR = 1270 aa labs)2.21 2.21 Equation 2.12 provides the relationship between pressure and elevation in the atmo- sphere for those regions in which the temperature varies linearly with elevation. Derive this equa- tion and verify the value of the pressure given in Table C.2 in Appendix C for an elevation of 5 km. B a [# => 2 & (E39. 24) %, 7 let prp for 420, Erp for B28, and TT,62- Thus, a 4 Zz ie 6 ze] iu -a2 he o z ne Boke men % Ta) | - gh) and taking logarithm of both sides of eguation grelds #4 (7 8)* (£5, 2.12) For = Shon with = zo 32dPe , Ty = 288.5, y= 48078 A= 6.006505 R= asy Be ) my ae 7.907 K (0. 0065 \(5x10%m (4878 x) )b.cves&) pliers 4A.)] acer est 293,16 K + ow = 5.40 K 10) (Fem Table Cd to Appondie C, p= S405xi0'#, -)2.22 2.22. As shown in Fig. 2.6 for the U.S. stan- dard atmosphere, the troposphere extends to an altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 22.6 kPa (abs). In the next layer, called the stratosphere, the temperature remains constant at —56.5 °C. Determine the pressure and density in this layer at an altitude of 15 km. Assume g = 9.77 m/s* in your calculations. Compare your results with those given in Table C.2 in Appendix C. For isethermal conditions, ~¢ C4.-2)) pepe *% (4, 210) z m leh 42 lik, pr22badhe , Re 287 2 ) gi tN, and — Tz - 565°C + A93,15 = DbbSKk Thus, ; _|f77 (ox 10m = 40m y al - f= (420£h) e Gen gE, )(214.e5k) = 1a) &Pa aca 12,1210 ee ie pf? a = + = 0.195% si 7 (487 Hx (roe) ——_ (From Table C2 in Appendix C 5 g 21a RPE and e a f= alae 44.)2.23* 2.23* Under normal conditions the tempera- Elevation (ft) Temperature (°F) ture of the atmosphere decreases with increasing 5000 2=~*~*”*COCO”~S*«SL (base) elevation. In some situations, however, a tem- 5500 55.2 perature inversion may exist so that the air tem- 6000 60.3 perature increases with elevation. A series of 6400 62.6 temperature probes on a mountain give the ele- 7100 67.0 vation-temperature data shown in the table be- 7400 68.4 low. If the barometric pressure at the base of the 8200 70.0 mountain is 12.1 psia, determine by means of 3600 69.5 numerical integration the pressure at the top of 9200 68.0 the mountain. 9900 67.1 (top) From E%. 2.9, uel F Wite the temperature date. gwen the mtegal th BS.2.9 Can be evaluated emanee a asing TRAPEZO!. JESS OIC CIC CEERI OE IORI IOSD TICE ACI AOA TOK ACA ** This program performs numerical integration ae ** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule ** JE EECA IOS IIE OI IC AO I SEI OI IORI TDI IAI AEA AA AAA Enter number of data points: 10 , Enter data points (X,Y) pte: Yu 2 5000,1.962E-3 Mote: TR) 5500, 1.942E-3 6000,1.923E-3 6400,1.915E-3 7100,1.899E-3 7400,1.894E-3 8200,1.888E-3 8600,1.890E-3 9200,1.895E-3 9900,1.898E-3 WWW The approximate value of the integral is: +9.3452E+00 Thus, 9900 £4 L = fe (qde = 435 ae Sec ft so thd (with 92 92.2 “S* any R= 11h fi bi[sugR) Ly, B= > (32.2% (9358) © ose an R 1716 ¢élb/sug-R (cont)2.23 con't. tt fllows from £30) with P= 12.) psa Met ~ 01754 ei (72.1 psia) @ = 10,2 psia Wore ! Smee the temperature variation 1s not very large it would be expected That the assumphin of & ‘Censhnk temperature would give good results. If The temperature 1s assumed to be constant «t The base temperature ($0.1), f= 10.1 psi@ , lwhih 1s only shghtly dPherert from the result give above. )2.24 Closed valve 2.24 A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.24 At the closed end of the manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft ) on the manometer. Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume standard atmospheric pressure, and neglect the weight of the air columns in the manometer. Air pressure = 16 psia Gage fluid (y= 80 bit’) m FIGURE P2.24 pr doe lef) e %,o (eft) = Fpage (ute- mrt fie ES ) + (% bbw) tend Ly 1 He on, = (or ANGE) Thus, © £47 pst 4"2.25 Hemispherical dome ay Prin LSG=08 2.25 A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hem- i ispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown in Fig. P2.25. The liquid in the top part of the piping. system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at Ais 60 kPa, determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the on pressure head, in millimeters of mercury. atthe top ofthe dome | | (point C) | ' i 2m I —t FIGURE P2.25 (2) $+ (s6NG,,) Gm) + 4, (Am) =F B= GoAR + (aa) fe1ew 2) m)+ (Resi 2, ) lem ) AR 6) he tye Bi, (Bm) e Loh (3.00x0° 2, )Gm ) 3 = 30k xib as 3N B. 30.4 x) = A= a EN = 8.250m hy 133 x 10°2.26 2.26 In Fig. P2.26 pipe A contains carbon tetrachloride (SG = 1.60) and the closed storage tank B contains a salt brine (SG = 1.15). Determine the air pressure in tank B if the pressure in pipe A is 25 psi Carbon tetrachtoride m FIGURE P2.26 Ft Boag (UA + Nag OH) = + ty= les # (mB e)- (is)( 24 ,)(144) (to) aut, ee) > ty ine = 3230 a = 230 By = ARM poe2.27 Poy = 208% 2.27 AU-tube mercury manometer is connected to a closed fa pressurized tank as illustrated in Fig, P2.27. If the air pressure is 2 psi, determine the differential reading, fh, The specific weight of the air is negligible. Water | ~ HESSEES EP seas UAE ea] i Mercury (SG = 13.6) J FIGURE P2.27 fis tad Ye, A+ tht) = Ri My p= The (4) _ (beef) @) = = LSDF Diy Fo (a Nba¥fs)-bz4Z,2.28 Lin, diameter tube ' 2.28 An inverted open tank is held in place by a force R as shown in Fig. P2.28. If the specific gravity of the manometer fluid is 2.5, determine the value of fh att ciameter tank tog h-s) + UG) =0 Sarit | A= 34 - Vo (24) ; (56) Vy,o ap] Mae py 2 = FIGURE P2.28 a aH- SE = 2.2044in. diameter Din, diameter 2.29 \ / 2.29 Water, oil, and an unknown fluid are contained inthe = LJ : vertical tubes shown in Fig. P2.29, Determine the density of the E unknown fluid. f! on Ly unkown se =09 | 1a Water~| FIGURE P2.29 (S48, FE) — Cage OF) ~ Taneaany (0.9%, 27) ~ %, (A) - Ry F (ft) #0 Z = (424 #3 ).8-1) =] Ibs? unknown G2 & yA #) fee Since [1h= Islug« it Jb+s* / slug a So That . j 1b:S* 1,55 Sluas Aanknowa? 1.55 we2.31 2.31 The mercury manometer of Fig. P2.3 indicates a differential reading of 0.30 m when the pressure in pipe A is 30 mm Hg vacuum. Determine the pressure in pipe B. FIGURE P2.3\ at Uy (618m + 0,30m) - ty (03m) hy, (o1sm) =P where P, =~, [0.030m) 7 = ~¥, (6030) - ty? hy Sir = ~ (193 2 V/p0.0m) - fast ams +(133 84 Nite) + (7.80 84 Yousm) Thus, (0.¥5m) +d, hig (3m) + Yo (0.18) = 234 24R2.32 2.32 For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the pressure in pipe A is 0.8 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding to the differential reading shown? FIGURE P2.32 ty + Uy (BH) ~My E te) sino — 3, (2) Cuhere Ugg 12 the specific weight of the gage Fluid ) Thus, 4” Bb - agg (Z ft) Sin 30° = (08 2 nee ne Cer BNE a)(o.5) = 424 pst ts2.33 2.33 Compartments A and B of the tank shown in Fig P2.33 are closed and filled with air and a liquid with a specific 'y equal to 0.6. Determine the manometer reading, h, if the jetric pressure is 14.7 psia and the pressure gage reads 0.5 psi. The effect of the weight of the air is negligible. Bip ~ Ugh) + Sanh) + hy Core) = Ae Pent Tay O1F) Uno ~ Se Oven Air ae 4 pss 4 4 ore Vite 1 {| } Liquid EEO eur (90 = 13.6) FIGURE P2.33 . lb = (0.5 #,) (ity) + Crasylbaw ss) (6.1 Fe) b24 Bs - (0.6 lez4h,) = 6.29 f82.34 2.34 Small differences in gas pressures are commonly measured with a micromanometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P2.34. This device con- sists of two large reservoirs each having a cross- sectional area, A,, which are filled with a liquid having a specific weight, y,, and connected by a U-tube of cross-sectional area, A,, containing a liquid of specific weight, y.. When a differential gas pressure, p, — ps, is applied a differential reading, h, develops. It is desired to have this reading sufficiently large (so that it can be easily read) for small pressure differentials. Determine the relationship between h and p, — p; when the area ratio A,/A, is small, and show that the dif- ferential reading, h, can be magnified by making the difference in specific weights, », — 7, small. Assume that initially (with p, = p,) the fluid levels in the two reservoirs are equal. . inuhal level initial level __ for gage Fluid When a differenhal pressure, R-f, 1s append we assume tuk level in loth veseryoir drops by « distance, Ah, and vight jevel rises by Ah. Thus, the (nanometer eguation becemes Br vythrh-44) -4 4-4, (8 rhhah R-b= GA -444 yak) a) Since the Niguids tn The manometer are incompressible, 44, 44 or 2h -4 % r and if 4 Vs small Then abhe<% and /ast term in £3.) can be neglected. Thus, #-= (G-%)F er yah . and lange values of h can be obtained for smell pressure differentials if %-%, 1 Samal,2.35 2.35 An inverted U-tube manometer containing oil (SG = 0.8) is located between two reservoirs as shown in Fig. P2.35 The reservoir on the left, which contains carbon tetrachloride, is closed and pressurized to 9 psi. The reservoir on the right contains water and is open to the atmosphere. With the given data, determine the depth of water, h, in the right reservoir, FIGURE P2.35 Let ~, be the air pressure in lef reservoir. Menemeter cyua box Can be written 45 Br & g,(8 FEO feo - ante) +¥,, (078) -¥, , (4-1-1) =0 that =e As Fy + Sect, (0.3 Ft) + Boi (0.74) on neo - (1 ivy 2) +0995 BN los Mode tone) a 62, ee 23.2 Ht2.36 2.36 Determine the elevation difference, Ah, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown in Fig, P2.36. FIGURE P2.36 Water $- HK + 56) Ys (tm) + Yi Ce oat) + 8, (Ah) = B Since pzhe0 Adz 04m ~ (9) (0.4m) = 0.04002.37 Olt density, = 1.20 slugsit Lin, diameter 2.37 — Water, oil, and salt water fill a tube as shown in Fig. P2,37. Determine the pressure at point | (inside the closed tube), Salt water A (M sG=1.20 I vv | | ‘Water FIGURE P2.37 PR- (56)au Yao (36) + y,, (2H) + ¥, G4) = = (1.20 e242, \Ca41)~ (20 BNo2r& ha) (cay be Net) = —/b/ 2 a2.38 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is at- tached to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as shown in Fig. P23. A mercury barometer lo- cated inside the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the outside water pressure indicates a differential reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated. Based on these data what is the atmospheric pressure at the ocean surface? FIGURE P2.33 let: fp ~ absolute air pressure inside shell = bag (0.7050 ) b Pi,” surface atmospheric pressure Sour ~ specific weight of seaunter Thus, manometer eguation can be written as Pv, + YL (om) +% (0.360m) — %yy (orm) = Be Jo That been? £- xs, (10,36 m) + ag (0.7351) ur = (133 24 N(0,765m) ~ (10,1 BY ) (iv. 36m) + (iva *Y Vora 749 AR2.39 2.37* Both ends of the U-tube mercury ma- nometer of Fig. P23? are initially open to the atmosphere and under standard atmospheric pressure. When the valve at the top of the right leg is open the level of mercury below the valve is h,, After the valve is closed, air pressure is applied to the left leg. Determine the relationship between the differential reading on the manom- eter and the applied gage pressure, p,. Show on Mercury a plot how the differential reading varies with p, for h, = 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm over the range 0 =p, = 300 kPa. Assume that the temperature of the trapped air remains constant. FIGURE P2.39 With the valve closed and 4 pressure, fy, applied, R- %, sk= £ af: BR “) Sug where ~p and p are gage pressures for isothermal or compressvo’s ef trapped alr Lz Constant so thet for constent air mass ane $4 here 1 ts arr volume, P 1s absolute pressure, and & and L refer te snitval and fiial states , respectively, Thus, Bet = (At bin YG ay A (Aree of tube) 30 Tad For ate trapped i'n right eg, % Fg.l2) can be written as ata t.[ 5 -1| 03) a Substitute 25.2) info £g.U) 4 obtain et he te Ft ta ad ces)2.39 con’ 100 110 120 130 140 145, 150 160 162 164 166 170 Equation 4) Can be expressed in the form 2 + 2 he (ak). (ake 4 4s er) ah + 44 =o 4 and the roots of Ths quadratic eguation ave? Ahe (4. + Br str)» 25, 7 Mg t eveleate LR the negehve Sign 1s used since Sh=0 for =O. Program for Compu ling Qh os @ banchon of f, for various 4, follows (with Been? folk Pa and Sy 1332N v8 ). els Ent HAE GGGB ESSAI IISA AIO SII AAA AAAI print "** This program calculates the lower root of a = **" print "** quadratic equation to give Dh (in m) for a **" print "** range of gage pressure, Pg (in kPa), and for **" print "** a set of different initial heights, hi (in m) **" BILInt HERBS ESA SORE DOGO DE IIS CISI AO OBO IIIA CEI AEIDAID AA! print dim dh(s) patm=101 ghg=133 print "Pg Dh(hi=0.000) Dh(hi=0.025) Dh(hi=0.050) Dh(hi=0.075) (hy + Be Bate) ohn big Dh(hi=0.100) 180 190 195 for pg=0 to 300 step 30 200 a=hit(pg+patm)/(2*ghg) 210 dh(i)=a-(a"2-2*pg*hi/ghg)”.5 220 next i 230 print using "HHH. ie idee ee de FE ne #48 HREHE" pg, dh(1),dh(2),dh(3),dh(4),dh(5) 240 next pg (cont )2.39¢ con't Tabulated data and a plet of The data ave sheun below. FEROS IS OSI IARI IOS DOSS AOI IA ** This program calculates the lower root of a ** ** quadratic equation to give Dh (in m) for a ** ** range of gage pressure, Pg (in kPa), and for ** ** a set of different initial heights, hi (in m) ** JESS BIBI IS ISCO OSODEIS EEC SORIA OEE EE EGE Pg Dh(hi=0.000) Dh(hi=0.025) Dh(hi=0.050) Dh(hi=0.075) 0.0 0.00000 0.00000 -0.00000 0.00000 30.0 0.00000 0.01101 0.02120 0.03064 60.0 0.00000 0.01816 0.03538 0.05170 90.0 0.00000 0.02313 0.04539 0.06681 120.0 0.00000 0.02678 0.05280 0.07807 150.0 0.00000 0.02956 0.05847 0.08673 180.0 0.00000 0.03175 0.06295 0.09359 210.0 0.00000 0.03353 0.06657 0.09913 240.0 0.00000 0.03499 0.06956 0.10370 270.0 0.00000 0.03621 0.07205 0.10753 300.0 0.00000 0.03725 0.07418 0.11078 (= on Hedghe, ° 100 ‘200 Gage Pressure, Pg (kPa) Dh(hi=0,100) 0.00000 0.03938 0.06716 0.08739 0.10258 0.11433 0.12365 0.13119 0.13741 0.14262 0.14704 ‘3002.40 Fluid 1: specifi welant = 62.4 I a Flu 2: density = 1.60 slugs? 2.40 Three different liquids with properties as indicated fill Fiuid 3: specific gravit the tank and manometer tubes as shown in Fig. P2.40, Deter- Fluid 2 mine the specific gravity of Fluid 3. FIGURE P2.40 p+ oy GH) —% ef) -% if) ULI} x @#) = ¥, Ge) — 4, (Fe) Sie é 2 l ft - ib a = (hbo the )(e.. ft) « TLS Fs nd “ 3 lex #s Yon) - Gis Bi) Ge pe a 2 £t 1 2677 #, Thus, C7. 74s = ——— = 1oF 54, 624 1b #t32.41 2.41 A G-inediameter piston is located within a cylinder which is connected to a }-in.-diameter inclined-tube manometer as shown in Fig, P2.41. The fluid in the cylinder and the ma- nometer is oil (specific weight = 59 1b/ft®). When a weight W is placed on the top of the cylinder the fluid level in the ma- nometer tube rises from point (1) to (2). How heavy is the weight? Assume that the change in position of the piston is negligible: m FIGURE P2.41 With piston alone let pressure on face ef piston = p, ) and manometer eguetion becomes #, -%y, 4, Sin 30° =0 a) pressure 4 dncreasts fo 4, where Wit weight added (Ay aves of piston ) a Ww b's we 6 % Ap and manometer ep uetion bewomes (2) # - bi, (4+ £4) sin 30° Subtract g.) from £962) fo cbtain ‘-£ - &;, (f4)si3o er Wis Oi © bt) si Bo" ? so Tat my) ‘ lb = (S95 i WS, = (59 B,) £ #)(o5) UTZ and Ww = 2.90 lb2.42 242 — The manometer fluid in the manometer of Fig. P2.42 has a specific gravity of 3.46. Pipes A and B both contain water. If the pressure in pipe A is decreased by 1.3 psi and the pressure in pipe B increases by 0.9 psi, determine the new differential F Weterg reading of the manometer. bhe2 +2@ | Gage fluid (SG = 3.46) m FIGURE P2.42 For tre initral configuration Fy th, 2) + by (2)~ 0,0) = 4, / a) where al] lengths ere in £4, then p, decreases to pf,’ and B increases to a the heights of the Fluid columns chenge as shown on fore Fo, the thal contiguratiwn ; 1 pt Fup (a-a) + + dag farae)~¥ (ita) = Pe (2) Sabtrct Ey 62) from £3.01) t obtain Ah + F, (0) by 4) + byt) = B- a to er 1 1 ge (tect) - (% -#i) 4 (dn5- Gt) Since , BB = 13 psc , Anh? ~O9 psi, and op? 54b YE (-0.9#.)lm 2) - (ha Boy 2) 2 (62.4) (1 - 346) = 103 ft Gna there hre Ah @firaa = 2 +A(L03 H) = 4obtt2.43 2.43 Determine the ratio of areas, A,/A;, of the two manometer legs of Fig. P2.43if a change in pressure in pipe B of 0.5 psi gives a corre- sponding change of 1 in. in the level of the mer- cury in the right leg. The pressure in pipe A does not change. Area = Ay SEE it (SG = 0.8) a. ‘Area = Ag ‘Mercury FIGURE P2.43 For the inihal configuration Lsee figure) : Bt typ A, +4he )- Hy, (ahs) -%, HY “0 When By increases the right Column falls a distance a, and the Jett column rises a distance, b, Since the volume of the liguid must remain constant 4,5 = A,e oF Ars & J A, 6 For The tinal configuration, with pressure in B egual t ty’: ty +h, Arsh; -6) -4, (dhe a-b)- Ghote) =p! ca) Subtract &g.0) from £g.(2) fe obtain - 4,0 (b)+ ng (a+b) ~& i) (a) = ts ~ te oe g- (R-%) Mug (a) + %js (2) ing - Sino Since te -?s 2 OSps and az! tn.) £ fllows thet los #. Mim) 67 Wh A) + (o.2Nez4 Aa) ur By - 62.4 Bs b= = 0,007) ft Thus, , Ht 5 oS & b Als Ar ! NI ©. 00711 £4 ——2.44 2.44 The inclined differential manometer of Fig. P2.44 contains carbon tetrachloride. Initially the pressure differential between pipes A and B, which contain a brine (SG = 1.1), is zero as illustrated in the figure. It is desired that the ma- ay nometer give a differential reading of 12 in. (mea- sured along the inclined tube) for a pressure differential of 0.1 psi. Determine the required angle of inclination, 0. Carbon tetrachloride FIGURE P2.44 When bt, is increased $ ft the left column falls 4 distane,a, and The right column rises a distance b along the thelined tube 45 shown in Agure. For this Final Configuration « B+ %,, (4+ a) - eco, (a +4 sino) - %, (4 -b sing )= +, or , i-th + (%,- ben, (a 4bsn8)=0 m The di ferential reading, Mh, along The tube is bhe= = +b Sin’ Thus, trom &4.0)) P,'- Pa, + (%,- Xen, )(4h sine ) er B -(b'- t') sing = > tag, lem hag, YAM and with By ~Bye Oul pst ne ; aan Ns } 9.5 L = 0 4be [font 2.4 2, )~ mms ad (ih for oh= tain. Th ° “ 6=27.82.45 2.45 Determine the new differential reading along the inclined leg of the mercury manometer of Fig. P2.45, if the pressure in pipe A is de- creased 1 kPa and the pressure in pipe B remains unchanged. The fluid in A has a specific gravity of 0.9 and the fluid in B is water. FIGURE P2.45° For the initial configuration Bryloue "y (0.08 sin 30°) - Yppp (0.08) = ty W) where all lengths ave inm, When » decreases left Column Moves up 4 cdestance,a, and want llumn moves down a distame ,4, aS shown in figure. Far the tinal configuration | Bt ¥, fol - 4 sin30*) + Ys (a sin 30° + 0,08 sin 30° +4) — = i m, Fao (0.08+a) = ts a where pts The new pressure in pipe A. Subtract Eg .02) trom Eg.ll) 40 obtn oh + % (a sin30*) ~ Ye a (sindo%r!) + Hole) =o Th 2 7 hy - ty!) Yq Stn 30? - Yay (sin 30") + By. Br b-ht 10 AR as _ ip AN ae rz (0,4)(4.31 8) los) -(133 #8 Yossi) + 2B05%, = 0,0540™m New differential reading, Ah, measured along inchned tube is equal to Sh Fin ao* = 0540 m O5 +005 +2 + 0.057m+ 0, 0540m2.46 2.4@ Determine the change in the elevation of the mercury in the left leg of the manometer Oil (SG = 0.9) of Fig. P2.46.as a result of an increase in pressure 5 +e) of 5 psi in pipe A while the pressure in pipe B AreazA, ~| » In remains constant. o% . ciameter a $n Areas Ay diameter al FIGURE P2.46 for the inidial configurebon ! tat Viol) - big Cf snd) -%,,(2)=& where all lengts are in tt. When fp, Increases te a the left column falls by the distance,a, and The righd elumn roves Up the distance, 5, 45 shown in The figure, For The final Configuration: Ris 0 (Bra)- Yy (a+ peas b sin 30°) — bi (4 - b sin 30") = 4 (2) Subtract a from 59.12) to obtain -B +h, @)-% (44 b singe’) + &;, (bsin 30°) =o ¢3) Since. the volume of guid must be constant Aa = A, b or (Lin)? a = (din)? 4 So That bea Thus, &4.@) Can be written 4s y'- Py + hing (4) - Sag (ara sino?) + yy ¥., (4a 14 30*) =0 ana = a ) . rf Bee, Tigo ~ iy 2) Bi) bz 4 8 =(e7 BO ONear gs Jo a= = 0.304 £t (down)2.47* 2.41* Water initially fills the funnel and its connecting tube as shown in Fig. P247. Oil (SG = 0.85) is poured into the funnel until it reaches a level h > H/2 as indicated. Determine and plot the value of the rise in the water level in the tube, ¢, as a function of h for H/2 sh = H, with H = D = 2 ft andd = 0.1 ft. Initial Final FIGURE P2.47 Since Beh Csee Figure), 1+ follous Thad by EA) HR, (bet) 4 Be (#et-k) oh “ The volume of water must be conserved, and There kere or - E(2)V# ? Tt d2h arg) (2) 27 cal (2) 4, €2) Also, D, D. B- He BS a .2 2 H Wa Fo ae eg and E912) Can be written as 3 29 ~ DH _ (ey Bah = (@)4, (3) 2 : 1 for H22 Ft D=2ft, d= Ol ¢t , and tne» 55 7 £4.01) becomes 246 4e rhe ( +t-h) oh or Ls oh ¢o0.15k -1 (4) (cont )2.47 con't. Sima larly, £3. (3) becomes er (2 #4)? (2) e 4 4: (1- 0.03L) 3 (oitt) 0 = as) A program for computmg £ as a tunctiin of & follows. 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 165 166 167 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 els BIEnt HACE S BE EO ASUS O OBES RESO RSE ASIIAE SIE I print '** This program solves iteratively a system of **" print "** equations to calculate the elevation 1 (in ft) **" print "** range of heights h (in ft) aa BILLIE HARB EGOG SOOO OBO ISC SOSA RIE SIDES OEE print print " h (ft) 1 (fty" ' for h=1 1-0 print using " ###. #4 tHE HN for h=1.10 to 2.01 step 0.10 1=0.0 las=1 hO=(1-0.03*las)*(1/3) 1=0.85*h+0.15*hO-1 if abs(1-las/1)>0.001 then goto 190 print using " HEH. HEE Het. HEN GL next h Tabulated dato @nd « plot of the deta ape shown below, SES ESS IOI ICSI OOO IORI OCI SOSIIEKIOR IEE ICE IA IAI: ** This program solves iteratively a system of *t ** equations to calculate the elevation 1 (in ft) ** + ** yange of heights h (in £t) IESE SBOE OG IORI OCI OCR OE TORIC IORI AGRI OGE IIIA. h (£t) 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600 1.700 1,800 1.900 2.000 1 (ft) a) 0.000 0.085 0.170 0.255 oe 0.339 0.424, 0.509 0.8 0.594 3 0.679 a 0.764 - 0.849 oa 0.2 0.0, 1.0 12 ta 7.6 rary2.48 2.48 — Concrete is poured into the forms as shown in Fig. P2.H8 to produce a set of steps. Determine the weight of the sandbag needed to keep the bottomless forms from lifting off the ground. The weight of the forms is 85 Ib, and the specific weight of the concrete is 150 Ib/ft?. From The tree- body - diagram @=z Fy=0 wW, + uw + Wy - 4 A=o Where’ W,= weight of sqndbag We> weight of concrete 2d = weight of forms Bin. risers en = FIGURE P2.48 Ws ® = pressure along botom surface due to concrete 6 A= area of Sottem surface From the dete given: W,- (50 Ba) Vl concrete) : = (oo ap) \@ataen) 1500 & WwW, = 05 4 lb jy (ise EH) 300 Fo Ao (22 2) Ft) = zstt Thus, From By. 01) 4 u Ue Goo Ars #2) - ook - 85k = bb5 b L410 in. tread Open top Send—f Tr IT Lope bottom (" ty + loin) (bri) + (10 in NB ined] > 146 eT2.49 2.4% A square gate (4 m by 4 m) is located on the 45° face of a dam. The top edge of the gate lies 8 m below the water surface. Determine the force of the water on the gate and the point through which it acts. Faz YA A : (4.80 BL) (4.4m) (om Yon) Aue Yom + (Dim) Sin Ys? = 148 MW a —= es LO + dm = 1331 m . . sim 4se " de® oa + 9, where Lye? 7 Hom) lion)? ° Thus, ; Te Lito) (tm) YRe + /2.3/mM = 3.4m (13.31 im 400) The force of 148 MN acts at Yq=/34m along the Gkis of symmetry ef the gate,2.50 2.50 An inverted 0.1-m-diameter circular cylinder is par- tially filled with water and held in place as shown in Fig. P2.50. ‘A force of 20 N is needed to pull the flat plate from the cylinder. Determine the air pressure within the cylinder. The plate is not fastened to the cylinder and has negligible mass. “ FIGURE P2.50 +A For egdilibrivm Sued 2 Frerbial 0 Vay pA +2Z0N =O pez - zal ( Nete that pressure must = (b.1am)* be a ‘suchiy’ Pressure. Also, b + os, (0.2m) = —~ Thus, ? _—— we - (do x10") (62m) a air 4 Glm) m 2-4 510%, = —~45/4R2.51 2.51 A large, open tank contains water and is connected to a 6-ft diameter conduit as shown in Fig. P2.51.. A circular plug is used to seal the conduit. Determine the magnitude, direction, and location of the force of the water on the plug. m FIGURE P2.5\ Fp oh, A = (6248, \n(Ben) = ZI, 200 Ib ive aw Ge) 4 Kee TA t+ 4e where L,,.7 —g = 3h ft Thus, + EG#H) + irft = (2.944 de” Gane GH) The force of 21,200/b acts 1219 FE below The water surface and ts perpendicular te the plug Surface as shown.2.52 Cable feo 2.52 A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate Weighing 800 Ib is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in Fig, P2.52, Water act st the gate which is hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable. Fes ¥AA where A (48) sin bo* Thus, Ae (244 4a (EMule Nites 4f4) = 339704 Zo locate Fr, Ya 7 + 4, where Y2 aft so That / 3 4g? 2 On + sth = #6 46 (3 Ft AXA) For equilibrium, 2M, =o and T (aft\bin bo) = Ww (4) tosbo') + Fy (24) G00 Ib) (444) os b0°) 4 G 840 Ib) (2 #4) (8 Ft) Gin b0*) = 1350 lb2.54 2.54 An area in the form of an isosceles tri- angle with a base width of 6 ft and an altitude of 8 ft lies in the plane forming one wall of a tank which contains a liquid having a specific weight of 79.8 Ib/ft’. The side slopes upward making an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The base of the triangle is horizontal and the vertex is above the base. Determine the resultant force the fluid ex- erts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above the base of the triangular area. Show, with the aid of a sketch, where the center of pressure is located. aof Fr 20 ra Sin 7) a f) fA oe = A043 ft 2 7 ° Center of he = Y, sin bo rears Bes TRA = (19.8 a aon #) snbo' (4)(e# «ete 3 where Lye? x, (orelen) © iiss hee re” (ao¥a tea )(6 Fex8t) t+ doys fi = 306 Ft The force A, acts Through The center of pressure which Is located a distance of 22 py. go g ty “9 ft Sth 60° above The base of the triangle es shown in shetch,2.55 2.55 Solve Problem 2.54 if the isosceles tri- angle is replaced with a right triangle having the same base width and altitude. do ft SN We Fe / Fg = 33, 00 lb SS J, y's 2.49 ¢4 he ; (see solution fo N center of em Pressure Problems 2.54 ) Ly x, Rk gt Ix x, ge 4A tke (4, 2.20) where 2 Luye = (6 #4) °C #4)* | 32 fe" (see Fig. 2.18 d) Th and 4,7 20,43 FL [see solution Problem 2.54) Thas, 32 ft* L xp = > HH Ot = Re Gove PelaNercen) 3 ft eeakneN The bree fe , atts through The center of pressure w'Te Coordinates 2 2.07 Ft and = 249 ft Gree sketch),2.56 2.56 A horizontal 2-m-diameter conduit is half filled with a liquid (SG = 1.6) and is capped at both ends with plane vertical surfaces. The air pressure in the conduit above the liquid surface is 150 kPa. Determine the resultant force of the Neca fluid acting on one of the end caps, and locate ' end this force relative to the bottom of the conduit. Far e A> avec . . coveved by liguid = pA, where p ts air pressuve Ta Fair = (150 «10° (EF )(am)* SUAAL where A= ES (see Fig aire) 31 3 i507 x10 N Fivguca Fig © (oaneg.aic0' gf Aber AE )em) 2 tog x0 W For Fi 48) iguid ) ; 4? where Ty. = 0.109% R (see fig, 218¢) = = ¢R and y= - Thus , 4 Ye? (eer nai + cay) = 0.5841 m9] (E(B) am 2 Since Fresaltand = Fale 7 Faguia * (1501 + 10.8 )xiow = ¥8ZEN, we Can sum moments about 0 +e locate vesultunt te obtain Fresutet (4) * Fate (lm) + Figg (lem - 0,584) so thet (15077 xin (im) + (10,5 x10 N) (0. 4104 m) 492 x 107 N = 0.997 wm abeve betom of conduit2.57 2.57 Two square gates close two openings ina conduit con- rected to an open tank of water as shown in Fig. P2.57. When the water depth, hi, reaches 5 m it is desired that both gates open at the same time. Determine the weight of the homogeneous horizontal gate and the horizontal force, R, aeting on the vertical ‘gate that is required to keep the gates closed until this depth is reached. The weight of the vertical gate is negligible, and both gates are hinged at one end as shown. Friction in the hinges is negligible, Horizontal gate, 4m x 4m Hinge <_< Vertical gate, Am x dm ~~ Hinge FIGURE P2.57 tw fy horigentel gake, en = M, =o m1 PA so That W= pA where p 1s the waler pressure on the Lo tom surface. Thus, - = Sino (tm) Jo That Qu = (9800%, )(2m) (4m x4) = BAN For vertical gate, ae thA where h= 7m , so That 6 Fas (7800 2, (1m dom x 4m) = 1100 eH fe ou loeste. Fe 1 ; Hy pe lt) 4a) 27 : = ZIG lam de® +4. Can ]Ctmt bn) Ut By api SZ My =0 so That P= TILES AES = YaTAN2.58 Open to atmosphere 2.58 The rigid gate, OAB, of Fig. P2.58 is hinged at O and rests against a rigid support at B. What minimum horizontal force, P, is required to hold the gate closed if its width is 3 m? Neglect the weight of the gate and friction in the hinge. The back of the gate is exposed to the atmosphere. Be YA, where fe, = 5m Th “© B= (ate %, \(om Viton 130m) = 598 x10°N Berd be here 4, Ton 50 That B= (00 2, (qm 2.0m x 3m) = 412 x 10° N bb locate Ff, fi A Ye> THe yy = em Nom)” 5, 2 5 2b "GA ' (Sm) (Van £30 ) The bree EL acts at the Center of the AB section. Thus, ZH, =0 quad & (5: 267m ~ Fam) + E Cm) = P C#m) ed (saeawi Nz. 267m) + (ER 11054) an) . 4am = 434 AN2.59 The massless, 4-fl-wide gate shown in Fig. P2.59 piv- Itis held in place by the 2000 jine the water depth, h Gate Ib counterweight, W. Det Width = 4 ft FIGURE P2.59 RaVhA where her 4 Thus, Fe ce Ah«s * ir Tay 2 (beh) tL. = Uno A? (42) ° Ber egirh brim, 2M, = kd = Wat) where d= d-gpz 4 so that h . (2000 ls )(3 #4) FG MAG AD Thas, fs (32000 I )(3f) . (6248, Yr)48) dz 5.24482.60* 2.60* A 200-Ib homogeneous gate of 10-ft. width and 5-ft length is hinged at point A and held in place by a 12-ft-long brace as shown in Fig. P2.60. As the bottom of the brace is moved to the right, the water level remains at the top of the gate. The line of action of the force that the brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. (a) Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the gate by the brace as a function of the angle of the gate, 0, for 0 < 0 = 90°. (b) Repeat the calculations for the case in which the weight of the gate is negligible. Comment on the results as 6-0. Moveable (4) For the tree- body - diagram of the gate (see figure), Zhj=o So that RP) + wh cos8) = (Fy cos 6)(Lsi0) + [hy 5104) (Jere) 1) Also, : . Ash =L sing Cassumng hinge and end of brace at same elevation) or . Sih p= 4 Sin O ana DO B-yh dw y AS (Qu) where ur is the gate width, Thus, &%.C) can be wri ben as 3 (PY sind) wr + ows Cos6 = Fg £ ( tos$ sin8 + svi cos) so That pe ay Bz (S20) sine + w cos ® (£2) bane a 5 - cosd sin6 + sind cos 6 cosh tan 6 + sing For Y=62.4 b/f?, L=5¢t, urs lott, and W = 200/b, Ee loz4 Bs NSH) io tung » 222 — ab00 tan +100 8 . T (3) (0s g tnd +sin g cosh tand + sing (cont)2.60 con't. Since sing = sin ond ks ft, L=/2 ft aud for 4 guin ®, ttn be determmed. Thus, Eg.63) Cun be used 4 determne Fz for 4 given 8. A conpuber program for Calculating Fr, as a funchon ef @ fallows. 100 cls (LO Bint MORES ORB aS Ep OSE SISOS OSA SISO IEEE AEB A IERIE 120 print "** Variation of the resultant Fb as a function of theta **" 130 print ese SdESraR EROS Sa EOBCGE CO EEE I ACOCOOTC OCTET IIE IA I AE! 140 print 150 print " Theta (deg) Fb (Ibs) (w=100 lbs) Fb (lbs) (w=0 lbs)" 160 pi=4.0*atn(1.0) 170 for theta=pi/2 to pi/36 step -pi/36 180 sph=5/12*sin(theta) 190 atn(sph/(1-sph*2)*(0.5)) 200 2600*tan(theta)+100)/(cos (phi)*tan(theta)+sin(phi)) 210 fb2=2600*tan( theta) /(cos(phi)*tan(theta)+sin(phi) ) 220 print using" ###.# EH tet. #";theta*180/p i, fb1, £b2 230 next theta Tabulated data and a plot of The data are given on the following page. () For Wed, £3.(3) reduces te i= 2600 +e & (4) los tind + sinh and The same program as was used sh part la) (wrth W set egual to Gere) can be used 40 cbtath Rs a function of @. Tabulated data mf 4 plot ef the date are given on The tollewng page. (cont)2.60* con't. SCISSORS ERI ISIC SIE EOS ARISES OORT ARI OOK IACI IRIE SEA %* Variation of the resultant Fb as a function of theta ** IESE IE EIS ISI ICS CEO ECO DOROEKSRI ISI AR IEEE EI SOKA AAA AAA I Theta (deg) Fb (lbs) (w=100 lbs) Fb (lbs) (w=0 lbs) 90.0 2860.1 2860.1 85.0 2757.4 2748.1 80.0 2659.4 2641.5 75.0 2567.0 2540.9 70.0 2480.9 2446.7 65.0 2401.6 2359.2 60.0 2329.4 2278.8 55.0 2264.8 2205.4 50.0 2208.0 2139.0 45.0 2159.6 2079.6 40.0 2120.0 2027.2 35.0 2090.0 1981.2 30.0 2071.3 1941.9 25.0 2066.4 1909.0 20.0 2081.1 1882.2 15.0 2128.8 1861.6 10.0 2249.8 1847.0 5.0 2646.3 1838.2 10? as Lagena o———eu-100 ibs a——aend bs ape Theta, deo (con't)2.60 con't. As O70 te yalue of Fs cay be debermned trom Eg.l+), = 2600 tan6 8 ts tend esing Since sing = © sin6 it follows Mat cos p> Vir sive = V /~ 6, Bind and therepre ze tanh 2600 ez = ea & buy \, 2 |r wre tne + Zane |!- Gy site's Fee Thus, as @-%0 2600 . OS = PY 1b a ~ ne 40 Physically This resulé mess thet for 820, The value of Fy 1S indeterminate , but fev any "very smali" value of o,% will approach 190 lb,2.61 2.61 A rectangular gate 6 fi tall and 5 fi wide in the side of an open tank is held in place by the force F as indicated in Fig. Water P2.61. The weight of the gate is negligible, and the hinge at O Hinge 0 is frictionless. (a) Determine the water depth, h, if the resultant ft above the bottom of gate, ie., itis collinear with the applied force F. (b) For the depth of part (a), determine the magnitude of the resultant hy- drostatic force. (¢) Determine the force that the hinge puts on the gate under the above conditions. Gate—+f} | 1A GHG) (neste) (he 048) = 72 OHI (n~ 3 Ft) (6 ase) (b) Re dha ushere he h-3 FE = be (2.42, ) (4 fA) (0 x tt) 4 it 11, 200 |b ce) For eguilidriem , =M, So thet re (arti )> fa GSA) =e o2.62 2.62 A gate having the shape shown in Fig. P2.62 is located in the vertical side of an open tank containing water. The gate is mounted on shaft. (a) When the water level is at the top of the g the magnitude of the fluid force Y.. ; on the rectangular portion of the gate above the shaft and the magnitude of the fluid force on the semicircular portion of the Wester én gate below the shaft, (b) For this same fluid depth determine the moment of the force acting on the semicircular portion of the gate with respect to an axis which coincides with the shaft ras Side view 1 of gate FIGURE P2.62 Fer rectangular portion , (f}- gh A where he 4 ie So That (Fe), * (98002, (4m bon xbom) = For sem/-circular portion , (BY = rh A where he = bm + re (See Fig, 2.13) = by ioe so that a = 127 am CF), = (Teoo 121m) (F m)*) = 1610 kw 4 3m 6) Foy sem'-crireular perkics Tre 1098 = = + 7.21m te ga th (atm YE) R* mt 01098 (3am) e2ta = 736m (Frm XE em)* Thus, moment with respect t shatt, M, M=(e),, © (13bm~ 6.0000 ) (Jolo x1?H )( 1 36m) 1.37105 Noam a2.63 2.63 A gate having the cross section shown in Fig. P2.63 {s-4 ft wide and is hinged at C. The gate weighs 18,000 Ib, and its mass center is 1.67 fi to the right of the plane BC. Determine the vertical reaction at A on the gate when the water level is 3 ft above the base, All contact surfaces are smooth, f= XAA Where bh, = 1.5 Ft Thus "re bea, (sk) (oe « 4) = {/Z0 hb The fore Facts at a chstence of 1 Ft from The base of The jake, Foe fA Where t=4,. (3 ft) r F, Thus, * Be (b292, ate) (5H « tf) = 3740 1h and acts at the center of the boom gate surtace. For eguihdvian , = Me=0 a Ente) + & (ast) + & (et) = W(167#) qn so That . (18, v00 Ib) 1.6744) - Ir z0 Is (ue) ~ 9-740 1b) (2, 5 4) 4 ot = /686 |b2.64 EEE 2.64 _A structure is attached to the ocean floor as shown in Fig. 2.64. A 2-m-diameter hatch is located in an inclined wall and hinged on one edge. Determine the minimum air pressure, Py, within the container to open the hatch. Neglect the weight of the hatch and friction in the hinge. Seawater I Hatch: m FIGURE P2.64 Fee Ih A where f= 2m + f (4m) st030" es Th = 25 m fe The Ms, Be (10. 110° X Mes m(Z)le i BA Ee = a m3 Z. am, 1 = 74.3.x10° Te locate Fr, Ye Pre 4 y where 4.2 22 + lm = Sm IR % A fe © S130 so Net rn =: (Eim)* , 501 = S05 m C5 om) iam)* For eguilibnum, = M,=0 so that Fy (5.05 an 4m) =p OrMion)* Can) and (793x107 N)( 1.08 m) Ee owt s U5 AR a 7 Cian)*C lan) eee2.65 2.65 An open rectangular container contains a liquid that has a specific weight that varies ac- cording to the equation y = c, + c,h, where c and c, are constants and h is a vertical coordinate measured downward from the free surface. De- rive an equation for the magnitude of the liquid force exerted on one wall of the container having a width, b, and height, H, and an equation that gives the vertical coordinate of this force. (@g,2.4) + te = dp=¥dh = (4+Qh) ak — center of pressure ee nel far = [torah rod er L che £? vearad Thus the force actny on the deferential area, bak, 15 = pda = peak ona he ear ge jek « bf ak™, ge] B= bo yt, bay? & = eo To locate resultant sum moments about axis formed by intersection of wall and Hha'd. Thus, As [han * a [ats S&L? )ak and bo #4 be yt R4,= Say Sh 3 CG + tee dp b 2, bee y ~ bent [i+ 32) ] fe, 34 9S)4 # 1+$(S)H or2.66* leont ) 2.66* An open rectangular settling tank con- 2.0 12.3 tains a liquid suspension that at a given time has 2 12.7 a specific weight that.varies approximately with 2.8 12.9 depth according to the following data: 3. é By 3. ; — —Aim)__y (Nim) The depth h = 0 corresponds to the free surface. P 10.0 Determine. by means of numerical integration, 0.4 10.1 the magnitude and location of the resultant force 08 10.2 that the liquid suspension exerts on a vertical wall 12 10.6 of the tank that is 6 m wide. The depth of fluid a aT in the tank is 3.6 m. |__| The magnitude of Me Huid ferce,k, & Can be found by Summing The di Lereahay Weg gepZZCCLeE Z| 4 forces actiig on The horrgoate! strip shown “i The Fryure. Thus, he I 4 Hw Be [asf dh an R —_ ‘S t 6 where p is The pressure at dein dh. To find p we use by 24 (2) Eguation (2) Can be mntegrated sumericallg with The following Program aud using The Variatién ih & WITH h given. 100 cls TUL print Mader ed BES BO SESH SEES SE EO SESE OSE E SESS ORS IORI 120 print "** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically **" 130 print "** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the eM 140 print "** pressure at different depths eM 150 (print cdesodoeiaroicciacoioiiociiiokioioiicioinciecioictct let dok ack i 160 print 170 dim p(10),gamma(10) 180 n=10 190 dh=0.4 200 p(t 210 for i=1 ton 220 read gamma(i) 230 next i 240 data 10.0,10.1,10.2,10.6,11.3,12.3,12.7,12.9,13.0,13.1 250 for i=2 to n 260 s=(gamma(1)+gamma(i))/2 , 270 imi=i-1 Ccont )2.66* (cont) 280 for j=2 to im1 290 s=s+gamma(3) 300 next 3 310 p(i)=dh*s 320 next i 330 ' 340 ‘Print the results 350 print 360 print " h (m) Pressure (kPa)" 370 for ton 380 print using "###.# Hit. ##"5 (i-1)*dh,p(i) 390 next i The pressure distribubov 1 given below, Yelp ieiciooioisiioiiociniciaoe oe ieici obi ai SS ORISA SEE ** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically ** ** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the He ** pressure at different depths ** JESSIE IS EGOS IOI OS OS OKIE SI OE IEKIORORIOR OE SIAR h (m) Pressure (kPa) 0.00 4.02 8.08 12.24 16.62 21.34 26.34 31.46 36.64 41.86 Eguation (1) can now be integrated numerically using TRAPEZOL JESS OS OIG ISS SEI OBESE C IGE IIR AISI IORI ** This program performs numerical integration ** ** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule ** JOS I SIO JODIE ESSE SIE OS IOSD ICKI ISI IIA RI RIE WURBNERGOS Dreronnaes Enter number of data points: 10 Enter data points (KX , Y) 2 0.0,0.00 4,4.02 +8, 8.08 +2,12.24 -6,16.62 -0,21.34 +4, 26.34 +8,31.46 +2, 36.64 -6,41.86 WIV De WYORNNEHOOCO The approximate value of the integral is: +7.1068E+01 Ctont)2.66* (cont ) Thus, wits ” JS pdb = 7hoT ke 5, = (bm) (71.07 2 WY) = 426 2N beste fe Sum moments about axis formed by lotersectioy of vertical wall and Aacd surface, Taus, # E#,= b [apa 63) ° The integrand 4p can be determined and £g.0) wtbegrated numerically ws TRAPEZO/. Tabulated results are given "lows. Joipgois ei OibioS on min oioicoinicoisioin gia nani aac IOI ORI OKIGE ** This program performs numerical integration + ** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule ** FEROS EI ORS SEI OE] CCAS IEICE’ CASCIO IER TOC I ACK AAI AIC A AAK Enter number of data points: 10 Enter data points (X , Y) ; -0,0.000 Note: Yoh 4,1. 608 +8, 6.464 12,14. 688 +6,26.592 +0,42.680 +4, 63.216 +8, 88.088 «2,117,248 +6, 150.696 HA OD WONNNEHOOO The approximate value of the integral is: +1.7437E+02 th og Thus, i [4pat 2 /THE AW ° it follows trom EG, (3) Thet a gp: Shp th _— Comi17#4 bd) e & 426 AN 2, 46m The vesultant force acts 246m below fluid surkce,2.67 2.67 — The inclined face AD of the tank of Fig 2.67 is a plane surface containing a gate ABC, which is hinged along line BC. The shape of the gate is shown in the plan view. If the tank contains water, determine the magnitude of the force that, the water exerts on the gate. RiYhA -iv where As fae'dy' (see bigue) 7 t = [ath Wy = yy Ts locate centroid ! Tee "x 2,08] ¢ 4A [yea zgnidg = | (4') “dy! - 2G) )= Yat / 2 a ° ’ Thus , 4,5 3 = 2.4% ££ % St 9,7 SFE- 24 FL * 3.6 fe and Since 4.2 % ne Fa = Gre B, Meee Non sor) $a) = 597k2.68 2.68 The concrete dam of Fig. P2.68 weighs am 23.6 KN/m? and rests on a solid foundation. De- termine the minimum coefficient of friction be- tween the dam and the foundation required to keep the dam from sliding at the water depth shown. Assume no fluid uplift pressure along the base. Base your analysis on a unit length of the dam. — FIGURE P2.68 Reith where A= (2x,.)6 ) so thet RN 4 Fe (4.80 84 SY) Ey) hm ) = 5 = loo kn tan ora for equilibrium , = 513° ZFezo or FR sin $1.3°2 FE = IN where Yr coetbicitnt of Fricton. ther 5p, xe so thet N=%/ + E, Cos 513° where W = Lrerete )Crolume of concrebe) 7 = (23.0 © \(zom3) + (100KN) cos $1.3° = SBYAN and & 5th S13" Cook) sth 513° 7 . Nv S3tRN u O.1462.69* 2.61* Water backs up behind a concrete dam as shown in Fig. P2.04. Leakage under the foun- dation gives a pressure distribution under the dam as indicated. If the water depth, h, is too great, the dam will topple over about its toe (point A). For the dimensions given, determine the maxi- mum water depth for the following widths of the dam: ( = 20, 30. 40, 50, and 60 ft. Base your analysis on a unit length of the dam. The specific weight of the concrete is 150 Ib/ft’, FIGURE P2.L4 A Free- bedy- diagram of the dam ts Shown in the figure at the right, where: ae we Chor unit length) ow = ¥(4)(2)(t) = Hor 2 Re (tht y4r) 9 ‘, . nev Cr )(Zz)+ Ye, £ y= 3 a: 4(4,) ste To determine yz consider the pressure distrubuhon on the bottom: = Fre thy KR 5 FERRE Summing moments about A, R4y= FR) + & (38) C con't?2.69" (cont ) so Imt _ . Fcl4)+ & (E8) Ys 5 . where Fe Ft Fy. Substitution of expressions hr Fp and Fe Yields, A 4, L (Gas + Fh) hth, For egui librium of the dam, ZMy=0, so thet 4,-W(F2)- A 4, +R 4,20 eb and with Y= 62.4 U/ft?, ¥,= 150 ff? and > 10 Ft, then: 3/.2 22 Ws boook B= 3242 4,2 tof3 Re 2 Sh Sind Re 342 (hei) h y,° 4 CBr FQ) © (2h) Rehr aR tio) Substitution of These expressions sto EZ.) yields, (312 AW) ~ (owos) (8) ~ (225)(24) t [31.2 (ArvoyAl[ Gets =o “hich can be simplified to 40, ¥0O =O €2) 22 £7 + 20.9L'R - 3396 £- sine Thus, for 2 given g) 2 can be determined from the condition tan B= 20! and Ey.(2) solved for h A Computer program fr determinns h fra gven £ follows, (cont)2.69" (cent ) LTHOnIGSKIS SISA SSSR CRISS OCICS RIESE SEIS SSE ISAS IAG eH "** This program solves a cubic equation to determine **" "** the maximum water, h, depth for a series of dam = **"" mee widths, 1 ven LIE SIS ORES SSIS ISIS RISO CSDISOE FESSOR CORI SII ISIS Rc 1 " Dam width, 1 (ft) Maximum depth, h (£t)" 20 to 60 step 10 atn(80/1) 3/321. 2*(3896%1°2+10400/(sin(theta)~2)-20.8*1°2*hp) )* bs(1-hp/h)>0.001 goto 210 240 print using " tet HH." shh 250 neat 1 For The dam widths s ccs fred, the maximum water depths are given below. Note" That for the two largest dam widths The water would overflow The dam before t would topple. JBOSS RIE SESE SISSIES SS TOSI IEE Jo 4 ak A ACH A i a cubic equation to de $ program sclve ty e maximum water, h, depth for a series of dam = ** ** widths, 1 +e SESS SEIS EGS ICS TORISO SISSIES SOR ISK InCI AGI EI HR I HK 13 Maximum depth, h (ft) 48.2 61.2 74.8 81.1 89.22.70 2.70 A't-m-long curved gate is located in the side of a reservoir containing water as shown in Fig. P2.70. Determine the magnitude of the hor- izontal and vertical components of the force of the water on the gate. Will this force pass through point A? Explain. = Fi For eguil briam, A LL Z Fix hn fee A ¥ te Aa = ¥ (Yon ttn Yea x4.) 5 4 a so ht F fy? (9.40 ew \(Sm)(8m*) = 392 bv v es volume ~ + Similarly, od rll y ZF, =0 =r m? Ae Rew Where * Fe [¥ Com)]am 4m) = (1.50k0 \ bom) C2 mt) w= ¥¥= (7.80 44 )(t7 m?) Ths, B= (9.80 #2 )[ 32 mi em mt] = YBT AW (Wole: Force of waber on gate will be oppesite th direction *) thet shewn en fegune, The direction of alt dittevential forces acting on the curved surface ts perpendicular te surface and Therehore , the vesulfand must pass Through The mdtersectioy ef all These forces Which 1s at port A. Yes.2.71 2.71 contains water and has a hemispherical bottom as shown in Fig. P2.7|. Determine the magni- tude, line of action, and direction of the force of the water on the curved bottom. A 3-m-diameter open cylindrical tank FIGURE P2.71 Force = weight of water supported by hemispherical better ¥ Yl vlan of cylinder )- (volume of hemisphere) | u 408% ¥ Gy" (@m) - © (sm) ] = SRN The force i's directed vertically downward, «nd due to symmetry it acta on the hemisphere along the Vertical axis of the Cylinder. 435 AN2.72 2.72 The 20-ft-long gate of Fig. P2.72 1s 2 quarter circle and is hinged at H. Determine the horizontal force, P, required to hold the gate in place. Neglect friction at the hinge and the weight of the gate, Hinge m FIGURE P2.72 wl x, k . . . Fy ia For eguihbriim (trom free- bedy -dlaqram w { ef Fluid amass), y La | We By Tho 1 | So Tet f te & BAe YA, Ar z (ora 8.) Sf) (erento) = 22,500 Ib Similarly , ZF, =e so That 4 Fyp=W = Yi (vslume of Fut) = (62.4 Pl kigor zofe] 35301 Alse, Xx, a = Zz ft (see Fig. 2.18) and = bf of 47> at For eguil'brium fron free-body-didqam of gate) 2M, =e so that bP (cee) = Fy Gy) + &) (22,500 [h (2 ft) + (3530016) % ft) PG er = 22 seo |b2.73 Q» kea 2.73. A plug in the bottom of a pressurized tank is conical in shape as shown in Fig. P2.77. ‘The air pressure is 50 kPa and the liquid in the tank has a specific weight of 27 KN/m*. Determine the magnitude, direction, and line of action of Bet the force exerted on the curved surface of the cone within the tank due to the 50-kPa pressure and the liquid. For eguilrbrium , Z Freeda 7° So thet Re Py ATW where Fi is the force the Cone exerts of the flard. Alse, 2 A Pep Ae (Soba MEME) fin soz = FE )C1.158e)= SA,4-4N 4 (50 AAG )luiss ) ‘ d= ztan30°= [155m an we ¥ [FA Gn)- ¥(4yu-3] volume of cne= F(A) = yTd* [ez - eI (27 ay \(r) (115500) (3m) = Tsukn Thas, Es 52.4 RN + 15,4kN = 122 RN and the force on the cone has a magnitude of 2ERN and 1s directed vertically downward along The tone exis.2.74 2.74 A 12-in.diameter pipe contains a gas under a pressure , What is the average of 140 psi. Ifthe pipe wall thickness is } circumferential stress developed in the pipe wall? For eguililibrium (for « unit length of the pipe), zork= fy, (Re) er Pasi. o )(on (tin) 4 3360 psi om circumferential strecs2.75 2.75 The concrete (specific weight = 150 Ib/ft’) seawall of Fig. P2.75 has a curved surface and restrains seawater at a depth of 24 ft. The trace of the surface is a parabola as illustrated. Determine the moment of the fluid force (per unit length) with respect to an axis through the toe (point A). FIGURE P2.75 The components of the fluid force acting on the wall ave Fo oand W as shown on the Figure where = UhA = = (bog 3 CHF Nav £4 xiee) = 18,4008 and 9,7 A = Pe Also, We oe To determine * tind area 860, Thus, (see Sigure te cist), x, Az [ray-y)de* (24-0.9x') dx e 2 37% [aex - ae | C note: Al lengths sh £t) and with 4y7 View» A= b75 #t* 50 Thad ws Axl tt = 17s ft Thus. "2 ay = (40 Zs )(175 #3) = M200 Ib To locete centroid of At xe az “Ua. [ian [Cerg)ads > [tine eagle = (2hy~ 22% a 12 CVi)%- 0.2 (Vieo)* and x, * = Ws Thus, My = FY, ~ W (S- %) C18, 400 1 (844) ~ (1h, 200 C8 FE - 4 £4) = 2 § 200 41b,) u2.76 2.76 — Acylindrical tank with its axis horizontal has a diameter of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m ‘The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A ver- tical, 0.1-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of the tank. Determine the resultant force of the alcohol on one end of the tank and show where it acts. i £ centroid Reith A 20m ( f jh where 4,2 LSmt Lom = 25m LL Le So That 4 center of pressure Fe = (11454 \Casom)\(E)(a.0m) "= b0.8 bl Also, Zt, ae wA where 4,7 te vo Thet 7 Cam)? = Tt 2m = Jbom (3.5m NE) ea)? Thus, the resulteat force hus @ magnitude of bb. BAW Gnd acts at a distance of BrG, = boas - 250m below center ef tank end well.2.77 2.77 If the tank ends in Problem 2.76 are hemispherical, what is the magnitude of the re- sultant horizontal force of the alcohol on one of the curved ends? For eguilibrium , ' = 1 Fe = Fi)] (see Agure) Bo Fou bese 1 = bO8AN L , Since Solubion for horiyontel force the Same as fer Problem 2.80.2.78 2.78 — Imagine the tank of Problem 2.7% split by a horizontal plane. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force of the alcohol on the bottom half of the tank. Consider a Free- beely- diagram of botem halk of tank (see figure ) Where’ spo pressure of flid on borigentel plane f Aw aveq of heriyonta! plone Q~ weight of volume of Fluid in huer hal€ of fank Fix vesulfand force exerkd by tank on Fluid For eguilbrium (refer to Problem 2.30 for tank dimensions ), fe PAtW = ¥ (15 mela)(am xm) +8 [2 (F)l2-F m)] = (1.7% este ) (40 m3 an?) = 2034N Thus, force of alcohol on tank = 203RN__divected verhcally downward.2.79 2.79 A closed tank is filled with water and has a 4-f- diameter hemispherical dome as shown in Fig. P2.79. A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank. Determine the vertical _-Avtt diameter force of the water on the dome if the differential manometer “7-5 reading is 7 ft and the air pressure at the upper end of the ma- ) nometer is 12.6 psi = _ at Watee i FIGURE P2.79 Por eguilibriam, Fo 2 Frekial =? (i so that ‘ pA R= PA- Where Fy 15 the Force the deme exerts on the Fluid and p is The water Pressure at The base of The dome, Frem The manemeter, h 4 Xe (7#t) -%,, GA) =f Jo That p- a) Ib in™ (ash, Jin) + GsNnap. Ye) e4h be) = 2580 2, Thus, From £3.) with volume ef sphere =F Geameter 3 = lb z Fy= (ave A. EN oH) ~ 4[% bee] cz4,) = 35,100 Ib The Lerce thot the vertical force that the weber exerts on The dome /s 35, l00lo * .2.80 2.80 A tank wall has the shape shown in Fig. 2,89, Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force of the water on al -ft length of the curved section AB. FIGURE P2.80 Feed A = (624 2, (15-44) (cFexlee) volume =¥ Ah = 22,502 Ib | aw) y Be rh As fl FL x = (62.4 Z, )(i8 )(orex4 fe) 5 = 27,000 |b w= ¥¥ = (624 2, Lylrle re) * yee) = 7060 |b For eguili briam , ZRzo so That y= Fi = 22,500 Ib e~_on tank and ALF E-W = 27,000 |b - T0b0l, = 19,700 bt on tank2.81 2.81 Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back water in a channel of width b as shown in Fig. P2.81. The force of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R. Determine (in terms of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates. C) wo © For Case (bh) m FIGURE P2.81 My Faz dheA= Ff yhus) = Wes + He and Jp2 ZL i Thus, - 50 thed 2My=0 4 R nr (F4)R man Lee (Zk) reS ) Fate | wth 2 ee 3 = a #4 (Se 72 "Fig 218) Far Case (a) on free-body- chegram showh by Fast (fom stove) and “ 7 Ja Fh and MW = x Vl = ¢f rey, ] [780 B = weh?b Te Thus, E My =0 50 Theat w(4- #4) + RB) = BA gud AWS. Hh b+ HH (Zh) =% A Cont)2.81 Cloné ) LL follows That = YAS (0.340) From £¢.0) — dh*h BR, thus Fg = LLIR for case (C), for the free- bedy- chegram shown, the force fe, on ME turved section passes Through the hinge ana Therefere does not tontribube The moment around H. On boom part of gate fas thA = ECPM A xd) = u's 3 ™ ~ Lhe - LOMB) 3h 4A tY, hh 7S G (2G xb) = Bf Thus, =My So Thet iC Oar 2g = 7 is °r onl) Awe From fg.0) ghth= 3k, thus Fz 7 gee QETESR2.82 2.82 AIM x 3 ft X 3 f wooden cube (specific weight = 37 Tb/it®) floats in a tank of water. How much of the cube extends above the water surface? If the tank pressurized so that the air pressure at the water surface was increased to 1.0 psi, how much of the cube would extend above the water sur- face? Explain how you arrived at your answer, Br egiilbrium, Zz Frerhéal “ so That Ww = Fes Thus, (314) fi) = (C24 f, \ah-h) Gf 22h) A= 1.22 44 Tt the ait pressure at tne Water surface increases by | psi There Would be po change Ii The heghe of The tube above The water surface. The Invvensed pressure force on the top of The tube 13 balanced by an efual force on the bottom of The ube since The Surbace pressure Vs Transtiited Throughout the Fluid .2.83 283 The homogeneous timber AB of Fig. P2.83 is 0.15 m by 0.35 m in cross section, Determine the specific weight of the ‘umber and the tension in the rope. es m FIGURE P2.83 W=¥ where ¥ is the specific weight of the timber Gud t+ ts tts volume . Thus, U5 ¥ (0.15m0 x 0.35 m x 10.0) ene Fia= For egitim 7 ZM,70 Seo That \K/ (1220 ) Cos 7 Fe (82" ) cos . (0.505 ¥)(Sm) = (040%, | (+m ) 4 an y= Coyeo\ 4.80 84 (a) = 621 4% CosigV sm) —_* Also, . z Fyerteal - so that Ts Fy-W= stam? )(4.80 84 y)- (6.506 m?)( 6.27 BY Labmerpect = y, ° (015m & 035m Pm) = 2 %420 So 5) = 4M2.84 A 2-ftthick block constructed of wood (.6) is submerged in oil (SG = 0.4). and -thick aluminum (specific weight = 168 /f) plate attached to the bottom as indicated - in Fig. P2.84. Determine completely the force required to hold the block in the position shown. tT Aluminum Locate the force with respect to point A 0.5 ft pemeecineeeeY Tal “10 ft- FIGURE P2.84 fe ‘Sf for eguilibrium , Me Zerheat 7° bart so That age F = Wy Fou, tM Ge ie where : ; ~ id My #(56,.)(%,.) Ye eran = (0.b) (62 ves) (4)(losexater 244) = 1500 lb Fw force to held block .® (Ibs (os Hex iotex 26t) = lego ee = (56; no) Hay = (0A ra" Bs YA\ (iol xvfee2 2) «2250 Ib Frat (SG.:1) (Sino) He = (0A)(62.4 2s (0.54 « of x 2H) = 5¢2 Ib Thus, Fs (5001, — 2250 Ib + 1680 Ib- Sbz Ib = 368 |b upward Also, Z M20 mt ore (12 £4)(W,p- Fou) + (S#t) (We ~ Fe) D (369 bb) = (2 #4)(1500b- 2250 Ik) -+ (5 +t)(1080 lb ~842 b) or and Lo = 340 £t to vight of pomt A‘An inverted test tube partially filled with air floats in 3 on fr and >t ¥ (EY (44) é wy [ (egal sm) aos fim)" (2:5m~ om}2.89 2.89 A 1-fi-diameter, 2-ft-long cylinder floats in an open \k containing a liquid a specific weight y. A U-tube anometer is connected to the tank as shown in Fig. P2.89. When the pressure in pipe A is 0.1 psi below atmospheric pres sure, the various fluid levels are as shown, Determine the weight of the cylinder. Note that the top of the cylinder is flush with the fluid surface. From a tree hedy- duagran of The Cylinder ZFehel = so That W= be v(E\in)'ee) 5] z 4A manometer eguetion gives, So that Gna ye bof Thus, from Fg. a) atl ey att oylindar | FIGURE P2.89 ‘Spewt. = 7 1 Ob ft seas) + 4 |+— Water |— age fluid S@=1.5 fre y Caste) aby.) (254) - dio (= 4 -(¢Yb0sH) = 278 a) ot (2.5ft)~- eaeiesead -berb)li a ge(oshe (ase) int)2.90 Q 2.90 The thin-walled, 1-m-diameter tank of [pom Fig. P2.50 is closed at one end and has a mass of 90 kg. The open end of the tank is lowered into a the water and held in the position shown by a 3.0 m steel block having a density of 7840 kg/m’. As- sume that the air that is trapped in the tank is compressed at a constant temperature. Deter- mine: (a) the reading on the pressure gage at the top of the tank. and (b) the volume of the steel kn >| block. Open end Cable Steel block (a) For constant temperature Compression , FIGURE F290 PV TAY where vw imbal stake and £~ final state. z Let erA,R see fegure) where Ay ts the tress sectional aren of tank, and #* y(h-06)e by, (where all lengths are im a). wn Thus, %? AA = Since A> Lb +2 A(3) f= ttm MO. 3 tatom fe Ae ¥(h-0.6) * Bebim so That Foch 3 Pebm = 2» (Tate -oe)R - 3 tate 20 4? + (tela — 0.4) hs B, 4 7.804% and $y = oi BR , 2 lor-h Pa — BC key _ t + Zi0 ~O.bm)% G30 my =o a a or hie adh 309 78 thet * i. ius V (fy 4305) 3 2.530 Be Thus, from E01) £Y)(9.53m~ dom) = 12 IRFR £ (9286) = (9,40 33) (2.5% dbo) = L2FAT2.90 (eon) (8) fr eguilibriuom of bank (see free-body ~ diagram); THT r= 6AM ba | where Um tank weignt, and ter eM ste! block. hw, T= We — fe, = ¥5 (4 -¥) Thus, Y teA, - Wh T T & Ke - fA %-8 %-% ‘tT _(2.qen & .)(E)im)"- ~ Go hy (4814) a ee volume ~ V5 “(800 ne Be )Ga%)- 7aox 10, Tr, 2 = 0,208 m2.91* 2.91* An inverted hollow cone is pushed into the water as is shown in Fig. P2.9]. Determine the distance, t. that the water rises in the cone as a function of the depth. d, of the lower edge of the cone. Plot the results for 0 = d = H, when H is equal to 1 m. Assume the temperature of the air within the cone remains constant, FIGURE P2.9| For constant temperature compression of The alr within the cone, RUBE a) where VY 13 The air volume, and & and £ refer to inrhal and Fital states, respectively, L¢ follows Thet (see figure): Ee Rbm Bee Cd-4) + hat tts Few B= Fe) (0-2) FD) os) Thus, From Eg.) 1 3 b,, (ER) = [y (aL) + bey, | FG) (#0 which simplifies +e a-d- [()-'] 2) For Peter? lol kPa, Y= PEON, and Helm , tee ly = d- m>| (—)P-1 A= d inode may-4 or os fz d- 10.3 [ 0-2 -] (3) where L and d ave tn meters, ae computer program follows tor Caleulahng 4 as a tanchon of d. (cont )2.91* (cont) HO padenoideisgiobeinickioleiickicnvoke ica kicick ioe teen nee This program solves iteratively th ber “*«* order equation to give the water eH wee 1, as a function of the depth, d aa Thee ESR orice opr ccinciicobnbnliskasik ies tn "Depth, d (m) Water rise, 1 (m)" 0.0 to 1.01 step 0.1 20 ip/1}>0.001 goto 190 2 print using " Hee HEE GSE next a Tabulated deta and a plot of the date are shown below. FORO RIC ISIS SII SISO III ORISA IORI AG ISOS ICE st ** This program solves iteratively a fourth +** ** order equation to give the water rise, *# ** 1, as a function of the depth, 4 aed SHS oI a TSS na aS ic be iooriciacich ica EIR Ea (m) Water rise, 1 (m) 0.0000 0.0031 0.0062 0.0092 0.0122 0.0152 D.0182 0.0241 0.6239 9.0268 0.0296 \ ovo O28 0.4 oe oe To Depth, a (m2.92 2.92 An open container of oil rests on the flatbed of a truck that is traveling along a hori- zontal road at 55 mi/hr. As the truck slows uni- formly to a complete stop in 5 s, what will be the slope of the oil surface during the period of con- stant deceleration? Q@ slope = $2 = — cd (eg 2.28 pe F 7G 4.2.28) a te a elit heat eae ‘bine takervel on, - o- (55 mph Vlossro & ) om GL Ss Thus , dz = Cin) 43 92IS +62.93 2.93 A 5-gal, cylindrical open container with a bottom area of 120 in. is filled with glycerin and rests on the floor of an elevator. (a) Determine the fluid pressure at the bottom of the er when the elevator has an upward acceleration of 3 ft/s*. (b) What resultant force does the container exert on the floor of the elevator during this acceleration? The weight of the container is negligible. (Note: 1 gal = 23] in.) x (ay =z =P (qr 4) (Eq. 2.26) ma avea,= A ee RA= volume ° ino [er = -P (gray) [48 R (i20 in) sel) SL") ° i A= 7.63 in and a # (gta) h (2.44 (x22 + 3H )( 263g) = 689 By il (b) From free-bedy -diagram of contamer, = %, A 2 (29 B,) (20 iw >) Lf .) Wyte 57.4 |b Thus, force of container on floor 's2.94 2.4% — An open rectangular tank 1 m wide and 2 m long contains gasoline to a depth of 1 m. If the height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, what is the maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long axis of the tank) that can develop before the gas- oline would begin to spill? To prevent spilling, dz = _b Sm ~ hom Sy ia - 0,50 (see Ligure). Since ode. ~ 2 4 94g er, with 4,70, : -/dt ay: -(S)4 so That Vs zs - (-0 8 At = m (Ay) 27 Ca selae se) = 2a (Hote: Acceleration could be either te the right or the left, )2.95 2.45 — Ifthe tank of Problem 2.74 slides down a frictionless plane that is inclined at 30° with the horizontal, determine the angle the free surface makes with the horizontal, From Newkons Amd laur, Zz Fy: =ma, Since the only force in the 4+ direchin is the Component of weight (amg) sin, (an g)sin@ =m &y ~ F tank end ae / fmm mass 0 aj = gsiné Gasoline and therefore as ' i, oe Gy = Ay tose =~ 4g sinB PX ay Also, a Qe dz: - 4 (eg, 2.28) ay 444, _ ay se <- gsine CosO g- a,sine 9 - 9508 C038 4 sm2e a_i 4 sinzo and tor © 730° Le de, ent - 0 7U4 35 L- Sinbo* Thus, tangs 0.164 (see figure) a $= 37H2.96 is 2g Ths, a 24 fer = ~0 4s [ay z or 2.96 A closed cylindrical tank that is 8 ft in diameter and 24 ft long is completely filled with gasoline. The tank, with its long axis horizontal, is pulled by a truck along a horizontal surface. Determine the pressure difference between the ends (along the long axis of the tank) when the truck undergoes an acceleration of 5 ft/s”. + #4 — 2% (e925) Co 5 5 f- c a) —— aastt go OL - B-4= -p% Ge) = ~ (32 BE Mt N/s £ )ian te) 4 = ~/58 = #t tb B-# 188 fen at 4=0 and pap at Y=zy ft,2.97 2.97 The open U-tube of Fig. P2177 is par- ily filled with a liquid. When this device is ac- celerated with a horizontal acceleration, a, a differential reading, h, develops between the ma- nometer legs which are spaced a distance apart Determine the relationship between a, t, and h. FIGURE P2.772.98 2.98 An open L-m-diameter tank contains water at a depth of 0.7m when at rest. As the tank is rotated about its vertical axis the center of the fluid surface is depressed. At what angular thaia velocity will the bottom of the tank first be ex- Se aaa | posed? No water is spilled from the tank. + . Al a & Eguation for Surfaces ef Constent pressure at 5 Ts Jocabe Fe - F, 4 3p > Ve Z My = Cin Moin ’ G- ain) le" Gf- Zin. \CFin,x ¥in) = A 333i. s 2 fi- Zin ho in. This , from Eg.) fon) el . , 333i Wit in.) * ¥Ch-2in) Cz ik) [tin - Ch - zn, and with $2624 Yee Bg 62) becomes 7728 in?/p23 Ccond)2.102 ( ¢on't) W = 0.2532 - 0.4857 Chor h> #in) (3) Where YW issn lbs with A tn mehes. for AS ban, ; Fee rh A with Aez and Ax(3inxkh) Ab te? F Thus, from £g.0) . "wy lain)= WA) Gk) [92-4 24)] #) ; . D aan with ae 27.) becomes YW = 0.00451 42 (Fin -#) (Lr £4 in.) ws) where W ks Jin los with & in inches, A companson of the Theoretical results, as expressed by kgs. (3) and (5), and The experimental results is shown 1m The graph be lou. AB Experimental 05 + tt2.103 2.103 A bottomless tank with vertical sides and slanted ends sits on a flat surface as shown in Fig. P2.103. The hydro- static pressure force on the slanted ends has an upward vertical component. If the water depth is large enough, the vertical com- ‘ponent of the pressure force becomes greater than the combined weight of the tank W;,,, and the applied load ‘W.. The tank will then lift slightly off the surface upon which it sits, and some of the water will drain from the tank. This happens when the depth ish. Values of W’ and h determined experimentally are shown below. Use these results to plot a graph of water depth as a function of the applied load. On the same graph plot two the- oretical curves obtained as follows. First assume that the com- bined weight of the tank and the applied load is supported by the vertical component of the hydrostatic forces on the slanted ends. For the second theoretical curve, assume that there is an additional upward force caused by the pressure between the edges of the box and the surface upon which it rests. Assume Wane = 0.942 tb t \ Bin z | Fin In j-—Tank |.p, = yh 7 foot print on | m FIGURE P2.103 this pressure is equal to yh/2 since it varies from py = yh at Wd) Ain.) the inside of the edge to p. = 0 at the outside (see the figure 0 2.06 below), 0.221 2.44 ‘Compare the experimental and theoretical results and dis- 0.441 2.67 cuss some possible reasons for any differences between them. 0.662 2.94 0.881 3.16 Nie Weglectinig Pressure at the edges, For eguilibriim lw Oe on =o verbica/ Fe ia BL C width = 410.) LE sings = Wr, (1) utr j hy; t Facthe A = (A) 4.x tin) re © 2 ) Gass Thus A in.) sn 45° = D+ Bd, tx tin.) sin 45° = 4 jk 2 ( AH 45° ) tan or (tin) ¥ and with QW = o.fwelk, f= ae 2.63 \ we 0.742 Oly As 3 (Ree, (2) with fh ta inches and W tn Ibs. Ceont)2.103 (Cont ) Lt the chbect of pressure, , anand The tank edge is tncluded then Fy.) becomes 25 sds + pA = W+Wy, (2) where Ay ts the area of the tank fotprint . From Fig, P2103 Aye 2 [GoZin.x $m.) + Cen. « Zim) ] = 198 ie Por p=%h 9 l2) becomes yA? lyin) + FAA, = Wt Wark = 624 Ys E ye 5 and win f= SEER) Ane 198 tnt and QW, V4 Ib 1728 inde, A= O.yaet Ve77+h.93W (3) with A in inches ana YW 10 lbs, 4 Comparison of the Theoretical results, as expressed by Egs. (2) and 3), and experimental resus 1s shown in The graph below a HE 35 7 t +h, inches I a+ 2st [ 4 Bi Esperimental bi Lee! yee je 02 ° 02 o4 06 08 1 12 W, Ib2.104 2.10 — The device shown in Fig. P2.104 is used to investi- gate the hydrostatic force on a plane rectangular surface. The tank is filled with water to a depth h and the force R (applied at the location indicated) needed to open the rectangular gate is measured. Values of R and A obtained experimentally are shown in the table below. Use these results to plot a graph of the force Ras a function of the water depth. On the same graph plot the theoretical curve obtained by equating the moment that the ap- plied force produces about the hinge to the moment that the resultant water force produces. Compare the experimental and theoretical results and dis- cuss some possible reasons for any differences between them. Rib) 98 87 1 64 6.0 48 42 2.6 2OhA where * a & Ch-4in) (bra. * $n.) Lie £ Cin bin? yok = HH yy = hth, de® aA te (¥en) ri) ™ FIGURE P2.104 Water bd in. “ Ch- #in)" Ch Hin) For eguilibnim, = My =o Loin. So That (s5in WR)* [Ye~ Ch- in) lez) a 624 Yer aE 0) becomes k= 0.158 (3h-9in.) (z) where Ris in lbs with & tr inches. A Comparison of The MWeéovetical results, AS expressed by Eg.l2), ak The experi merttal results 18 Shown en The following Trph. With Fe and Ye given above ana o> (cont)(Cont) 2.104 1s 10 A, inches2.1R 2.4R (Pressure head) — Compare the column heights of water, carbon tetrachloride, and mereury corresponding to a pressure of 50 kPa. Express your answer in meters. path 3 For water : As Otte = sib om 2.80 410° os ee 2y¥ sox X, For carbon tebachbride: A= me W66xwr%, 3M for mercury * fz S04)0 me = 0.376 133 x10? & om2.2R 2.2R (Pressure-depth relationship) A closed tank is par- tially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure in the tank is 6 Ib/in.? and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the pressure in Ib/ft at the bottom of the tank? glycerin. ab 0 ~ » + ob u bb 1650 fe " (784 Bye ft) + (6 BEE ft* oft *)2.3R 2.3R (Gage-absolute pressure) On the inlet side of a pump a Bourdon pressure gage reads 600 Ib/ft? vacuum. What is the corresponding absolute pressure if the local atmospheric pres sure is 14.7 psia? Plabs) = P(gage) + p(atm) LA FF? ata Tagine) +47 psia = 10.5 psia =-600 4,2.4R 24R (Manometer) _ A tank is constructed of a series of cyl- inders having diameters of 0.30, 0.25, and 0.15 m as shown in Fig. P24R. The tank contains oil, water, and glycerin and a ‘mercury manometer is attached to the bottom as illustrated. Cal- culate the manometer reading, h. Mercury Figure P2.4R Pit Beit (lm) + Yao (om) + uy (0.2m) - yy 4=R Thus, mR (9 oe 4M) (0:10) + (at08 $Y) fostm) + (12.4%) (120) RN 133 ms = 0,0321™2.5R Air bubble a 2.5R (Manometer) A mercury manometer is used to mea- sure the pressure difference in the two pipelines of Fig. P2.5R. Fuel oil (specific weight = 53.0 Ib/ft®) is flowing in A and SAE 30 lube oil (specific weight = 57.0 1b/ft*) is flowing in B. An air pocket has become entrapped in the lube oil as indi- cated, Determine the pressure in pipe B if the pressure in A is 1533 psi FIGURE P2.5R: Grie 24). Pht Big, (BH) + Y, (Led) y (Sa), (aM oi Thus, p= (iss He\br it!) a.0 Bs) (At 0) + G47 AN #)-(0%,) (228) = abisdh = (28. GES) 18,2 P362.6R 2.6R (Manometer) Determine the angle @ of the inclined i tube shown in Fig. P2.6R if the pressure at A is I psi greater | than that at B. t aft 4 FIGURE P2.6R A+ (nolloz4#,)- (ho ez 48,)(io ft) 5100 = fr Thus, A -f = Co loz.44;) [00 At) 4in6 -1] Since B-B = | psc C4 (fe) 5100 -1 = C1 His Mew C0) (oz.4#, so That Sin @ = 0.331 or2.7R 2.7R (Force on plane surface) A swimming pool is 18 m long and 7 m wide, Determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force of the water on the vertical end of the pool where the depth is 2.5 m, b= width = 7m Fg = Yh A = (4.2024 (22% )( Ym 2.8m) = BIEN : tee = 7b mace) Yn? The where Lye Fz A 3 Thus, (Tom (2.50) + 25 = Lotm alee >= eect) de (2:52) (Ima 25m) The force of ale kN acts 1bTm below surface along vertical Centerline ef end.2.8R 2.8R (Force on plane surface) The vertical cross section ree of a 7-m-long closed storage tank is shown in Fig. P2.8R, The tank contains ethyl alcohol and the air pressure is 40 kPa, De- am| air termine the magnitude of the resultant fluid force acting on one end of the tank, + am | ethyt cohol — FIGURE P2.8R Break area into Hyree parts as shown in frgure, 0 For arew | = fe thi, = (102 Vom nam) = too tu [ENT For area 2%: (From Table 1.6 Yety! = 7.14 84 ) ®@ Slebte Fane #4 + tes Ar = (40 AM ) (mx 4an) + C7 BH) ($2 am x 4m) = $¥4¢4 AN 6 For area 3: Fa* fay As + ates Ay = (RM L)(amrim) (1.74 4 N/E) tm )(4) 2m 4 0m) = 243 by Thus, Fase, thea ths = leo kw + ¥¢4y ~ 27kN = FH AN2.9R 2.9R (Center of pressure) A 3-ft-diameter circular plate is located in the vertical side of an open tank containing gasoline. The resultant force that the gasoline exerts on the plate acts 3.1 in. below the centroid of the plate. What is the depth of the liquid above the centroid?2.10R 2.10R (Force on plane surface) A gate having the trian- |p. [emmeerne gular shape shown in Fig. P2.10R is located in the vertical side of an open tank. The gate is hinged about the horizontal axis AB. The force of the water on the gate creates a moment with Water Vertical respect to the axis AB. Determine the magnitude of this mo- °\"" wall ment [Fe 6m FIGURE P2.10R_ 2 2 Fath A where Ae? Pmt Flom) = om Thus * fee (00, Nizm) (Eom xbm) = 2/2048N Te locate Fry 4, Zs th, with Yer te 50 Thad 1c 3 4p = aelben Mem)? ns lant ® Camb Nom)}* Thus, te determme the moment about AB Ee = 3 Y Mig = 120 x07) (4m 12.1614 ) ‘ = 3990 £N-m teem ag2.41R 2.11 (Force on plane surface) The rectangular gate CD of Fig P2.11R is 1.8 m wide and 2.0 m long. Assuming the ‘material of the gate to be homogeneous and neglecting friction at the hinge C, determine the weight of the gate necessary to keep it shut until the water level rises to 2.0 m above the hinge FIGURE P2.11R, Rath A where he = don + 4 [Elam)] = 22am Thus, Fe= (4.30 BEV 2.8m 1B x dm) = 93.8 4AN Alse, Lee In” GA so that : Ye * CEM Bm Mam)” 3.5m = 3, 5950 Ro (3, Sm) (1.82 x 200) +4, where 9.7 For eguil brium , ZMy=0 (Woke: Sek Fy=0 to obtein minimum wend and whiz) Gm] ~ fe (y- 7H) = 0 (993 AN)( 3.5450 — 2.5m) 4) [Gem] or = /802N2.12R 2.12R (Force on curved surface) _A gate in the form of a Tainter partial cylindrical surface (called a Tainter gate) holds back ‘water on top of a dam as shown in Fig. P2.12R. The radius of the surface is 22 ft, and its length is 36 ft. The gate can pivot yz. about point A, and the pivot point is 10 ft above the seat, C. EF Determine the magnitude of the resultant water force on the Water gate. Will the resultant pass through the pivot? Explain i FIGURE P2.12R Let & be force of gate on Aucd a qnd beydA = (62.4 8, (LE) lott 304) = 112,000 Ib > 4" (Nok: AM fous 2 in £8) “a Rs (624 )(10 tt) (2, * 36 ft) be Sih OF # = fizy & . OF aT.0° ( 4 53 Y(ie FE) (2.40 Fx 3644) fgg! Sg # 22 Lan = 53, goo Ib = 22- 22 cos and = 24048 we ¥ H,. = U(hcce x 3b te) where + Aeve* Peon Bee (tox Bye) - Ance Aoce = Ance ~ = 7 (224t)" (22) -4 (soft « [22 cos a10}fe) = Ibo a Thus , Aeoe = (10 fx 240ft) — bo ft® = 8.00Ft* and we (62.4 Bs) (800 Hr) (se #e) = 18,000 Ib2.12R continued For eguilibrium , ZF =o or bot = 112,000 lb Also * Zhyz0 OF Fag BW = 53, Golb- 1% 00018 = 3590016 Th us, , , EE fh) *} (y)* = Gor, oooh) *, (5,100 /)* = /19, 000 |b The direction of all ditferental forces acting on the gate 1s perpendicular to the gate surface, and Therefore, the resultant must pess through the intersechén of all these fortes Which '$ at pomt A, Yes. force distribution gale: circular arc centered at A2.13R (a) @) 2.43R (Force on curved surface) 2 A conical plug is located in the side of a tank as shown in Fig. 2.13R. (a) Show that the horizontal component of the force of the water on the plug does not depend on h. (b) For the depth indicated, what is the mag- nitude of this component? FIGURE P2.13R, Consider a eylinder of Flurd of diameter, D, and length, 4, with The plug removed (see figure). Tre pressure clistributrens ever the right and leLt surfaces ave shown. We note that the Pressures cance/ except for the center area of diameter, d. The pressure distribution over ths center avea will yield « resultant which is independent of A and depends only on the fluid specific weight , the tluid depth, and tne hole diameter, dt For a circular A= Yh A = (oa ft.) (is 44)(3 Vise)” area of diameter, A=ItE, = 735 |b2.14R 2.14R (Force on curved surface) The 9-ft-long cylinder of Fig. P2.14R floats in oil and rests against a wall. Determine the horizontal force the cylinder exerts on the wall at the point of contact, A The horiganta | forces acting on the free-bedy-diagranm ave shown en The figure. Foy eguili brim, 5 2 A~-R Areal ‘Area2 Where Fos The horiqonte J force the wall exerts on the cylinder. Since 7 Re, A = (oto H,) (EE lee case = 49230 |b and Fut ¥ ter An = (1.0 #5) (344+ See) (364 <9) = 6430 |b then F,= 9230 b- 6930 = 2300 Ib —> on “he wall2.15R 2.16R (Buoyancy) A hot-air balloon weighs 500 Ib, in- cluding the weight of the balloon, the basket, and one person. ‘The air outside the balloon has a temperature of 80 °F, and the heated air inside the balloon has a temperature of 150 °F. As- sume the inside and outside air to be at standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia, Determine the required volume of the balloon to support the weight. If the balloon had a spherical shape, what would be the required diameter? Volume = For eguilibriim , Z Frerkical = so That Fo Mae My Tote Where * ar B= buoyant force Wa = weight of air inside balloon W, w= weignt ef basket and load Thus, (8 outside ) Sal *(Yrinde) Ye +, ay aie aie From the deal gas lau pzeRT = gear or = at oe oF For outside alr with T= 80°F + ¥60= S¥0°R, oa Yeoutase = (322 aa Yl Be live oe) ee (171 F4, ) (540) Similarly tor inside aie with T= 1s0°F +¥bo =b/0°R, tb = 0.07356 ke . ‘” bw). de Vuiside = (S28 Keorse Zs) = 0.00512 Bs er Thus, from gl) foo lb ; we . TE ~ 5, obsia se * 94, 200Ft ¥ ous ide ~ Diriide 0.07356 G5~% jes For spherical shape (with d= diameter), X q%= 57 200ft? so ted d= ¥e3 ft2.16R 2.16R (Buoyancy) An irregularly shaped piece of a solid material weighs 8.05 Ib in air and 5.26 Ib when completely submerged in water. Determine the density of the material Wis are) = fg x (volume) eshere p~ density of maternal W Gh water) = fg « (volume) - buoyant foree Thus, = Pye (volume) ~ 4, 4* (volume) W Cis air) . P . ! W (in water) ?-fro |- Pe 2 or po Ces = Ne Bo, st _ Wn water) Sib 7 fe3 W Un air) !— Sou Fear Fana= CnoF ¥ Rin

thet ye seo0 4 __ = 738 bs SO Ma Ht ft) For the tank well AB, Faz the A Where he= #4 So Tat Fe= (138 fa ony Ex 9 Ft) = 75,000k4 A te 2 SH» pt 7) Yo = Zee py, where $7 To Saat LA ana 3 £ OM 1 ng = gaz ft Je To fjleohex8h) 75,000\b Oe 13,33) Thys,2.18R 2.18R (Rigid body motion) —_A container that is partially filled with water is pulled with a constant acceleration along a plane horizontal surface. With this acceleration the water sur- face slopes downward at an angle of 40° with respect to the horizontal. Determine the acceleration. Express your answer in m/s dz__ _% ag Gta, (eg, 2.28) Since gz. D coh tan ¥o @y,= gtanyo? = (7.81 & ) ton fo" = 977812.19R 2.19R (Rigid body motion) An open, 2-ft-diameter tank contains water to a depth of 3 ft when at rest. If the tank is rotated about its vertical axis with an angular velocity of 160 rev/min, what is the minimum height of the tank walls to pre- vent water from spilling over the sides? For free surface, ait, 4 a +h, (eg. 2.32) tt R, The volume of Fluid in the votating tank is quien by“! R R ag [amrkdr = an [(22t" « Ar )ar oO ‘o 4 2 wa Rk’ wh R 44 2 + ad a =o (lee Hien OH ede Let) (#8) + 7H, (fey + (32.288 ) a = w(2ie +h) £3 (uit 4, in £4) Since the inhal volume, yee hy, = 1 (i#t)* GH) = 30 Ht and te final volume must be egual, Bem ee 1 (219 +h.) t3= 3m £t* ana to = 0.820 tt Thus, from the first eguahon (4.232) ) 5 $ Ae wt 0.920 4 a Hn = (Woo BY, « ty Mid « tenth ) (ise) nn a f377 ee, aud + 08S = S18 ft3.1 3.4 Water fiows steadily through the vari- able area horizontal pipe shown in Fig. P3.1. The velocity is given by V = 10(1 + x)i ft/s, where xis in feet. Viscous effects are neglected. (a) De- termine the pressure gradient, ap/dr, (as a func- tion of x) needed to produce this flow. (b) If the pressure at section (1) is 50 psi, determine the pressure at (2) by: (i) integration of the pressure gradient obtained in (a); (ii) application of the FIGURE P31 Bernoulli equation (a) -ssine-3@ = eVX but O~0 and V=10(1+x) HA ee -evit or Hz -eViE =-¢ (i0lt#x) (00) Ths, 3 = -/, 14 SE (0B (144) , with X in feat 194(1+x) 4, a X2=3 (Of = -194 (14x) 0 thal hb = -194 {U4de fiesors! — X20 or f= Sopsi-194(3 2) (i = 50-10. =39.9 pst’ “) ptzeye “482, =f tek” +02, or with 2,72, P2048 0(r- WI) where V, 2 10(1+0) = /0fe = 10 (143) = 4o# Thus, 0, = Sopsi tt (1.94 ies) (10° - 40)Le ( 1 SE. it.) ) = 39.9 psi3.2 Repeat Problem 3.1 if the pipe is vertical with the flow down, (a) -¥sine -3 = eVEE — with O=- 90° and yertn) e ¥ BR =-pVdlry or B =-evil +F =-eliolita) (io) + Thus, 2B = -194 SUBUI0H)" (44) + 62.4 By, with X in feet = ~/9# (14x) #624 fo X2=3 ()l) = p99 (14x) 0624 0 thad (up = ffrvciin 482.4] de Arete “x0 on pf = Sopsi -194(3+2) $i ( Hii) + 62. rat, (j.) = 50 -/0.1443 = 4h2pst Rtzel "+02, = = prt Ze +022 op with 2,= 0, 2,=-3 ht and V,=sollt0) =f he lolit3) -40# dil) RB “Attell Vis) - 822 = sopes +4 (1.94 EL) ()0*-40*) ~ 52-4 fhe (-3 F) = 4Lapss3.3 3.3. Anincompressible fluid flows steadily past sure at the stagnation point (x = ~a) is po + acircular eylinder as shown in Fig, P3.3. The fluid pV3/2, as expected from the Bernoulli equation. velocity along the dividing streamline (—* = - x = —a) is found to be V = Vy (1 — wx’), Dividing where a is the radius of the cylinder and Vy is the streamline fo upstream velocity. (a) Determine the pressure Y% gradient along this streamline. (b) If the upstream pressure is po, integrate the pressure gradient to obtain the pressure p(x) for -» xtra) = Em3.20 j } 3.20 A jet of water flows from a nozzle of diameter dy with speed Vo as shown in Fig. P3.20. gible, determine the is for a situation in which the lowing fluid ait into which it flows. For example, consider a jet of air injected into surrounding ait as shown in Fig. P3.20b 4 and show that the diameter remains constant, independent of z ; : E P3.20 From the Bernovili equation: ae prez tev" =p, +82, +4 0h", where the pressure in the a jet is equal to thal in the air. Thus, in the surrounding static air, p= po-tidé -20) z a) For the water jet? From Eqs, (1) and (2) with 2, =0 (datum) Po VainZ +U,92 +zey? = fo +epy °" gay? = 5 QM ~ Gro~ Sain )E @) ee ve C7 and %, >> Vain So that Ey.3 becomes V=[Wi-agz]” From the continuity equation VA=A, or Fd7V =£d, ” Ve 4 V = de = del iciga] de [1-246 1° b) For the air jet + From Egs. (1) and (2) with Z,=0 Pro Gin 2 + VainZ *Z Qin v7 =fot % Pain Vo which gives simply ve Thus, trom Eg. 4 dzd,3.21 3.21% Water flows from a pipe of diameter 20 mm with a flowrate Q as shown in Fig, P3.21 Plot the diameter of the water stream, d, as a function of distance below the faucet, /, for val- ues of 0 Sh S 1 mand 0 = Q = 0.004 mvs Discuss the validity of the one-dimensional as- sumption used to calculate d = d(h), noting, in particular, the conditions of small and small Q. FIGURE P3.21 art +, Bik +22, where p > S&S 2 83.32 3.32 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.32. Determine the difference in manometer level, for a flowrate of 0.10 m°/s. FIGURE P3.32 Mrz, = “Bik tt, , where 2,722 and Y=K=o aes & = be which means that h=0 for ony @.3.33 3.33. Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in k > Fig. P3.32. Determine the difference in manometer level, h, for | a flowrate of 0.10 m'/s, FIGURE P3.33 v2 2 H+ teee, Be Baz , where 2,722 and =e Thus, a 2 & which means that h- yy?) or L2823.52 3in. 3.52 Natural gas (methane) flows from a 3-in.-diameter gas, lin. through n.-diameter pipe, and into the burner of a at a rate of 100 ft°/hour. Determine the pressure in the ( 's main if the pressure in the 1-in. pipe is to be 6 in. of water greater than atmospheric pressure. Neglect viscous effects, Py tE 02482, = fa thee +82, where 7,221 w and i=) ke with a Q= 100 fF x gules = 0.0276 £ and pa= feli(o24 fp) 3129 Thus, Vy = 2227895 oo spe ttls and Blair = ree + Sv0 a Hence, since = 1.29x/0 stig Stas ( see Table 117) £9./ becomes = fp, + £0(M-V?) ann + £(izenio® BE) [ (sso BY fo.s6ekt)? ] =(3.2 +0. ores) #8 Bw or A 2 31.217 fh3.53 3.53 Air flows through a flowmeter and out a nozzle as shown in Fig, P5.53, A Pitot tube connected to a water-filled ced at the exit of the led manometer is used to mea difference across the flowmeter. The basic flowmeter equation can be written as Q = Kh!?, with Q in ft/s and h in inches. For standard air flowing through the system, determine & (including units) if h = 5.4 in. when H= 25 in manometer is 1.17-in.-dia Flowmeter Ptt0M =p td ele FIGURE P3.53 where 9,79, V,=0, and p,= Yigg H = 62.4 Bi (25 11) = 13.04 Thus, with V=y,, k tpv2=p, or V= 2p -f 2.(13.0 Ib/#™ | = sons ft e 0,002.38 slugs /#3 Thus, : Q=AV= E (L2H 047 B) = 0.702 £ so that - @ . 0.762% “t= ~C54inye ye = 0.3373.54 3.54 © The center pivot irrigation system shown in Fig. P3.54 is to provide uniform watering of the entire circular field. Water flows through the common supply pipe and out through 10 y spaced nozzles. Water from each nozzle is to cover a feet wide as indicated. If viscous effects are negligible, ¢ the diameter of each nozzle, d,,’ = 1 to 10, in terms of the diameter, dio, of the nozzle at the outer end of the arm. Pivot ply pipe ~ Nozzle FIGURE P3.54 Ve on tf Ng Ve "To In time t =time for one revolution of supely pipe about center pivot a unitorm depth, h, of water is to be apolied throvghovt. Thos, Q; = volume flowrate from nozzle i = Ah /t where “ A; = area covered by é” nozale = (r;*-r/) But Vz = a where Pap = pressure in the supply pipe= constant. so that & =A, Fd; *y, = Bd? 2 702 here d; =diameter of i% nozzle. oe * Bai \2Ee ay (a a Bde Bae But, from Eq, (1): @ Ah/E . Ag. ne) © Uren) @) Qo Fiab/é = Aw ~ Cie (300% -2704) Thus, trom Eqs. (2) andl3)? ¢ rn, tt d:/dyo T 30 0.229 2 60 0.397 Fe Te 3 90 0.513 These results are given 4 120 0.607 in the table. s 150 0.688 6 180 0.761 7 210 0.827 8 2#0 0.989 q 270 0446 g Loo3.55* 3.55* Water flows froma large tank and through. a pipe of variable area as shown in Fig. P3.5S. The area of the pipe is given by A = Ag [1 — x(1 — x/()/20)), where Ay is the area at the be- ginning (x = 0) and end (x = 0) of the pipe ——| Free jet Plot graphs of the pressure within the pipe as a : - Sho function of distance along the pipe for water depths of h = 1.4, 10, and 25 m. | x=0 FIGURE P3.55 1 Ve = e = Hie +2, Ge +22, where p-p.<0, V=0, 2)=h, andZz=0 Thus, Va=/2gh Also, at any x location AV=AzVs so that with Ax= Ao V= 4, and Biba = Gh tz, on p= th-teV'=th-te(BYtagh) Thus. p= thli-()] , or with B= 900 he P= 9.80h "art iy where h~m Qa Plot p=pl#) for OFF! with h=1,4,/0, and 25m Program P3#55 shown belwwas used to calcvlate the resvits. 1. pen "prn"for output as #1 BCE EET, BRBS RODE EBA SAGO GSE IIIS DSBS RDO EIS IORI! 130 print#i, "** This program calcuates the pres: tH, variable area pipe. JUL) THebibbnnebboi bo ie cra IGA SSSA CHIDO SOROS AIO EI EM “with h #84 HH mshi} kN/m2" )*(1-1/(1-. SRL (1-1) 7 "te HE (con't)3.55* (con't) The calculated results are shown below, loluioiciokicoi idoka idiokiioii ade ci ae iokioriociGmicliariinkaakkickiak am calcuetes the pressure in 2 ie ea pipe. ee JOSS SSO SIORI SS ICISISCIIIOI AI IAEA RACK KH -00 m With h = 10.00m Pp, kN/m2 x/L P, kN/m2 +1. 460E-08 -9.600 +1.460E-07 53E-04 +0.100 ? 778E+00 +0. 200 -434E+00 +0, +0, +0, +1.168E-05 With h = m #/L kN/m2 -9.000 1E-07 +0.200 ~2.363E+0L 9 -114E+00 40.209 4 WEEEFOL +0.300 + 737E+00 +0.300 6.086E+01 +0400 142E+01 30 -7. AS7EFOL +0,590 + 200E+04 90 OE+OL +0.600 142E+01 +0.600 37E+01 +0.700 «73 7E+00 +0.706 8EE+CL +0,800 -114E+00 +0.800 4GE+OL +6.900 + 7T81E+00 +0.900 ~2.363E+01 +2.000 6738-06 +1.000 +2,921E-05 0.6 0.8 Lo3.56* 3.56" Air flows through a horizontal pipe of variable diameter, D = D(x), at a rate of 1.5 ft'/s. The static pressure distribution obtained from a set of 12 static pressure taps along the pipe wall is as shown below. Plot the pipe shape, D(x), if the diameter at x = 0 is 1, 2, or 3 in. Neglect viscous and compressibility effects Aes Meyz, = Si vez , where Zo=2 24 Thus, pe Ve i+ eee with wea Foe =e E where det and ° Fo P= Sig lho-h) = S22 in ~h) = $.20(I- ne wih hein. Hence, with = 2.98 x10" i we oblain y= [(4g Lay, 10.1 (hd 10.4 (Ih) * [ae syzr0lr)] o 2.3ax103 | Alse, AV=Q or £0°V=@ so that # [#y'- [eegpy Ww or when combined with Eq.c) 1.382. D> sya es. SB oH, hein Bs voarar-n)] ft where Dy tt, h~in. 2) Plot D= Di) with D,=7k,&, and tH, vsing the valves of h=hty from the table. Note * h is the same a “p Cin, H20)" in the table. Program P3456 shown below was used to calevlate the results. ERICEIRA SERIE the diameter as a **" for *#N250 for i = 1 to 3 260 tH, " " 270 print#l, using "With DO = ## ##### £t";DO(i) 280 print#1, "x, in D, ft" 290 j = 1 to 13 900 D = 1.382/((3.65/D0(i)"4) + 4370* ~- h(3)))70.25 310 print#i, using "##.8eR #.#EHCTTU Ex (5).D 320 next j 330 i Tope obbbb bobobrinbobsnicniiicininbetitiinbiiccticiictace # ‘This program calculates the diameter as a ** #* funetion of distance along the pipe ad ** yarious inlet diameters. * JRO C SSS SEO GSISS CECE SHO RIGCI BS EES DSA = 0.08333 ft With DO = 9.16667 ft With DO = 0.25000 ft D, ft x, in D, ft x, in D, ft 8. 0.000 1.666E-01 0.000 2.500E- 8 1.060 1.573E-01 1.000 2. 8. .000 2. 444E-01 2.000 i. a. 000 1.287E-01 3.000 1. b. 4.000 1.367E-01 4.000 1. 8.247E-02 5.000 1.465E-01 5.000 1 8.260E-02 000 1.490E-01 000 8.266E- 02 7.000 1.501E-01 +000 1.812E-01 8. 8.000 1.518E-01 000 1.856E-01 8. 9.000 1.554E-01 000 1.962E-01 8. 10.000 1.591E-01 10.000 2.094E-01 8 11.000 1.630E-01 11.000 2.271E-01 8. 12.000 1.666E-01 12.000 2.500E-013.57 »y 3.57 The vent on the tank shown in Fig. P3.57 is closed and the tank pressurized to increase the flowrate. What pressure, p, is needed to produce twice the flowrate of that when the vent is open? Vent FIGURE P3,57 With the ee open* 2 Att +2, -BAiwin where py fn=0, V=0 ,2,=0 4G Ths, a ze woop = bez, = [228 2h )(i#t) = 25.48 To have fete the flowrate with the vent closed (p, #0)* Biz = where for this case V7 2(25.4H)< soe# am ead) or fy = 1878 ff = (2.088 (50.8 #)? + loft = A> se 2032.28)3.58 7" uy y FIGURE P3.56 3.58 Water flows steadily through the large 0.03 —m diameter tanks shown in Fig, P3.68. Determine the water depth, Hy For steady thw, @,= Gy where QynAee with Brea, Gah tA where Be = fy =O qnd = Thos, or 3 9,= Flo osmY (6.26 2) = 0, 0/23 Vy =f 29 (2s- Zn) = ¥2(9s1 B)(2m) =6.262 Als % A+ 2 4 so the v= 29hy Thus, Arv, = Gor FE (0.0amy [2 (9.815 )hy =0. ons 2,24 hezs where f-fa0 and x03.59 0.5 in. Hg vacuum 0.6-in 3.59 _ Air at 80 °F and 14.7 psia flows into the tank shown diameter in Fig. P3.59. Determine the flowrate in ft/s, Ib/s, and slugs/s. a ion Assume incompressible flow. FIGURE P3.59 +e +22 Br +2, where z,=22 , f)=0, Y=0 This, Ke log Be =-2 1) (AE Fe - where ert = F oko = 2.2eni0° she i) Fi ne) (vie t20)"e ‘ Hencs, with Ax . he - (047 a) (28 ft) =-95.3 fe Ve fF 2 ‘sey = 176ft 2.28K/0 a Thos, = Aa, = 2(95648h (176) m=eQ= (2.20%107 SYP) (0,346 £) d an gn = = (32.28 #) (z.89a/0* MY = 0.028413.60 3.60 Water flows from a large tank as shown in Fig. P3.60. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psia and the vapor pressure is 1-60 psia. If viscous effects are neglected, at what height, fh, will cavitation begin? To avoid cavitation should the value of D, be increased or decreased? To avoid cavitation should the value of D, be increased or decreased? Explain By ve fi et ag +Z, = fa ee, Thus, - yt neg +35 However, AV = Ae on Y=(22V i where “ Ay +H +3, -Biagrns ara we ce that so that, ye, a. (BM 2/2) 24 29 | (D3 =41n i o 2 m TT] 3.87 The specific gravity of the manometer fluid shown in Fig, P3.87 is 1.07. Determine the volume flowrate, Q, if the flow is inviscid and incompressible and the flowing fluid is t-y—ls (a) water, (b) gasoline, or (¢) air at standard conditions. 10 mm| fetid h FIGURE P. 2 2 1 Mey Be Me = = tag te crt ag +E where #,=2, and Ve Thus, Z = 22. = fr ; Vay 29 () But PEL gh = fa t¥(L+h) a fi =(n-0Ih 0 that Ea.) becomes Y= 29 Un =F)" = 2 (4.81%) (4 geie®)ooom ce This, —— Q=AN = Entry, = Floormy [200.81)(* -|e2) or —_, 4 Q = 3.99x)03 | 2H -) here ym A4 For the given fos this gives? 3 I m Flvid fy +4 @ water 1,06 X/0 3.02 x/0? (8 gasoline @ air 0.83.68 3.68 IP-4 fuel (SG = 0.77) flows through the Venturi meter shown in Fig. P3.68 with a velocity of 15 ft/s in the 6-in. pipe. If viscous effects are negligible determine the elevation, /t, of the fuel in the open tube connected to the throat of the Venturi meter. V = 15 tts FIGURE 03.68 fe Ber re, Boy Als, AY, = dave or Vi B= (BY, GBs a sare Thus, with B= =6ff Fol) becones (23.75 Hh)? Is Spt Senay 7 ot Meee or B= -7.53 Ft But a A so that h= 753 ft a 42, where 2,-0,2,-2H, 0) and V2 15 146 2G2.2dk) * 72 a3.69 3.6% — Repeat Problem 3.68if the flowing fluid is water rather than JP-4 fuel. Note from the solution to Problem 3.68 that the value of Sis not needed, Thus, |= 753 ft for either water or JP-4 fuel.3.70 3.70 Air at standard conditions flows through the cylin- 8 drical drying stack shown in Fig. P370. If viscous effects are | negligible and the inclined water-filled manometer reading is — 20 mm as indicated, determine the flowrate. FIGURE P3.70 te where 2,=0, Z2-L and Bet Mea = Be 4 zy 4 a - ee binan 44 -#iu er vt =4#l, Ve “ei. = Of - -£ a However, 2 tth+¥mh = ~~ U(L-h-4) where h =eonmsin en fife -(“2 -ih+h (2) By combining Egs.(l) and (2) ISM _ [Sp _ on A corr aeGgDh = psc (220me" 28000" ~ |\0.02 sini) = 2352 1 2 2 m Q=AV, = FDY =F (amy (2.35%) = 738-43.71 T FIGURE P3.7! 3.71 Oil flows through the system shown in Fig. P3.7/ with negligible losses. Determine the L flowrate. oaneh } N\so = 25 At +z, °-@ GiBin where 2,=0, 2,= 514, and y=o Also, Vo= “Ar 4: ' Thus, Lich. = 2,+¥y where +0 “feted a Pte =L 4+ Sp with L-4 =5hH-h Thus, the manometer a gives Lf & -SAHE-h Combine Egs. (1) and (2), using Ae 5H fo obtain BG “(F Ih =( “Ih or HEED 2(32.28 &)(28- oat) = 27 2 Thos, Q= Aa\; =(20i0*x ee aaa = 130% cis3.72 3.72 Determine the flowrate through the sub- merged orifice shown in Fig. P3.72 if the con- traction coefficient is C = 0.63. an ABH at 3.in. 2tt diameter GURE P3,72, BoM sz, tp #2, where p,=0, V=0, 2)=4H, Zz, ee fee <2 tt Thus, ae e V7 =2f4 fa tl 2H Wrz) “M “34 # sot Q ony = GAs Ve =(0.63)- CE AY isef) -085)3.73 p< 7380) — 3.73 Determine the flowrate through the G) re = 980 4F2 Venturi meter shown in Fig. P3.73 if ideal con- @ ditions exist. aaa y= 9.1 KINI FIGURE P3.73 Ait Bez - Boon, where 2, = 22 and Al =Aly 22) Thus, Y= 4 Ay a= “(3) ; y a+ By De + fe, Ve 2g 4 29 or 7 (P-#2) (73s -sso)kPa ye EGfe! | 2(96132) (9/8). oy gm poy (bay u os y 1-G® 5 - (8) ! 3imm so that Q=Ar\, = BOM =F loom)’ (215 2)= 6 oxo? Be3.74 3.7% For what flowrate through the Venturi meter of Prob. 3.72 will cavitation begin if p, = 275 kPa gage, atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs), and the vapor pressure is 3.6 kPa (abs)? y= 9.1 KNm3: 2 a) ames +2, of 4 eee, where 2,= 22 , p= 3-6 haabs and fy =(@75+/01)kFalabs) = 376 kPalabs) (376 -3.6 KP, 2(4.812) “Fie 79 am \t | -(3imm Thus, : Q=Aa\y = #0, he =F (0.019 ny (30.62) = 8,68x103.75 3.75 What diameter orifice hole, d, is needed if under ideal On Grn conditions the flowrate through the orifice meter of Fig. P3.75 = is to be 30 gal/min of seawater with p — py = 2.37 Ib/in2? () t ‘The contraction coefficient is assumed to be 0.63. &y i "T FIGURE P3.75 a Att 5 Paz, -B G+ Maz, where Z)=Z2 , G= 0.63, With and p,- fy =2.397 psi @ =(30 24 s0) (4 Vip) -aoweo and = 640 fs it follows that “8 Vi = = = Fant = 3,06 fH ai BAW . Thus, £gl) gives Loca 8) 2(a.2 (22707 Ve | ag BP - ~ fered) +2(022 4 (287 x44 Ye 10.8 Thus, since Q= Aah =GFd*y it follows that d=|-574 1* | feeceeeS treet = 0.084741 = 1016 in [7G al “7 (.83)(188E)| ~~ eee3.76 3.76 An ancient device for measuring time is shown in Fig. P3.76. The axisymmetric vessel is shaped so that the water level falls at a constant rate, Determine the shape of the vessel, R = R(2), if the water level is to decrease at a rate of 0.10 m/hr and the drain hole is 5.0 mm in di- ameter. The device is to operate for 12 hr without needing refilling. Make a scale drawing of the shape of the vessel. 2 2 FIGURE P3.76 Bir qez Hix +2, if the flow is assumed to be quasi-steady. Also, $,=0, (79, 2," 2%, and z,70 Thus, x o re which, if W 5.0mm), becomes = f2g2 Since AV =Aalk and =[4|=0. Fo (ates) we obtain = 2.79x/0° 2 TR (2.78x10 2) = £ (0.005 m)*y 2 (9.8) 4) Zz, where Rand # are ~m Thus, R= 0.998 2% or z,m | R,m 0 0 ol 0.56! 0.2. 0.667 Oo” 0.794 06 0.878 08 0.944 Lo 0.998 12 10453.78* 3.78* A spherical tank of diameter D has a drain hole of diameter d at its bottom. A vent at the top of the tank maintains atmospheric pres- sure within the tank. The flow is quasisteady and inviscid and the tank is full of water initially. De- termine the water depth as a function of time, h = h(®), and plot graphs of h(#) for tank diam- eters of 1, 5, 10, and 20 ft if d = 1 in. Vee Hates a = apt te where 0.70, fn 0,2,=h , 2,0 and ye-Bey, ifrod Thos, Vy =/Zgh which when combined with A= Azle gives -A, 4h =Ay2gh or -T Pr eal = Bd? hgh a where Ree n2s(h-Rh : with ReP. =radivs of tank — h-R Kn Thos, pa R*-U-RF 0 thal Eyl) becomes oR’ (h-Ry] Sh = £ Yagh %-2Rh%) dh =F Lee dF ye which can be integrated from oe ARH) dh the initial time and depth (to 4=2R) toan arbitrary time and. t depth (4,4) as h ((i-29n'04 - OE fat oO ” 2.(n% -(ory*) - n(n (ony) = P24 Use d= rx ft and Gr 922 fE and plot A=hti) for values of R= 0.5, 2.5,5, and /0ft Note: Uf is easter 40 solve Ey.(2) as t-t(h) rather than h=htt) Note: The time taken to empty the tank, t,, is obtained from £g.(2) with h=0 as fe Sh Re PF (con't)3.78* 100 110 120 130 140 150 ¢ 160 170 180 190 200 205 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 (con't) Eq (2) is vsed in Program P#3.78 fo defermine h=h id). els open “pra” for output as #1 BENE, HRGGSO ROBO SS IIASA ADRAC IDRIS HOR DAO OEE IODA AEH print#1, "** This program calculates the liquid depth in print#1, "** spherical tank as a function of time. printi#1, print#1, "With © = HR BEM pr print, ft t, 3" qd = 1/12 a = 4/ (dae (2*32.2)70.5) h = 2%r + 0.2%r for j = 1 to 11 h=h - 0.2%r if h < 0 then h = 0 t = ak((2/5)¥*(h°(5/2)-(2%r)7(5/2)) ~ (4/3) #r*(b7 1. 5~ (2%) 71.5)) print#1, using " ##.## HeRR ht next j next i SESE SE SSE ESE OI SS IORI IORIOOOSII SIONS ISR ** This program calculates the liquid depth in +e ** spherical tank as a function of time. we SEO OOOO ICSE SII ISI IORI I ADIDAS With r= 0.50 ft With r = 5.00 ft h, ft t, s h, ft ts 1.00 .Q00E+00 10.00 0. 000E+00 0.90 -467E-01 9.00 1.096E+02 0.80 336E+00 8.00 &.225E+02 0.70 886E+00 7.00 2. 127E+02 0.60 -907E+00 6.00 1.552E+03 0.50 + 29BE+00 5.00 2.308E+03 0.40 + 940E+00 4.00 3.143E+03 0.3 = 269E+04 3.00 4. O14E+03 0.20 /S37EHOL 2.00 4. 862E402 0.10 TI2E+OL 1.00 5.603E+03 0.00 <914E+01 0.00 6.053E+03 With r = 2.50 ft With r = 10.00 ft hy, ft t, 8 hy ft ts 5.00 0. 000E+00 20.00 0.000E+00 4.50 1.938E+01 6. 202E+02 4.00 7.468E+01 2.390E+02 3.50 613E+02 5.163E+03 3.00 + 743E+02 8.778E+03 2.50 - OBOE+02 1.305E+04 2.00 SSTEHO2 1.7 78E+04 1.50 -096E#02 2.271 E404 1.00 S94EFO2 2. 750E+04 0.50 9. 905E+02 3. 169E+04 0.00 -070E+03 3.U24E+04 (con't) IEEE SE EI SI IS SIEGES SESE ICSE ISCO IE OIA SA IOI3.78* (con't) Sample results are plotted below. r=0.50ff 0.6 o4 0.2 P %0 5 “07 Is 20 $ r=loft oO 10,000 20,000 4 5 39,000 40,000 23.79* 3.7% — An inexpensive timer is to be made from a funnel as indicated in Fig. P3.7¢. The funnel is filled to the top with water and the plug is re- moved at time ¢ = 0 to allow the water to run out. Marks are to be placed on the wall of the funnel indicating the time in 15-s intervals, from 0 to 3 min (at which time the funnel becomes empty). If the funnel outlet has a diameter of d = 0.1 in., draw to scale the funnel with the timing marks for funnels with angles of 0 = + 60°. Repeat the problem if the di changed to 0.05 in. Plug FIGURE P3.77 i a —R—4 +4 42s Thos, __ ea =¥2gh which when combined with AY, =ArVe gives At = A,fagh or -7R*- Ht = Fa*f2gh « where R=h tan® dh 2 ULE Ey. U) becomes —h* tan? R= £ Vegh * ye dh = eg dt which can be integrated from h=ho t=O as ve ] _ dee (v" dh = eee le res $1 ~ h, - ~ fino? Thus, 25 Q) 5 2 “ h= [ie a Vet) Since h=0 when t=3min SEY, it follows that, = /808 2): (32.2) (180s) ho” = sot = which when combined oF 8 gta at with a @) gives [sah [p (32.2 £4) (180s) y hg are | (1~ 760) dis UY h=15.2(q45-) (I- 7b) where h~ ft, d-t, andes (con't)3.79* — (con't) For £=0,15,30,...,/80s calculate h from £y. (2 with 8 = 30,45 and 60° and d= 0.1 and 0.05 in, The calcvlated data (from Program P3*77 ) and the corresponding funnels are given below, (Only the numerical results for d=0.05 in. and 6= 30 is shown) els open “pra” for output as #1 ILL, BoeictoecoI ada crncoinidoiciniioncic Sa ODORS SSRIS RE ET peint#1, "** This program calculates the water depth **" print#1, "* in the funnel as a function of time, for **" print#1, "** various outlet diameters and funnel an print#i, "** angles. ex BT THE. USGS Ga Gb a SOS IO ORO RES ISSR C EOC ADO IARI AHEM dt = 15 dth = 15 dd = 0.05/12 a=0 for i= 1 to 2 a= d +d th = 15 for 3 = 1 to 3 th = th + dth print#i, "" print#1, using “For d = #.#### in and theta = ##.## deg";@*12,th t = -dt print#i, " t, s b, ft" for k = 1 to 13 tate de if t = 180 then goto 306 else goto 310 h=0 goto 320 15.2¥(d/tan(3.14159*th/180})°0.8*(1-t/180)"0.4 h print#l, using " ###.## +H HES th next k i AE SICIOIOICI IG ISIDOO ICIS EICO RSI T EI SIOCI II ISIICICK next i *¥ This program calculates the water depth ak funnel as a fui ion of time, for ** ** various outlet diameters and funnel ** angles. + SESS OM SSIS OIE oI oInSIoSIa IS a IOOIOII SORE IOS IRIE For d = 0.0500 in and theta = 30.00 deg ts h, ft 9.00 42,941E-01 15.00 +2, 841E-O1 30.00 42,734E-91 45.00 +2.621E-01 +00 +2. 501E-01 00 +2.371E-01 +00 42.2298-01 00 +2,072E-01 00 #1.895E-01 00 +1..689E-01 +00 41.436E-01 00 4+1.089E-01 00 +0. 000E+00 (con't)3.79* (con't) . The time interval markings for the six funnels (d= 0.05 in. or d=0.10ia. and 8= 30,48, 0r 60 degrees) ape shown to scale below. 03 hf O2 Od3.80 3.80 The surface area, A, of the pond shown in Fig. P3.80 varies with the water depth, h, as shown in the table. At time t = Oa valve is opened and the pond is allowed to drain through a pipe of diameter D. If viscous effects are negligible and quasisteady conditions are assumed, plot the water depth as a function of time from when the valve is opened (¢ = 0) until the pond is drained for pipe diameters of D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, FIGURE P3.80 and 3.0 ft. Assume h = 18 ftat = 0. Ae Misz, = Br oz, where fy +0, fae 0, %=h,z and ye-Hey, Thus, Va=2g(ht3) which when combined with AV=AV, gives - Ate F Zp a(h+3) where A, =A\(h) as given. vie can be rearranged , and integrated to give (ati = me dt =-foreg t =-F 0" fesz2t jaf ‘9 cs use A rats , where tos, Ay A? and he tt a” Note! It is easier to determine t aca fonction of h rather than h as a fonction of t Program P3#80 shown below was used to calculate the results. A(10), h¢10) 1 "pen" for ontput as #1 (con't)1 then goto 400 id to G-1 Y/R 05)43) 70.5 + AGeHL)/(hCk+1)43)°0.5, intgrl + 0.5*(h{ $e HEREC" SD k)-h(k+1) )*e +H RECT HCG)t Sample results are shown below Note: t~ D? LRH CRD HESS OEIC HOCH SOR DORIS OSORIO xk This program calcul *k as a fun ** meter outlet pipes. Integra’ ** by a trapezoidal approximation, JO OSES SO ISDA EES A IUGR AIA AAS AA AIRS! With D = h, ft 00 00 +00 00 90 0 1 u 4 oO 8 4 2. oO. +0. GO0E+00 E+04 +5. 953E+04 +8. 235E+04 41.015E+05 +1. 577EHO5 0.5x108 x10 ts ee o000ft tis +0.000E+00 +8.939E+02 41. 654E+03 +2.288E+03 +2.820E+03 +3.264E+03 +3.678E+03 +4.029E+03 +4. 27 7E+03 +4. 381E+03 1.5xio>3.81 3.81 Water flows through the br P3.81. If viscous effects are at section (2) and the pressure a ing pipe shown in Fig, * FIGURE P3.81 Along the streanine from (1) to (2): hire #2, = ee 4%, where 2,722.20 and = We Py =/o2# We Ar = “ome = 108 Thus, 2 2 300x/0°N/m* , (lom/sy _ fa + Mtmts) 7.80x10° Wim> " 2(9.6lm/2) — 9.80x/0°N ims * 27.81 m/s?) or f= 2.52x10 % = 252 kPe Along the streamline from (1) to (3): Bet 42,2 are +2; where since Q,=Q24Qs then YM Qs = Aa Vs = Q-Q =Q,-ArVe so that Qi Arve __Im%s -0.03m? (M4 m/s) _ a Mee a ream ISS Thus, Eo. (0 becomes (with 2,0, 2; = & Bz = Gre +2, where 2, 2 , ff = /0psi, Y= voll and V, = 208 fi (20 #)* 2 (32.28) a ib Pa = 50 5p = 7.98 ps! Qs = Q - AM ALNs Q, = lof - oo74f (20.04) -o24t'{20#) 3 = 39783.83 3.83 Water flows from a large tank through a large pipe that splits into two smaller pipes as shown in Fig, P3.83. If viscous effects are negli- gible, determine the flowrate from the tank and the pressure at point (1). FIGURE P3.83 2 fi Waa ths A, where 3-0, fy=9 , Yo=9, B= Im Thos, and Z,=4¢m ye \24(8- Za) = f2008/7-Om = 7.672 eam) = (29 (20-%) = 20081 B) (7m) = 172 Thos, 0 = O10, = FOKWtEO Qe F[lacamy? (2672) +(o0amY(UL7B)] = 9/0xi0 BE Also, Be deez, = AM ag, where 2,20 and 34 24 ne ns ee V=4 10X10 © “5 246g 4 Bloosme "898 - 4 3, (xs BY A= s]2.-3 fe] = 9.8080 H] 7m- - Sasi) | =5.79x 10 or ff = 529 kPa3.84 Qs te -0.20 ft oat 3.84 Water flows through the horizontal Y-fitting shown in Fig. P3.84 If the flowrate and pressure in pipe (1) are Q, = a 2.3 f/s and p, = 50 Ib/in2, determine the pressures, p2 and A Ps in pipes (2) and (3) under the assumption that the flowrate divides evenly between pipes (2) and (3). 028 ft FIGURE P3.87 r yw ti 5 +e +2, = B ta +22 where Z,=22 and Y u-# a & 5Q 2.3 fi \ ~ &e tus. Vi=— e235 = 32,5ff n= Ay’ a Thus, V, F (0.3#1)* 32.59 and ( ) (0.5)(2.3 % tH Fo = 23.40 50 that Eyl) becomes % F (0254) S % «ptt ely-WA) = Sore dat goes? C20] p = 50psi +4938, (Ss. at) = 53,4 psi § imslarly da Q@ Bee, H, jit where #,=23 and V,--—$2=%E wosn(aa =) _ 36.6f Thus, Ve & (0.2044)* 3665 so that ; a ; iff P= ft (V;~Va*) = Ops: +d cise ae logs, s}'-(36.8) ES) = 48/psi3.85 3.85 — Water flows from the pipe shown in Fig. one en P3,85as a free jet and strikes a circular flat plate. Diameter| | The flow geometry shown is axisymmetrical. De- — Z\ 2 termine the flowrate and the manometer reading. Sr Pipe: FIGURE P3.85 La +2 Bae +22, where £70, p70, Z, +0, and 2, 0.2m Thus, % os Bex where AVi=Anv =Q a _ D, Amy EXIE As ory = A= Fahy = Saby = fer i 16h Hence, Fa. 0) gives (aso) = ME +2(8.818)( 0.20) or V,= 1592 So Q= AV, = 7 (Ol m)(4210 “m)(1.592) = 2.00x10* LE Also, . a +z, 2 baz, , where V-0, 2,= 0.2m, YxLso\h = mye im Thos, V = 1600592) = 2.542 and p,=0 2 Hehe = Pag, = 2S) _ oan = 0.129 m 2(4.31B)3.86 3.86 Air, assumed incompressible and inviscid, flows into the outdoor cooking grill through nine holes of 0.40-in. diam- eter as shown in Fig. P3.86 . If a flowrate of 40 in.%/s into the grill is required to maintain the correct cooking conditions, de- @ termine the pressure within the grill near the holes. FIGURE P3.86 9 holes, each 0.40-in. diameter Q=9A,Ve where Q= 1B, = 0.0231 and y= Foe 1728 Thus, é y= Q __#Q _ 46.0231 #) = 2.44Ht GA, ~ 97 D> gn ( 2h) = Also, Hat ue gt? -#,¥ 2 4 Thus,” 2 a faz ~$0Ne = -F (2.38%10" slp (2.948) => 1,03 xj07 1B, or p= or where 70, #,=%2 , and \j=0 ~ 714 xo * psi3.87 3.87 A conical plug is used to regulate the air Pipe flow from the pipe shown in Fig. P3.97 . The air Ps leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thick- ness of 0.02 m. If viscous effects are negligible @ = 0.50 mils \ OES? and the flowrate is 0.50 m'/s, determine the pres- > NG sure within the pipe. FIGURE P3,87 where %,=Z2 and ~2=0 and 3 ~Q@. a_i. ose _ mn. Y= 4 anh ~ 2m (o,2myo.0am) =/7275° Thus, fet elVeRVA) =F (12349) 99% 12.0) Be = 1553.88 3.88 An air cushion vehicle is supported by forcing air into the chamber created by a skirt around the periphery of the vehicle as shown in Fig. P3.88. The air escapes through the 3-in. clearance between the lower end of the skirt and the ground (or water). Assume the vehicle weighs 10,000 Ib and is essentially rectangular in shape, 30 by 5? ft. The volume of the chamber is large enough so that the kinetic energy of the air within the chamber is negligible. Determine the flow- rate, Q, needed to support the vehicle. If the ground clearance were reduced to 2 in., what flowrate would be needed? If the vehicle weight were reduced to 5000 Ib and the ground clearance maintained at 3 in., what flowrate would be needed? Fan y & iD FIGURE P3.89 To support the load ark, where W=vehicle weight Also, fergie so that. Ve [EF on Ve and AA,=(30#t)(50F4) = 1500 #° where f,=9, Vo= and 25222 With h= ground clearance jt follows that Q= ALM = 2h(Ltb)%y where L=S0f and b= 30tt Thus, or : 2W Q= 2h (ost *80H) (iso0TPyTa. sana SIZ) Q= 198A WW FE where h~tt and W~lb Thus, if h =f and W=/9000 15 , then @= 3000 # it h = ZH and W=10,00018 , then Qe 2000 © and ifh= 7H and W=5,000/5 , then Q= aio &3.89 3.84 A small card is placed on top of a spool as shown in Fig. P3.87 . It is not possible to blow the card off the spool by blowing air through the hole in the center of the spool. The harder one blows, the harder the card “‘sticks”” to the spool. In fact, by blowing hard enough it is possible to keep the card against the spool with the spool tumed upside down. (Nove: It may be necessary to use a thumb tack to prevent the card from sliding from the spool.) Explain this phenomenon. 3 FIGURE P3.89 As the air flows radially outward in the gap between the card and the spool if slows down since the flow area increases with r, the radial distance from the center. That is, Q=2TrhV,or V= sor (see the figure), -—Texit 4 (i) Tf viscous effects are not important, h [ae 4 yi exit then 2 / a = 4 sy = constant =Catts Bi ] | or since fexit =O (a tree jet) it f follows that z 2. _f pa 4e( Yeu -V7) , where from Eg) Voy ~ VS i But fax >P so that p<0. There is a vacowm within the gap. The card is sucked against the spool. The harder one blows threugh the spool larger), the larger the vacwm, and the harder the card is held against the spool.3.90 3.90 Water flows over a weir plate which has a parabolic opening as shown in Fig, P3.90. That is, the opening in the weir plate vidth yere C is a constant, Determine the functional dependence of the flowrate on the head, @ = Q(#). FIGURE P3.90 Q= u dA where u is a fonction of h. That is, from e+ ae, = Be toes with Ha, Kee 7 4 20 (“tree jet’) and 2,2H-h or ye “a (H-#) #3 +2) 20 tig t (HA) Thos, U=\eghtv> = fogh if Vis “small” Also d= cVE de (ie. dAzodz tor 2-0, dAazcVt tor 220) so that Q = (agth cV dz where h=H-z. 20 4 Thus, Q= clhg {Yei-2* dz, where H eC gH (Verae= bfte-Lyyye-a + ( LY’ sin [(e-4 tw] Q rs which reduces to? ae = Ze iag H* That is Quit? Alternatively, Q= VA where the average yelocity is proportional to VW (i.e. V~ Vag) and the total flow area is proportional to H* (ae. A~ Hx (CHE) = CH), Thus, Q~ Vag (cH) = cag Ht That is, QrH" as obtained above.3.91 3.91 A weir of trapezoidal cross section is used to measure the flowrate in a channel as shown in Fig. P3.9/ . If the flowrate is Q, when H = (/2, what flowrate is expected when H = t? FIGURE P3.9/ Q=AV where itis expected that Vis a fonction ot the head, H. That is, V~J2gH Also, from the geometry Ax=2H(Lth,) where h=ht2d tan Thus, A= H(L + Htan 3°) so that Q=G teg (2+ H tan 30") H® where G, is a constant Let Q, = flowrate wien H= £ and Qy= flowrate when H=£ This, Qo. GG (+4 = tan30 (2) (1+ ttan30°) . Gig (2+ L tan 30°) (L)% ~ (T¥ tanaey(a%) 0-787 or Q,= 3-45 %3.92 3.92 Water flows down the sloping ramp shown in Fig, P3.92. with negligible viscous ef- fects. The flow is uniform at sections (1) and (2). For the conditions given show that three solutions for the downstream depth, fi, are obtained by use of the Bernoulli and continuity equations. However, show that only two of these solutions are realistic. Determine these values. Bee, -Bik oA +B Also, Ay =A Ve oof weed ~ 9 LY = e he 50 becenes oe 108th ay (Ua) 2 (32.2 ES 2(32.2) or 2 ry b44h; ~ 293 h> +100 =0 am Vy=10 ts—e [a 1 Ha2tt FIGURE P3.92 O) where p,=0 ; fy=9,2)= 344, and #,=h, thy By using a root finding program the three roots to this cubic eqation are found to be* ha = 0.630 ff hae #4eft or hy= anegative root Clearly it is not possible G (physically) to have h,<0 Thus, hy= 0.6301 or 48 A B483.93 3.93 The flowrate in a water channel is some- times determined by use of a device called a Ven- turi flume. As shown in Fig. P3.93 , this device consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the channel. If the water surface dips a distance of 0.07 m for the conditions shown, what is the flowrate per width of the channel? Assume the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are negligible. FIGURE P3.93 . a fe ea 42, BE +2, with fp=0, p,=0, z,=120, and 2 = .2m-0.07m= /,13m Also, Ali= Al ° ey 2 hem VM _ “Ge ing *(12=0.07-0.2)m ~ 429%, Thos, from Eq.(1)! a 2 te+z- Hew or [(u29) -1]M" = 20.81%) (.2-113)m F or Vy eae Hence, GF AV, =(.438 2) (1.2m) = 1,73 S3.94 3.94 — Water flows ina rectangular channel that is 2.0m wide as shown in Fig. P3.94. The up- 1100 mm. stream depth is 70 mm. The water surface rises a 40 mm as it passes over a portion where the chan- F 7 nel bottom rises 10 mm. If viscous effects are et al negligible. what is the flowrate? FIGURE P3.94 Bat +z) = Be Me Bez where ~y=0, p20, B,=0.07m, W and 2, = (0.01 +0.10)m = 011m Also, AM = Avy vt _2,07m oft Ve ha = 010m Vy, = 0.7% Thus, £4.01) becomes [1-0.77]V7=2(4.81 $F) (0.1 ~0.07)m or Vj= L242 Hence, Q=A,V, = (0.07m)(2.0m) (1.24%) = 0,174 £3.95 3.95 Water flows under the inclined sluice gate shown in Fig. P3.95. Determine the flowrate if the gate is 8 ft wide. fea +22 Gee +22 Thus, Brett = eit ag Bot AY =AM. ) or hz A= Shy, 2oy, Hence, "Ep 4) becomes Ye gy = CN i Sy tlt or [67-1] y? = 2 (32.24 )(6-I)# Hence, a Monee Ne. XP ole a | Late ona ee eee FIGURE P3.95 where ~, 20, fa*?, z= 6ft, and Z.=1ft a ft Y=3. 03a Q=A,V =64H (et) (3.03 Ht) = asf3.96 t Q=0.2f 3.96 Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m diameter at a rate of 0.2 m‘/s and a pressure of 200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine the velocity head and pressure head at elevations of |) 20 and 55 m. 9 02 mt D=0.15m = OFS Ly 3 Maye Ven gig = BE hed yg 7 = 25m wo At point (0): a nom «| co Ve 329 651m _ ag © 24.81% ny Le eo, as, or Bee G+ 2, -Z Ol ” fox 200 kK GR = Feo ket (25-20)m = 25.4m Ea 27 Similarly at point (2): ve. Me 2g 39 are fei Mei, shy vez, or "2g 2g Be Bia -% or kW Fe, _ 200 ma Se 2.80.44 = 6,5/m + (25-S5)m = 7m3.97 2-in--diameter hose 3.87 Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.64. FIGURE P3, For inviscid flow with no pomps or turbines, the energy line (EL) is horizontal, af an elevation of the free sortace. The Aydravlic grade line (H6L) is one velocity head lwer, even with the pipe outlet, Since the tlbid velocity is constant Vhrovghoot the pipe with 5 = 344, the folloving is obtained:3.98 3.98 Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the flow of Problem 3. 60 FIGURE P3.60 For inviscid flow with no pumps or turbines, the energy line is horizontal a distance h above the outlet . From Froblem 3.60 we obtain h =1.79 ft. 2 The hydravlic grade line is #& below the energy line, starting at the free surface where \,=0 and ending at the pipe exit where ~,=0 and Beh. At point the pressure head is pry = (2.80-/45) Ib (BEM) fern f, = - 2628 fy, and #,=0. . 2 In the #in pipe Vz = Aah Ae =(B) Vy so tad Vi (Da VE [dey 1 2y - £ -(#) a -(#) h=(4-) (1798) =0.112 ff The corresponding EL and H6L are drawn to scale below. 2 Ft 2 wee ee et renergy Line (EL) Hydravlic Grade — Line (HGL)3.99 2-in< diameter 3.99 Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.65, For inviscid How with no pumps or turbines, the enery line EL) is horizontal, at an elevation of the free surface. The pydravlic grade line (H6L) js one velocity head hwer. Since ee eaff if follows that the H6L passes throogh the tip of the nozzle. Also, since Vz = “alt =(22) Ue it fellows that = (Re =(4)" (3) = GA. Throughout the pipe he velocity head i is constant so that the following is obtained:3.100 3.100% Water flows up the ramp shown in Fig. P3.100 with negligible viscous losses, The up- he @ stream depth and velocity are maintained at fy hy = 0.3m = 0.3 mand V, = 6 mis. Plot a graph of the a >, downstream depth, f:, asa function of the ramp i= 6 mse 7 F height, H, for 0 < H = 2m. Note that for each ry” yd value of H there are three solutions, not all of —— which are realistic. FIGURE P3.100 a Hilt e +z, = Bre # +2, where 9,70, f2=0, 2, =0.3m, and 2=Hthy Ase, We =A, Ve so hd yx # A Y= (o.smi(e#) = 18 he hy Where h~m Thus, Ey 1) becomes = $0.3 m = ay +(Hth,) or with V=o# , (64 sata912 (0s -H-hy)m =(42) 8 which can be written as* hg = (2.135-H)hy +0.1851 =O 2) For O | -~ LI a @ 0 Y=? 2 arse +2, with Z,=22, ~, =2, V, =202 and 4=0 Thus, p= bev = £(1.23-4%)(102)* = 615 82 /me = 615 Py3.4R 3.4R (Bemoulli equation) —_The pressure in domestic water pipes is typically 60 psi above atmospheric. If viscous effects are neglected, determine the height reached by a jet of water through a small hole in the top of the pipe. 2 2 ae, = Va zZ ¢ *3g +2, = Be ag * 22 i a Ld =60 psi Thos, 4 - Ao i=0 or Ib int V,=0 if the hole diameter is much = 605 (44 He) smaller than the pipe diameter A 62.4 Lb Oe as Sa = 13att Note: Because of viscous effects between the water and the pipe and the water and the air, the actval valve of would be less than 138 Ft,3.6R (Heads) —_A 4-in_-diameter pipe carries 300 gal/min of water at a pressure of 3 Determine (a) the pressure head in feet of water, (b) the velocity head, and (c) the total head with reference to a datum plane 20 ft below the pipe. (a) B= Dialed) 64.2ft c 62.4 & es , 2 (6) Q= 300-24! (23/2 (42 (at) 1 bos 28 ip co that a 0.66@ ft = 765 VF # (seHp s Ee Vv? __(268 2" _ 9 909 #4 2g ~ 232.28) " B+Maz = 69.2 40.909 +20 = 90 ft 293.6R 3.6R (Free jet) Water flows from a nozzle of triangular cross section as shown in Fig. P3.6R. After it has fallen a dis- tance of 2.7 ft, its cross section is circular (because of surface tension effects) with a diameter D = 0.11 ft. Determine the flowrate, Q. Equilateral triangle peo11ft kb, fe, Ve e A+ rz, = ty +22 FIGURE P3.6R where ) =f, =O , B2=0 , 2, =2.7f4 and @ 5 Ue Mk Ths, Aa V2g2, (Bron A) o eS cma (B - but A= Flot = 0.00950 f* and A, =F (o19tt) (0.1645 #) =0.0/56 ff? Thos, Gg = Hn0rsoft) V2 (82.2 )(2.7H1) _ (0.00980 f#)™ t (0.0156 f42)* each side of length 0.19 ft3.7R (Bernoulli/continuity) Water flows into a large tank yy ata rate of 0.011 m*/s as shown in Fig. P3.7R. The water leaves the tank through 20 holes in the bottom of the tank, each of + which produces a stream of 10-mm diameter. Determine the equilibrium height, h, for steady state operation, Vall) dea FIGURE P3.7R 2 = GQ where Q= 0.0u and 2 bot Q= 204K =20#0; % : 2 Are +2, =-@ +e +2, where p,=~,0,V,=0, Thus and #,-2,=h 5, Va = Tegh so that OUP = 20F (0.0)m) 122.81 Ih or3.8R 3,8R (Bernoullicontinuity) Gasoline flows from a 0.3-m- diameter pipe in which the pressure is 300 kPa into a 0.1 diameter pipe in which the pressure is 120 kPa. If the pipes are {0 — ag horizontal and viscous effects are negligible, determine the flowrate, Pe "2 =120kPa 2 fs +2, with 2,=22 and y=6.87-44 2. Als, Ae =Aate or Ve=(e)ih = (22%) y -+y Thus, Hit ME Ae IE og ig yt nag Eft 2, so thet? ag Vz 2(2.01%)(300ke vest) = 5.9 Zz oF 15 (6.67 XY) Thus, Q=AV, = Fl0.amy (5.94 @) = 0.420223.9R 3.9R (Bemoulli/continuity) Water flows steadily through the pipe shown in Fig. P3.9R such that the pressures at sections (1) and (2) are 300 kPa and 100 kPa, respectively. Determine the diameter of the pipe at section (2), D,, if the velocity at section | is 20 m/s and viscous effects are negligible. ' Py = 300 kPa pp = 100 kPa bp % vy - - FIGURE P3.9R Ait tz, = bik +2, or 00x10 N/m™ , (2om/s) 100X/6" M/n* ve Fa0xioW/m3 ” Zea ¢im/%) * 9°" ~ Fg0xitMm? * 208m Thus, Vz, =42.2mLs iy 2 then so that since YA =UA, or VFD'=V, FD, , i % >=| 4] “D, |] (0.1m) = 0.0689 m3.10R 3.10R (Bernoulli/continuity) Water flows — steadily through a diverging tube as shown in Fig. P3.10R. Determine the velocity, V, at the exit of the tube if frictional effects are negligible. v Water o7t ott ‘| Lon 07g Mae | 4 FIGURE P3.10R Be Hea ee 3 +2, (2,=82) a where Al, Al ? Ve By (eze <196 Also, p,+¥(Hto2ft)- 868 (02H) 2H =p or @) fra fp, t2¥(0.2)-¥(0.2) = f+ 62.48, [2-[] (021) ( = fy +1248 th 2 By combining (1), (2), and (3): t pte fg 16 Mat Ee He 4 BAB WAE, Me 8 A sean ~ 0 ath 7at * 222 A Vy 223 He and V;=196(2.13 HG) = #17 HE Thus, since VAs =Vy As , then V; -(2) ve =H ocmthy (2.13816) = Loe tis 33.11R 3.11 (Bemoulli/continuity/Pitot tube) Two Pitot tubes ressure taps are placed in the pipe contraction t fs, P3.11R. The flowing fluid is water, and viscous effects are negligible. Determine the two manometer readings, hand H. t SG =1.10 FIGURE P3.11R Arba, = oe +2, with 2,=22 and Y=\,70 Thus, f, =f, so that manometer considerations give Prt UULth)= fot PLt loth, or with pf. this gives h=0 Also, Bie +33 = Bee +2, where 2,= AH, 22 2H V=2H and A,%=A,V or ds bin\ 79 Ht) = 4,sott Ven BM = ERM (SR) (af) = nerd - (aso (2 BY | Thus, 22-f% = (2 ~&)it+ Nei = 0,169 (/) But py-Uhy~VH = fy —¥( 2s-24+h) 2 or - Ort =H - (2-2) From gst!) and (2) we obtain o.169 f= H-(332#) or f= 0.25243.12R Rectangular tank 26mx9.5m 3.12R (Bernoulli/continuity) Water collects in the bottom of a rectangular oil tank as shown in Fig. P3.12R. How long r will it take for the water to drain from the tank through a 0.02- m-diameter drain hole in the bottom of the tank? Assume quasi- ho=lgm steady flow, a eesti) 3 o02:m ciameter (2) FIGURE P3.12R Ai Wrz, = + Hie where 7, = f,+Uho, fy=0 f.79,2,=h 22=0,and \V,=0 ble sh = or ory, = (29(h+SGh,) or 2(9.8I-B)(h+087(.9m)) = 4.43 Yht1653 2, Thus, since -# =SG=0.87, Als where h~m 0, Qe Aa = Far, = E(o.02m)* [nwa yh e108 2] w a =1.39x10 fh +1653 LE and Q=A(-#), where A, = 2.6m (9.5m) =247m* Hence, Q= -247 dh (2) Combine Es. (1) and (2) to give a =s.6axj0% fh +/.653 o hzo tt dh -5 Vex igs 7563 x10 [# where ty = time to drain hYo.7 Pz the water or 1° -s 2yhtiess | = -583x/0"t, Thos, °7 by = 8.83x10°9s = 2.45hn3.13R 3.13R (Cavitation) Water flows past the hydrofoil shown in Fig. P3.13R with an upstream velocity of Vo. A more ad- vanced analysis indicates that the maximum velocity of the wa- t ter in the entire flow field occurs at point B and is equal to 1.19. 0.6m Calculate the velocity, Vo, at which cavitation will begin if the Iyv, 5 o— atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs) and the vapor pressure — of the water is 3.2 kPa (abs) 4 (0) a i FIGURE P3.13R, Bes Biz, -2, +h ze where fh=fy = 9.2 kPa labs) fob, + thy , 2o=-l, Thos, and Z,--0.6m 2 Btthe + # why = FE + ff +25 a but Va =tIVy and f=101 ka (abs) so that £7.(/) gives ky 2 101 4 _ 328k | UI _ og ‘a508e * aia) naokk * 2(neie) °°" or3.14R 3.14R (Flowrate) Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.14R. For the given 0.2-m difference in ma- Tometer level, determine the flowrate as a function of the di- ameter of the small pipe, D. FIGURE P3.14R, ye ae = Gre tag tH +22, where z,=2, and V,=0 Ths, We [2g fs-#) Bot 4 =th, and preths, so that p,-~, = $Cha-h) = 0.20 Thos, \,= 29 = Vagos or ; =A, = Zlosmy ¥2(9.8/% (0.2m) = 2.0186 @ WZ = ose3.15R 3.16R (Channel flow) __ Water flows down the ramp shown in the channel of Fig. P3.15R. The channel width decreases from 15 ft at section (1) to 9 ft at section (2). For the conditions shown, determine the flowrate. hen a) b=wistnh=isn 2% b= Width = 9 ft FIGURE P3.15R, 2 Gir Bre Bi Bre where p=, f= 0, Bye 3H, and 2,=(6+2)ft =Bft Also, A.M = Az Va Ab yy _ (6A ISH y, = hb, ' ~ (af) 9) Thus, £4.) becomes [3.s3*-/] VP = 2(32.2 8 8-9Ft, or Y= sss ft Hence, zs Q= AV, = (6D US #)(5.65 #) = so9 # a V, = 3.3343.16R 3.16R (Channel flow) Water flows over the spillway shown in Fig. P3.16R. If the velocity is uniform at sections (1) Oy _ and (2) and viscous effects are negligible, determine the flow- y rate per unit width of the spillway. Zz36m a FIGURE P3.16R t+ ¢~ +2, = 4 +g ts where, if points () and (2) are a located on the free surface, 0 =9,, fn=0 , 2, =3.6m,and Also, A,V, = Az Ve 2, 10M, or Wn Be = em Ve 9278 Ue Thus, Eq. G) becomes ye 2taare! ~ (0.278)*] =3.6m-1.0 m, or \y= 7.44 @ Hence, ga Vode = (74B)( 10M) = 7.4403.17R 3.17R (Energy line/hydraulic grade line) Draw the en- ergy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.43, A smooth plastic, 10-m-long garden hose with an in- side diameter of 20 mm is used to drain a wading pool as is shown in Fig, P3.43. If viscous effects are neglected, what is the flowrate from the pool? 02m 4 fz, 9.23 m @) FIGURE P3.17R A 2 Since 4 Hee, es eek +22, with fy=fr #0, Y=0, 2-0 and 2,=0.2m+0.23m = 0.43m, it follows that 2 # =0.43m For inviscid flow with ne pumps or turbines, the energy line (EL) is horizontal , at an elevation of the free sortace. The Aydravlic grade line (HGL) is ane velocity head lwer—even with the pipe outlet. | piace the thid velocity is constant throoghot He pipe with =0.43m, the above diagram is oblained.3.18R 3.18R (Restrictions on Bernoulli equation) A 0.3-m- diameter soccer ball, pressurized to 20 kPa, develops a small leak with an area equivalent to 0.006 mm?. If viscous effects air is assumed to be incompressib) hole. Would the ball be ‘game? Explain, Is sonable to assume incompressible flow for this situation? Ex- plain, Ai tez = -2,4 q +Zy where ZZ. , f20.3 Thus, should assume compressible3.19R 3.19R (Restrictions on Bernoulli equation) Niagara Falls, 1s approximately 167 ft high. If the water flows over the crest of the falls with a velocity of 8 ft/s and viscous effects are neglected, with what velocity does the water strike the rocks at the bottom of the falls? What is the maximum pressure of the water on the rocks? Repeat the calculations for the 1430-f-high Upper Yosemite Falls in Yosemite National Park. Is it reason- able to neglect viscous effects for these falls? Explain Aor Moz, =& tra w and 2 hn Les -Biten e ce , (3h with p, (279, V=8f , 4=0, 222,-0 , and 2,=h lee Vy=feg(he Hh and f= eV +eh a) With h=/67#t, he 72 (8 £) = ft a = [22.28 ot lca Pye EY 2G fy + 62.4 he (16741) = 10, soo #4, # = 72.apst b) With A= /#20ft, fty2 at Ye [eee Ay(i4s0 ft + aie, I: and a b : A= (hoe H9 (09 4)" + 62.4 (1 43084) = 04,300 = g20psi sox ft Aerodynamic drag on the water would reduce the valves of Vand pz (especially for the he, #30 # case),4.1 The velocity field of a flow is given by V = Gy + 2)i + ( ~ 8)j + Szk ft/s, where are in feet. Determine the fluid speed at the origin (x 0) and on the y axis (x = z = 0). Us 3yt2 ve xX-B, WHS. Thus, at X=ye2e0 ye eae and on the line X=z=0, =YGyih +e) = (9? ray +68 # f27+Car = east where y~ft4.2 The velocity field of a flow is given by V = 2x'ti + [4y(¢ — 1) + 2x?t]j m/s, where x and y are in meters and is in seconds. For fluid particles on the x axis, determine the speed and direction of flow. Us 2xt , v= #y(t-l) +2x°t , w=0 For particles on the x-axis. y=z=0 sothat u=2xt and yoaxt Thus , on the x-axis the velocity is in the x-y plane with ty yh we 24)%. (2x24) Vafutevtswt = Yl2x*t)+ (2x74) or O , u>0 (¢.e, the flow is fram [eft to right )4.6 Show that the stres velocity components are u = ¢(x* — y*) and v = ~2exy, where c is a constant, are given by the equation x°y — y'/3 = constant. At which point (points) is the flow paralle! to the yaxis? At which point (points) is the fluid stationary? ines for a flow whose C(x*-y*) , yver2exy Stream line given by y=f0) are such that de = Consider the function x*y - $= const, a” Note: HH is not easy to write this explicitly as yeth) However, we can differentiate Eg.l) to give 2xydu +x7dy - y7dy =0 (x*-y?)dy +2xy dx=0 Thos, the lines in the X-y plane given by Fy.U) have a slope d -2xy dy | -2cx, Ora "eye for any constant c, a = Gea t+ 2 ey de. the fonction X*y-% =const. represents the streamlines of the given flow. 7 or The flow is parallel fo the x-axis when $20 , or V=0. This occurs when either X=O op y=O , ée, the X-axis or the y-axés The flow is paralle| to the y-axis when 9% =0co or =O. This occurs when X=+y The fluid has zero velocity at x=4.7 The velocity field of a flow is given by w= —Voyl(? + y'V2 and v = Voxl(x? + y#)!2, where Vp is a constant. Where in the flow field is the speed equal to V,? Determine equation of the streamlines and discuss the various char- acteristics of this flow. = y - x ONO (eg y2ye? v= Mae al : + V2 (ytax2) 4 vielen = [ee] 7H Streamlines are given by & = ¢t = iE or ~-ydy = xdx which can be integrated to give x*+ Thus, the fluid flow with circular streamlines and the speed is constant throvghout.4.9 4.9 From time ¢ = 0 to ¢ = 5 hr radioactive The following wind conditions are expected: steam is released from a nuclear power plant ac~ V = 10i - 5j mph for 0 <¢ < 3 hr, V = cident located at x = —1 mile and y 151 + 8] mph for 3 < ¢ < 10 hr, and V = 5i mph for ¢ > 10 hr. Draw to scale the expected streakline of the steam for ¢ = 3, 10, and 15 hr. For o/0hr , = Simph and v=0 The streakline is the location (at timet) of steam releaced earlier. a) At t=3hr steam is stil] being released. From t=0 fot<3he if has trayeled in the direction # 2p 27% =-08 and the first of the steam is atx =-lal+(lOmph)(Bhr) = 29 mi . and y= 3mit(-Smph)(3hr)=-/2mi at $= 3hr See figure below. = 3 miles. b) At t= Shr steam release stops. From t= Shr to t= Shr the steams travels aX= Wat =(5mph)(S-Dhr = 30mi “east” and ay = vat=(8mph)(S-3)hr = /6mi “north” See figure below, For £>Shr the streakline does not Grow” (ée., no more steamreleased ), it merely maintains its shape it had at t= Shr (Hey =? - =0) and translates. From b=Shp te t= /0Ar if moves ax = bat=(Smph)(l0-S)hp = 75 mi farther “east” and ay = vat =(@mph)lio-s)hr = 40 mi farther ‘north’ See figure below. c) For lo h, Plot the shape of the streamline that passes through FIGURE 4.12 the origin for values of uo/¥) = 0.5, 1, and 2. U=Uy , v=Vo(I-) for O0. Al any Hime, £ 4<\. Thos between U) and (2) dene MeV eg KT Hence, U i <0 or the average convective acceleration is negative.4.18 4.18 Water flows through a constant diameter pipe with a uniform velocity given by V = (8/t + 5)j m/s, where ¢ is in seconds. Determine the acceleration at time ¢ = 1, 2, and 10s, G=H+VV With u-o , v(P +5)4 this becomes z =- 0.08) at b=10 54.19 4.19 When a valve is opened, the velocity of water in a certain pipe is given by u = 10(1 ~ e~!),v = 0, and w = 0, where u is in ft/s and 7 is in seconds. Determine the maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of the water. Ve fut+v24w* = 10(1-e°*) so that dy =106*>0 for all é Thus, Ypg, = Vi = 10 oad tea = ue Also, @ = Q,2 where ay = Hh uy with du 2 oot Thus, 0 = 5 = 106", so that say =| = 10 2004.20 4.20* Water flows through a pipe with V = S u (ft/s) u(t)i where the approximate measured values of ~ 9 0 112 81 u(t) are shown in the table. Plot the acceleration 4. 17 123 84 as a function of time for 0 <1< 20s. Plot the 34 32 13.9 83 acceleration as a function of time if all of the 4.9 38 150 81 values of u(t) are increased by a factor of 2; by 5.5 46 164 79 a factor of 5. 69 58 5 70 8.1 6.3 18.4 6.6 10.0 7A 20.0 5.7 a wWiscs . Ga ei-v¥ With u=uld) , v=o, w=0 this becomes aa ; = au rl Ae t 2 a-(Qb+udt)t =irl oo ga a The given u=UCh) is differentiated mmerically using Program P'##20 to obtain the results shown below. Tf w is increased by q factor of K=2 or K=5, the valve of the acceleration is similarly increased. 100 cls 110 open “prn" for output as #1 120 RT Unt #1, (OR CR SAC a EIS i In CIoI CORI AOI SIOIDIA ODI ADIDI COI ADI AAI ARK AAR: 130 print#1, "** This program calculates the acceleration ++" 140 print#i, "** from the given velocity as a function of **" 150 print#1, "** time. A simple linear approximation of een 160 print#i, "** the derivative is used. en 7.70 Ding 1, BER OS SOS ESOP OS OSORIO ROS KIS RIOR RIOR EISIORK AGRIC 200 dim t(20), u(20), (3) 210 t(1)=0.0 t 20.0 : t(2)=1.8 : u(2)=1.7 u(3)=3.2 220 t(4)=4.0 : u(4)=3.8 : u(5)=4.6 + u(6)=5.8 230 t(7 1: ul7)=6.3 ae 240 (9 250 t(11 9 260 t(13)=16.4 270 t(15)=18.4 : 290 print#1, "" 280 c(t : o(2 300 for i = 1 to 302 print#1, "" 305 print#1, using "For u # times that in the table";c(i) 306 print#i, " t, 5 ax, £t/s2" 310 for 3 = 1 to 15 320 tt = (t(5) + t(5+1))/2 330 a = cli) ¥*(u(541) - u(3))/(t (542) - t5)) 340 print#i, using " ###.## +H RE" | ota 350 next 3 360 next i The difficulties associated with numerical differentiation are clearly shown by this example. Although the original U=Ut4) graph is fairly smooth and “gord’, its derivative obtained by we s aot )-utt) is quite irregular. Some type af “smoolhing" procedure is needed. ‘Con’t) 17.5 + u(14)=7,4.20" (con't) ** This program calculates the acceleration eK 4k from the given velocity as a function of *k ** time. A simple linear approximation of HK ** the derivative is used. *K For u 1 times that in the table For u 5 times that in the table t. 5 ax, ft/s2 ts ax, ft/s2 0.90 40.9444 0.90 +4.7222 2.45 +1.1538 2.45 +5.7692 3.55 40.6667 3.55 43.3333 4.75 +0,5333 4.75 +2.6667 6.20 40.8571 6.20 +4.2857 7.50 +0.4167 7.50 +2.0833 9.05 +0.4211 9.05 +2.1053 10.60 +0.8333 10.60 +4,1667 11.75 +0.2727 11.75 41.3636 13.10 -0.0625 13.10 -0.3125 1h. 45 -0.1818 14.45 -0.9091 15.70 -0.1429 15.70 -0.7143 16.95 -0.8182 16.95 -%.0909 17.95 Oba 17.95 -2,2222 19.20 +56254.21 The fluid velocity along the x axis shown tt 4.21 in Fig. P4.2! changes from 6 m/s at point A to Va = 6 mis Vp = tom's #8 m/s at point B. It is also known that the ve- as > locity is a linear function of distance along the A c B * streamline. Determine the acceleration at points 0.08 m—| 7 ‘A, B, and C. Assume steady flow. eS ~ - FIGURE P4.21 aaeV-vV With uzun) , v=0, and w=0 this becomes a =e twat = ude e a Since ut isa linear function of X, U= 6X +e, where the constants ¢,,¢, are given as* U,-6 =C, and Up = 18=0,16,+C, or 6)=120 , &= 6 Thus, (2=(120x+ 6 )@ with xem 7? From Eq.) a= ures =(i20x+6) 2 (120 fe) 2 or for Xg=0 , Gy= 720 0% for Xge0.05m, Gs and for X,=Olm , @,=4.22 4.22 conterline r= 0) exper close to the edge of the pipe (r= R) experiences a Does a particle tra an acceleration or deceleration, or both? Explain. & 5) ‘When a fluid flows into a round pipe as shown in Fig. P4.22, viscous effects ma from a uniform profile (V lic profile (V for vatious values of x are as ind se the velocity profile to change /oi) at the entrance of the pipe to Qo ll — (r/R)°Ii} atx = €. Velocity ted inthe figure Jing along the line r = 0.5 R experie @ FIGURE P4.22 a-beVeV With usury) , v-0, and w=0 we obtain G@=&? where a, = 3+ ut = ust Along the centerline (r=0) we find u>0 and 34 >0 Thus, ay >0 on r=0. Near the pipe wall (r=R) we find u>o bi <0 (ie, the velocity changes from u=V, to uo and %¥>0 near the pipe entrance , but 4420 elseuhere. This is indicated in the figure below. ’ a @,>0 near the entrance and <0 elsewhere i4.23 ae {2+} 4.23 Asavalveisopened, water flows through the diffuser shown in Fig. P4.23 at an increasing flowrate so that the velocity along the centerline 1 is given by V = ui = Vol — e-*) (1 - x/f i, w= Bol where us, ¢, and Care constants. Determine the acceleration as a function of x and t. If Vy = 10 ft/s and € = 5 ft, what value of ¢ (other than c = 0) is needed to make the acceleration zero for any x at ¢ = 1 s? Explain how the acceleration can be zero if the flowrate is increasing with time. —- w= Voll ~ ene) FIGURE P4.23 = aVV With wut) , y20, and w=0 this becomes , ud)? sal , where u=e(I-E“ IHF) Thus, -ct eee or +l eS- PCF) pli Fc et ¥ (-eY ] Tf a =0 fer any x at t=1s we must have [cé sct_ Ve bjt ]=0 With %=10 and £25 is C= 0.490% For the above conditions the local acceleration ($¢ >0) is precisely balanced by the convective deceleration (ie$e <0), The tlowrate increases with time, but the flvid flows to an area of lower velocity. 2(j-e “©)'=0 The solution (root) of this eqatjon4,24 4.24 A fluid flows along the x axis with a velocity given by V = (x/di, where x is in feet and ¢ in seconds. (a) Plot the speed for 0 =x = 10 ft and 1 = 3 s. (b) Plot the speed for x = 7 ft and 2 =1 = 4 s, (c) Determine the local and convective acceleration. (4) Show that the acceleration of any fluid particle in the flow is zero. (e) Explain physically how the velocity of 4 particle in this unsteady flow remains constant throughout its motion. t=3s @ uz E soat te3s,u=$H ar x=7 ft Gd) For any flvid particle @=3y +V-0V which with v=0, w=0 becomes a-(Hf sufble = (ht Bde 20 (e) The particles flow info areas of higher velocity (see Fig-1), but at any given location the velocity is decreasing in time (see Fig-2). For the given velocity tield the local and convective accelerations are equal and yposite, giving zero acceleration through ot.4.25 4.25 A hydraulic jump is a rather sudden change in depth of a liquid layer as it flows in an open channel as shown in Fig. 4,25. In a relatively short distance (thickness = €) the liquid depth changes from z; to 22, with a corresponding change in velocity from V, to V>. If V; = 5 m/s, V> = 1 m/s, and € = 0.2 m, estimate the average deceleration of the liquid as it flows across the hydraulic jump. How many g’s deceleration does this represent? Hydraulic jump —— f—-—i_ eg FIGURE P4.25 = ok a= ive so with Veumt, @=at = ues Without knowing the actual velecity distribution , 4=Ucx), the acceleration can be approximated as Ute) (gM - 2 (4n2 U-s)e 2 o.2m 60% 781 = 6.124.26 4.26 — Assume that the velocity of a fluid flowing past the body shown in Fig. P4.26 is given by u = (V/2) (+ d € are constants. (a) Determine (b) Plot the acceleration and determine its maximum a) a, = th tude | but fH <0 he FIGURE P4.26 p 2. 4 2. a = Melee oe Tf he (-2%)é (x/L) } - - 2, = - Bi OA 4 6 (x2) 1 or a WY) Thus, for X=0 (é.t, Keo) an 2 --4%e% [I+ ef] where Ke F a £0 : * , -7* for X20 ((.e,K--e) dy=O since fin 18" =O b) A graph of a/ U/L) vs K/L (trom £p. a) bs plotted below. 10 2.0 o7—t 4 i __t i L L t ! x0 ae (72) -0.1 OR Note? max eA at x/le 0.596 -0.3 (0.355, 0-596)4.27 4.27 _ A nozzle is designed to accelerate the fluid from V, to Vp in a linear fashion, That is, V = ax + 6, where a and are constants. If the flow is constant with V, = 10 m/s at x, = 0 and V> = 25 m/s at x, = 1 m, determine the local accelerat the convective acceleration, and the acceleration of the fluid at points (1) and (2). With w=ax+b , v=0, and w=0 the acceleration a= VV can be written as wu G=a,2 where a=. @ Since U=V,=10-% af x=0 and u=\e=252 at x=! we obtain 10= Oth 25= a+b 50 that a=/5 and b=10 That is, k= (ISX+10)2 | where X~m , so that from Fg.) d= (isx+i9) 2 (15 2) (225x+150) A Note: The local acceleration is zero , ao , and the convective acceleration is U we (225x#150)? Atx=0, @=1500% ; atx=/m, a=4.29 4,29 Repeat Problem 4.27with the assumption that the flow 18 not steady, but at the time when V, = 10 m/s and V> = 25 m/s, itis known that aV, /ar = 20 m/s? and aV,/@ = 60 m/s. HR With U=ucx,t) , v=0, and w=0 the acceleration a-2 =a can be written as @=a,? where a,=4f tudy , with u=altlx +60). w At the given time (t= «d,) u=V,=102 at x=0 and U==252 atx-lm Thus, “10=0 + bl) 25= wn tht) so that alt.) =/5 and bt.) =!9 Also at tte , it and a a SP = 50% % at X=/m Mote! These are local accelerations at time E=t The convective acceleration at X=0 (E461) is ° wt = (ax tb) (a) = (15 (0) #10) 2S 3 )=l50-Le while at X=] Le a3 = (15) +0) (IS 4) = The fluid acceleration at t=to ts nm ce = (Hut 42 )4 = (204150) 2 = 1700 Hat x=0 and @=(sora7sje Be4.30 430 An incompressible fluid flows through the converging duct shown in Fig. P4.30a with velocity Vo at the entrance. Measurements indicate that the actual velocity of the fluid near the wall of the duct along streamline A—F is as is shown in Fig. P4.30b, Sketch the component of acceleration along this stream- line, @, as a function of s. Discuss the important characteristics of your result. ® m FIGURE P4.30 Since @ = VE if follows that a, can be obtained from valves of V (which is always positive) and the slope 3% which can be positive zero, or-negative. Valves of 4¥ and the cwrespmnding a, are shown in the figures below,4.31 4.31* Air flows steadily through a variable x (in) u (ft/s) x (in.) u (ft/s) area pipe with a velocity of V = u(x)i ft/s, where “oo 7 21 the approximate measured values of u(x) are given 1 102 8 4 in the table. Plot the acceleration as a function 2 10 9 BS of x for 0 < x = 12 in. Plot the acceleration if, 3 0.1 10 11.9 the flowrate is increased by a factor of N (i.e., A 283 i 103 the values of u are increased by a factor of N), 5 284 D 10.0 for N = 2, 4, 10. 6 25.8 13 10.0 : | a Vices Since “=Uix) , v=0, and w=0 it follows that @ = +VeWV simplities to @= a,0 where a= uxt ce The valves u are given in the table ; the corresponding valves of $4 can be obtained by an approximate numerical differentiation as given in Program P¥#3! shown below, Note that since a= U4 j# follows that and increase in yelocrly from u to Nu increases the acceleration trom a to Nay 100 cls 110 open "prn" for output as #1 120 dim u(14), n(&) 125 u(1)=10.0 : u(2)=10.2 O.1 2 u(5) 130 u(6)=28.4 : u(7)=25.8 : 7.4 2 ul10 135 u(41)=11,9 : u(42)=10.3 + r u(14)=10.0 140 n(i)=1 : n(2)=2 : n(3)=4 : 0 7150 print}, HEKEBECSSOROROR SOBER SES AREER AI ISI AACA 160 print#l, "** This program calculates the acceleration **" 170 print#1, "** as a function of position. KN 180 itil, POGRE SHEE CEI BOO BIO SRSOB EE AOE AREA GERIAC IORI IDE AA 200 print#1, "" 210 for i = 1 to & 220 print#i, "" 230 print#1, using "For N = ##";n(i) 240 print#1, "x, in. u, ft/s a, ft/s2" 300 for 3 = 1 to 13 310 a = n(i)*2¥*((u(542) + w(5))/2)*CCaG541) - ul5))/(1/12)) 320 uavg = (ulit1) + u(3))/2 330 x = j - 0.5 340 print#1, using "###.# HHH +H HHETOOO "Sx, uavg,a 350 next 3 360 next i Note that although the velocity data, u=u(x), appears to be quite “smooth” the acceleration result, a= U S% , is somewhat irregular (especially tor X>7 in.). , (con't)4.31* (cont) IA SSIES SIDES IES IS KIGIIGSISISIICOEACEI AKIO AAA AOA ** This program calculates the acceleration ** *k as a function of position. * JOOS ODOR ORFS EASE RIOSI nC an Oa IE IORIORI AR ARIK For N= 1 For N = 10 in. u, ft/s, a, ft/s2 x, in. u, ft/s, 5 1 +2.424E+01 0.5 10.1 bs 16 +3.898Et02 4.15 11.6 5 15 $1,410E¥03 215 16.5 35 12 $2.381E+03 3.5 24.2 a5 3 +3.402E401 g's 28.3 5 1 ~8.455E+02 5.5 27.1 25 0 -1.570E+03 6.5 23.0 5 8 -6.075E+02 7.5 18.8 5 4 «231E+02 8.5 15.4 15 7 438Et02 9.5, 12.7 “5 at -131E+02 10.5 11.1 5 al -654E+01 11.5 10.1 1s £0 O00E+OO 1215 10.0 uy, fs 20 10 3000 2.000 a,, fi/s* 1000 ° ~1000 ~ 2000 a 5 Xin. ft/s2 +424E+03 -898E+04 -410E+05 + 381E+05 -402E+03 -455Et04 -570E+05 -O75E+O4 -231E+04 + 438E+04 +131 E+04 - 654E+03 + 000E+004.32 4.32 Assume the temperature of the exhaust in an exhaust pipe can be approximated by T = TAL + ae-*)f1 + ¢ cos(wt)}, where Ty = 100°C, a = 3, b = 0.08 m-',c = 0.05, and o = 100 rad/s. If the exhaust speed is a constant 2 m/s, determine the time rate of change of temp- erature of the fluid particles at x = 0 and x = 4m whens = 0. Since u=22, veo, and w=0 it follows that oT ar brea VT =F tueyes x =Huuk Thus, PE a (4d) (em sinat)UT (146 castat(-ab &*) When t=O: 2s ~abut (Itc) eee or with the given data, BP = ~(3) (0.03) 2%)(100%) (140.08) € 03x =-1B.9 E78 O8* LE Thos, and » where X~In4.33* 4.33* As is indicated in Fig. P4.33, the speed of exhaust in a car’s exhaust pipe varies in time and distance because of the periodic nature of the engine’s operation and the damping effect with oe distance from the engine. Assume that the speed == is given by V = Vill + ae-™ sin(or)}, where Va Voll + ae7P sinist) Vy = 8 fps. 0.05. b = 0.2 ft", and @ = 50 rad/s. Calculate and plot the fluid acceleration at x = 0,1,2,3,4.and5 ft for0 <1 2/255. FIGURE P4.33 Since U=U(X,t) , v=O, and w= it follows that = PsP = ae, where a= $f tude Thus, with W=Ve[l +a e sin(wt)] E9.) gives = Vyawe™ caslut) + [4a & sin wt] Ya eb) & sin (wt) = ae [w cos wt) -%b sint)(l+ae"*sin(wt))] With V,-8# this becomes 4, a=008, b=0.2 #, and w= 50d 1 = 04 €°?*F 50 cos(Sot) — 1.6 sin (Sot) (140.05 &?*sin(Sot))] g 7 where t~s and x~ ft Plot ay from £p. (2) fon Os b=B © with x=0,1, 2,3, 4%, and ft Program P4#33 was used for the calsvlations a bebw). 100 cls 110 open "prn" for output as #1 120 LIN, BRS ROR ORE ICC OSSD DISC ODI ICI DODIISI AIDS HOR AIC! 130 print#1, "** This program calculates the acceleration **" 140 print#1, "** as a function of time for various en 250 print#1, "** locations along the pipe. KN 160 RGN t #1, DARE COGOS EROS oo E ESOC nba i iobocnit iabisocicritoka 170 x = -1 180 for i = 3 to 6 190 x =x + 200 ¢ = exp(- ‘oO. 2%x) 210 pi = 4xatn(1) 220 tf = pi/25 230 dt = tf/20 240 t = ~dt 250 print#i, "" 260 print#i, using "With x = #R.##£t";x 270 print#1, " t, s ax, ft/s2" 280 for j = 1 to 21 290 t= t+ dt 7 300 d = 50%t (con't)4.33* (con't) 310 ax = 0.4%c*(50*cos(d)-1.6*sin(d)*(14+0.05*o%sin(d))) +H RHETT OO "Gt ax 320 print#i, 330 next 3 340 next i using " ##.fHtit RSIS HOSE OOOO GKIOSKOR AOKI IRI TAI ASCI OEIC AOKI AIK ** This program calculates the acceleration ** ** as a function of time for various ** locations along the pipe. AES GSE IORI OEE IORI ISSO ITO ACAI AAO With x = 0.00ft t, s 0.00000 0.00628 0.01257 0.01885 0.02513 0.03142 0.03770 0.04398 0.05027 0.05655 0.06283 0.06912 0.07540 0.08168 0.08796 0.09425 0.10053 0.10681 0.11310 0.11938 0.12566 30 ax, ft/s2 +2, 000E+01 +1.882E+01 +1, 579E+01 41.122E+01 +5. 543E+00 -6.720E-01 ~6.818E+00 -1.229E+01, -1.657E+01 -1.922E+01 -2.000E+01 -1.883E+01 -1.582E+01 -1.126E+01 -5.601E+00 +6. 080E-01 +6.760E+00 41. 225E+01 #1. 655E+01 +1. 922E+01 +2, 000E+01 With x ts 0.00000 0.00628 0.01257 0.01885 0.02513 0.03142 0.03770 0.04398 0.05027 0.05655 0.06283 0.06912 0.07540 0.08168 0.08796 0.09425 0.10053 0.10681 0.11320 0.11938 0.12566 5 2 2k -00ft ax, £t/s2 +7.358E+00 +6.924E+00 +5.813E+00 +4.131E+00 +2.046E+00 ~2.398E-01 -2.501E+00 -4.518E+00 -6.092E+00 -7.071E+00 -7.358E+00 -6.925E+00 -5.816E+00 -4.137E+00 -2.054E+00 +2.311E-01 +2.494E+00 +4. 512E+00 +6.089E+00 +7.070E+00 +7.358E+00 20 -10 -20 -30 0.00 0.02 Legend a2 x=0 oo x= oa x=2 eo xa + xn = x=5, n reas 0.40 0.12 144.34 4.34 A gas flows along the x-axis with a speed of V = Sx m/s and a pressure of p /m?, where x is in meters. (a) Determine the time rate of chan; sure for a fluid particle flowing past x = 1. (e) Explain without using any equations why the answers to parts (a) and (b) are of pressure at the fixed different location x = 1. (b) Determine the time rate of change of pres: @ Since p= 10x" 4 follows that Y=0 for all x. b) With u=Sx, v=0, w=, and p=/0x* jt follows that be =f rude wf tur #6 = Ud = (Sx#)(20x fh) = 100%" & /, Thus Pe] = 100 be Kin ©) For this steady flow the pressure at a point is constant (part la)) but the pressore fen a given particle changes with time (part (4) because the paritc]e flows into a higher pressure region.4.35 4.35 ‘Ihe temperature distribution in a fluid is given by T = 10x + Sy, where x and y are the horizontal and vertical coor- dinates in meters and T is in degrees centigrade, Determine the time rate of change of temperature of a fluid particle traveling (a) horizontally with u = 20 m/s, v = 0 or (b) vertically with u = 0,0 = 20m/s, 7 _ ar aT T or = tute vie where $E IT 8) es Thus, if “220% and v0, then BF ud? =(208)(10) ao and ec if U0 and y= 20%, then BE @ viT = (a0P)SH) = 00S4.36 4.36 — Water flows under the sluice gate shown in Fig. P4.36. If V; = 3 m/s, what is the normal acceleration at point (1)? Y= FIGURE P4.36 3 mis4.37 4.37 Water flows down the face of the dam shown in Fig. P4.37. The face of the dam consists of two circular ares with radii of 10 and 20 ft as shown. If the speed of the water along streamline A-B is approximately V = (2gh)'*, where the distance h is as indicated, plot the normal accel- eration as a function of distance along the stream- line, a, = 4,(s). FIGURE P4.37 a= where R=%,=104 from AtoC, R= Aa= 2011 from Ct0B, and V=~2gh . Ths, aya = 2gh (a) From A foc: _ 2032.2%)h an = On = 4th fh, where hott M From the figure if follows that s= 78 and h= A t4-F# cosO Thus, from Eq.) Gn = 6.44[4+4 /0(1~ cos®)] im or if eo [ = (90.2 -6%#¢cos6) & where 8 ft with O~rad D The above is valid for OF 0 < Ong, , where from the figure 20 sin20°= 10 - 10 cos Onax » 0% Snax = 76° (6) From C10B% 4 2022 0h os: 2 a @ — jal= 2S sing — Thus, |@ pin =O at 8°, ial = Be at 0=90 The valves of as , %, and 1@| are calculated from E¢s. (1), (2) and (3), respectively, using pf rogram P##40 with a= on 1.0, and 10. on and V=5 and 502, Only as results for V,=5£ are shown below. The resoils with Y= 502 can be obtained {rem the Yost resvils by multipyling by a factor of (2) =102. 100 105 open “prn" for output as #1 IOS ob S SBOE SSS BIS EERO PE oiibiobiioibienibpcinoibkapiskanbst eee weet en | ‘ek This program calculates the normal, "ex tangential, and total acceleration for } "*k flow along the surface of a sphere IU BREED BSS SO OS BS BEB Spr Bon pobiansbibbsoiancincbanicn! ain a3), vor2) i (con't)440° (con't) 276 print#1, using "With VO = ###.## ft/s and a = ###.## £t";VO(k),a(i) 277 print#i, "theta, deg an, ft/s2 as, ft/s2 a, ft/s2" 280 9*VO(k)72/ (Weal) ) 230 -10 300 = 1 to 19 310 th + 10 320 3.14159*th/180 330. in(thr))°2 340 ctsin(thr)*cos (thr) 350 a3 = c¥sin(thr} 360 print#l, using " ###.#H +4. 48 370 next. j 380 next i 390 next k With VO = 5.00 ft/s and a 1.00 ft theta, deg an, ft/s2 as, ft/s2 a, £t/s2 0.00 +0.000E+00 +0.000E+00 +0.000E+00 10.00 41.696E100 +9.619E+00 +9.768E+00 20.00 +6.580E+00 +1.808E+01 +1.924E+01 30.00 +1,406E+01 +2.436E+01 +2,812E+01 40.00 +#2.324Et01 +2.770E+01 +3.616E+01 50.00 +3,301E+01 +2.770E+01 +4,.309E+01 60.00 +4.219E+O1 +2.436E+01 +4.871E+01 70.00 +4,967E#01 +1,808E+01 +5.286E+01 80.00 +5.455E+O1 +9.619E+00 +5. 540E+01 90.00 +5,.625E+01 +7.130E-05 +5.625E+01 200.00 +5,455E+01 -9.619E+00 +5. 540E+01 110.00 +4.967E+01 -1.808E+01 +5.286E+01 120.00 +4.219E+01 +436EHO1 9 +4.871E+01 130.00 +3.301E+01 +710E+01 +4. 309E+01 140.00 +2.324E+01 720E+01 +3.616E+01 150.00 +1.406E+01 -2.436E+01 +2.813E+01 160.00 +6.580E+00 -1.808E+01 +1.924E+01 170.00 +1,696E+00 -9,619E+00 +9. 768E+00 180.00 +3.615E-10 -1,426E-04 +1.426E-04 \ ~—— | Note: The results for other valves of % ora are similar to the above graph, with the factor as taken into account.4.41 4.41 A fluid flows past a circular cylinder of radius a with an upstream speed of Vo as shown v, in Fig. P4.41. A more advanced theory indicates that if viscous effects are negligible, the velocity Y _7* of the fluid along the surface of the cylinder is, —_-> S given by V = 2V;sin 0. Determine the streamline and normal components of acceleration on the fi f the cylinder function of Vp, a, and surface of the cylinder as a function of Vp, @, an MIGURETRAn 0. y2 sin6)* 2. n= = 2 ¥asin8} = te sin*@ and 5 r a= Vit =vy 8 , where 45 = 2%, cos@ and s=a0 or 22 Thus, as a 2. a, = (2% sin6)(2V- c0s0)¢ = HE sind cose4.42* 4.42* — Use the results of Problem 4.4! to plot graphs of a, and a, for 0 = @ = 90° with Vy = 10 m/s and a = 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0 m. 2 From Problem 44! , Gy= Le «in? and a= Hie These results with Y,=102 and a= 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 100m are # plotted below.see Program P4¥##L) outp hee EER Je SES SEO In ior 130 print#i, "** This program calcul 140 print#1, "** tangential com 150 print#1, "** flow past a sphe ormal and celeratior (con't)4.42" (con't) 260 print#1, using "With a = ###.4# m"ja(i) 270 print#1, " theta, deg an, m/s2 as, m/s2" 280 for 4 = 1 to 10 290 th = th + 10 300 an = 4*V*V*(sin(th/57.296))*2/a(i) 310 ast = 4*V*V*sin(th/57.296)*cos(th/57.296)/a(i) 320 print#i, using " ###. #4 HR HBHES O° HEHEHE OOO" th an, ast 330 next 3 340 next i JESS O RISER SOI OSE EOI ACEI CI IBIS SSID ORI IRA I Ag ** This program calculates the normal and +e ** tangential components of acceleration for ae ** flow past a sphere. ¥e SESS EOS IOS OBOE S EAE SE ICIS ISI SIS SIS OISEAR ODI IOIORI ARIE With a= 0.01 m theta, deg an, m/s2 as, m/s2 0.00 +0,0000E+00 +0.0000E+00 10.00 +1.2061E+03 +6. 8404E+03 20.00 +4.6791E+03 +1. 2856E+04 30.00 +9.9999E+03 9 +1.7320E+04 40.00 4+1.6527E+04 +1. 9696E+04 50.00 +2.3473E+04 +1.9696E+04 60.00 +3.0000E+04 +1.7321E+04 70.00 43.5321E+04 +1,2856E+04 80.00 +3.8794E+0L +6.8406E+03 90.00 +4,0000E+04 +2,.4179E-01 io] 8,deq_ 104.43 4.43 Determine the x and y components of acceleration for the flow given in Problem 4.6. If ¢ > 0, is the particle at point x = x» > 0 and y = 0 accelerating or decelerating? Explain. Repeat if x» < 0. Since U= C(x*~y?) and v= -2exy it follows that a= af toh, where ant tude ery i = C(x*y?)(2ex) +(-2exy )(-2ey) a = 207X(x" +) and a= tap tv Sy = C(x?-y2) acy) t-2cxy)-2cx) a 2c — +y?) For X=Xp and y=O we obtain’ U=CXy , V=O and Qy= 20°Xs , ay=O Thus, with 6>0 and X,>0 ft follows that U?0, G>0; 46, the fluid is accelerating With C>0 and X,<0 it follows that u>O, a a 2 A=4,h+4,3, where n= =O since R= (ve, the streamlines are straight) Also, a2 VE e-V FE, where V=-2 Since Y= 0.042 when r=0.lm it nee that c= Vr = (0.042)(0.)m) = #x10? z 1p oe 2 where r~in Thus,4.47 4.47 Air flows from a pipe into the region Disks between two parallel circular disks as shown in Fig. P4.47. The fluid velocity in the gap between the disks is closely approximated by V = VoR/r, where R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial coordinate, and Vyis the fluid velocity at the edge of the disk. Determine the acceleration for r = 1,2, or 3 ftif Vy = 5 ft/s and R = 3 ft. Ne v Pipe qt FIGURE P4. 47 Fi > G=a,ne oo where ay + =0 since R= (i.€, the Bikgiae Also, a= =vit where yee eR Since aed “and Ro3ft, Ve F At r=ltt, a= ~225& Ab r=2f, as Atr=3ft, a= are ? straig where rot PR? ts tre A 225 erp = re ft # pret4.48 4.48 Air flows from a pipe into the region between a cir- cular disk and a cone as shown in Fig. P4.48.The fluid velocity in the gap between the isk and the cone is closely approximated by V = VoR?/r?, where R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial coordinate, and V, is the fluid velocity at the edge of the disk. Determine the acceleration for r = 0.5 and 2 ft if Vo = 5 ft/s and R = 2 ff. FIGURE P4.48 2 T=, +a, ,where an= Ho since R= (i.e, the streamlines fe are straight) Also, as =yt = ve, where Vad a 2urr* _— 2(s#)*(24)" __ B00. ~ pS rie ar # O. ft ass where rett4.49 4.49 Water flows through a duct of square cross section as shown in Fig. P4.44with a constant, uniform velocity of V = 20 m/s. Consider fluid particles that lie along line A~B at time 0. Determine the position of these particles, denoted by line A'~B’, when = 0.20 s. Use the volume of fluid in the region between lines AB and A'—B" to determine the flowrate in the BIZ IZ IS IZIZLLTZI ZIZZO IZLE duct, Repeat the problem for fluid particles originally along line A AC E CD; along line E-F. Compare your three answers, FIGURE P4.49 Since V is constant in time and space, all particles on line AB move a distance B= V at =(20-2) (0.28) = 4m from #=0 to f= 0.26 Thus, the volume of ABK’'B’ is Yigg: = (0.5m)*(4m) =1.00 m> ge Mane 3 Qe Tat = 100m! sso! Sintlry from t=0 fot-O.2s 02s the floid a lines CD and EF move to CD’ and EF srespectively Also, tne’ = Yere'r’ = Yaone’ so that we obtain g-x Lae s0e regardless which line we consider.4.50 4.50 Repeat Problem 4.49if the velocity pro- file is linear from10 to 20 m/s across the duct as shown in Fig. P4.5 . toms A OAS FIGURE P4.50 From t0 to t-0.2.s the particle initially at B travels a distance Ag = Vg ab = (20%)(0.25) = 4m as shown while one at A travels a distance Ly = Vy at <0-#) (0.25) =2m, Since the velocity protife is linear Nine 4B remains straight, but tts" into line A°B! Thus, the volume of fluid crossing the intial line AB is “na = £(L tA )A = £(2mt4n) (0.5m) = 0.75 mi : ; “9 = Moa’ = LIS _ 9.95 O2s ase For any corved line EF (which moves to EF’) EE 4, re Yyagig se that the same volume flowrate, Q, is obtained for aay line considered.4.51 4.51 Inthe region just downstream of a sluice gate, the water may develop a reverse flow region as is indicated in Fig, P4.5/. The velocity profile is assumed to consist of two uniform regions, one with velocity V, = 10 fps and the other with V, = 3 fps. Determine the net flowrate of water across the portion of the control surface at section (2) if the channel is 20 ft wide. FIGURE P4.5{ Q= YA - YA = = (10 £) (1.24)(20t) -(3 #)(L9 HY 20F) 732 $£4.52 4.52 At time ¢ = 0 the valve on an initially as p = p.(1 — e~™), where is a constant, de- empty (perfect vacuum, p = 0) tank is opened termine the time rate of change of mass within and air rushes in. If the tank has a volume of ¥, the tank. and the density of air within the tank increases For £20, p= @,[/- 4] 50 that = mass of air in tank - = e% =e0¥ [1-H] tbe ae4.54 =e 4.54 Air enters an elbow with a uniform speed of 10 m/s }+—| } s as shown in Fig. P4.54, At the exit of the elbow the velocity 1 , \ profile is not uniform, In fact, there is a region of separation or reverse flow. The fixed control volume ABCD coincides with the system at time f = 0. Make a sketch to indicate (a) the V=10ms"A system at fime ¢ = 0.01 s and (b) the fluid that has entered and Control volur + exited the control volume in that time period 5 mis! Reverse — 7 , B c flow FIGURE P4.54 From t=0 to ¢=0.0/s particles A, 8, C,D,and E move the following distances: G= Vg dt = (102) (0.015) =0.1m = by by = Va St (52) (0.018) =0,05m So= Vdt= (52) (0.018) =0.15m , and 6, =O Thus, flvid along lines Ab anh BEC originally moves to lines A’d' and BEC! shown below. system at t=0 -~——— system at ¢+0,0/s Utd fluid that exited control volume \\\\ floid that entered control volume4.55 4.55 _A layor of oil flows down a vertical plate as shown in Fig. P4.55 with a velocity of V = (V,/h?) (2hx — x?) j where Vy and h are constants. (a) Show that the fluid sticks to the plate and that the shear stress at the edge of the layer (x = /h) is zero. (b) Determine the flowrate across surface AB, Assume the width of the plate is b. and y = FIGURE P4.55 Nv = y Hey Volar - therhedbe -- Hence, the fluid sticks to the plate and there is no shear stress at the free surface. eh h 6) @ = (ar da= wv bdx = (Mo (2hx -x?)b de ne fn Jif ° r e hV, = 2 mis 4.56 4.56 Water flows in the branching pipe shown in Fig. P4.56 with uniform velocity at each inlet and outlet. The fixed control volume indicated coincides with the system at time t = 20 s. Make a sketch to indicate (a) the boundary of the system at time 1 = 20.2 s, (b) the fluid that left the control volume during that 0.2-s interval, and (c) the fluid that entered the control volume during that time interval. === Conto! volume Vp = 1 ms FIGURE P4.56 Since Vis constant, the flid travels a distance £= VSt in time at. Thus, 4=%\; St = (24) (20. -20)s = 0.4m Lo= Vo = (1 2) (20, -20)s = 0.2m and h,= Vs 5 = (2.5%)(20, -20)s = 0.50 m The system at 4=2028 and the tlid that has entered or exited the control volume are indicated in the figure below. 4 be into control vol. flow out of contrel vel. a oy 4m a a ———— / XY control volume 02) ~-------- te 4=202. J system at * vy Y* Flow into control vol. 0.2m4.57 4.57 — Two plates are pulled in opposite direc- tions with speeds of 1.0 f/s as shown in Fig. P4.57. The oil between the plates moves with a velocity given by V = 10 yi ft/s, where y is in ‘eet The fixed control volume 4 BCD coincides with the system at time ¢ = 0. Maké a sketch to indicate (a) the system at time ¢ = 0.2 s and (b) the fluid that has entered and exited the control volume in that time period. FIGURE P4,57 Since W=Uiyt = loy? if follous that the thid flous in the x-direction a distance of 6x =U St = Joy (0,2) ff = 2y ff from €=0 to #=0.25. The |ines A-B and C-D (the ends of the original system location) deform into lines A°8 and CD’ as shoun in the figure below. The portions of the system that have entered and exited the control volume during this time are indicated, yx B a’ ef Oi flow into control ARSON a T ee, S Ste flow ovt of contral vol. flow out of control vel, fr =f —x a ee sr Flow into control vol. y —— ——control volume n------+--- system at £20.254.58 Cylinder 4.88 Water is squirted from a syringe with a speed of V = 5 m/s by pushing in the plunger with a speed of V, = [Plunger 0.03 m/s as shown in Fig. P4.58. The surface of the deforming [——] [ope 3 mis seceeeeV = 5 mis control volume consists of the sides and end of the cylinder and as te the end of the plunger. The system consists of the water in the j syringe at ¢ = 0 when the plunger is at section (1) as shown. a Make a sketch to indicate the control surface and the system |-—0.08 n— when t = 0.5. = FIGURE P4.58 During the t=0.5s time interval the plunger moves J, = Vp &t =0.015m and the water initially at the exit moves £,=Vét =2.5m. The corresponding control surtaces and systems at t=0 and t+0.5s shown in the figure below. —— — contro! volume at t=0.5s system af t=0.5s4.59 4.5% — Water flows from a nozzle with a speed of V = 10 m/s and is collected in a container that moves toward the nozzle with a speed of V,, = 2 m/s as shown in Fig, P4.59. The moving control Container surface consists of the inner surface of the con- ome tainer. The system consists of the water in the ‘Brain System container at time 1 = 0 and the water between ae the nozzle and the tank in the constant diameter ~==Moving stream at ¢ = 0. At time ¢ = 0.1 s what volume —3 m oan of the system remains outside of the control vol- ume? How much water has entered the control E P4, volume during this time period? Repeat the prob- LISLE] lem for #= 0.3. During the time interval 5t the control volume moves to the left a distance of Vey b¢ = 254 m and the water that was at the nozzle exit moves adistanee Vét = 10 bt m tothe right, as shown below. At t= 0.38, (3-/2) = -0.6. 26, f the enire system is wibby the contro] volume; n nope remains SL CA During the ‘t= 0.)s time period Boos (12 64)m'= 0.00942 m' has entered the control Volume. During the 4=0.3s time period all of the system thal was ovlside the control volume has entered the Control volume, ¢.6, F(0.1)" (3)m3 = 0.0236 m34.60 4.60 _ Water fiows through the 2-m-wide rectangular channel shown in Fig. P4.60 with a uniform velocity of 3 m/s. (a) Di- rectly integrate Eq. 4.16 with b = 1 to determine the mass flowrate (kg/s) across section CD of the control volume. (b) Repeat part (a) with b = 1/p, where p is the density. Explain the physical interpretation of the answer to part (b) i 1 S | vesms B c Control surface FIGURE P4.60 . _- D ® Bux “f eb Va da Te a eo With b=l and Veh =Vcos® this becomes i B ; = {ev case a = cos f dA 6 ‘oui =Vcoc@ Ay , where A, = L (2m) ye cos0/ ” \0,5m sara )m* B,, = (32) c0s8 (bg)m*(999 4) = 3000 42 Thus, with Ve3a/s, b) With b= //e £4.00) becomes By “f Va dh =(Vens d= Vow Ay 3 =(32)cos0 (aza)a* = = 3.00% With be e ram) = ot it follows that “B= yolome” (é0, b= GB) so that (VAAN = Ba represents the vole flowrate (ne) from the contrel volome.4.61 4.61 The wind blows across a field with an approximate velocity profile as shown in Fig. P4.61. Use Eq. 4.16 with the parameter b equal to the velocity to determine the momentum flowrate across the vertical surface A~B, which is of unit depth into the paper. m@ FIGURE P4.61 . _. ye2ot} 34, -{ebV-A da = (eV Vhan = @ ((valovn-t]uney “AB 2 a yso = en Vedy : But, V> iy £ for osy0. The flow is from left toright. Since the flow is steady, streamlines are the same as streaklines.4.3R 4.3R (Material derivative) The pressure in the pipe near the discharge of a reciprocating pump fluctuates according to p = [200 + 40 sin(80)} KI 1 is in seconds. If the fluid speed in the pip ne the maximum rate of change of pressure experienced by a fluid particle. we u=5H , v=o, w=0 if follows that with p= ptt) =e ut V8 wie = & or % = 40 (8) cos(gt) 4% Thus, BP) 2 4o(g) KB = 320 kre max Note: Since 46-0 the valve of u is not importart.4.4R 4.4R (Acceleration) A shock wave is a very thin layer (thickness = © in a high-speed (supersonic) gas flow across which the flow properties (velocity, density, pressure, etc.) y, Sy, change from state (1) to state (2) as shown in Fig. P44R. If V; ———» = — = 1800 fps, V> = 700 fps, and € = 10°* in., estimate the average deceleration of the gas as it flows across the shock wave. How many g's deceleration does this represent? Shock wave FIGURE P4.4R s Wisco . va = ak Ga tVV so with Veuwe, =a 0 aug Without knowing the actual velocity distribution, u=ucx), the acceleration can be approximated as du. (th) (Va-) _ (18004700) fps (700 - 1800) fos x Oe a = a = 4 ox 2 (20) # 12 or if u We. . TW IbE XO SR 65x10" This is Go 7 322 a4 =-5.12x 7074.5R 4.5R (Acceleration) _Air flows through a pipe with a uni- form velocity of V = 5 i ft/s, where ris in seconds, Determine the acceleration at time ¢ = —1, 0, and Is, a- Liv With ussee this becomes V=0,w=0 au Lo a@=(4b+u3X)et ae = Jot oH since 5 =0. Thus, @ = -10t Hat t=-/s @=0 at tf =0 code @ = 100, at t=/s4.6R ASR (Acceleration) A fluid fows steadily along the streamine as shown in Fig. P4.6R. Determine at point A. At point A what is the angle between the acceleration and the x axis? At point A what is the angle between the accel- eration and the streamline? \\a-ion in Xow a A Nias — En FIGURE P4.6R vee sv ee 0) 5 A +(ohy(adye In terms of unit vectors Cand f , hn =-sin30t +cos 30 f and § = cos30°%? + sin 30°f Thos, G =10(-0.50 +0663) +30(0.9662 40.53) = 2).02 +23.7f £ 1 _23. O=t. j' Be = tan! . ea a Bro a=2100 423.79 or @= 48.5° ep VER ost and ° ° 6 a= 0-30°=/8,5 30°4.7R 4,7R (Acceleration) In the conical nozzle shown in Fig. t— 0.6m + P4.7R the streamlines are essentially radial lines emanating from point A and the fluid velocity is given approximately by = C/r*, where C is a constant, The fluid velocity is 2 m/s along the centerline at the beginning of the nozzle (x = 0), o Determine the acceleration along the nozzle centerline as a func- tion of x. What is the value of the acceleration at x = 0 and x= 03m? FIGURE P4.7R Along the nozzle centerline, @ = 4 +V-VV becomes GU where U=-& with P+K=0.6m, or P=0.6-x. Thus, us ghgp Since w=2% af x=0 it fells thet 2m =F or C=0,72 4 K Ss @.6m) $ lence , 6 a=[—] —2¢ p. 207 p= 200720 p leew] (06-8 ~ (0,6-x)> (0.6-x)>m> or = 14037 a> Gene & where x~m Al x=0, G= 13.37% patKx=03m,@ = ¥277-%4.8R 4.8R (Reynolds transport theorem) _ A sanding operation injects 10° particles/s into the air in a room as shown in Fig. P4.8R. The amount of dust in the room is maintained at a con: stant level by a ventilating fan that draws clean air into the room at section (1) and expels dusty air at section (2). Consider a control volume whose surface is the interior surface of the room (excluding the sander) and a system consisting of the material 4, within the control volume at time f = 0. (a) If Vis the number of particles, discuss the physical meaning of and evaluate the terms DN,,,/Dr and AN,,/at. (b) Use the Reynolds transport. — FIGURE P4.8R. theorem «@ determine the concentration of particles (parti cles/m') in the exhaust air for steady state conditions. ‘Outlet 2) DMeys pe = time rate of change of the number of particles in the Control system. At time &-O the system consists of N particles. In fact, the system js these particles for all time £>9. Assuming that the particles do no get glved' together, Vv TL constant. Thos , oN = time rate of change of the number of particles in the control volume. Depending on the rale at which the sander creates particles and ejects them info the reom compared to the rate at which the fan draws them from the poom, we could have athe ZO, i) DNsys _ ony SE tret rate of flow of particles out of control volume or for state her 9 so that: flow of particles into control volume (from sander, none enter A,) = Flow of particles out of control volume (through tan exhaust, Az) Thus, 5 particles _ 10 eo = VA, Mm , where n2= particle concentration ryicles Hence, 7 (A) s particles ’ 9°24 2° (2 Blom = 5x/0° particles4.9R 4.9R (Flow rate) _ Water flows through the rectangular chan- 2 2 nel shown in Fig. P4.9R with a uniform velocity. Directly in- > Control tegrate Eqs. 4.16 and 4.17 with 6 = I to determine the mass 7 surface flowrate (kg/s) across and A-B of the control volume. Repeat “im Width = 3m for C-D. 4 —Semicircular end gem a a va3ms 4 cy FIGURE P4.9R |, Equation 417% Bi, {eb -tan or, with @= 994 4% and b=! this gives By = 9998 (Ca BEA = -(999 RNP) (2mam) =/8,000 #8 D and Equation 4/65 re A 7 Bult ={ebVh dt = ef Voi at ni, where dA= 3 rdo = 346 and V:R= Vos =3 cos8 2 Thos, 090° qn" By = 9798 ( (3.co6 #)(3m)(Im)d0 = 9(999) sin @=-90° 90"4.10R best bat 4.40R (Flowrate) Air blows through two windows as in dicated in Fig. P4.10R. Use Eq. 4.16 with b = 1/pto determine the volume flowrate (ft'/s) through each window. Explain the relationship between the two results you obtained, Front View Top View aol Wind ind va20 its va201ts B 2 febV-A dA FIGURE P4.10R For the lef windw Q= Sele) Vida = (vA dA 2 or Q= {20 sin30° df =(20sin 30° FY (4H)(2 f= 00 # For the right window Q=(V-idA | ° g=(20a0 = (ofl )(gsH(2H) = 160424.11R 4.41 (Control volume/system) Air flows over a flat plate with a velocity profile given by V = u(y), where w = 2y ft/s for 0 = y= 0.5 ftand w = 1 ft/s for y > 0.5 fas shown in yg Fig. PAIR. ‘The fixed rectangular control volume ABCD co cides with the system at time r = 0, Make a sketch to indicate {a) the boundary ofthe system at time ¢ = 0.1, (b) the Aud that moved out of the control volume in the interval 0 = 0.1 s, and (e) the fluid that moved into the control volume during that time interval Nu=2rtis (4 | ° 1 FIGURE P4.11R Since V=Ulylt, each flvid particle travels only in the x-direction, with the distance of travel 5X=U St, where ét=0.1s. Thus, 5x,_ = 8X, = 0 since K=O at y=0. Also xq = Sk, = (IE) (O18) = Ob FF The fluid originally along lines AB and C-) move to positions A-E-B' and D-F~C" as shown i the figure below. The location | of the system at £=0.1s and the fluid that moved into or ot of | the control volume is indicated. — — — control volume -- system at t=O. bs y, ft ce! 1.0 a 1. flow into ' control vol. { SE contro] vol. Os Control volume an nf ae atom a0 / / flow out of5.1 5.1 Use the Reynolds transport theorem (Eq. 4.19) with B= volume and, therefore, b = volume/mass = 1/density to obtain the continuity equation for steady or unsteady incom- pressible flow through a fixed control volume: V-fidA = 0. The Reynolds Transport Theovern is DE . 2 phat» f ebv.Aan (419) Dt at Jev ts and with Bz and b= L we have Di, . 7 aan Pte. 2 fol )it + [ew 4 bt or Pe = 2% + [ oRan a) t For incompressible tow, the volume of the system, we is constant with time so DX 2 Oo (2) Dt Also, tr a tixed torte! volume, + does not change avd so avy = 0 7] a¢ and thus combining Egs. (D,(2)and(3) we get f V.idA =o €s5.2 5.2 An incompressible flow velocity field 2 (water) is given as &, += @ mis | Erie Ty where ris in meters. (a) Calculate the mass flow- _{ oe rate through the cylindrical surface at r = 1 m from z = 0 to z = 1 mas shown in Fig. PS.2a. (b) Show that mass is conserved in the annular control volume from r = 1 m tor = 2 mand z = 0toz = 1 mas shown in Fig. PS a wo) FIGURE P5.2 () The general expression for mass towrale ozs cylindrical qra A, fs m= is py. naa Since the radial direction component oF velocity, VY, , is unitormly distibuted over A, we Can use y= P CHA) = (998 D1 B27) = 6280 49 i“ Ss = i" ~ . (bo) If f Pv.ndA = 0, then mass is conserved. CS = . - However & pV. AMA = Em and since the component of velocity normal to ach cylindrical aud plane areg of the cont! volume js unitormly oistributed over that area we have Em = p(%,A,- %A, ~ Yay Ay + Yay Ay ) zm 2% m? _ 2r Mm — om 3 n= (27 Bir gO of? ) Sm = 0 aad mass is conserved, W5.3 5.3 Water flows steadily through the horizontal piping sys- Ai 20 sess , tem shown in Fig. P5.3. The velocity is uniform at section (1), A frea = 0.3 th the mass flowrate is 10 slugs/s at section (2), and the velocity 15 tts @ is nonuniform at section (3). (a) Determine the value of the FEW =a D Eh fey quantity 5 f pd, where the system is the water contained EES t Sein in the pipe bounded by sections (1), (2), and (3). (b) Determine Oa Ey iii the mean velocity at section (2). (€) Determine, if possible, the FIGURE P5.3 value of the integral i pV +fi dA over section (3). If it is not possible, explain what additional information is needed to do so Use the control velame shown wilh the dashecl Ines in the figure above. (a) Frm the conservation of mass princple we get D fedt= 30 dv is th hangin if 2 Sf OO since fe is the unchanging mss 0 Hye Sys System . (b) = PA, Vv thus _ shege yz Me = ize Ft PA 194 s!Mt) 6.3 #4 2 ae ) fe) 77, = [ev naa and from the conservation of mass A. . 4 Principle we ger m= Mm +3 = 7) tn, = PAV ~ ma, = Com ta (ort sD — = 10 tgs r= 10-4 SMS oe Vanda og 3 5 e A>5.4 5.4 Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight section of 0.25-m inside diameter pipe. The static tem- aaa perature and pressure at each section are indicated in Fig. P5.4. rection If the average air velocity at section (2) is 320 m/s, determine p= 690 KPa (abs) bp = 127 KPa (abs) the average air velocity at section (1). T, = 300K T2 = 252K y V2 = 320 mis m= FIGURE P5.4 This analysis is similar te the oné of Example 5.2. For steady tlw between sections (I) and(z) mM = My, or _ _ LAN = RAM Thus () Assuming that under the conditions of this problem, air behaves as 4n ideal gas we use the (deal gas eguation of state Cg. 18) * get (2 = (2) 5 2 “Vp mis Combining &%3. 1 and 2 and observing that 4 =A, we get _ G27 kPalavsy] G00 K) (320 ») a/ (690 hraGaes (292K)5.5 The wind blows through a7 ft x 10 ft garage door with a speed of 5 ft/s as shown in Fig. P5.5. Determine the average speed, V, of the air through the two 3 ft x 4 ft windows. For steady wcompressible How Qgamge ~ Qunidlom + Sanrden ‘door or A garage Voormal to "Window door — garage dear av m@ FIGURE P5.5 window 50 the average speed, V, of the air through The Awe windows I's Ve 2A iirdow Aagage. Vownal te gaae dor _ Crety(io#t) (SS) #990" «73 O 2g)5.6 A hydroelectric turbine passes 2 million gal/min through its blades. If the average velocity of the flow in the circular cross-section conduit leading to the turbine is not to exceed 30 ft/s, determine the minimum allowable diameter of the conduit. For meompressible flow tarough the conduit and turbine ‘conduit turbine Thus conduit “conduit turbine and © al dou 7 Gurbne ~ | G2Cxi0° Sd conduh cS ar (30 #605 \(148 Var Ym DOE Nea = 13.8 ft conduit ———5.7 5.7 Water flows out through a set of thin, closely spaced blades as shown in Fig. P5.7 with a speed of V = 10 ft round the entire circumference of the outlet. Determine the mass flow: rate through the inlet pipe. « FIGURE P5.7 the broker, Use the conkel volume contamed wilhna lines shown im the sketch ebove . From the conservation of mass principle Minter ~ “outlet Also Mort let A tes outle} =e aa Canet b Vaated fF = 3.66 slugs — “s e V . cos 60° a4 slags) a1 Getto t)/(i0t ‘oft cos 60°5.8 5.8 A hydraulic jump is in place downstream from a spill- way as indicated in Fig. PS. . Upstream of the jump, the depth of the stream is 0.6 ft and the average stream velocity is 18 ft/s. Just downstream of the jump, the average stream velocity is 3.4 fi/s. Calculate the depih of the stream, h, just downstream of the jump. FIGURE P5.8() For steady treompressible flow between sections (1)and(2)contro! Volume 5.9 A water jet pump (see Fig. P5.9) in- volves a jet cross section area of 0.01 m’, and a jet velocity of 30 m/s. The jet is surrounded by entrained water. The total cross section area as- sociated with the jet and entrained streams is 0.075 m?. These two fluid streams leave the pump, thoroughly mixed with an average velocity of 6 m/s through a cross section area of 0.075 m’. FIGURE P5.9 Determine the pumping rate (i.c., the entrained fluid flowrate) involved in liters/s Entrained water Tn = IP] Entrained water t For steady incompressible How through the control volume Q, us Q, = Q, or TAO, = VA, Thus Jao i Ps . Q, = VsA,- YA, =/6 @)(0.075 w*) - (80 me (0.01mi) frais) Q, = 150 Lites5.10 5.10 Water enters a cylindrical tank through Cc > two pipes at rates of 250 and 100 gal/min (see c Fig. P5.10). If the level of the water in the tank Section (1) remains constant, calculate the average velocity reel oe = of the flow leaving the tank through an i @= : . 100 gatiin inside diameter pipe. 250 gal/mi ia ‘Section (3) ,-enlh-a,: AN, . . FIGURE P5.10 For steady and incompressible Flow Q,;=Q,+Q, 1, ( 7@)= 1, (0,40, Bet. , (129m + 250 gpm) (2% 2 fan, ie en) PLB in.) Gal 60 5 iw) mir;5.11 y fue in 5.11 At cruise conditions, air flows into a jet foment engine at a steady rate of 65 Ibm/s. Fuel enters _ i 6) the engine at a steady rate of 0.60 Ibm/s. The alr average velocity of the exhaust gases is 1500 ft/s relative to the engine. If the engine exhaust ef- fective cross section area is 3.5 ft, estimate the density of the exhaust gases in Ibm/ft’. For steady low Mm, = mM + In, pA Ve m tm,5.12 5.12 Air at standard atmospheric conditions is drawn into a compressor at the steady rate of 30 m/min. The compressor pressure ratio, Peg! Pru» i 10 to 1. Through the compressor p/p" remains constant with n = 1.4. If the average velocity in the compressor discharge pipe is not to exceed 30 m/s, calculate the minimum dis- charge pipe diameter required. for steady flow L 7 or _ RAY = po Thus RAK AG discharge pipe5.13 5.13 Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in Fig. P5.13. Ata location downstream from the junetion (before the two streams completely merge), the nonuniform velocity profile is as shown. Determine the value of V. FIGURE P5.13 Use. the cmbal volume shown within broken Ines in the sketch above. We note that m=pAv and trom the conservation of mass principle we get mi chvn, =m, = “et ™, Thus CAN PAY * PA, ORY +e AV and Via AY FAY _(eopaieentt) reo GOGE eae ACe)+ Ah, (Got HOFH0.8)+ (tet) Og Vi = 3:63 hyd >5.14 5.14 Oil having a specific gravity of 0.9 is Section (1) pumped as illustrated in Fig. P5.14 with a water \ jet pump. The water volume flowrate is 1 m/s. The water and oil mixture has an average specific Section (3) \ gravity of 0.95. Calculate the rate, in m°/s, at ae mz which the pump moves oil. Qe ond 1 mis et Y ak Section (2); Seeley ; oil 86 = 09) For steady tlw FIGURE P5.14 q no= Mm m, + aa '3 Or 29+ £E a Also, since the waty and oil may be considered sncompressible, Q,+ @, = & (2) 2 Combining Egs. t and2 we get LU * R&= RG, t&) or Qr Q = 56,(Q+ @,) and a (1 - SG; ) Sed, = =i * 5G, ~ SG, Thus m\f 0.495 ) [ — 0.98 3 Q, - (Cw —/ = 100” 095 — 0.90 —_5.15 5.15 Air at standard conditions enters the compressor shown in Fig. P5.15 at a rate of 10 ft’/s. It leaves the tank through a 1.2-in.-diameter pipe with a density of 0.0035 slugs/f° and a uniform speed of 700 ft/s. (a) Determine the rate (slugs/s) at which the mass of air in the tank is increasing of decreasing. (b) Determine the average time rate of change of air density within the tank, “ee eta taten Compressorf/ \d Tank volume = 20 ft? 10 rsp i 00238 saat FIGURE P5.15 use the contol volume withm the broken bynes. (a) Fron the conservation of mass principle we get Bly = ry, Mg > Bin Cot At nab Dt : OMey (200228 shig (ie i). (woes stag) 7 (1-2 i”) (700 i) bt ry ee fe (144 =e ) 5 ; DMs 0.00456 Slug va eveasing Dt 5 (b) Wy = 0p %,). Y, PP « 0.00455 they oe Dr bt ° Zt . ad oe o.oo4ss LI _ cco GE 228x106 sg De Vv. 20 tt * S4355.16 5.16 An appropriate turbulent pipe flow ve- locity profile is vu (&) i where u, = centerline velocity, r = local radius, R = pipe radius, and i = unit vector along pipe cross section centerline. Determine the ratio of average veloc- aren ity, 7, to centerline velocity u, for (a) n =4; (b) n= 6; (0) n =8; @)n =10 aa For any cvoss section area in = pAlb = fav naa / dr \ Also % OA ViAzVi- wy (%+) oA = 2Znrdr Thus for a uniformly distributed density, 2, over ana A ue &) ? arrdr a L5.17 5.17 The velocity and temperature profiles for one circular cross section in laminar pipe flow of air with heat transfer are ven =) where the unit vector iis along the pipe axis, and The mass Howvale is mn =f VA dA A =f =(8) 218 The subscript ¢ refers to centerline value, r = local radius, R = pipe radius and T = local tem- perature. Show how you would evaluate the mass flowrate through this cross section area. For air aching as an ideal gas as C* ar For a Circular dA = @mrrdr Thus mes 0 a cross-section Qrea le gipn® qua for a eee aly distributed static pressure anptehy Ra J [r+ sey. If we set : oe EQ) 4) ten. . arp ue R” 7 dB_ air -lay) KT a 4 é&) beagy a] 0.79) Bue R Kain Te5.18* 5.18* To measure the mass flowrate of air through a 6-in.-inside diameter pipe, local veloc- ity data are collected at different radii from the pipe axis (see Table). Determine the mass flow- rate corresponding to the data listed below. r(in.) Axial Velocity (ft/s) 0 30 0.2 29.71 0.4 29.39 0.6 29.06 0.8 28.70 1.0 28.31 12 27.89 1.4 27.42 1.6 26.90 1.8 26.32 2.0 25.64 2.2 24.84 24 23.84 2.6 22.50 2.8 20.38 2.9 18.45 2.95 16.71 2.98 14.66 3.00 0 The mass flowrate is caleulakd with a Rk m -/ pazmrdr = 2m [war @ where Re Bin. e= 0.00238 ug fe uz flecal axial velocity in tt £ rs local radius in jn. and foardr is evaluaked numerically with the trapezoidal rule a with unegual intervals. The computer program used to salve this problem is liskd on the next page. (con't )5.18* FOO IGOR SK computes the mass flow rate 1@ using the trape qual intery; AKEKA EE HRA SEA UCR OR AUDIO renee es 2, 29.71, 0.4, 0.6, 29,06 0, 28.31, 1.2, 1.4, 27.42 .8, 26,32, a, 2 a 6, 22.50, 2.8, 9 i -96,14,66, 3,0, 90.00 tegral using trapezoidal rule TOW * 0 * a k SUM 390 ’Print the resuits 400 PRINT 410 PRINT USING "The mass flow rate is ##.#### slugs/s"; Seto OSS GIS So a ROO OSCR ORO IO AIOE AIO I KAI K xk This program computes the mass flow rate %K xk for problem 5.18 using the trapezoidal rule ** *k applied to unequal intervals. 2k SES IO IOOO RCI CISSISOISIS SEIS SO SSSR ASIII ACE Fk e mass flow rate is 0.0114 slugs/s SOE MDOT5.19 5.19 As shown in Fig, P5.19, at the entrance to a channel the velocity distribution is uniform with a ve Further downstream the velocity profile is given by u = dy 2y°, where w is in fi/s and y is in ft. Determine the value of Y. (2) FIGURE P5.19 Use the contra! Volume inclicated by the broken lines a the skelth abwe.- From the conservation of mass principle Q, =a, on VA, = [udA [Qr-ws dy “4 é ft 2 f = 2 fy 2y? Jb. 46 ff VOGH)L = fe 2" | tf ve 4 30-7) = 55.20 5.20 Flow of a viscous fluid over a flat plate surface results in the development of a region of reduced velocity adjacent to the wetted surface as depicted in Fig. P5.20. This region of reduced flow is called a boundary layer. At the leading edge of the plate, the velocity profile may be considered uniformly distributed with a value U. All along the outer edge of the boundary layer, the fluid velocity component parallel to the plate surface is also U. If the x direction velocity profile at section (2) is - (x) U 6, develop an expression for the volume flowrate through the edge of the boundary layer from the leading edge to a location downstream at x where the boundary layer thickness is 5. u From the conservation How through the we have. n= fa VA da tig, > tig = [ada A for Uacompressible, How fi = PUL fy)? 04, TE)" ) width of he plate 2 VLE zg of mass contro! volume Section (2) ‘es Section (1) Nu Outer edge of boundary layer FIGURE P5.20 principle applied to the Shown yn the figure5.22 5.22 How long would it take to fill a cylin- drical shaped swimming pool having a diameter of 8m to a depth of 1.5 m with water from a garden hose if the flowrate is 1.0 liter/s? deforming contro! Volume From application of the conservation of mass principle tb the contol volume contauming water only as shown tn the a we have d¥ + VAdA =O 1 a [r® e for incompressible flow a¥_Qa-o ot or t [av - aft o Thus 2 2 . a eC) (1.5m) (1000 ers) a 4 iter or 4a (-o a titer) (60 3)5.23 deforming 5.23 To determine the mass flowrate of cool- corrivel volume. ing water through a test engine, the amount of water collected in a large container over a time ~> interval is measured. Using an appropriate con- trol volume, comment on the validity of this pro- cedure. contre! volume epands +o contain water collecting sn the container If the Control volume shown in the sketch is used and the tlow of cooling water is incompressible and steady then afl , ftsda =o cs "cy ot and = av a at where @ OY = time rake of change of Volume of cooling water at collected jn the large cmfamer u volume towrate of Cooliig water through the engine Since Avy fn = pa = 7 2 -P ae the mass flowrate of cooling water through the tngie Cin be evatuattd by wmeasuring the amount of water collected 1 the Contamer over Qa time iinterval.5.24 deforming 5.24 Storm sewer backup causes your basement to flood at contre} Volume that the steady rate of 1 in. of depth per hour. The basement floor Conthins water area is 1500 ft2. What capacity (gal/min) pump would you rent to (a) keep the water accumulated in your basement at a constant level until the storm sewer is blocked off, (b) reduce the water accumulation in your basement at a rate of 3 in./hr even while 7 the backup problem exists? a. . flow out — flow tn For q deforming control volame that contains the wafer over the basement floor (see Sketch above), 7 conservation of mass Principle (&3. 5-17) leads to 2 [pdt + [ph han =O t ley cS or ter Constanf tluid density and area (A) A dh -~ Q, + Q =O M dt for part a , &3. 1 leads fo Cus = Qi, To evaluat Q,,, we use £g.1 With Qyy =O. Thus, Q, = Ads = C1500 tC Pole re vos FR dt ar za hr Out and 3 ay + Co BYE) For part b £91 yields Qnct = Qa~ A gh dé q,, _(1500 Ayes JA we #8 43 Nobis)5.25 eee 5.25 A hypodermic syringe (see Fig. P5.25) deformvig contre i Qa “FATT volume is used to apply a vaccine. If the plunger is moved ~T ot forward at the steady rate of 20 mm/s and if vac- a cine leaks pass the plunger at 0.1 of the volume flowrate out the needle opening, calculate the FIGURE P5,25 average velocity of the needle exit flow. The in- side diameters of the syringe and the needle are 20 mm and 0.7 mm. Using a determing contro! volume and the Conservation of mass principle “CEg. §./7) as outlined th Example 5.7» we obtain (see Eg. 8 of Example 5.8) a -pA, Ye * Pe + Paieag ° Stace (2 constant , a, ea 7 21 @, Ud QALY, we obtain from 9.1 Al AY, = AM, nF (4) % -/4) 4 = (20mm) (20 m/s) ALS 77 a/ at (27 mm) Cet) (1080 J or5.27 Gasoline 5.27 Water enters a rigid, sealed, cylindrical epee) tank at a steady rate of 100 liters/hr and forces gasoline (SG = 0.68) out as is indicated in Fig. 5.27, What is the time rate of change of mass of gasoline contained in the tank? FIGURE P5.27 A fied, non -deforming control volume that contains the water and the gasshne in the cylindrical tank is used. Water enters the contre! volume at the bottom of the tank With density, Arete, 1 Ud volume Howrate, Quote, Gasoline, which floats on the water without mixing is forced out through an opening tn the top of the Contamer with density, Spesdlive? and volume flowrate, Agassine - Application of the conservation of mass Equation (9.5.5) to the How threngh, this conte! volume yields OM gasshon a%, fs ler Qo + Q ae Coder Se Rages yap fui Because the watery and gasoline may be considered thcompressible Qusnor * Qgasetye = & and Ot vate QO at Thus Irgusting =~ A =~ (008) (999 4) foo fy a ae (Pasohine 2 Ar Hi000 Sieos(F600 5. “ att Kea ses) Omgesohie . — 0.0189 8 Ss ot5.28 5.28 A gas flows steadily through a duct of varying cross section area. If the gas density is assumed to be uniformly distributed at any cross section, show that the conservation of mass prin- ciple leads to dy WW dA Pp A where p = gas density, V = average speed of gas, and A = cross section area. 0 For a steady , one-dimensional fiw, the conservation of mass Principal 'eads to Eg. 5.12 or fav = constant Thus aly pAv) so or dp AV + pAdv + pdqaav =o a) Dividing 4.1 by pAV we obtain de, AV, aA = 0 Vas Vv A5.29 —~ wen 0.01 mi 5.29 Water flows steadily from a tank mounted on a cart as shown in Fig. P5.29. After the water jet leaves the nozzle of the tank, it falls and strikes a vane attached to another cart. The cart’s wheels are frictionless, and the fluid is inviscid. (a) De- termine the speed of the water leaving the tank, V,, and the water speed leaving the cart, V,. (b) Determine the tension in rope A. (©) Determine the tension in rope B. —Herizontal free he a) From Eq. 318 we get ope A Rope B ‘ FIGURE P5.29 gh, = 20(9.81 \™) = 626s b) For Cv, , the linear “momentum equation leads to 3,0 if VepV.ndA = ze, cs, Mew As Th (6.26 (999 49 ) (6.26 @)(o.1m*) LN) = F9aN -Z i ol c) Por ¢v, ) the linear momen bam equation leads + 5 a = 2 F C5, - Vi@V, A, = us (i) From €4.3.18 we get Y= 29(h,+h) = \/2(9.81e) (tm + 2m) = 10.8 Also, from conservahon of mags MB Q,= Qa, or 2= VA, so 4. 0) becomes VYeV,A,= Te (0.9 (9978) (620-2 (o01ey( LE ~ ) = 6755.30 5.30 Water enters the horizontal sudden contraction nozzle sketched in Fi with a uniformly distributed velocity of 25 ft/s a of 75 psi. The water at section (2) where the fi/s, Determine the axial qu circular cross- ectional, P5,30 at section (1) exits from the nozzle into the jormly dist velocity is 100 ponent of the anchoring force re- uired to hold the contraction in place. FIGURE P5.30 Foc this problem we include tr the control volume the nozzle as well as the water at an instant beheen sections (i)and(2)as indicated th the sketch above. the horizontal forces acting on the contents of the contol velunre art shown tn the sketch. Note that the atmespheric forces cancel ont and ave not shown. Application of thé horizontal or x- divection component of the lineay mementum equation (&%. 5.22) to the flow through this control volume yields ~4,puA, + 4, pu,A, = FA - ERA, @ From tha conservation of mass equation ( £95.12) we obtain m7 QUA, = 04, A, Thus €9.0)) may be €xptssed as fn (4g- 4) = BA, - -RAg or z= PA,-BM, + (n-u,) =F, v Ete “pa md, ‘(uy 4,7 and 75 le a ob fast East) les sat Nas tt rei) (00s a (4 3) es - (2 AG px Mat i ZLN Shag. eo 352 1b B= |5.31 5.31 water into the atmosphere as shown in Fig. P5.31. When the discharge is 0.1 m'/s, the gage pressure at the flange is 40 kPa. Determine the vertical component of the anchoring force re- quired to hold the nozzle in place. The nozzle has a weight of 200 N, and the volume of water in the nozzle is 0.012 m°. Is the anchoring force directed upward or downward? A nozzle is attached to a vertical pipe and discharges m FIGURE P§.31 The analysis leaching to the selution of this problera is similar to the one outtined in Example 5.10. Znduded in the contro] volume are fhe nozzle and the water in the nozzle at an instant. Application of the vertical or &- divech’on component of the saear momentum éguation Cbg. $-22) Yo the. How through this contri volume fteads fo Ogee mh (v, sin 30°) = A, ~ Boo WoW, BA, sm (1) Pohuag a3/ fe a yields = n in 50° — 2 B= BA -W-w -m (Ysins0"-V/ ) , For m we use th= PQ Por Wwe ace we s ¥ x From conservation of mass we obtemn @ = &, ye Ay Coon't ) or5.31 (con't) Also, we not that Y= a Thus, €3-2 becomes A= PA,- w,-#4,-p0( fax 2) = (yorn)( & he) )( E) Ge")- 200N — (0.012 m) (2.8 Mm oe) - (99 Ber?) EE ICE Jow- =) ( > 00d m* and Ws = BOON ~ 200N-II7.6N- ON = 48ZN downwara5.32 5.32 Determine the magnitude and direction of the x and y components of the anchoring force Nada esl fxn Yo COMra| Vom required to hold in place the horizontal 180° el- Section (2) bow and nozzle combination shown in Fig. P5.32. 12in Also determine the magnitude and direction of 7 the x and y components of the reaction force ye PAL exerted by the 180° elbow and nozzle on the flow- oe ing water. ction C1 FIGURE 5.32 p= 15 psi Vi = 5 tts For determining the Xx and y direction compenents of the anckonag force & Control volume that contains the elbow, nozzle and water between sections (/ land (2) js used. Th contrel volume and the forces involved are Shown th the sketch above. Applicahon of the y divection component of the lirear momentum equation (Eq, §.22) feads to c-29 ay = Application of the xedirection component of the /ineav momentum eguation yields -u4,puA,-u,puA, = 2A Be Ay M7 From the Conservation of mass equahion mh = PUA, = pu, A, @ Thus &9. 1 may be expressed as “PHA, (ut 4) = RAW Gat BAe and 2 2 Fix = PACH) YEA + BA, = pus BA (Haus) th TP + (0) A, Alsi frm Ey. 2 Au = uw An Q5.32 (con't) Fa fh94 slags\(5 ft Tin.) [2 fy (in. y sft Ax (- ag) 4 Wh i ) 5 bin 5 ‘spt ft ( (2 i y + [15 Ie) 7 2 in. tt) 4 FE 2/990 16 AX For delerrinaing the x and y components of the reaction force a control volume that contains only the walker between sections Ci) and (2) is used. Applicaton of the y directon component of the shear momentum equation yields Kyo Application of the x dwechon component of the lieay momentum equation leads to o ra. a OQ” a ur Du) + Re = 4 FA (ae 8 1) tae or on, contro! Volume = lo me for reaction R,, = {240 b Vp “favces Section (1)5.33 ica wae 4 Odeo cam? La Sacto Fa 5.33 Water flows as two free jets from the tee attached to the pipe shown in Fig, P5.33. The exit speed is 15 m/s. If viscous effects and gravity are negligible, determine the x and —> y components of the force that the pipe exerts on the tee. ) hen eases ipe ee FIGURE P5.33 AE) osm use the Control volume Shown. Foy the x-componert of the force exerted by the pipe on the tee we use the x- component of the linear momentum equation - “YeYA,+ Yea, =PA,- BA, bf O-A A) “OS a An Oe En Mor BAA) + F =f "4 + F (0) To get v we use conservation of mass @,=@,+ Gs er AV, = AY, + As so Y= at Ay . Camps ral (o.sm MIS) 12mg A, To estimak Pig, we use Bernoulli's P eguobin For Flo between (ancl2) Praese 4 ye = Faye + Ph (oa aE bIC 8) Pyase © 109% pe Now using 80) me get 4 ae ws") [beset fog yor) amg Nosyeon ge) (12,50 © Vira) + or -72 won: F, 7 x so Fi, = 72,00N <— For the ¥ compontnt mont of Phe tree exer teal by Mie pipe on the ke we use tr y cole oe fhe [inter mementum equation fo get A= 5 lis gt 8 Ye) (0.3m) = 67, 400N f SI Fy5.34 5.34 Water flows through a horizontal bend and discharges Volume into the atmosphere as shown in Fig. P5.34. When the pressure gage reads 10 psi, the resultant x-direction anchoring force, F,,, =? —> in the horizontal plane required to hold the bend in place is shown on the figure. Determine the flowrate through the bend and the y direction anchoring force, F,,, required to hold the area = 0.2 2 bend in place. The flow is not frictionless. Frys? Wa Nas m FIGURE P5.34 A conte! yolume tat contains the bend and thewater within the bend between sections (1) and (2) as shown in the sketch above is used. Application of the x ~ direction component of the linear momentum eguation yields © gage -U,e Q — Vices #8°p A= pA- Ft BA, cos 45° (3) With 2 & = @ us a and Vie — Eq. 1 becomes ee _ Gpasus® a A le Ax or ter part Cay Qs ~PAL+ Fax cose? °c A x) - Yo HY + do tb Qe: . . > l 1 Ibes* es 45 st (is “rx BX SE * ae ) 3 = 101 Qe YS Coon't )5.34 (con't) for part (b) we use te y-ditection component of the [ineay momentum (i500 €)(cor 0-05 #*)(i FF) oe oe 7 sug. fF 1b. 5* and = 2z¢ lo - rt = ae 20 iis 26°5.36 5.36 For the conditions of Problem 5.4, de- termine the frictional force exerted by the pipe wall on the air flowing between sections (1) and (2). Assume uniform velocity distributions at each section. The analysis for this problem is similar to the one of Example S.)2. for the contro! volume shown in the sketch above application of the axial Component of the tincar momentum eguation leads to ~FewA + UATA = ph R- 8A From the conservakion of mass principle me = ZA, Also the focal equation Se Stale i e+ he ~ RT, Thas R= Auer )+Ali-e) = w fa iiei)e (-8)| Xie wey "2 R= a (izind aoa) Caran 520 2) ‘nig - -3202)/ 00 N hw) x Qo 4 R= 30.800 N fe5.37 5.37 Water is sprayed radially outward over | 180° as indicated in Fig. P5.37. The jet sheet is . in the horizontal plane. If the jet velocity at the sectionCid___ F nozzle exit is20 ft/s, determine the direction and contol volume 8 in 0.5 in. = h magnitude of the resultant horizontal anchoring Ye 4 force required to hold the nozzle in place. 20 tus x FIGURE P5.37 The control volume includes the nozzle and wakr betvren sections (1) and (Z) a3 indicated m the sketch above. Application of the y direction component oF the Iineay momentum equahon yishds veV.AdA = -F f - Ps “ay : or a e-p fe vcs @)(4%) 4 Rde = PARY Gint— sino) oO and fF =0 4 va Application of the Xx direction component of the linear momentum eguation leads te Ga fapinda = Fy Cs aS 7 \ wpe Af gen ona) ee = paris (050 ~ cor) , ft and pn (099 sags (0.5 in.) C8 in.) (20 By eay(h AX FS Ga 2) (2 (2) 2 tt = 3 fx ==5.38 5.38 mmis held perpendicular to an axisymmetric hor- izontal jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s and a diameter of 80 mm as shown in Fig. P538. A hole at the center of the plate results in a dis- charge jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s and Plate Ve sectionC2 40 mis 80. mh eFax [40 mis A circular plate having a diameter of 300 scot) a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the horizontal free jets 120 mm component of force required to hold the plate wee J Case FIGURE P5.38 The control volume contains the plate and flowing ar as indicated th the sketth above. Application of the oriental or x direction component of the linear momentum eguatin yields —— > fas ro, 2 2 2 fix = COP ue TH = ue (05-02) Thus coe (+ “0 26 (* 41) g[ Gonn-t (g0 mm ) (# ) AX h m “ é (aceon Agen and a Fo = @27N Ax5.39 5.39 A sheet of water of uniform thickness (h = 0.01 m) flows from the device shown in Fig. PS.39. The water enters vertically through the inlet pipe and exits horizontally with a speed that varies linearly from 0 to 10 m/s along the 0.2 m length of the slit. Determine the y component of anchoring force necessary to hold this device stationary. m= FIGURE P5.39 A control volume that contains the box portion of the device and the water in the box as shown in the skekh above is used. Application of the y-direction Component of the linear momentum eghation yields on =, . Bye LeeVRah « g(t hae stit ° The variation of wowith x is linear or = 50 a wv * § Thus Oe oe a es Fay? oe =e (50) b | o or 2 3 2 Fs sara 50 2 Yo.o1m) Gaz) (1 ) nd F + 66.6N AY —5.40 change in the direction normal to the paper. Cal- 5.40 The results of a wind tunnel test to de- _-CUlate the drag force (reaction force in x direc- termine the drag on a body (see Fig. P5.40) are tion) exerted on the air by the body per unit summarized below. The upstream [section (1)] length normal to the plane of the sketch. velocity is uniform at 100 ft/s. The static pressures Vp = 100 ttis are given by p, = p» = 14.7 psia. The downstream velocity distribution which is symmetrical about 100 t's the centerline is given by w= 109 ~ 30(1 - 2) ly s3 ft h t u = 100 yl > 3 tt . ae , Section ~~~ where wis the velocity in ft/s and y is the distance cut on either side of the centerline in feet (see Fig. \ Leonie ture : P5.42), Assume that the body shape does not FIGURE P5.40 Section (2) The control volume Containing air énly as Shown in the figure 15 Used. Application of the X direction component of the Inmear moméntann equation leads to 3ft -U PUA, + 2 [ upudy = -R, or ° aft 2 1 - R= pUh= Ze] [100 ~ 3001 X)] dy a) Te determine the distor 4? the conservation of mass eguation js applied beiweery sections (1) and(z)as Follaus 2ft pau EB 2 feud, a cot h = 4 j [iee- 30(i- 2) ay or fe h 2 GOS FE) sig (100 fC #) Then tram Gq! p= (aenststiys\(j00 Heit e _ Nt) us m) ; hag. € - s) (21,400 #4") [1 te Z (Gonase steps) C i, 400 a A Fi ) se 17.1 lb per tt of lengla normal 42 the plane of the sketch5.41 5.41 — The exhaust gas from the rocket shown in Fig. PS.41a leaves the nozzle with a uniform velocity parallel 0 the x from the nozzle as a fret how that the thrust that is developed is equal to pAV®, ‘aD? /4. (b) The exhaust gas from the rocket nozzle shown in Fig. P5.41b is also uniform, but rather than being, directed along the x axis, it is directed along rays from point 0 as indicated. Determine the thrust for this rocket Fw part(a) we use a contro! volume anund the entire weket as Shown - The axial Component of the linear ‘momentum ation applled to the contents of this CV yields w VaVvA = Thrust developed FIGURE P5.41 For part (bo) We again use o Comtol volume avoumd the entre riche. Applicaton of the linear momentum egrutim to the contents of this CV yields Sueva nA dA = thrust developed a. of vica'g zrvdr > thrust developec! pet 27 V ‘fee $ rd = fovust dear Nw L csp eel (ez “ee thrust developed Ve ee and ame V ae y Leg von) be) In e) fat reve “ae apd “o/h t) | Hrst developed a uM ~ 2 so Ae ay oe te (2) “28 ° “ via bof (one + UD . prst develpeo! tan? @ z5.42 5.42 Water fiows vertically upward in a cir- | cular cross section pipe as shown in Fig. P5.42, At section (1), the velocity profile over the cross section area is uniform. At section (2), the ve- locity profile is R-\" v= ( R ) Section (2) where V = local velocity vector, w. = centerline velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe radius, and r = radius from pipe axis. Develop an expres- sion for the fluid pressure drop that occurs be- tween sections (1) and (2). FIGURE P5.42 The analysis for this problem is similar fo the one of Example 5.13. The control volume contains the fluid only behween sections (/)and{z) as indicated in the sketch. Application of the vertical or % component of the Sinear momentum equation leads to R -w, ew A, + [aex anrdr = pA,- Ro+pA,—W, Thas a R 42 -R = Re ow? + pan| fw, (R26) pdr awe ft % xz eat) Be CR ) rar oH, “ The weight of the waler in the contro| volume may be expressed as w, = gph <0 The value of Wy may be obtained trom the. conservation of rnags equation as follows, L pun, = [pa (Ret) enrdr oO or We = aA 7 (2) ar ("(R-t)rdr LG ) a ¢ To evaluate the integral f () rdr we substitute ° na (3) then = -dr “ & 4) (con't)5.42 (con't) and 3 o-4 - 2 fet) rae = ~ [x tlvykde = Be (s) Thus trom &%. 1 ff _p 2 Fe ~ pw” (2 ) (bo) vs, ‘R= )'rdy +geh (6) tons Bee en ee Ce To evaluate the integral Sy Far we Use E4s. Fand#. @ Thus e 2 7 at a Rar) jo)R de = 24 R™ [fe fdr - {4 (' ‘) O and. &%.6 becomes Re pu, + pluon) uy tgph RRs or P- PBF Re + 0.02 pW, t goh ee Note that in contrast + the result of Example 5.13, only a very small portion of the pressure drop is cue to a@ change tn the momentum tow between sections / and Zin this case,5.43 5.43 Ina laminar pipe flow that is fully de- -@Verage velocity, 7, with the axial direction mo- Veloped, the axial velocity profile is parabolic, mentum flowrate calculated with the nonuniform that is, velocity distribution taken into account. =f Gl = as is illustrated in Fig. P5.43. Compare the axial direction momentum flowrate calculated with the FIGURE P5.43 The axial direction ymomentun flowrate based on a uniform velocity protile with ui is ME = api A = PER X uniform, The axial divection momentum towrate based on the non- uniform parabolic, velocity protile is ME won: > ferwre = pu pert eile “unitorm 1 us 7R® xmon-~ e anitorn 3 To obtain a relationship between U and Ug We use the conservation of mass ieee as follows pit TR = p kirk eff Alana, Thus a = He Z and 2 02 ME am = FLOOR = EME nid uniform5.44 5.44 For the pipe (6-in.-inside diameter) air fiow data of Problem 5./8, calculate the rate of flow of axial direction momentum. How large would the error be if the average axial velocity were used to calculate axial direction momentum flow? The vate of flow of axial abrection momentum, ME, is calculakdwith Li f @rdr = 21% 5 ue 7 dr * Ce eC J ae a where a0. slug pi oR TS us socal velocity, of ( tom Table of Problem 5.18 ) r= local cadius, in. ( trom Table of Problem 5-18 ) R= ppe vadius, Bin. The integral i urrdr 1s evaluated py numerical sategratin sing the Prapezaidal rule wilh anes na) inlervals. The Computer program used to this purpose /3 listed on the next page. The result of numevical tnkegration and solution of &g.0 is MR = 2.284 cor The average axial velocity, V, cam alse be used te approximate the momentum Hor, ME, , wilt WE = 2V7A yo solution of foblem 5- where ; , aouy Vo me. Me ¢ ) = 24.4 ff pa fae C0028 set) (Bin) - (2 2 Mase ae = (0.002% 2) co4t & 1 (my = 0.278 slus f (7? a)” ” Te percent error sh approximating The rmomontum Flaw with average velocity Is WE tag. AP lug. AF Me. me) fo sagt 0204 tl) 99) = Me, (0.284 #tg.f*) ee (Con't ) 2.065.44 (con't) 100 CLS ZUL0 BREIT “Heo OOOO ESSEOKOC CRB OBESE NSEC SORE PRINT "xx This program computes the axial-direction ¥%" 180 PRINT "Xx momentum flow rate for problem 5.44 using **" 140 PRINT "Xk the trapezoidal rule applied to unequal = **” 150 PRINT "*k intervals. yok" 260 PRINT Orr OO CO OO SSDI KOR SOS OKI OS OO IORI IS SIORI OCCA AAE 170 PRINT 160 DIM U, R199 190 * 200 ’Initialize the variables 210 W= 19 220 RHO = , 00238 230 PI = 4! & ATNCitD 240 FOR 1 = 1 TON 250 READ R(ID, UCI 260 R¢ID yin 270 WEXT 1 280 DATA 0.0, 30.00, 0.2, 29.71, 0.4, 29.39, 0.6, 29,06 290 DATA 0.8, 28.70, 1.0, 28.31, 1.2, 27.89, 1.4, 27.42 300 DATA 1.6, 26.90, 1.8, 26.32, 2.0, 25,64, 2.2, 24.84 B10 DATA 2.4, 23.84, 2.6, 22.50, 2.8, 20.38, 2.9, 16.71 320 DATA 2.95,16.71, 2.98,14.66, 3.0, 00.00 330° o 340 ’Compy egral using trap 350 FOR I = 2 710 1-299 360 SUN = SUM+(UCI-1)*24R(I~1) +U C1) °2¥R CTD HEROD) 370 NEXT i 380 MEX = RHO * 21 ¥ PI * SUM 390 400 410 0 tion momentum flow 43 iT USING "rate is ##.### slug-ft/s?"; HFX FRI SEO SESS IO OR OSE OCS EEE IE xk This program computes the axial-direction > sok momentum flow rate for problem 5.44 using *« xX the trapezoidal rule applied to mequal = *k ek intervals x SESS OOD AI III IIA IAA AI IIIA TATA The axial-direction momentum flow rate is 0.284 slug- ft/s?‘out the entire pipe, but it is a function of time: V = the.x component of the unsteady momentum equation to determine the pressure difference p, — p,. Discuss how this result is related to F, = ma, FIGURE P5.45 Using the Control volume shown rn the sketch and applyag the x- component of the unsteady Iinear momentum Gjuation fo The contents of th/s CV we get 2 foud¥+ (,uvnda = ZF, 2 ; x aa [ or 2 (eur de) ~0'd, 1A, = RABAT é e474, = pads, assuming U, = Uy, at every vastint b= 0 assaminy Prichionless flow eal , vo CV (0%! yy 7 us, pmass in a jevation fore5.47 P5.47. OF the total flow, a portion is deflected 30°; the remainder 5.47 _ A free jet of fluid strikes a wedge as shown in Fig. , (Di is not deflected. The horizontal and vertical components of force vet needed to hold the wedge stationary are F,, and Fy, respectively Free jet Gravity is negligible. and the fluid speed remains constant. De termine the force ratio, Fy/I y. cv FIGURE P5.47 The horizontal and vertical Componerts of the linear momentum €guation are opplied ty the cmbeds of fae Control volume shown to get - Yeu, tu KA, + Y cos 300K A, =~ F (a) -~\Ysnz' oud, =F (2) However Yawk eYynY so egs. ()janal2) become 2 . vie (At A; cas 30" A) =-F, V9 A 37 30° 2 ~F, ana ° (2) ae A, +h cos 30°- Ay FE A, sm 30° From tonServahion of mass we get QA, =A, t & or AV =AVt AV ot (® 00 Ais At Ay Comb sang bys. (Zand (4) we get A A+ A, cos 30°—A,-42 _—fg Leas" ~! z * uw ae Ay ech 30° A, 94 30 The negahve sign sdicater tat Fis down rather far up as Shown ty the shetdy5.48 5.48 — Water flows from a two-dimensional open channel and \, is diverted by an inclined plate as illustrated in Fig. P5.48 When the velocity at section (1) is 10 ft/s, what horizontal force (per unit width) is required to hold the plate in position? At section (1) the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, and the fluid acts as a free jet at section (2). Neglect friction. Section (1) m FIGURE P5.48 A contol volume that coulans most of the plake and the Water being turned by the ple as shown in the sketch aleve is used. Application of the horizontal x- direction component of He linear momentum eyuation yields -Vie VA, + ¥,5020" pV A, = - Fag t $x HA, a) Frm conservation of mass we obtain V,z aye bY Aa We Thus, 4.1 becomes tov unit width 2 ~Vieh, + (2 Ysinee phat “Ft ty hy er os 1 ny oo. RF 3h, +V, eh, ~- ( i *) sinze phe Then 2 2 2 el tb 4 1 Ibs Re te a $1) ace fey (ssenssy ete 4 ft) — \(4t+ fro. 7k 4 ib, s* \ 18 Noe | ze (194 eee Gnd5.50 5.50 A vertical. circular cross section jet of air strikes a conical deflector as indicated in Fig, P5.50. A vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is re- quired to hold the deflector in the place. Deter- mine the mass (kg) of the deflector. The mag- nitude of velocity of the air remains constant. V = 30 mis FIGURE P5.50 To determine the mass of the conical] detiectyr we use the Stationary , non - determing contro! volume shown mn the sketch above. Application of the vertical direchsn Component of the linear momentum egualion CEG.5.22) to tne cantnts of this Control yolume yields EU # Kees tet) == ow, or Wome ~ Pang > PACU Ue c05 301) Fa phy egenid)-& 0 However 4% and , A, = BD 7 Thus &%.1 can be €xyresstch as = e Be" 4 G-4 e030) ~ cone. ? or FS m = (23 ay x Gsm) (30 #) [ 302 (om eos zo) ON - ay Ss ‘cone BL (G48 2) (8 Ye ) and a = 0.108 tg m cone5.51 5.541 _ Water flows from a large tank into a dish as shown in Fig, P5.51. (a) If at the instant shown the tank and the water in it weigh W, Ib, what is the tension, 7, in the cable supporting the tank? (b) If at the instant shown the dish and the water in it weigh W, Ib, what is the force, F, needed to support the dish? Fer pat @ we apply Me verfrta| compment of the lyntar momentum eguaton ty the tontent of totrt volume A, CY, ,% get 7am, ~Y ey, Yt A FIGURE P5.51 To get value of Vip we cpply Bernoullis esnahion fo the flow trom the bee surtaa of She Water in the tank +a the tank out e+ fo get Vout = /29h, = / @Ge2 fo) = zs. ft Then tom & () we get 2 ¢ f+) w_loi ft) ~ G54 eye shits (25-4 los =, 7 sles. ft ib. 5* and t= my - 98 Mb ler part (b)” we Fe appl, Te vertical component: of fhe near momentum equation fo the ee of CY, fe get , ) pe = A-w% @ as eum sig get Vit oe, use Bernoul); eguahon between fee surtee of ater in tamk, to tee Surfan of wakr 4 dish te get Vinto 2 1/2 2(z2.2 Ft jot ri2h) = r26F mee = [29 Cgthy) = [203 tC For a4, We Use From tonsert te of mass mm, 2 7, OF pV Ay ey, % dank So finn £geC2wt get (37-6 Byline bs. 1B) tts (ihe las “s) - and F, = wt 14.7lb5.52 5.52 Air flows into the atmosphere from a nozzle and strikes a vertical plate as shown in Fig. PS.52. A horizontal force of ZN is required to hold the plate in place. Determine the reading on the pressure gage. Assume the flow to be incom- pressible and frictionless. wy Area =0.01 m? m FIGURE P5.52 To determine the static qage pressure at staten (i) we first consider the frictionless’ and incompressible flow of air from (1) 42 @). The Bemoulli equation for this flow is ° Ba ve ~& “ye To + > () 2 z We note that V, ont Ve ave linked by the continuity Conservation of i Ne Q,=@, or = A, ary “ewrwns Eqs. Tere we obtain A: + (FE 5 “Vey 3) = To selernine Vz we use the linear momentum equation for the Flow from (2) 40022. Fey the cothal volume Sketehed above the lineay momentum principle yields > TeV, A, = -9N er Gnd5.52 (con't) Naw, with Eg. a (ee y ne [EGS or p.=(uaeta)(' 22) (37 579) | [Gime *75 Ye ‘J and p 21929 N 2 1820 Pa = 1.82 ba : 25.54 5.54 Two water jets of equal size and speed strike each other as shown in Fig. P5.54 Determine the speed, V, and di- rection, 8, of the resulting combined jet. Gravity is negligible. Vy 210 fis @ FIGURE P5.54 For the control volume shown in the sketch above the lear momentum equation for the x and y directions ave, for the x direction -VaeV,h, + (Ves ed eVA = 0 and for the y direchon ~V,9v,A, + Cv sine) eVA =O (2) Also for conservation of mass we have OVA, + P\yha - PVA = From Eqs. i and 2 we get Vek, = wse (1) —~ = of 6 WA, on 6 30 a2 - so = cot Vike = cot (08) 4 a 4s° VAL (ofty w Now, Senin Eqs. 2 and 3 we fo -V A,+V5NO (VA,4V,A,) = oY ye WAL Zine GW, cs YA) Ve (ott) cor” (sins? deo tt) xe oe (10 #) "ou >] and Vz or — $s5.55 5.55 Assuming frictionless, incompressible, one-dimensional flow of water through the hor- izontal tee connection sketched in Fig. P5.55,, Section (3) Section (2) estimate values of the x and y components of the @ = Pa force exerted by the tee on the water. Each pipe 10 mis has an inside diameter of 1 m. 4 es Phe. P, = 200 kPa FIGURE P 5.55 We can use the x and y components of the linear momentum eguation ( &%. 5.22) to determine the x and y components of the veaction force exerted by the water on the tee. For the contro! volume contaming water th the tee, &g. 5.22 leads to 2 R= PATA = RMP + VG, a and a 2 Ky = RU Be + Ap Gap A @) The reaction forces im Egs. lama 2 ave actnally exerted by the tee on the water in the contre! volume. The reaction of fhe Water on the tee js egual th magnitude but opposite tr dwection Conservation of mass (Gg. 5.4) leads to = > ? 7 3 Q,°@,-@ =~ “oe 210m - 2) Elm) = 6.280 Abe 2 2 2m = (62) Fm) = 4.712 0 3 Further é (é ne 208 PH ye =a = F288 2 ) = 6733 ™ , 3 lim) ° and rT 2 & fio ™ 4 aa = fee) 12.73 5 7 Lim)* ° (con't )5.55 (con't) Secause the How is incompressible and frictionless we assume that Bernoullis equation (by. §-74) 1s valid thrvghout the conteal Volume. Thus Bape L(G ”) = 20k 4 Ber -emy ie OE) Re 137 Rho with &-1 Also 29 : ty). qt i y to Bere fg) amt of) logy armel Ys v 2 * cs P= 195.3 RK = (200,00 !\T lim)» (6m )fhas bs nf & 7 e+ ANE ) OB)OAE ) (irr wy ‘ig Jt pas ot and the x-divtctin Component of orce exerted by the vache on the tee iS _/&5 RM. With &.2 Ry = (195,300 % \e Um) _ [137 000 N) Elim)” y = (195 300 Wf ye (3% A) m) +(ai83.2 Joy 22 o +6733 1 (a0 Nee Xan) Fi ky = “45 000) =~ 4S.PRN and the y-direction component of force exerted by the water on the tee is + 45.8 RN. or oO5.56 5.56 Waters added to the tank shown in Fig. P556 through ‘a vertical pipe to maintain a constant (water) level. The tank is placed on a horizontal plane which has a frictionless surface Determine the horizontal force, F, required to hold the tank stationary. Neglect all losses. settee Constant, « {water lever Jet area . m FIGURE P5.56 Applying the x-dwvecton component of the linear momentum equation to the contents of the control volume sketched above we get VipV A, - VaeV, A, = F a) Using Bernoulli's equation to describe the frictionless flow From the constant water surface level to the flow leaving at stations (1) and (2) we olotain Va y2ghe (2) and Viz \2gh, (3) Combining Eqs. 1,2 and 3 Wwe get Fe 2gh,e Ay 29h, eA, or FE =2(aai sens) Om) (615 ret) (1 miiasone) (loo0 ren (1908 ey aincd5.57 5.57 Water flows steadily into and out of a tank that sits on frictionless wheels as shown in Fig. P5.57. Determine the di ameter D so that the tank remains motionless if F = 0. Apelying the hovizents! component of the lineay momentum eguoton to the contents of the lontrol FIGURE P5.57 Velume shown in the skekh we get: VeVindd = ZF or " Q s ~Vie VA, -Yeaa + 4Pl, A, : ane yond’ - ward™+ wie td's 0 Pinee yoy aifagy we obtain v, 4 avd yD” @) Fron, the conservation of rmass erratim we get B= A, + By or A Vd™ =D 4d Again, sire. wee tgh we ger Ya® = pt yd* (» Looking at &s. C1) and (2) togelhar we Conc bude Tf ev, &9-0> cannot be satiched ©g-@) Can be satisted eg.G) Can be sabished eg. @) canna. be satiched = 6.0) tan be sabshed with bz 0 FE Can be atic wit PO So sl, aud 0-0 uv hy must be set So that Vy =Vagh =%, LF Kev,5.58 of each is atmospheric, and the flow is incompressible, The contents of each device is not known, When released, which 5.58 The four devices shown in Fig. P5.58 rest on friction: devices will move to the right and which to the left? Explain, less wheels, ate restricted to move in the x direction only and oe ~ ne are initially held stationary. The pressure atthe inlets and outlets () i t we apply te horizontal 2) i > component. of the linear ee! momentum eguation to the @ i” contents of the control volime jenf2 (broken lines) and delerme the (4) | sense of the anchoring fora. F,- Fa Jif 4 i fia the direction a wo Shown in the sketches, motion * FIGURE P5.58 will be to the jeft. Ef Bis Zn @ divection opposite to that shown, the motion is ty the right. Tf &,=0, there is no horizontal motion. For sketch (a) “VYeVA,- Ye A, = F Since 5 is to the feft, motion /s fo the right. For sketch (bo) ~V,PVA,+ KeKA 2 F and from constrvation of waass PYAR PEA, aad tice v,>v,, then fy is to the left anol rnaten is to We right For sketd, Cc) (nok: flow is mt cvat CG) “Yevya,= & and Fy is jo the left x0 mation is to the rig ht. For sketch (d) heG A + PLA, = % and froma Conservation of mass PGA, = Pl, Ay and Vv, < Vy so F, is te He right and mofion /'s Yo the Jef.5.59 5.59 Water discharges into the atmosphere through the de vice shown in Fig, P5.59. Determine the x component of force at the flange required to hold the device in place. Neglect the effect of gravity and friction. To calculate the x-direction anchoring force required to hold the device in place, the x-dyrection FIGURE P5.59 component of the linear momentum eguation is used on the contents of the corte! yolume shown in fhe sketeh to vbtemi “MOY A,- Gold, + Weests’ pi d= -E+p A, Q To determine v4, the conservalten of mass epuation (4 used to obtain: a," Rt Bs or VA HUA FGA: and (en ft 6.8 FF) = wo ftNovteye Y (0.947) oe Vv,=5 ft BR" F Then fon Eg. 7 we get = (a0fty(on Be Yoo oa’) _ (0 Be (v9 “hae Ylo0 B04) (1 fet (tf) je.s* rage + (5 MorPOON GS UGH) fy fon a Yas) C7 tae At igh ae lo,s* FB = 2440 lh te the lett as shown in the sketch5.60 5.60 A vertical jet of water leaves a nozzle at a speed of 10 m/s and a diameter of 20 mm. It suspends a plate having a mass of 1.5 kg as in- dicated in Fig. P5.60. What is the vertical dis- tance h? FIGURE P5.60 To determne the vertical distance h we apply phe vertital cineciion component of the linear momentum egualion Cg. 5.22) fo the water tn the contro! volume shown sn the Sketch above. This, ~ Fa 29% apy, = “YPAYV, = -py rh a 7 The vertical reaction force of the plate on he water js egual in magnitude tothe weight of te plete, or Re 9 Mglate = (9.81 2) (15 hy) = 47 N Also, the weight of the water within the control volume, 09 Kater 1 is negligible, and the mass flowrate is m=pAY = phols = (799-44) E(a0am)*(10 #) =3,/3 % Thus, Eg | becomes -/47N =~\m =l4#7N _ ” N=-Ymh or Y 3a ys = #78 From the Bernouly Equation (Fy.3.7) we heve ft +h ahtz, =p tdoYesz or since Sg hag (h*-Y* “arm (10 ~ 470 OE 2 3.97 m5.61 5.61 A vertical jet of water having a nozzle exit velocity of 15 ft/s with a diameter of 1 in. suspends a hollow hemisphere as indicated in Fig. P5.61 . If the hemisphere is stationary at an elevation of 12 in., determine its weight. m FIGURE P5.61 Application of the vertical component of the linear momentum equation ty the contents of the cowtel volume shown above , neglecting the weight of the waler, yields - VA, — = aM aka Wael Ag = WA From conservation of mass we get VA, =VgAs © VA, a Also, from application of the Bernoulli equahon to Hex Flow from (1) to(z) +e) we get WerNe= Wm 290-2) ae Combining Eqs. (0(2) and(2)we get Wei = ZpANV, = 20 m4. vy (yz. ag(@,-2,) | We estimate 2-2, > I2in. then 4 : Wan Ronit ng (ff asian + and W = 4.02 Ib ae — Nole that if 2,-2, % less than i2in as suggested by the shake, , the W. > 1.26 lb. hem5.62 5.62 Air discharges from a 2-in-diameter nozzle and Sagan Fed are strikes a curved vane, which is in a vertical plane as shown in Fig. P5.62.. A stagnation tube connected to a water U-tube manometer is located in the free air jet. Determine the horizontal i component of the force that the air jet exerts on the vane, Ne- air et glect the weight of the air and all friction. | m@ FIGURE P5.62 Note that we ignore the effect of atmospheric pressure on the value of Ry in our solution below and use gage pressures. As indicated in Example 5.10 , the atmospheric Pressure force may need Consideration when identifying reaction forces. For the air Flowing Ahrough the contel volume 7 Ee Aw (re Weos #0) « era Ww, (Wt Wests?) Zz) We note that tHe= We v- wth = te ff ot 9 Goty[ es fy, costs I we) ft F Thus, Eg.1 leads to 5 = (1-99 stags) Pe (OY fe 4 2eyP Fo= 14616 a5.67 5.67 How much power is transferred to the moving vane of Problem 5.66? Power = RY or (146 eC 0 Fower = = 2.65 hp (Gx S4.1b = s-hp5.68 5.68 Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 16 gal/min Neneenn as shown in Fig. P5.68. The exit cross section area ‘area = 0.04in2 of each of the two nozzles is 0.04 in.? and the flow / leaving each nozzle is tangential. The radius from the axis of rotation to the centerline of each noz- ‘NY zie is 8 in. (a) Determine the resisting torque yy required to hold the sprinkler head stationary. : a (b) Determine the resisting torque associated with 7 stationary the sprinkler rotating with a constant speed of t 7 our © and - 2 Woe aon ) nozzle exit (con*t )5.69 (con't) Comb/ning 445.256 and 7 we get . a Co: - “wz lnate 29%, (£ sO +) @ ozyle eae @ For o2 O°” we use 6 fo get Toate (949 &, , 5 tees) *osns(er 0) OP meyer wn) or “(1008 “tee) C 5) 18 mm*) = 23/ Mm hate © From £g.8 we obtain fv Ty ‘shaft w= a & L") (005 0°)(1000 com" Foose out © sre ear IC 18m) (1000 hes No. Sm) =F lor a 30° we use &%-4 7 get bias Tete * CH 2 CS beri, Sm) (tos 30°) ( 1000 2m) Cit 7 ee o ((200 titers) (B)18 mm) Catt = 200 Mm From &9-8 we obtah for Typ =? we GL) Ges 0°) (Go00 £y = [60 vad 3018 mm) 1008 VERY my ~~ () For @ = 60" we use ft, fst ‘nett "Ca pee ES or Spats = LE Mm Fam 65.8 we dba fw T rahe Me CF Ghee )(cos 60°) (loca my ene) WiGimuyieve te) army == F DC a mary1eee ther) (05m)5.70 5.70 An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5.78) in- volves a nozzle angle, a, of 60° and an inlet rotor tip speed, U,, of 6 m/s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 1. 8. The absolute velocity leaving the rotor at section (2) is radial with a magnitude of 12 m/s. Determine the energy transfer per unit mass of fluid flowing through this turbine if the fluid is (a) air, (b) water. m FIGURE P5.70 Solume To determine the energy transker per unit mass we use the moment-of-momentum energy equation ( &g. $54) 1 obtan Wsnatt = U Ve, a) net out and we note that the vesult is independent of the tlaid involved, the Value of Vg,, Can be ascertained with the help of he sechon(¢r) velocity triangle sketched below. y, Ot From the velocity triangle we note that Ve = vy tan 60° (2) a! Ra . With conservation of mass we dbtain 5 A h Yim Vera > ee G = BBVA Thus with Eg 2 we obtain Vays = C722) ta 60° = Hab s and with &- i we get Popa = CTEM EVES 2) net out for (a) air 4nd (6) water.5.71 5.71 A water turbine wheel rotates at the rate of 50 rpm in the direction shown in Fig. P5.7/. The inner radius, r,, of the blade row is 2 ft, and the outer radius, r,, is 4 fi. The absolute velocity vector at the turbine rotor entrance makes an angle of 20° with the tangential direction. The inlet blade angle is 60° relative to the tangential direction, The blade outlet angle is 120°. The flowrate is 20 ft?/s. For the flow tangent to the rotor blade surface at inlet and outlet, determine an appropriate con- stant blade height, b, and the corresponding power available at the rotor shaft. Section (1) Since m FIGURE P5.71 Q = 274 b%, then the blade height, 6, is determined with bp -2_— 207K, a) The shaft power, W, is obtained with the moment—of-mementum po shat net bai power equation (&.§.53)- Thus, yar = CUM, UM.) = PACU AUG, ) @ net cut . me and the use of "+" or ~" with U Vg, depends on whether Vo. "8 opposite to or in the same direction as U, respectively. , To determine the value of Vp, we use the velocity triangle at section (1). Thus, we have (3)5.71 (con't) thus faa leads to h nw pe) (50 ram (27 pe = = 7,651 Ft fy (6 2) , =f Tan 20° ” sancos) + iio’) min With &g.1 we abtan 2 b= @#) 0.0825 tt ft 2m 4Ft NM G6S! #) For the blade velocities wv Eg.2 we get U srw. CF) (50mm) (27 BA) on gy Ft 1 —fozy F = (OH) (50mm) ¢ 207 tH ) Us hes ENS ree = 10.47 tt 608. cl Ms For Vy, we use the velicity triangle at section()) to obtain Ve 2.651 2 yy, = eu S F 26.52 ft o! Tan 20° Pan 20° eS For V, fg, we construct the sechon (2) velocity triangle sketched below Ve, not to scale ) wW, : Yea “uy, and we realize that = O Vga = Nya tan 30° U “) From ama of mass ia" ta d= (2) =n IYLE) ry (Con't )5.72 5.72 An incompressible fluid flows outward through a blower as indicated in Fig. P572. The shaft torque involved, Tuan, is estimated with the following relationship: Tora = tr, Va2 where rr = mass flowrate through the blower, = outer radius of blower, and V, = tangential component of absolute fluid velocity leaving the blower. State the flow conditions that make this formula valid. FIGURE P5.72 | The tlow conditions that make rin Uy G) "snake or Valid may be identified by comparing &g./ with the axial component of &%. 5-42. fhese conditioms are a. stationary and ren - determing contol volume (see skekh abe) b. steady -th- the- mean Flow c neghigible shear stress torgue with vespect to axis of relation d. %, =O 2. no torgue with respect te axis of rlafion due 1» noma! siresses f uniform distrileution of Vy,5.73 Vp2 = 30 tts 5.73 The radial component of velocity of water leaving the centrifugal pump sketched in Fig. P5.73 is 30 ft/s. The mag- nitude of the absolute velocity at the pump exit is 60 ft/s. The fluid enters the pump rotor radially. Calculate the shaft work required per unit mass flowing through the pump. M FIGURE P5.73 Yéume The stationary and non- det ming control volume shown in the sketch above is used. To detrmpre the shaft work per unit Mass, Wey , we can use &. S54. Thus What = Gea 0 a The blade speed ,U,, can be obtained as rolons, V+ he = (0.5 ft) e000 re i New ) = 105 rev The tangential velocity, ¥, lg? can be ” bletieg as Hl, Ye =(WV- Byte [Go #)*~ (oot) ]* « 52 Thus, frm €%.1 = (jos ft ty #) re to 2 5460 fhlb “shaft olug. g shag5.74 5.74 A fan (see Fig. 5.74) has a bladed rotor of 12-in-outside diameter and 5-in.-inside di- ameter and runs at 1725 rpm. The width of each rotor blade is 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The volume flowrate is steady at 230 ft"/min and the absolute velocity of the air at blade inlet, V;, is purely radial. The blade discharge angle is 30° measured with respect to the tangential direction at the outside diameter of the rotor. (a) What would be a reasonable blade inlet angle (mea- sured with respect to the tangential direction at the inside diameter of the rotor)? (b) Find the power required to run the fan FIGURE P5.74 The stationary and nnon- delorming control volurne shown iy” the sketch, abe is used. To determine a reasonable blade mlet angle we assume that the blade shonld be tangent fo the relative velocity at the Inlet. The valet Velocity triangle 1s sketched bel. With the velocity triangle , we conclude that - M4) a, tan (2) Now of fine ve 22 & . Gs BN 35.1 "A ann h, oy (as myn y(W) * and " uuu = 25%) (25%) (en BE) a7g te (12 a. Pin’ (5, Ss Thus with &%.1 ft aa ° ae tan 65.1 2) - 43 (376 €) (con't )5.74 (con't) e power reguired, Ww, a» ray be obtained with Eg. 5.53. as =mvuUvYV @) W sats 202 G2 The mass Howat , rh, thee obtained as Follows. -3 mn, = PQ = (238K * si g30 #7 1 xed L bok. s by Pui Also U, = 50 = Gin. 1725 Fin Om BE) aos (12 te) (60 5 ) ° ee) The value of Ye, may be obtained by cons/derin Phe veloc: triangle tov the” How leaving the fotor at sechin(Z. The velative velocity at the volw exit is Considered to be tangent to the blade there. the volw exit How velocity Wiangle is sketched below. Vey Vr \y Wo Bp ‘R,2. Vi Now Yea . Y- wee and W,,= Ske 2 Bath, 1 Fa 30° uno” Yan 30" Thus v= 903 ft _ a4 iB = 649 tt QL Ss Ss and it &. 2 lo Viggy O02 ios 2089 ay \ =a5.75 5.75 An axial flow gasoline pump (see Fig. P5.75) consists of a rotating row of blades (rotor) followed downstream by a stationary row of blades (stator). The gasoline enters the rotor ax- ially (without any angular momentum) with an absolute velocity of 3 m/s, The rotor blade inlet and exit angles are 60° and 45° from the axial direction. The pump annulus passage cross sec- tion area is constant. Consider the flow as being ' 1 tangent to the blades involved. Sketch velocity 1 triangles for flow just upstream and downstream yg ag nee of the rotor and just downstream of the stator oN! | mean recs blade where the flow is axial. How much energy is added { 1, _Setlons to each kilogram of gasoline? ' ' U 1 ¥ fi i 1 «Contre! + Volume. ) FIGURE P5.75 the velocity triangle for flow just upshtam of the rotor is sketched below tor the arithmetic mean radiiss. u Ve 3m Ss With the triangle we conclude that wie2 K& 2 & EF) Lg m 3 1 cos 60° cos bo and ° U = W,%th 60 = (6 m) singe’ = 52m G ‘ * font) a5.75 (con't) The velocity triangle for How just dawnshtam of the volar is sketched below for the arithmetic mean vaduis. lor incompressible. flow V,, = V. For mean raduis flav UY. Thus tor relative How tangent to the blade we dbtah the. velocity triangle sketched below. With the triangle we conclude that - a ° Yen = U- ean =U- Vi tan ts 2 F.2m-6m)\tints= 22 2 Also a g = tan (Yaz = tan E]- he ly fn Ww Vy, (3 F) 27 w= 2". uz¢ ™ cos 4s? Cos 45° s vy,= Ye 238) 237% (0s @, cos 6.2° - usihg the stationary and non-detorming Conte! yolume shown above in the first skéteh of this stlufion and Eg. 5.54 we can Calculate the we added te each kg of Gas = m 7 A Nw nm Uspate = UE = 52 222 UMS = M4 ca The velocity van a the statey exit fon’; isk Leched fed belied =3m =5.76 5.76 A sketch of the arithmetic mean radius blade sections of an axial-fiow water turbine stage is shown in Fig, P5.76 The rotor speed is 1000 rpm. (a) Sketch and label velocity tangles for the flow entering and leaving the rotor row. Use V for ab- solute velocity, W for relative velocity, and U for blade veloc- ity. Assume flow enters and leaves each blade row at the blade angles shown. (b) Calculate the work per unit mass delivered at the shaft FIGURE P5.76 1-00 rpm Control volume 2 hp Control volume Blade sections at the arithmetic ‘mean radius The velocity triangles tor the tow aentoniy Co the tlow leaving the voter vow at the arithmetic mean radius are sketched below. At the arithmetic mean vadius, the blade velocity ,U, is UVeUs re. Gm) 190 12 Ry ad i ) we ) . With the velocity triangle for the flow entering the roty we conclude tat Visi 70° = Ye, V cos 10° =\, W | Sin45” = Vg, U W , cos4s”* , %! (con't ) a) @ (3) (4)5.76 (con't) From the vatio of Eqs. 3 and 4 we oblan tan 45° = Vo0~ U an which when combined with Egs. | and 2 yrelds V sin 70°-U tants’ = Y cos 70° or S72 y u - 52.3 tf ‘ [5m 70° - (cos 70° tan ¥8°)] [sv 70° leas eflentsD] = ¢26 tt y= 16 Then = Vs = (016 4t) svn 70° = 823 Yo, = Y stn 70° = (@t6 tt) sch g os ft nr, fe VF 4 as (GisF ast = 2449 ( and ft w= a AD nyt s costs’ cas yge With the velocity triangle for the tow leaving the rotw we conclude that ° W | os Ys° = Moa (2) Ve, = Y- W, sin 4s° (@) V, sine, = Vea (1) (@) Vas%, = Ve, From the conservation of mass eguation = < + yo = 2449 ft xi % , ” (con't )5.76 (con't) Thus trom 4.5 9 tt Wo= Me = 98) La B > cos 45° Cos Y¥se s and from &. & = 4s? = 52.9 (42.4 Ht) sits = 22.4 FF Yes = UW sings’ = 52.9 Ft (124 #) sm 4 ff s The vatio of &s. 7 and & yields = tai (#+)- four! a Ve (24.4 fF and trom Eg. 7 Yon tas | (et #) 5 = 372 4 Sin as Sin (37°) 5 We can use &g. 554 to calulate the work ger unit mass delivered at the shat. Thus “Snafe = - UY, + ¥ “2 = ft ft ft FAI/7 Ie naar + Eger) + boast #. Ib chaft mes iat sly ‘95.77 IW, l= Iw, | 5.77 An axial-flow turbomachine rotor involves the up- w, stream (1) and downstream (2) velocity triangles shown in Fig. PS.77. Is this turbomachine a turbine or a fan? Sketch an ap- Propriate blade section and determine energy transferred per —} ——— Unit mass of fluid. Y= 40 fs 60 m FIGURE P5.77 5 lu, = 60 tts. w. / |U, = 60 tts We can determne whether the axial tlw furbemachme involved is a turbine or a tan by comparing the direction of the sift force on the rote blade séction with the directn of the blade velocity, U. It the lift fore and the blade velocity are in the same direction a turbine is involved . If the lift force and blade velocity ave in opposite: duections, a fan is wnvolved. the divection of the fit? force can be mterred from the shape of the rolr blade section sketched to be tangent the relative Hows entering and leaving The volar rev. The entering relative Hlow angle, § , B= tn Be ta OE) gg" % (40) Thus, the voter blade sections sketehed belnd are appropviat (con't )5.77 (con't) Since the /ift force Qcting on each rety blade sechon is in the same divechon as the blade velocity we conclude that this turbomachrne is a fturbsne, The energy transkyred per unit mass ts the shate Work por unit mass , ag he? Which We Can dekrmme with Eg. 5.5% Thas “hate = U Vaz aM) From 7he velocity triangles we ebtayn fos Sth 60" eo Ww. th 60 U, and W =W = +uU Thus Oped YU / yrrur stn 60" — ut) on (Bh (vot) (cots) Sinko? 60 l(a) i. el a - - 47 ft Shab} — shag or w. = -147 File e a Shug (322 lhe lem omg5.78 5.78 By using velocity triangles for flow upstream (1) and downstream (2) of a turbomachine rotor, prove that the shaft work in per unit mass flowing through the rotor is -vi+u}-ui+Wwi-W = 2 where V = absolute flow velocity magnitude, W = relative flow velocity magnitude, and U = blade speed. Any set of velocity tangle for flew throngh a turbomactine rotor row weeld give the same lesult, we use the angles of Fg. PS.77 vu Via w, | ali [Mu _ 7 Me From the iniet How velocity triangle we get 2 2 2 Yn = Yo-Yo, Gi) and 2 2 4 7 oy eA ee ee Combining £gs. 1 and % We obtain 2 2 ry,= Wout (3) ’ Zz From the outlet Flow velocity Wiangle we get 2 2 2 Van = Yo Yee 4) and 2 0 > 2 2 2 _ vee W.- (U-u,) -W Us 2UK Ys) (con't)5.78 (con't) Combining &ys. # and § we ottam - EW () 4 & “er For the set of Velocity wWiangles shale = UY, + AV, a het in ° Combining &]s. 3,6 and 7 we obtain 2 Your Ubu WW, spate net in 25.79 §,79* Summarized below are air flow data for "Upstream of Rotor Downstream of Rotor flow across a low-speed axial flow fan. Calculate Absolute Absolute the change in rate of flow of axial direction an- Axial Tangential Axial Tangential gular momentum across this rotor and evaluate a a a oe the shaft power input involved. The inner and Leoy_rnls)_ (ants) (es) (as) outer radii of the fan annulus are 142 and 203 er ° a o d is 32.03 ° 2.28 64 mm. The rotor speed is 2400 rpm. bas ° Ba Re m3 32.04 ° 3178191 185 32.03 ° 31501135 7 308 ° 264 11.66 30 0 0 0 The change in vale of How of axial direction angular raven hum Qcress the rotor, AFAM, | /s evaluakd with fe q 4 Fam, ~ [rage 0M. 2rd = [Man hy 20 % AFAM, = are ( where randy ave fan annulus intr and onter radi? é ° or ave local radii at section (2) dtunshtam of tan rety 5 and & and section (j) upstream of tan yotr Wy, and Vg, are local absotete tangential velocity at sections(z)analr) , , Upp andl Vy, local axial velocities at sections (2) and (1) As suggeskd by ER-E-45 Taab = AFAM, and &.2 is evaluaka numerically with & computer proven haf ublyes the trope zoi'dal rule with, uneven inkwals. The program list and @ Yesulfs are on the next page. I. shatt power input Wyay , is Cveluakad wilh £y.5.47. Thus, Wpate ~ Tap © (3) fg. 3 (5 evaluated by the Compub’ Presram (isk on the next page. lam'4)5.79 (con't) 100 110 120 130 140 450 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 4210 420 430 440 450 460 470 4380 490 500 510 520 530 cLs BRUNT aS COCR AOE OES ESOS AAAS IIA IRIE PRINT "*k This program computes the change in rate af **” PRINT “XX axial-direction angular momentum and power = **” PRINT "4k input for problem 5.79 using the trapezoidal *k” PRINT “xk rule applied to unequal intervals, wR” BAR INT GRE SOCCER OCHS OREO CE SCRE CEO SCO: SOI IAAT IIA! PRINT DIM UXUC19), UTUC19>, UXD(19), UTD<199, R19) ‘Initialize the variables N=? RHO = 1.23 Pr = 4! * ATWC1!> RPM = 2400! FOR I = 1 TO Ww READ RCI), UXUCE>, UTUCTD, UXDCI), UTD«I) RCL) = RCL) 7 1000! NEXT I DATA 142,0, 00,00, 00.00, 00,00, 00,00 DATA 148.0, 32.03, 00.00, 32.28, 12.64 DATA 169,0, 32,03, 00,00, 32.37, 12,24 DATA 173.0, 32.04, 00,00, 31.78, 11,92 DATA 185.0, 32.03, 06.00, 31.50, 11.35 DATA 197.0, 31.09, 00.00, 29.64, 11.66 DATA 203.09, ©0.00, 00.00, 00.00, 00.00 ‘Compute integral using trapezoidal rule SUMU = Of SUMD = 6! FOR I = 2 TON TEMPU=UTU (1 XUXU C1) ¥R C1) “2+UTU (1-1) XUXU (1-1) #R (I-19 72 TEMPD=UTD (1) XUXDC1> RCI) °2+UTD (1-1) KUXD (1-4) KRCI-1) SUMU = SUMU + TEMPU x (RCI) - RCI ~ 19) / 2! SUMD = SUMD + TEMPD * (RCI) ~ RCI ~ 19) 7 @t NEXT 1 MEXU = RHO ¥ 2! x PI * SUMU MFXD = RHO * 2! x PY * SUMD POWER = (MFXD - MFXU) * 2! * PI & RPM / (60! * 1000!) ‘Print the results PRINT PRINT USING "The shaft torque is ##.## Nem"; MFXD - MFXU PRINT USING "The power input is ##.## KW"; POWER LIES SOIC SOIR OOOO ACE IACI II ACE RIOR SOARS xk This program computes the change in rate of ** #X axial-direction angular momentum and power eK put for problem 5.79 using the trapezoidal ** ¥k rule applied to unequal intervals. 4k FCO OK ACIOK FORA FOIA CIA AACA ACA I AR AOE ACR RE RAC The The shaft torque is 4,79 Nem power input is o kw5.80 5.80 Air enters a radial blower with zero an- gular momentum. It leaves with an absolute tan- gential velocity, V», of 100 ft/s. The rotor blade speed at rotor exit is 70 ft/s. If the stagnation pressure rise across the rotor is 0.1 psi, calculate the loss of available energy across the rotor. To determine the loss of avarlable energy across the velor we use te energy equation C64]. F582) WD obtain 2 Oo neglect -2 wey ne Joss = ta leat > a + 95 faut) + pate e NG in or loss = ‘a rn~ laut + “shaft a) net in The shat? work in, aya he OA bre obtained with the moment -of- momentum Werk eg nation © €g.5-5#). Thas, Lopate = Uaat Ve aut (2) net ih Combining &ys. | and 2 leads to loss = Bin mt + UY, ? or 3 boss 2 — Ot PIDC™, CH &) + (7 EX Noni) \ (2700 sag VE fe Hag Ze. Na shag. and hss = 950 tle = shag5.81 5.81 Water enters a pump impeller radially. It leaves the impeller with a tangential component of absolute velocity of 10 m/s. The impeller exit diameter is 60 mm and the impeller speed is 1800 rpm. If the stagnation pressure rise across the impeller is 45 kPa, determine the loss of available energy across the impeller and the hydraulic ef- ficiency of the pump. The analysis of Example 527 is applicable % solving this Problem. Using 9. 6 of Example 5.27 we obfam Qetual feel pressure rise acvoss mpe fer hoes = UY, - 2 However 2 voy \ vad oa — )(a7r t= ba = Comm) (1800 mi) Gx He ve C2000 iam) (60s s m Yun Thus loss = 66 2 2) rr =) (3 10 Ape % Joss = 1.6 49 From &4. § of Example 5.27 we obtyjn achral total pressure vise qevess wmpellar 7 * « 6,2 or Hex s) (HH 4. 4 = OY dt = 0.796 (546 10 8) pyre 2 52)5.82 5.82 Water enters an axial-flow turbine rotor with an ab- solute velocity tangential component, Vp, of 15 ft/s. The cor- responding blade velocity, U, is 50 ft/s. The water leaves the rotor blade row with no angular momentum. If the stagnation pressure drop across the turbine is 12 psi, determine the hy- draulic efficiency of the turbine. To determine the efficiency of the turo/ne we use y= -tetual_work_ out y actual werk out + loss The actual werk out, Wepate , 18 obtained with the ne? out moment - Of — momentum werk eguation (&y. $54). Thus, nate = ~ “safe = UY. (2) net out net in ‘a Gin To determme the toss of available energy across the Yotw we use the en vehon (€g. $82) - obtais ong eniten CE FF ean 2 Joss = Fin Pout» Min ~ Var + Gf Dt “page GD a 2 ; Wet i Combining js. Zand 3 we obtain Joss = lym Fut Uys @ e . Combining Gs. 1,2 anet # we obfam - Uys Un Man (50 Bis f(a) YX G,t fess Fain ~ Four C12 psi )(14# Fy) e (F594 Slee) and . “? a= O845.83 5.83 An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5.83) in- volves a nozzle angle, @, of 60° and an inlet rotor tip speed, U,;, of 30 fi/s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0 The radial component of velocity remains constant at 20 ft/s through the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2) is without angular momentum, If the flowing fluid is water and the stagnation pressure drop across the rotor is 16 psi, determine the loss of available energy across the rotor and the hydraulic efficiency involved. m FIGURE P5.83 An analysis like the one of Example 5.28 would be appropriak for solving this problem. Since a turbine is invalved mm this problem , and trom bg. 1 of Example $28 “hate ~~ shat net in netout we Gin conclude that loss = Stgnation pressute dap across OI _ yt ce aetoat Honever tom by. 5.64% we see that “rate = “spate = ~ Ug, =~ “pate het in net ont and thus loss Aopnation ping pore oi Ue, A) To determme the value of Va, we examine the velocity iangle for the How entering te votre that is sketched below. From the velocity triangle we obtain - | e %,, = Vp, Fan eo hyo €) ta L VY. =(Z08 n 60 V7 295!) ncn Ft Ss (con't)5.83 (con't) From €%./ we obtain bss = (6 es) (ba) yo Got) lo Ng / 4) (48 e) ope loss = [43 Th 6 sag From €%. 5.82, we Can conclude that Wepate 4 USS = stagnation pressure drtp across the Why het out e or in other words, fhe stagnation pressure droga acvass the rotor results in shatt werk and tess of available Chergy. Thus a meaningful ethelency is Y shaft pos ber oat ee C (stration pressure chy across fhe ) rc Got ans Gober Cape) 6 nodes AF G9 hep) 1 ay. 9.87155.84 5.84 An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5.83) in- volves a nozzle angle, a, of 60° and an inlet rotor tip speed of 30 ft/s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0. The radial component of velocity remains constant at 20 fi/s through the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2) is without angular momentum. If the flowing fluid is air and the static Pressure drop across the rotor is 0.01 psi, determine the loss of available energy across the rotor and the rotor aerodynamic efficiency. To determine the loss of available energy across the rot we use the energy equation (&%.5.82) Thus, B-B yey a neglect loss = UHR = an ISB) * nay G) a “ het in The hatt work, Uepagp , 18 obterieed pith the moment. of momensum Werk equation C&qS'sy), Thus, “hate = ~YVe, = - “snaft @ Aneto het out and combining Egs. ( aud 2 yields 2 loss = FoR, UE oy, @ 2 z 7 7 determine Vi amd Ye we Contact the velocity Priangle sketched below. Ye, y V2 T | ‘| (con't)5.84 (con't) With the velocity triangle we conclude that y= 1%) _ 40 # “05 go? = and 4 Va, = Y sim 6o°s (BOT) sineo* = 34.64 sy Since the Haw leaving the rely is radial | then = = ft ‘= Ya 20 = From Eg. 3 We obtain loss = (00 i) ine?) , (tt) -@t1 ea) a se Gay 7 _ (40 # (one ays vem or FO Sy ft Joss = 16 ft.le 3g. / ee slug The efficiency may be oblamed wiih = attral Work out 7 U, Ve, actual worl ont + Joss UY, + loss ft = (50 8) (34,647 BN he 2 nt ) - 08 “49 tt yl ft-lb (of inato(k,) «1 75.85 5.85 For adiabatic flow through a turbomachine rotor, rove that the quantity remains constant, where enthalpy relative flow velocity U = blade speed When the energy eguatio (Eg. 5.64) (s applied to achabafie How through a turbomachine rotor the resu/t is v v 2 ve aur My, Mat Mee glte Bu) = Meyry 1) ne in From €3. 5.54 we obtam =~ (tv @ What = ZY, th Yin) + 2U, out ae) net tn Far the typical velocity triangle shown in the sketch below a ve or Ve = vive and a te ort 2 y, Vg or Vy =W~(V,-U) Wavs2UY-v vy |Veorty Thus y 2 wt v : vu UV= al 3) Mn ° Z Vo | To be cmsistent with the velocity Miangie sketched above &%./ volves "“#° Signs within the parentreses. Thus, hom Gs.) 2and 3 we get + : _— Us age st Win Uy 2, ee hn out out > out mn > z = y and ty 2, = Bout O% G9 (Bout ~ Bin) negligrbly smal) k aw Ue constant zr z5.86 5.86 — What is the size of the head loss that is needed to raise the temperature of water by 1°F? This is sumilav to Example $22. From 4. 5.16 we have oO assumed y v a 4, > = loss An However ite € Cy) Thus Jess = Ch - a) aw Gh, = © Coup ~ Ta) and : $ x) CS Cut dn VA tha 2 fm fet) 1 (es, rey os oe h, = 1g tt ~ ~ 45.88 5.88 Air steadily expands adiabatically and without friction from stagnation conditions of 650 kPa (abs) and 290 K to a static pressure of 101 kPa (abs). Determine the velocity of the ex- panded air assuming: (a) incompressible flow: (b) compressible flow. This is similar to Example §.27. (a) For theompressible Haw, the Bernoull) equation (Eg. 5.104) applied 70 adiabatic and trichonless How from the stagnation state # the static slate leads to Vv 208R-P) a) where the ideal a equation of Stak yields z fe > ar @) Come/ning &gs. ( anak resulh in DRT z or $$ ya [R G80Kta late) — 01 Wtalabs) | (286.9 Hm) (20K) = tg K J 650 kha (abs) (1X. \ and a] v= | Nv x o ly lb) For compressivie Fo, €%. 5.03 applied te adiabatic and tiictintess flow trom the stagnation state fo the Stabe state leads to = (274 )(/fh. 2 @) v= AE - 2) However for this Process £ cg 2 constant a (con't)5.88 (con't) D Thus -2/ey ow) r7A(e) and combining * FJ and 4 feads fo ) fz. (s) pe te dj 4 LG ¥ With the ideal equation of state C&y. 2), &. § becomes v- GE) we 1-6 )F] Ga bly Loe (2869 gm Bene: pee 656 Ble(abs) | Ww G41) (7 ea ) f/ and V= 4% s5.89 Cz = 5.89 Air flows past an object in a pipe of 2-m diameter and {acl roa exits as a free jet as shown in Fig. P5.89. The v TE ama. See Bate mci tively. At the pipe exit the velocity 7 ress along the pipe wall is negligible. (a) Determine d Toss associated with a particle as it flows from the p=S0Nm® 10 mis uniform velocity upstream of the object to a location in the wake at the exit plane of the pipe. (b) Determine the force that the air FIGURE P9.89 puts on the object. I Joe (Q) To determine the 103s suffered bya flacd parhcle as it flows from (i) fo a location im the wake at (2) we apply the encegy eguation Cy: 5.84) to that particle tow fo get: 10 —_—_— oO 2 2 What ye ee i) ft y 29 g or 2 * 2 £4Wwe% = & 4 ‘ z 29 39 2 ana i, a a N 4 nO) , Word OF), gas Nv} 5 (2% 2 (29122) 2(9-81 2 ) To determine the head (oss associat with the Entre flow Geress the abject we use the non- um Foan How entryy Cgualon C&. 529) for tow fon Ui) t @) throngh fhe contrel volume L 4 shown 1a the sketch fo get: o 2 =? = Ao ifr Te fe tw v 29 x 29 g 2 From 9. 586 we get: 2 2 a aN — PVA aad i eV.nda zg 7 fg ethan e a 5 PVA £4.(0) becomes yt = pV.nda he foo he ie aa a 4 & ov. PVA) e Aaa F (con't )5.89 (con't) ae ; 3 4) ars coe), wey . Boe (22) 7 [ented ).fin) abe) ae a) 2fetay ? sy gyre? +@az)r Grey —(im) A, = 2Sem [epte J (b) 78 deteroune the tore. that the air puts on the object hy, we use the horizontal component of the binear a a Lgraton to get: 0H A ees tothe Ba he € s Tr and thas voy and R23 OW Le5.90 5.90 Oil (SG = 0.9) flows downward through a vertical pipe contraction as shown in Fig. P5.90. section(i) If the mercury manometer reading, h, is 190 mm, determine the volume flowrate for frictionless flow. Is the actual flowrate more or less than the fric- tionless value? Explain. nie 10m —| The volume flowrate may be oblained with FIGURE P5.90 . A= AY = mys Hye Be a 4 To determine cither Vy or V, we apply the energy eguation (G58) to the an between sections G) and (2). Thus, eet 2 rey oO B+ Bega = Bt We ga, + Pooate ~ Wh @) . net in “re eas. 4 —- we obtain £ ['-@)] - To determine mies “Foe gl@,-2) @ e we use the manometer eguation frm Sechion 2.6 fo obfas “A az gh (3m - 1) - 902,-2) (4) Combining £95. 2 and # we get 29h (3S - I) i-(ay ” _ [eras 72) mI = $292 100 mm Ve 500 mm , 2 and trom &q.i we have 2 a- “ete 6-272 ) 0.042 m? s Aetna! Clowrate wonld be jes, than the trichonless valuc be cause. the loss would be sreaky than the 3ero amount used above5.91 5.91 Anincompressible liquid flows steadily along the pipe shown in Fig. P5.91, Determine the direction of flow and the head loss over the 6-m length of pipe. FIGURE P5.91 Assume flow from (1) to (2) and use the ener equation (&9. 5.84) to get tor the. contents of thé Control volume. Shown: rn SF oyMe ya, s He Wat £2 x 29 Thus hoz B Reet 2 Pe 08m —2m = 5m 4 FF Gad since. h >0. the assumed direction of flow is correct.5.92 5.92 A siphon is used to draw water at 70°F from a large container as indicated in Fig. P5.92. The inside diameter of the siphon line is 1 in. and the pipe centerline rises 3 ft above the essentially constant water level in the tank, Show that by vary- ing the length of the siphon below the water level, f, the rate of flow through the siphon can be changed. Assuming friction- less flow, determine the maximum flowrate possible through the siphon. The limiting condition is the occurrence of cavita- tion in the siphon. Will the actual maximum flow be more or less than the frictionless value? Explain *y FIGURE P5.92. The Howrale, @, Can be delermmed with Q =A = 2 Ve fl) To obtain Vp we apply the energy eguation (Ey. 582) beiween point A and 8 in the sketch above tv obtain oO o oO le. Vy * ° + br 9% ~ far lhe 92, + oat — loss @ e f2 net in or y 2? G(% -%q) ~ (055 and aT % * [2 [4nd -1055 ] @) With Eg. 3 we conclude that as A varies, so does Uy and thus &. For no loss, the maximum flow will occur when the pressure at point C Is just egnal te the vaper pressuve of water at 0%, We apply the energy eyuation ( bg. 5.82) behten points A ante to get no ° ve o Ete ge = at + 9%t Pirate - Yo w& PR otf; Nees Using absolute tastead of age pressures We Obtain with Gy. ¥ y= /(29(%-%) + Ark e or = M _ 722, Yr [2001 2 Catt Yox0tem) + (lye 2268 ) 22048 a (con't ) C87 BY ge) ‘se5.92 (con't) Since. : Q=Ay = Bah 4 we have tor the mpximum tHowrale Trough the Siphon. . 2 2 ~. Q= min) (053088 2) (2.048 e2) = 458x109? 40 ag) wr * = s we With Eqs. 3 and we Conclude that any toss Won act to tower the Value of V tn the siphon and Thus yrake the actvel maximum tlowrate with friction less than toe maximum Howrale without frickon.5.93 5.93 A water siphon having a constant inside diameter of 3 in. is arranged as shown in Fig. P5.93. If the friction loss between A and B is 0.8V7/2, where V is the velocity of flow in the siphon, determine the flowrate involved. FIGURE P5.93 7o determme the Howrale, Q, we use Q=ze4Av= nro va Vv (1) To obtain V we apply the energy eguation (EG. 582) behsten ports A and & tr the skelh above. Thus, “g fe TEI YE USEtI 2 * Yah — loss NCP in ; “9% - OY and with &./ a Q - wGin) (64 i F C144 tn rel C @)5.94 5.94 Water flows through a valve (see Fig. P5.94) at the rate of 1000 Ibm/s. The pressure just upstream of the valve is 90 psi and the pressure drop across the valve is 5 psi. The inside diameters of the valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in. If the flow through the valve occurs in a horizontal plane, deter- mine the loss in available energy across the valve. FIGURE P§.94 The control volume Shown jn the sketch above /s used. We can use €G. §-79 % determme the loss in available energy associated with the sncompressible , steady thw Hirogh this contro! volume. Thus joss = b-R y From the conservation of mass principle y= Me / m pA, ana , ya me * pm a Thus . » oss = FB eY- é) Lr 4 bss = © ml od) Mee el “Veal 194 Flags 2] (98 gs B22 yy of (2m) ( [ai fe FRA slug / a loss = 560 ft % stig5.95 5.95 Water flows through a vertical pipe as is indicated in Fig. P5.95. Is the flow up or down in the pipe? Explain, h Mercury FIGURE P5.95° The control volume shown in the sketch qbove is used. for steady, incompressible flow downward fra (A) 70 (8) we obtain fam €g. 5.7 Po, Ue on - BY a + Bt 9%, = aa at I, - ,%5, From conservahon of mass we conclude that Va = “Me Thus trom Fy. = H+ h-k 15, g An's f However the manometer eznation (s¢€ Section 2.6) yields 4-6 2 gf h(i- 56,)- P = 9 C 7) 4) and lO8Sq = gh (I- 5Gyy) which 1s a negative quantity since SGy = 13-6 Joss js not Phys! cally possible so the How must be Ypward trom 8 4 A. For upward flew the abdve analysis leads to OT . A negative 0. = S 85, = gh (SE, 1) which is positive and there twe physically reasonable.5.96 5.96 _ A fire hose nozzle is designed to deliver water that will rise40 m vertically. Calculate the stagnation pressure required at the nozzle inlet if: (a) no loss is assumed; (b) a loss of 30 N-m/kg is assumed. To determine the Stagnation pressure at the nozzle inlet we assume that the stagnation pressure aft te nozjle exit is the Same as the Stagnation pressure af The nd3zle inlet and we apply the energy equation (Eq. 5:44) to the Flas fam the nozzle Exit fo the Maximum elevation of the wakr flow to get R= a 42 + alloss ) a) G@) Fr no loss , 3.1 leads to = (2% te Nha m) = 92 RN 2A me (b) For loss = 30 ae &]1 yields z “Oo Now to § fore) Hose5.97 5.97 For the 180° elbow and nozzle flow shown in Fig. P5,97, determine the loss in available energy from section (1) to section (2). How much additional available energy is lost from section Section (2) (2) to where the water comes to rest? 12 in, Py = 15 psi Vi = 5 fs ‘Section (1) FIGURE P5.97 for solnng the first part of this problem, the control volume shown in the sketch above is used. To determine the 109s accompanying How tram séchon ¢ to Sechon 2 &. 6.79 can beused as follows. a (055, = a + “i% , 98@,-%) Since x-y Coordinates are specified we assume That phe How (5 hotizental and %,-#,+2 0. Also, Bek = Oo psi. Frow the ~cémservation of mass princ’ple we conclude that ue YA Ar Thus loss 2 b+ = 7 or hs Vf; = loss, = ¢ in? a eK el ) (4) (2) ar ) ( 94 sig") [sg # yloss, = 926 Fhe ——~ slug For the second part of this problem we consider the How of a Haid portcle from section 2 % a stake of rest,a.£y.579 leads to = Ww »y 2 Mote that we Gave ae that Be R=hy, and 2 >%,. Thus : ¥ (2) epeeys 4 55, = 4: w/05%, 3 == sug5.98 5.98 An automobile engine will work best when the back pressure at the exhaust manifold, engine block interface is minimized. Show how reduction of losses in the exhaust manifold, pip- ing, and muffler will also reduce the back pres- sure. How could losses in the exhaust system be reduced? What primarily limits the minimization of exhaust system losses? We apply the energy uation (&%.542) % the flow fam the engine block , exhaust manifold imler tac. fy the exhaust Sys Km exit to get 2 2 Fy = Bap t Alt ~ eben + pl toss) a) With Eg. i we see that reduction OF loss in the exhaust System results In a lower value of 2, ana thus the engin. back pressure. Losses jn the exhaus+ Sythr, could b& reduced by eliminah 9g major loss Componenk such as the Catalytic converter and the muffler as te often done in Yace Cars. However, noise and emissions legislation limits the exkent to which this kind of loss nduchion can occur tn conventional yehicles. Some loss reduchon Can also occur by configuring the exhaust system piping wilh few bends and appropriate avea adistribufions. However-, veguivements offen lads to bends and turhs ry the pip and Costs lumit the exlend of optinizing area distr butians.5.99 5.99 Water flows vertically upward in a cir- station 2) cular cross section pipe. At section (1), the ve- locity profile over the cross section area is uni- form. At section (2), the velocity profile is R=)". vew.( R ) k where V = local velocity vector, w, = centerline velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe inside radius, and, r = radius from pipe axis, Develop an expression for the loss in available energy be- Le tween sections (1) and (2). + Re section Flow For determining Joss we use the energy eguahon fr non- Uniform flows, Eg. $87. Thus, 2 oe Joss = fg MY HOM 7 + 9(%,- &) @) 2 Fram conservafin of mass C#y. 5/3) we have y=G i 2 Nise with Ey. $06 fy the kinetic energy coethciend o we ie have a =1.0 since the velocity proble at secthon(1) 1s unitorm. At schink) we solve €3- 5.86 Csee solahon fy Problem $125) anct obtain = 1406 Thus, €%- 1 yields Joss B-R - 0.06 Vy,5.100 5.100 Discuss the causes of loss of available energy in a fluid flow. Some causes of [03s of available energy in @ tluid How 1 hichon 2. heat transhr across a temperature difference 3, flow across a shock5.101 5.101 Consider the flow shown in Fig. P5.91. If the flowing fluid is water, determine the axial (along the pipe) and normal (perpendicular to the pipe) components of force that the pipe puts on the fluid in the 6-m section shown. Using the contro} volume shown & broken fines we apply the axial and normal compontats ofthe Minear momentura equation 7 ge4; EE 20 » FIGURE P85. 7 ¥ since there is 70 momentam How yy fhe roemel duecher, and zee 09 siice the How js assumed fully deloped and lhe net amount of axial ditchen momentara tlow out of the CV js 3000 So Ky Wes 8 = 0 or Ky, = W006 Mew wert TAL = LIE (rex & ye Coser). “in and 9 asin’ 2 45° Then os san yet 195) = HN Fav the axyel dirtehing RA, + Ry +50 O-FA, =O or 2 AL . Ry = BAW BA, t ws ep-P At Wine From the manometer readings Bath, ama path, thus AP tCh-h, ) ar = 8(b,-h AO Sim 19-8°) Re Gane t LX \ [Zam- a (0. im) G52.0 Ha9- 5) me Ry = 38"5.102 5.102 Water flows steadily down the inclined pipe as indicated in Fig. 5.102, Determine the following: (a) The difference in pressure p, ~ p>. (b) The loss per unit mass between sections (1) and (2). (e) The net axial force exerted by the pipe wall on the flowing water between sections (1) and (2). . jerry (a) The difference in pressure, B- P,, may be blamed from the manometer (see Secton 2-6) with the tid statics equation ey Gia) (bi Ro 2, [OAD sh + +s fa) V2 He in’ * (#1 (78) RR, F C29) [ornsiats | +86 (624 las H)= a7 or and -p= 23742 -L_ = 185 psi R-E fe Ges) Ps (6) the toss per unit pff2f bebwen Seetensl1) and (2) may be obtarned with Eg. 5.79. Thus - Fok a 37 le) —t one pom , ce FY 194 Sag or ft Se tthe 52.2 £t 5 # Gina’ jf) Le loss = 203144 + ve 1 sin30'y(1 ) = sh (c) The net axial torte exerted by the pipe wall onthe Howing 7% water may be obfained by Using the axial Component of the linea momentum eguation (6g. 5.22). Thus ty the contol velume Showin above _ orp ay ei apt 3 R= uy (2-R)- ee (L) sin 30 BI. pyoehsinse] 2 Gin. \ . 2-R/eo2 237 Le 62.4 1b ft) Sin 3 Rs Flig:) 7 1 é Bysws * 72216 2 72216 opposite to Flow direction.5.103 , 5.103 Water flows through a 2-ft-diameter pipe arranged horizontally in a circular arc as shown in Fig. P5.103. If the pipe discharges to the atmosphere (p = 14.7 psia), determine the x and y components of the resultant force exerted by the water on the piping between sections (1) and (2). The steady ‘90° flowrate is 3000 ft/min, The loss in pressure due to fluid fric~ tion between sections (1) and (2) is 25 psi. Rx Contre | Volume RE PS.103 To determmne the x and y components of the resultant sore exerle/ by the water on the piping between section (i) and@) we use the x and y components of the linear momentum eguation (622). For the control volume Containing the waler 1 the pipe behween section Ci) and (2) , &y 22 leads to 2 Ree BA- UPA =- ROD Ved aw and R= BAF PO (2) The resultant force components im &s. / and 2 are exerkd by the pipe on the walt. The resullan] force of waler on pipe ic Gual in magni tude byt oppwite th Avecton. To dekymine Pp, we use the Chergy eguatton , Eg. 5.83. Thus, B= plloss) = 25 psi Also Pa ye Be & = CmH) lnm tt 107 alas (o0£ ) ‘ ¥ Se (Ooi! and yi sy = 1592 Et With €] 7 we oblam 2 = (5s; ) TAA) (44 4 in ) (5.42) (94 Ht) salty 4, c R, we 42 rnin Astug A or 0 £ ) main R, = - 12,850 le and the x direction Component of the force exerted by Phe water on the pipe belveen sechms (1) and (2) is f-42,850 lo. (con't )5.103 (con't) With &%.2 we obtain = (15.92 Ft (}.94 Stags (oot )/: é lb —- = /S¥o), é LE) ##? Sing. 2 ig. #F lez a) and the y-divecton component of the force. exerted by te wakr on the pipe Gi) and @) is ~ Hold. betuten sechions5.104 5.104 When fluid flows through an abrupt ex- pansion as indicated in Fig. P5.104, the loss in available energy across the expansion, loss «,, is often expressed as =>) Ai) V3 loss, = (1 - S) + ( “) 2 Section (1) where A, = cross section area upstream of ex- a irene f Section (2) pansion, A, = cross section area downstream of aay a FIGURE P5.104 expansion, and V, = velocity of flow upstream of expansion. Derive this relationship. Applying the energy equation C&g. 5.82) to the flow tam sectio(!) to section(z2) we obtain loss, = Poa + Y vy a) Applying the “qxlal divechon component of the hinear monenkm Cguation (Eg. 5.22) to the flu‘d confamed in the control volume from section G) to Section (2) we obfam R, + RAPA = -YPAYt Gp @) Now, if we consider Section (1) a5 cecurving at the end of the smaller diamekr pipe (the beginning of the larger diameky pipe) as tndicated m the skekl above , Ey.) shi] yields the Cxpansion loss and &. 2 Gecomes R, tPA, — BA MAY tPA (3) Note that wilh section (}) positioned at the end of the smaller diameler pipe, B acts over area A,. Also, because of the jet flaw fram the smaller diameter pipe inte the larger diameter pige, the Value of R, will be small Chough compartd to the other terms th €9.3 that we can dap RK,» frm G3 RrP. > eB Lut ym D a A Combe) ning &- | and 4 we obtain aoa ap = 1p YK (oss, “riya ge Yolk AL = Ccon't )5.104 (con't) Fram conservation of mass (6B-S.12) We have KY A, () Ay Cornde ning 4: S ant 6 we get FI losy = 4 (By - Gh )+ 6th) MOSS, = bhp) 2 Ares 4)) 2 "(i A, # (4)5.105 5.105 Near the downstream end of a river spill- way, a hydraulic jump often forms, as illustrated in Fig. P5.1_. The velocity of the channel flow section(2} is reduced abruptly across the jump. Using the 8 conservation of mass and linear momentum prin- ciples, derive the expression for /i, section(i) hy 2 ity y= + + i n= 3 z The loss of available energy across the jump can FIGURE P5,105 also be determined if energy conservation is con- sidered. Derive the loss expression 8x — in? jump loss = Applicat’or. of the honzontel component of the linear momentum eguation C&y.§-22) 70 the walker sh the contol volume tam sectimG) to section (2) leads to, tw unit width of tlw, 2a ; . Ret Th rw Yoh y pha i) Since the jump ecceurs over @ shat distance we dnp R, tom Eq. /. Also fram conservation of mass (Eg. 512) we dblain wey fe @ a ha Coon'#)5.105 (con't) Combining 645. | and 2 we oblain -(ey and 2 2 Ouow =O @) Ya / h, gh, From &%.3 we obfain he = -1tfieae A z noob VR ih The other guadrad'e root 3 not meaningful. Application of the energy eguation (éq. 5.82) % the Haw frm pont A to pomt te shown an the skort, alove leads fo jump loss = ‘ae 1 gl eI = YEW agch-4,) (4) Combining £95. 2,9 ond ¥ we sblava a jump lass = fh belftey ] 904) or jump ss = 9 Cy yy th ”5.106 5.106 Two water jets collide and form one homogeneous jet as shown in Fig. P5.106. (a) Determine the speed, V, and direction, @, of the combined jet. (b) Determine the head loss for a fluid particle flowing from (1) to (3), from (2) to (3). Gravity is negligible. Vy=4 mis m FIGURE P5.106 For the water flowing through the control volume sketthed aleve, the X= and y-direction Components of the linear momentum equation are “Vi eV, A, + Vztos O eA, = © (1) and -VieV,A, + Vz Sin@ pV, A= 0 (2) From the conservation of mass principle we get -eV,A,~ pVaAa + PVgh, =O @ Combining fqs. 1 and 2 we obtain 2. 2 2G (Ou tana 2 Vth gy Em VFR re int won a 7 0:3086 ae (ony meen So ® = tan’ 0.3086 = Now, combining Eqs. | and 3 we get 2 -Vieh, + V,Cos 6 (vA, +e v.42) =O or y= ee Vid 3 = tse (VAsvs,) ese (vidi +V,d3 ) Thus a 2 ~ (63) (orm) 37 > a 2 Ceost22 [C4 Z)(oim) + (6 2)(o.0m\* ] ard we ie (con't )5.106 (con't) To determine the loss of dvailable energy associaled with the flow thugh this corhol volume we obtain by Spplying the energy eqaachon ( £4. 5.64) ~(% + FY) (Ke Ve)e «4. Ve \. (hye Wi - (Hae B) m+ y+ Bis oH Also, the conservation of mass equation , 4.3, tan also be written as “wm Fm = O (5) Combining Eqs. 4 and 5, We obtain in, (Og ,) + Hy (bgt) 2 ia (Wels | an (VieYs Yin, (Ug G,) + M(H =m, | w(t) (6) The left hand side of Eq.6 Yepresents the mile of available energy loss in this fluid flow, Thus vate of availalle enomy loss 'S Tote of loss = @VA, ("28") + BAe (es ) or rate of loss = a [a.ce) ‘ dv(8)| au ‘Thus “ka nest 9993 Vane Yi NS S z rae of legs = (2% mo) “(is ) canluss|esitos)] 4 z + (Olam y( ee ea y- (ae and 2 rate of loss = 558 Num — S5.107 5.107 A gas expands through a nozzle from a pressure of 300 psia to a pressure of 5 psia. ‘The enthalpy change involved, f, — fiz, is 150 Btu/Ibm. If the expansion is adiabatic but with frictional effects and the inlet gas speed is negli- gibly small, determine the exit gas velocity. Because of the appreciable pressure drop muolved in this gas tow we consider this problem to mvVolve Compressive. How. From Fy. 5.71 we obtan “ = 2 (150 G) (a8 Fl ) 2 Ibm ft) le. $* < 1 v= 2240 ft Ss5.108 5.108 What is the maximum possible power output of the hydroelectric turbine shown in Fig. P5.108? FIGURE P5.103 Turbine for flow trom sechon(i) to sectionfz), fy. £82 yields 7 2 Bt Baga Faw get nate ~ MSS a a * e2 net in Si ape me ime Bake lato) Watt =~ Vopags Eg. can be expressed ai act ia net out : 2 Woraft = 9(2,-2,)- YW hss net out z The maximun work or power output it achieved when 105520. (con't )5.108 (con't) Bus a \ =m = mf 9lz,-2,)- % Woe = sate [9-) bd net out net out Maxioam ee Now > 2 m= PA = py 7 = (98 \oz)r hn). 4710 g and h 4710 89 1/6 31. \(oom\ é@ iG hate Mau, = ( tp aptvon) 2) Nig ) maxi mam . = KSH KI Nm Woes = FS4XI0 — = as¢xi0W = 45% MW net ow maxiraum5.109 5.109 A hydraulic turbine is provided with 4.25 m’/s of water at 415 kPa. A vacuum gage in the turbine discharge 3 m below the turbine inlet cen- terline reads 250 mm Hg vacuum. If the turbine shaft output power is 1100 kW, calculate the power loss through the turbine. The supply and dis- charge pipe inside diameters are identically 800 mm. We consider the turbine mlet and discharge to be sections (i)and@). fev Flow tom sections (1) to(2) &%. 5.82 yields loss = Fi-R + 9 (z,-2.) - yale a r ner cut Since 4 = MS and W shaft ~~ “shaft net out net tn For power loss through the turbine we need to multiply by.) by the mass flovate, ra, thus power loss = mm (P24) # mg (a2) - Wea &) ec net out However ’ : = 4g \/4.25 m?) 2 4246 Ae mea (90 sy F) a: Also & .-(0.25 m 9 C02, 09) = (025m Xiseycon 44 (481m ia) a rae hg. = B a N 2 , PJMICi01>, YBAR(101) the variables RTERMSAVE = NTERMS "Enter the head loss coeffi ecient’; KL PRINT FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT ) READ X<1), YCI> wD = 1 FUDD = ¥CI> NEXT 1 DATA 0.00, 79.0, 0.14, 79.0, 0.28, 76.0, 0.42, 67.0 DATA 0.57, 65.0, 0.71, 70.0, 0.85, 76.0, 0.99, 79.0 DATA 1.18, 75.0, 1,27, 64.0 PRINT "The polynomial fit to the head rise data is of order”; PRINT USING "##"; NTERMS ~ 1 ‘determine the polynomial coefficients PRINT "The coefficients of the polynomial are:” FOR 1 = 1 TO NPOINT FCLy = PCL) ~ DCNTERMS + 1) * X(1) 7 (NTERMS? WEXT 1 FOR J = 1 TO NTERNS BaD Diy = 0 sc) = 0 NEXT J cit) = 0 FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT DCL) = DCL) + FCTD & WCI? B(L) = BOLD + XC1D ok WCD Sa) = 81) + WUD WEXT © Di) = DC) 7 Sci) FOR I = 1 TO BPOINT BRRF (1 FU) ~ DD WEXT 1 IE eee = 1 THEN GOTO 850 Bit) = BCL) / Std PoR T= 1 10 NPOTNT PIMACID = i JOD? (Dd - BaD NEXT 1 (Con't)5.114 (con't) 2 TO HTERMS 4 TO NPOINT % WETD D(J> + ERRFCID & «D> Bu? + XCD S + F P P=PX xP Di? “ SD 8 o TO NPOINT 740 BRRFCI) = BRRFCI) ~ DJ) % PCL) 750 NEXT 1 IF J = NTERMS THEN GOTO 650 FOR I pos FB + DC) x QN 7 CT ~ L BUS) = BUI) 7 SCD CQ) WW) 480 -b FOR 1 = 1 TO NPOINT Pos Pci) PJCI) = (XI? ~ BOD) & PICT) - CCID * PINAL? PIMLCI) = P NEXT [ WEXT J PRINT USING " d# = +#,##e°°°°"; NTBRMS - 1; DCNTERMS NTERMS = NTERMS - 2 IF NTERMS > 0 THEN GOTO 400 determine the intersection using the ‘Wewton-Raphson method Que oy B= EP FOR I = 1 TO NTERMSAVE STEP 1 Fe P+ Dc) x QN 7 CG - a NEXT I FOR | = 2 TQ NIBRMSAVE STEP 1 FP = FP + I k D(I>D * QW * (I - 17 BEXT I > F = KL * QN* 2-F FP = 2! * KL x QN ~ FP QNP = QN - F / EP iP (ABSCQNP - QN> > .0001) THEN GOTO 920 F =o! 1 TO NTERMSAVE STEP 1 > USING "Head loss coefficient: ###. ##"; KL 1110 PRINT USING "Volume flow rate ##. ARH mo S/s"; ON 1120 PRINT USING "Operating head - —: ### mm of H20"; F (con't )5.114 (con't) (2) (b) JE EOO GCC OS ERASE SESE DOES OSE CR GERI AE xx This program determines the intersection of the xk head loss and head rise curves for problem 5,114 #* ¥k A least square fit polynomial of the form: ** Hey = dO + QIXx + A2RK2 + ABKkR*S +... xe KX is used to describe the head rise data. *K JARO DESO RGSS OSS COIS ODDO ISSR ISAC AGRI IRR Enter the head loss coefficient? 140. The polynomial fit to the head rise data is of order 7 The coefficients of the polynomial are: a? = -1,7369E+03 dG = +6, 2623E+03 a5 = -1,5353E+04 a4 = +1.3788E+04 & = -5, 9543E+03 a2 = +1, 0551E+03 dl = -6,2329E+01 dO = +7, 8983E+01 Head. less coefficient: 140.00 Volume flow rate ~ 205 m3 70 mm of H20 Operating head ~ SIAC GUO IO CCCI OCC ACK AOR CR ACAI KRACK This program determines the intersection of the ad loss and head rise curves for problem 5.114 x xk A least square fit polynomial of the form: xx #K 0 -y = AO + dlkx + G2%x72 + date7S +... XK xX is Used to describe the head rise data. 2k SOS IERIC SOROS SIS IISO a SSSR ASSO OH IA CE ACSI CER AIO IAI AAD. Enter the head loss coefficient? 91 The polynomial fit to the head rise data is of order 7 The coefficients of the polynomial are: -1, 7369B+03 262SE+03 SSS3E+04 . S788E+04 - 9543E+03 - 0551 E+03 2329E+01 - 8983E+0 Head loss coefficient: 91.00 Volume flow rate ----: 9.928 m°3/s Operating head 7S mm of R20 (con't)5.114 (con't) OSS IE OOOO OSE ODEO A OKA SIG RIERA AR A %* This program determines the intersection of the ¥k head Lo! wk A least square fit polynomial of the form: #X y = dO + dikx + aQxx°2 + d34x°S + ¥* is used to describe the head rise data. JESS OOOOH (Q) Enter the head loss coefficient? 49 fit to the head of the polynomial are TF359E+03 BEHO8 353E+04 BE+O4 BE+03 O551E+03 .2329E+01 49.00 3m 3/s 71 mm of H20 and head rise curves for problem 5.119 3 2k x sok OF AQIS ASSIS IE AI AR AEE se data is of order 75.115 Water is pumped from the tank shown in Fig.4 P3.1151. The head loss is known to be 1.2 V2/2g, where V is the average velocity in the pipe. According to the pump man-| tafacturer, the relationship between the pump head and the flow-y rate is as shown in Fig. P5.115b: fi, = 20 — 2000 0”. wes ym = 20-2000" = —1___\ 0.05; 310 2, ms w) o == "pump 0.07 m We vant fy know the fowmk B. For the contro! valume shown , FIGURE P5.115 application of the emery 9 equation (Cy. 5.84) ylelds« o Ana by a, thehy (i) e 29 However ¢ i. GD Since a= MA, v we have trom 05. 2 = (2) GD A and ae Ze OG) anc (4) we get: & eee =Z, + 20-2000 Q? ~ By Gs) A A. ] ow 4 + bh, p 2000) ~ 2-2, ¢20 os 2g4, 29A> i Jo 4 £ Qs 2,- 2,420 . 6m + 20m . ~) Soe 12 2000 ae 2o0 | zafraz) a athe + | Ut#) az ) (aioe, ig fr learnS aig fe atm) | 3 4 Q=00522 = 5s5.116 5.116 Water flows by gravity from one lake to another as sketched in Fig. P5.116 at the steady rate of 80 gpm, What is the loss in available energy associated with this flow? If this same amount of loss is associated with pumping the fluid from the lower lake to the higher one at the same flowrate, estimate the amount of pumping power required. al iB Q= 60 fe ar le ie FIGURE P5.116 C60, NA Fs) For the flow tam sechon (a) to section(b) &4. 5.62 leads fo ss = - afa2.2F fs , ft i loss = 9 (2, 6) Geet (5FN(1 | = (io = ss For pumped flow trum sechon 6 to section & &%. $82 yields Worais e& [90 -2,) + toss] = (regio eat bes 0 net in fad 4helo Fel or. - io Ab. Z0zho stag eS f Weratt == F net in5.117 5.117 A i-hp motor is required by an air ven- tilating fan to produce a 24-in.-diameter stream of air having a uniform speed of 40 ft/s. Deter- mine the aerodynamic efficiency of the fan. The aerodynamic efficiency of the fan, 7,48 ae sdeal Power reguired actual power reguired 7 The actral shalt power reguired, Wretyat) 1 FAP - The ideal shatt power reguired, Wryeg)) 15 obtatnd trom &y. 5.82 toy How without loss across the fan. Thus Wiaeas * = th Vout = PAM Mut = prea 4 Ye Gani estat z or Woy = avs Ap (8) 4 x Then COs, x |e fi o.43Shp O59 O75 bp = 45.118 5.118 A pump moves water horizontally at a rate of 0.02 m'/s. Upstream of the pump where the pipe diameter is 90 mm, the pressure is 120 kPa. Downstream of the pump where the pipe diameter is 30 mm, the pressure is 400 kPa. If the loss in energy across the pump due to fluid friction effects is 170 N-m/kg, determine the hy- draulic efficiency of the pump. The efficienty of the pump, 9 , 15 Qe ideal work reyuired _ actual work regeived ~ lose _ “staf hess Achnal werk reguired actoak work resumed spahi To dekeymine — wsygpe we we &. 5.82 to oblam oie net in 2 : = hur Pi, ¢ Vout ~ “ie 4 boss G) Wshatt E het in e From the volume flowrile we ofan = @ @ 0,02 2 Mur A, To, « o.02 ) = 26.292 a a Fe Coo30m)* a Also, from mass conservation “F 2 Vz, > Nout Pout 2 (28.29 3143 oS 5 ‘in Thus from Fg. / we obfam Waafe 7 (400,00 SN - 120,000 4) » [Gt292)- vail) net in (994 or ti7o Naw Rg = M. Usnate = FFB UA het iia "A Then 46 Mm _ 179 Mam a 17 = 0.799 qe wp ata Ste Mm ay5.119 5.119 The turbine shown in Fig. P5.119 develops 100 hp { when the flowrate of water is 20 f1°/s. Ill Iosses are negligible, | determine (a) the elevation /, (b) the pressure difference across | the turbine, and (€) the flowrate expected if the turbine were removed, 1 @us: 15 contro! volume A and the Sonny tangy eprotion (Ey. 5-81) ut get FIGURE P5.119 242, Ay a th Kk a Bae? a 29 oF Fer a turbine, bp on hy and tom &% 58S we gets & 4 hy = Weteh” (oat ). 441 fF ra (62. vf ©) te Since Qe > AV we haye w yzBe wot , wt “Case ae mas Zz eas Then tam &. | “ 7 ae fe -. | Z,-%, zeh= why = CS EY + HH > 541 ft *9 2 (32.2 ff ) (kj For embeol volume & the enersy egratin yields 5 = 2.75 1b BA Th, = (ad (wes) = 128 (c) Sime Q=VA= VAL if we know value of 4 with fe turbine remoyed, we trldh Calewlok © with fre tathne reraoied. Withant a terbing , &y.(1) reduces fo 22-t zh Gnd yy = fag, =| =/f2 Ge? B ews) = 59 ft BlBg) OF) - 42 F c (2B5.120 fm = 50 psia 5.120 A liquid enters a fluid machine at sec- A elles tions (1) and (2) and leaves at section (3) as shown D7 in Fig. P5420, The density of the fluid is constant a ae at 2 slugs/ft’. All of the flow occurs in a horizontal plane and is frictionless and adiabatic. For the Section (3)! 3 above-mentioned and additional conditions in- Gicated in Fig.5.120 determine the amount of 4 {seston lame. shaft power involved Aga Sin? py = 80 psia = 18 Ws aCuRE Alt 30in2 FIGURE P5.120 For the trictionless and adjabatic How through this Haid machine fe. 5.64, 5.65 and 5.76 lead to Watt ~ mms (B+ Ye) (f+) (6 +) (i) net in Since Vo. vw ee ye we ey yy mht, - S . - me = 4, - 4, ~ u, = (im, + Pa )G,~ mn = mm, Ca, ua) + mn (4-U,) = 0 At section (3) V4) a = PAY 2/2 Slugsy/ 5 ) ft) = 3.125 a 0's C ) (Ho a > At section (1) = Ay, = (A sige) (30% aa > 6.25 shy! oe) na a Fram ‘contort of mass = Mh - ma, = 6.25 seg P25 slap = 32 ships my = With &. 1 we obtain Wiest - fem in Jt ED fa )@ Nty Slugs net iy 2 i) eye Bante) CBC, oe 2), 650, i i 2 sh igs ) Corian Wyatt = -3l1 hp the net shaft power is out net th5.121 Section (2) 5.121 Water is to be moved from one large reservoir to another at a higher elevation as in- 8-ininside dicated in Fig. P5.121. The loss in available en- diameter pipe ergy associated with 2.5 ft'/s being pumped from sections (1) to (2) is 61V2/2 where V is the av- erage velocity of water in the 8-in.-inside diam- eter piping involved. Determine the amount of shaft power required. Section (1) for the flow trom section (1) to section(2) &g. 5.82 leads to Wace = 4[9(e- 2)t loss]= Pa 92-2) 4 ev’) aM net in From the volume #lowrate we obtain = g 2.5 p= 4+ 2. ¢ ) | TD’ 2162 tt 7 R/S Bin. a ~e ee Thus , from &./ y = (194 $lags) (2.5 #) (32.2 £t) (5044 Wrage 1 (25 f #504) net in + GCE fy ite om vig s0 tt or = 2h shaft = a5.122 5.122 Oil (SG = 0.88) flows in an inclined pipe at a rate of 5 ft'/s as shown in Fig. P5.122. If the differential reading in the mercury manometer is 3 fi, te the power that the pump supplies to the oil if head losses are negligible Using the Control volume Showin and the energy egnatin (584) we ve B [een eeyecly ar th hy (i) yy” G i wih The power supplied by the pump vo the cil is, tom bg. 5-85: 4 Ae Q Mite = RO = Sine, Ve 2 = ZF we get . fe # st fi Ve oe = 637 and WF a zss £ Lat) ZG#H) 3 7 the manometer equation (S26 Section 2.6) we get: Bt, Hest, - (Br H +h )¥ = (3) 1 Bye 3 Camb/ning gs. G) Ano (3) we get 2 Q Se _ - Awk bath BL ¢@hibns GAI-A tM faye ST NT ‘oii SEH) iy 7G kh ‘ frit) ae 3-2, + (Hay) - he as ~ yest sit hy = = Seg tt Ey Fins liy from Fy) ae Worste anon lb \e Lyb0 8) = 49 (4,500 LEE an5.123 5.123 The distribution of axial direction ve- locity, u, in a pipe flow is linear from zero at the wall to maximum of u, at the centerline. Deter- mine the average velocity, #, and the kinetic en- ergy coefficient, a. For this Flow the velocity distibution is linear and thus ou, (1) For the average velocity U we use &%. 52 Thus, ae fuer an f(-zNE)«¢E) TR or a For the Seer cet coefficient o ee use &%.5.86. Das, rae L's * ou andr _ ale (KE) PTR E(B) we z or with the help of &./ a wt [0- D(a) - 8 225.124 5.124 The velocity profile in a turbulent pipe flow may be approximated with the expression u_ (R-2\"" ue \R where u = local velocity in the axial direction, u, = centerline velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe inner radius from pipe axis, r = local radius from pipe axis, and n = constant. Determine the kinetic energy coefficient, a, for: (a) n = 5; (b) n = 6; () n = 7; (A) n = 8; (@) (Dn = 10. For the eee energy coethiclent «, we may ase £3. 7 8. Thus, _ Lkenemeds 2a) zu [¢- d itp lg) PaTR a a” a“ z For the average velocity, U, we may use &g.5.7. Thus, ae Lpemrdr | 2 fae = au fli (de) (2) a= pIrR* To facilitate the imkgrations we make the subshtytion Az l~ é (3) ae-dfr (é) CH and 4 2 becomes + ® ae = 42 YX aaa fe Cad 6 (m1) (nn) . Combining £95. 1,3, 4 and SF we obfan a =e Lah(nayae [ater ) G i 2 [yo a (Btnyae2njll — 2n (Q) For n= 5, - b yields 3 “ “f, 2(5)° jf Grattan] 5 An patie, , (345 )[3126)] 205) = 3 (b) Far n= 6 Cf) Fr n=10 a 2/035.125 5.125 Asmall fan moves air at a mass flowrate of 0.004 Ibm/s. Upstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 2.5 in., the flow is laminar, the ve- locity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic energy coefficient, a, is equal to 2.0. Down- stream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 1 in., the flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is quite flat, and the kinetic energy coefficient, a, is equal to 1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.015 psi and the fan shaft draws 0.00024 hp, compare the value of loss calculated: (a) assuming uniform velocity distributions; (b) considering ac- tual velocity distributions. (a) For uniform velocity Wistributions upstream and clownstream of the fan, Ee. 582 is applicable. Thus, aed 2 2 Joss = Pa= Pout 4 Uy Var + 90 8x A Mout) P Wepatp a P 5 net io We obtain the shaft work, “chal trom the given shat? poner, W, ,, , With i, nef in a a net bs Mpa = aE. Co. covet hp ) 078 ) = 33 fib retin 2.004 ten Zam For Vj, and VY, we use &. Sit. Tras, moe (008 lem y (ee *) = 153 £¢ ‘th —— . Pai (23800 ay) (222 Byres 2.5m) and ; m ten 1 Ves" = x oot Br) (Mt Be. ) = 957% Past Lat ee (230% 16 sg \52.2 be ) win” Now from Eg.1 we obtain i ous Joss Co ous psi ONE Be ») 7 (ety = bot te a ) 2.38. bi 2 Lom (238 x0" "sly \(52-2 fbx ) ay or joss = 343 ft. to 433 Ft lb Tom C3 iniform velocity distributions upstream and dounsheam of the fan 69.587 1s applicaste. Thus - 0 fer a Pact > “Ya = = Nout uct + Iga 1 Wrath Joss = or A = - 2a ttle 4 aces » - Cooagees BY a (Oss le Fug. LE ft il) and 4B 44 loss = 3.36 File Jam fom5.126 5.126 The device shown in Fig. P5126 is used to determine the force put on a flat plate by a jet of air that is deflected by it. Air at a temperature of 77 °F and an absolute pressure of 29.25 inches of mercury flows from the nozzle at a measured rate of Q = 1.40 cfs. The air jet strikes a flat plate and is Sj deflected through a 90 degree angle as shown. A water filled Circular plate manometer is used to measure the pressure, p, on the plate as a > function of the radial distance, r, from the center of the plate. © /——-3 = 4in ——| ‘The manometer reading is h. Since the flow is axisymmetric, the net force, R, of the air against the plate is Dre R=2n [ prdr 0 where D is the diameter of the plate. Experimentally determined values of h and r are shown in the table below. Use these results to determine the value of R. Note: Some type of numerical or graphical integration of the experimental data is needed. Compare your experimentally determined value of R with that obtained from the momentum equation, R = pV7A. Discuss some possible reasons for any difference between the two values. FIGURE P5.126 To determine the experimental value of R, we use R= zn ( gee 0) exp For the surface pressure, p, we use the manometer equation P= WS cater) (2) Combining Eqs. 1 and 2 we obtain Oh. = C Re, 2 Pater J bra (3) (con't )5.126 (con't) To determine the value of the inteql of £4.3, we plot hr vs.r and obtain the avea under the curve from v=o to r= D/2- Values of hr are shown in the tele Galoveard br vs.r is displayed below. 200 he (ia?) Le ie 20 3,0 ¥ (io,) Now R= rae Oe Me b Care under curve )) (12 fe or 3 = am(ort Cres in? ) = 0.60 lb ie a He) Saas we) i12e in? ) ° fe The value of R obtaihed from the linear momentum iene is RE Rae Vyet Aves . Rael (M he = Paw Sa Qair rd Using the ideal gas equation of stale we y be Rir (29.25 in tg (847 “te, ) Rie Ro Tee = 600224 slugs aie Tie 12 ee YC NE #s SEEN C74 4098) 43 Ten an vwar y(t) \( tof 2) 0.69 Ib Eazy -5.127 5.127 The device shown in Fig. PS.12 Tis used to investi- pate the force needed to deflect a stream of air. A fan forces air at a temperature of 73 °F and an absolute pressure of 29.07 in. of mercury through a circular galvanized iron duct. The average speed, V, is determined by use of a Pitot static tube. A long- radius elbow at the end of the duct deflects the air through a 90-degree bend as indicated. The elbow rests on a scale, and the horizontal pipe is attached to the fan by means of a flexible bellows about which the pipe is free to pivot. The scale reading, R, is adjusted to zero when the fan is turned off. Experimentally determined values of V and R are shown in the table below. Use these results to plot a graph of the force that the air puts on the elbow as a function of the air speed. On the same graph, plot the theoretical curve as obtained from the momentum equation. Compare the experimental and theoretical results and dis- cuss some possible reasons for any differences between them. — Seale m™ FIGURE P5.127 129 1.38 156 1.65 1.83 1.90 24 2.19 2669 2.83 5.05 3.12 334 38 LL To determine the theoreHeal value of the verkcal reaction force exerted oy the flowing air on the 90° bend, Rive, , We apply the vertical divection component of the livear momenty 7 equation to the air flowing through the bend to get Ri = CVRAV Due theo For the air density we use the ideal gas equation of ste or 0 = & £2907 im Hg CENT AFP poazt slag (2 in. (im Ee ft. Ib )[cratseoy «I 43 Now Rees? V"(0,00224 sug) ; or . 7 Rye VE )(osoen s\t Bin Vy Ibe ) ! ” Me au Slug. Ft & ona RP SAREE (@ 5) £4 b Runee® (v & a.nxe Ye : (4) Values of Ry ave shown in the +table above and experimental call and +heorehical values of R aie compared “oh the next page - (con’+ )5.127 (con't) R(ib) BOP 46 r 0 1600 AR i @ Rico A oO 4 a a 6 A ° 8 A e a Oo 2000 3000 V Ftfmind oP5.128 5.128 The device shown in Fig, P5.128 is used to investi- Position gate the force needed to deflect a jet of water. Water pumped indicator from a tank at a given flowrate, Q, issues from a nozzle with 0 speed V and is deflected through a known angle, @, by means of a vane as shown. The vane is constrained from moving hor- izomtally. The tension in the spring attached to the vane is ad- jjusted 10 give a null reading on the position indicator when the fiowrate is zero and 'W’ = 0. With a known weight, W’, on the balance pan, the flowrate is adjusted to return the position in- dicator to its null position. The flowrate is determined by measuring the weight of water, W',, that is pumped from the tank in a given time, t. That is, Q = ‘W,,/(y), where ‘is the specific weight of water in the table below for two values of 6. Use these results to plot a graph of the force that the water puts on the vane as a function of the speed of the water from the untrl |0.40-in. diameter nozzle. There will be two curves, one for each value of 8. On volume B — the same graph plot the theoretical curves for the two cases tested. { Compare the experimental and theoretical results and dis- @ ccuss some possible reasons for any differences between them. For @ = 90°: m FIGURE P5.128 For 6 = 180°: wap) Reg) weav) Rage” VCE) cfaran Ree) ow, a) Ras) WDi@ 0.044 O04 771 0047 = 5.29 268)0.110 0.10 681 0086 Ft 24. 0154 O54 8.66 0129 $4 18.2) 0.220 0-220 ou) O24 1495 308 0.264 9-264 8.92 0286 138) 12.6] 0551 9.55) 7.88 0597 13.28 109 0374 0.374 8.78 OHO 16-13 10.01 0.771 0.771 7.97 0.804 1541 95 0485085 9.96 0.50% i726 106] 0.880 0.860 637 0803 jeune 76 Application of Newton's second law te the contents of contrel volume A leads to tre conclusion that the force exerted by the jet of water on the vane, R, is equal cho the krewn weight W. Thus Rexp W (a) Application of the vertical component of the linear momentum equation +o the contents of conhel volume B yields ~VieVA,t 2V, wse eV,A, = - Runes (2) ‘exp ? From Beroulli's equation we estimate Vv, = \ and we note from conservation of mass that 2A, =A, To determine the speed of the jet, V) we use v2 @. Ww Ww FR Beh, ETA Ct) @)5.128 (con't) For © = 90° 1 Combining oy 2 and vesults in ned (2) 0G ) on For @= 40" and W = 0.044 Ib we obtain with Eqs. 1,3 and 4 He Follewing Rey, = Cott le C77 tb 49 a $ “IR Ie a4 1, Yees ressy Rae? amie ioe tae (1b) | thee [fara um) (' Fe A sug. ft J 7 eS) 12 in: = Ed Rye, = C1Ot7 Ib Similarly, we csushuct the table for @ = 90° Shown above. Fev 0 = 186, 2c Ey Band 3 fesults in Raneo™ ‘wey e a (5) Por @=180 and \ = O10 tb we obbain from Es. 1,3 and S R = O10 tb xe == - oBi lb ' S24 lb 245s ie alae au 6.81 Ib RL, = 2 i thes ea ae | = 0,038 | Rineo 033 Ib Similarly we construct the table for = 180 shown above . (eon't )5.128 (con't) Ri) ° s 10 Is 20 ¥ (#4) Cem't )5.128 (con't) R(Ik) 08 o.4 03 0.2) Ot = [80° ARne, ORexp Po5.1R 5.1R (Continuity equation) —_ Water flows steadily through a 2-in.-inside-diameter pipe at the rate of 200 gal/min. The 2- in. pipe branches into two L-in.inside-diameter pipes. If the average velocity in one of the 1-in. pipes is 30 fi/s, what is the average velocity in the other I-in. pipe? for steady mcompressible Fow Q,= at @ or a= AYt AY, Thus n-ne = wr Ft oF so. 3 v= (zoogem )(23 Ja?) On? O28) graf BC tind Vin) (ea) CO iny5.2R 5.2R (Continuity equation) _ Air (assumed incompressible) flows steadily into the square inlet of an air scoop with the { nonuniform velocity profile indicated in Fig. P5.2R. The air a uniform flow through a round pipe I ft in diameter (a) Determine the ige velocity at the exit plane, (b) In one minute, how many pounds of air pass through the scoop? SW 2itx 2 ft square inlet Lftdiameter Vf outlet (2y FIGURE P5.2R 2, y Hi a) For steady, incompressible flow a 4g, =@2 or ° f U, db =A where a yel. Suda = §u, (2dy) a yzo ' ' y, Bots ye2. +((50)(2dy) yr = (24 (ED ( 82 #) (anni tp(so#) = 1504 « Thos, aie isos Blin)* b) Weight flowrate = ¥Q = (0.0765 12, Note : (4 y=0 Joke In = 191 3 qa (150) = 1.48 L ! ! U (2dy) = {(oy)e2 dy) = 100 y dy = soy?| a o 7 60S P(r) = 690, 2 260%5.3R 5.3R (Continuity eqi )- Water at 0.1 m/s and alcohol (SG = 0.8) at 0.3 m°/s are mixed in a y-duct as shown in Fig, P5.3R. What is the average density of the mixture of alcohol and water? & FIGURE P5.3R Qs control surtace for steady flow {evn dA =o, or ; ; . ts mM + Mm, = Mm; or 04+ 2& “8% 2) Also, since the water and alcoho/ may be considered in compressible Q + Q,=@; (z) Combining &gs. / amd 2 we get AG + Ra, = £842) or Pat R& & 278, dA an PG, + SG, Q,) 6 Q,+Q, ms (ak 6) [02 +08)(03 A], weg Pag) nm 0.3 Ole + G5.4R 5.4R (Average velocity) The flow in an open channel has a velocity distribution V = U/W) ft/s where U = free-surface velocity, y = perpendicular distance from the channel bottom in feet, and h = depth of the channel in feet. Determine the average velocity of the channel stream as, a fraction of U. free surface #low cross section For any flow Cross section . _ oa n= AQ@ = PV.AGA ena f Also = 7 s a-V.t - VG) Thus for uniformly distributed density, 2, over aren, A h Lt _ fulaPey Ue 2 sh and / B < [Gy =2 = 0.0335.5R 8.5R (Linear momentium) Water flows through a right an- gle valve at the rate of 1000 Ibm/s as is shown in Fig, P5.5R. The pressure just upstream of the valve is 90 psi and the pres- sure drop across the valve is 50 psi. The inside diameters of the valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in. If the flow through the valve occurs in a I plane, determine the x and y components of the force exerted by the valve on the water, For steady flow the X-component of the momentum equation is Suevaan =k = pa ~ Fay vi = 1000 los FIGURE P5.5R Aa he a = 124 al p =e VALVE Lo, 4 Pout) {, tee “Lye (u,t407)- PA +s olUst +A f)-C2)A, but u,=0, m@=-V, Uz=-My, and My =0 Thos, O+CK)O(K)A, = +s tha — Fax or Fax = Pala tml, where ra =p Ae =e4, =30 sla Meee, = (90-50) n> (latin?) + 20°#( 4928) = /8,200 |b a we have used \, 4 He ” ao sites rnd © Bea iar = (continued )5.5R continued Similarly, in the y-direction {re Vind =Zh or mel trap) fA, tan elUsttae Zp) (-GAz = —pyA thay or EVeOCM)A t0= -~PA thy , or Fay = fA, 0AM? =p f, ta Thus, since V, = fale = (2)ue Btn (4.92 ft ft) 29,7 £ we obtain 7Zin. Fa, = 204ps (Fliziny*) + 30 288 (19.74) = 10,200 Ib5.6R 8.6R (Linear momentum) A horizontal circular jet of air Deco %, strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in Fig. P5.6R. The jet a velocity is 40 m/s and the jet diameter is 30 mm. If the air velocity magnitude remains constant plate surface in the directions shown, d . the anchoring force required to hold the plate sta- tionary, (b) the fraction of mass flow along the plate surface in each of the two directions shown, (¢) the magnitude of F,, the anchoring force required to allow the plate to move to the right at a constant speed of 10 m/s. , 8 = FIGURE P5.6R control volume the non - deforming contro! volume Shown th the sketch above is wed, (a) To determine the magnitude of 'y we apply tne component of the linear momentum eguation az §.22) along the ditection of fy Thus, a w eV:AdA = ZF, Re mV, sin 30° = PAV, Y, 5th 70° = ete y: Sin 30° a le * Wyo 2Y% 2 A = (73 94) 0-030) ‘Sin 30°) [1_M\ = 2696 N 4 é a) @) &. 3 (b) To determme the traction of mass flow along the plate surface in Gach of the 2 directions shovm th the sketch abe, we apply the component of the linear momentum equation pavalle! tp the surface of te plate, [ UeVA dA= BF, to obtain 1) Karon plate = MM Mal ~ my Vpcas 30° “ Surface (continued)5.6R continued Since ie air velocity magnitude vemains constant , the value of R, dog pate is 3ere. Thus from Eg./ we oblain Sur mY = mV, - ny Vi; 205 30° @ YU, , EG. 2 becomes mi; Cas 30° @) Prom conservation of mass we conclude that m= zt th; 7) Combining Ege. Zand % we get = nt —ta, — th cos 30" mz> MH; 3 h, C05 3 Or mem. (1-005390) 2 rr. (0.0670) 7 7 U and m= mn; (1- 0.062) = ™, (0-933) Thus, ra, vavolves 93-39 YM; and M,yinvolves 67% of ri,» (€) To determine. the magnitude of 4y required ro alliw tt plate Yo move te the right at A constant pea of 10m, we use @ Nen- deforming Contr volume /ike the one sn the sketch above that moves me right with a seed of wn. The translating conte! volume linear momentum Suation 064.929) /eads Yo A= AEBE G- CB lahat Or gz (0.030m)° (yo m ™ Ve 20° VFL. Es G2 Sh) ee evr) 8-0 shia e—) ee * Since Vi=Va=e and p,= fe =f and ,2#2=%2 if follows that the Bernoulli equation is valid from 1-2 and 1-2, Thus, there are no viscous effects(Bennoulli equation rs Valid only for inviscid flow) so that = 0. Hence, Ratng plate = 0.5.7R 5.7R (Linear momentum) An axisymmetric device is used to partially ‘plug’ the end of the round pipe shown in Fig. P5.7R. The air leaves in a radial direction with a speed of 50 fi/s as indicated. Gravity and viscous forces are negligible. De- termine the (a) flowrate through the pipe, (b) gage pressure at point (1), (€) gage pressure at the tip of the plug, point (2) (d) force. F, needed to hold the plug in place. : ar som ‘Dit \@) FIGURE P5.7R For part (a) we determme the volume flowrate through the pipe by calculating the volume flowrate of the dir leaving radially after being tamed by the ax'symmettic plug, Thus 68 Q = Vhs = (308) (15 tt fouoft) = 23.6% For part (b) we determine the ee Pressure at (1) by eelyng the Beryoull: equation to the How between (1) and the radia Flow leaving the plug, stati (3). Thus n ogage a, LADY BY = = gta f “ We get V, from ye &e 23.6% = 30 ft (@) “OR oe cleeye 5 Combining Eqs. | and 2 we get mot ) e( wean + (come es) ees or £ = 1.90 tb eat (continued)5.7R continued For part () we determine the gage pressure at the tip of the plug, Point (2), by applying the Bernoulli eguation between points (I) and (2). Thus, since 3, "oy peek Paw R e ce ov od = fav nN (fk ts ) . : P, = (0.00288 BX! +5) 90% 4% #) fP tag Gocese 588 tos) Z 43 Shug Ft and \b pRrek, contro! surtace y |, u For part (d) we apply the linear momentum equation to the Gontents of the conhel volume sketched above to get fuptnde <25 on (uel dA ZF since Wyeo cS Thus, “Viva = BAL“ F or F< AAV RO Thus, 2 F = (1-90 Vir Ft) (35 44\ mzzesten VWs £ (Ine mga ag F= 3.8 lb w5.8R §.8R (Linear momentum) A nozzle is attached to an 80- mm inside-diameter flexible hose. The nozzle area is 500 mm’. If the delivery pressure of water at the nozzle inlet is 700 kPa, could you hold the hose and nozzle stationary? Explain. L_ ( upWhda= Bh * cs The control volume shown tn the sketch js used. We assume that the vertical component of the anchoring tree, Tay is exerted by the hose material. We turther assume that the brtzontal Component of the anchoring force, F, » Fas must be exerted by the hands holding the hese and nozzle stationary, Application of the horizontal ov X dlirechon component of the linear momentum equation leads to ViPVYA = & a AX Application of Bernoullis uation between sections(ilande) yields hr We Pat ye Po fe 2 @) From the Consewation of mass juation PUA, = pYyAy or Yay A A : Thus combining Gs. Zand 3 gives 2 yrs 2(p-A) elt ey] and &./ becomes a 2(p-R)A ax [> [Aye Ih Gey (continued) C3)5.8R continued ; NOY ay G00 mmr) Gem) ag geas A, (er) 1 ffemm) Thus, 2 (100 kfa- 0 Pa) (500 mm*) (‘000 te Ee ee oO 5 00 am [1- @.0795F ] (1200 mm) Fy = TO7N or in terms of Ib A= ZOTN_ 2 159 tb age M hs which is managable.5.9R 5.9R (Linear momentum) A horizontal ail . velocity of 50 m/s and a diameter of 20 mm si 20mm a of a hollow hemisphere as indicated in Fig. P5.9R. How \ large is the horizontal anchoring force needed to hold the hem- isphere in place? The magnitude of velocity of the air remains 50 vs —— > constant. ny) FIGURE P5.9R, Yee mntral volume y "Ey aL i a) x y ea) fs — The control volume shown in the skelch 1s used. The x-component of the momentum equation gives { ueVA dA =ZE, MWe CWA +-Wle@alA, --& where for conservation of mass CAV = Az =m, the mass flowrate. Ths R =m(V,t,)=2mV since Y=\e =so# Het that V,=Va (v.e. the speed is constant), but Vez Sot® # i, =-50t (2.0. the velocity changes) With m=, AY= 12248 (F (@.020m)) (502) = 0.0/93 2 we obtain = (0.0193 #2) (50#)(2) = 1.93N5.10R 5.10R (Linear momentum) Determine the ma the horizontal component of the anchoring force f | hold in place the 10-foot-wide sluice gate shown in Fig. P5.10R. | Compare this result with the size of the horizontal component | of the anchoring force required to hold in place the sluice gate when it is closed and the depth of water upstream is 6 ft as nf. eee FIGURE P5.10R When the gate is closed the wafer is stationary and the resultant water force on the gate is Reclosed “RA ath A=t£ b where H=6tF and b= lott=uidih Thus, rt Reclosed = E624 HNEHP (OH) = 1120018 PAL) From the control yolume diagram shown, | the x- component of the momentum equation A becomes: (ueV-AdA 22% or Vfl LE x “ aA hah, YeCW Ae A=p Ap, Aa-Re, pen y or a) @ Ve 2 Papen fits “faa +0 - 0s A =ZTH-Zth'b + eM Hb - els'hd where . y= #8 and Vy= va = ut = #8 (Ga) 68 Thos, Reagan = 2 (24 Ha OAD (108d) ~ £ (62.4 (HH) (oH) +194 TES (4B) (optvaott 1.94 Sits (3) (es (08) or Bogen = 53108 < Reciseg = 1420085.11R 5.14R (Linear momentum) Two jets of liquid, one with vp lets FIGURE P5.11R For the control volume shown, the x-component of the momentum equation becomes § ue Vida =L i, es or CV, cos30°)0, (-V,)A, -(Veos@) e (WA =0 since there is no force acting on the control volome. Similarly, in the y-direction Va 2/2 Hs Sw eVAdh= 2h, or Cs Ch sin30’) 9, CUDA, V5 Po Ca) Ay +(Vsine)e VA = 0 Q@) since B Fy =0 8y combining Eqs. (1) and (2) we obtain (divide (1) by (2))+ @Mi7c0s30°A, 2. Ve Aa - CMs 30°A, 6 (84 cos. 30° E (0.24)" 3¢,) ((2EY F (0.24)* ~ 0, (84) B(0.244)* sin 30? cof O= Thes, cof @= where 0, = 13 = 0,357 so ai 0 = 70,3" Also, for conseryation of mass! EVA = 0@,VA, + (V4 As @) By combining Eqs. () and 3) eVicassA, - Veos®f 0,V,A, +02VeA2] =O or since A,=/e ee Vi? cos30° _ #)? cos30° _ ft v cos8 (OV tVa) — (0s 70.3°Mp, (0413, (2)] 6.97%5.12R §.12R (Linear momentum) — Water flows vertically upward in a circular cross-sectional pipe as shown in Fig. P5.12R. At section (1), the velocity profile over the cross-sectional area is uniform. At section (2), the velocity profile is vw (E=)é where V = local velocity vector, w, = centerline velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe radius, and r = radius from pipe axis. Develop an expression for the fluid pressure drop that oc- curs between sections (1) and (2). QQ) \ R, = axial force L of pipe wall Section (2) br |e on the fluid aot Wy= weight of I | , water — a Ae ® FIGURE P5.12R For the control volume shown in the figure the z-component of the momentum equation Is ia ile or ay, OMY; f+ (% eas, (2irrdr) = £4) ~ fate ~ Re Wor re where dAz 2mrdr Thos, with A= 2h, 2A this becomes R Pfs? SMe - pay 4 28 f [acl Bl ‘rde a But withxz &, {me 201-EY rdr = ui (I- -2k +4) )rdr =ag?R (a 4x3) dx 720 eacnte gee | okie) (continved)5.12R continued Thus, since A me Eq.) becomes PrP et HEE - eu EE (oh RA) () We can determine we in terms of a by vsing the continuity equation’ fev V-AdA =O, or since 2 constant Asis {96 dA = “(xf Fllorrdr) = arc [acx *)dy WRw, = 27 0 R? (2) Thus, Me = 3a, and Eq. (2) becomes aa fo e- ous” ele) (san, J° ffx Be dem or with Wy = Ah = pg@R*h Pp. = EB + 0ph +4 eur?5.13R 5.13R structe P5.13R. Each arm is 6 in. in length, Water flows through the sprinkler at the rate of 15 Ib/s. A force of 3 Ib positioned halfway along one arm holds the sprinkler stationary. Compute the an; tangent - D=12in-—— (Moment-of-momentum) A lawn sprinkler is con: from pipe with-in. inside diameter as indicated in Fig, gle, 8, which the exiting water stream makes with the tial direction. The flow leaves the nozzles in the horizon- oY tal plane. L f f..| Bin 6 3 ib FIGURE P5.13R. The stationary , non~ deforming control volume shown in the sketch is used. Application of the axial compmnent of the moment —of- momentum eguation CG: 5.50) lads to T = mryv = mr Vise a shaft ae 2) 2 7 Since = ma % A ross apering where a : A = TT Onigzle optning ‘nos3he 4 Ey. | leads to Pa conical Tr DR Paozzte opens volume aos 6 = sheh@P | o 52 g ‘bat iL m= plh=2Q- 15166 eo Sg where m= P\ofp=£Q Sea 00466 3 2 i gems & ww GRMN 94 Bee) F (ae #) (0.0466 Sluae)* (5 ft)5.14R 5.14R (Moment-of-momentum) A water turbine with ra dial flow has the dimensions shown in Fig. P5.14R. The abso- lute entering velocity is 15 m/s, and it makes an angle of 30° with the tangent to the rotor. The absolute exit velocity is di- rected radially inward. The angular speed of the rotor is 30 xpm. Find the power delivered to the shaft of the turbine. {tm Cor v sexta ay Section (2) oO io” FIGURE P5.14R Stationary control volume The stationary and non-detorrning contre! volume shown in the sketch above is used. We use €%. 5.53 to dekrmue the shatt power involved. Thus Wa 7 UY Vg it, U\p, where Vea=0 The mass Howvate may be oblamed fom (2) m, = PA, = P4, 2rKh, where Ve, = vadial component of velocity at secton()) The blade velocity at section (I) /s = = Bo rev) (297 nt u = bw amy me) er 2 ema" * The values of V,, and Ye, May be obtained with the help of a velocity triangle for the tlw at sectton(1) as sketched below, (continved)5.14R continued With the velocity triangle we conciade that Ye, = Vin 30° = V coseo” = (15m YGinz0")= 1.5 2 Then trom &g.2 z (999 ka )(ts m)zn (am)(1m) =94,/00 cm Also, with the triangle we see that ey, = Ycas 30° = y singo® =(15 m ) bes 30 = 13.0 Then, with &-1 we obtain - (Hoo hy (6282 Y/13.0 oft i a wee) s Wsratt Weraee 7 7 78 MW5.15R XK Rotor Stator 5.15R (Moment-of-momentum) The single flow turbomachine shown in Fig. PS.15R involves water flow = at a volumetric flowrate of 11 m°/s. The rotor revolves at 600 11 miss spm. The inner and outer radii of the annular flow path through a the stage are 0.46 and 0.61 m, and f = 30°. The flow entering the rotor row and leaving the stator row is axial viewed from 1 the stationary casing. Is this device a turbine or a pump? Esti- i mate the amount of power transferred to or from the fluid a « “Ccontrol volume FIGURE P5.15R This device is a pump because the lift force acting on each rotor blade is opposite m duectarn to the blade motion. The direction of the blade Itt force is ascertamed by noting how the blade turns the How past the blade. The power transferred tram the voter blades fo the wakr may be evaluated with the mament- of - momentum pawer eguaton (equation (5.53)with Ve)=0): Watt * muy, = pauy, Q) net in we cin Th ee (Cine etm (620 r9m) fr ted) = 2 Koco Ces ee a (2) =o) 5 From the "efor exit flow velocity triangle we Se yy, with Van = Ve- Varia, tan p, (see figure below) a where a a Cig?) ra i Wet) Pfleeiny*~Otimy* = 39-6 2 (2182) tanBo° = 210 # and with &%./ we get thay” OF BYE JOE B)Cab0 BL )= 17010 ge net tn Tous = 77604W" Va a nerin . Note: Since Wehaft >O this device is a pump. net in5.16R 5.16R (Moment-of-momentum) A smalll water turbine is designed as shown in Fig, P5.16R. If the flowrate through the turbine is 0.0030 slugs/s, and the rotor speed is 300 rpm, esti mate the shaft torque and shaft power involved, Each nozzle exit cross-sectional area is 3.5 X 10-9 £2. } | wozzie exit area = 35x 10? FIGURE P5.16R For shaft torque we can use the axial component of the moment - of - momentum eguation (€. §.$0). Thus, with Vp =? T, e-m kV a 9 Shaft} 22 62 Consideration of the absolule and relative velocities of the How out of each nozzle (see sketch bel) leads to =VeW,- Vpn 2 V,= Ve where w, and Ue he u Thus, . : T, =m (2 -t w) Shatt 2p Aousie slugs Tyg 2203 SA nd | ___2.003 =F (2 #) 2(0H ery asx ff? ) Gin \G0 Ine (3 in. (G00 ep) (20 28. vad) Ge 7) awe) ek (continved)5.16R continued 0107 Ft Ib (minus sign mean torgue opposes or Ti = shaft rotation) Now, . Wirate . T shaft w or Ly 4 rev \(2mr V48 wr = E0007 t4 ib ” re rev! _ _ 9396 tt shat} 0.336 $0 £— = mn (minus sign means work is out of the Control volume)5.17R 5.17R (Energy equation) — Water flows steadily from one location to another in the inclined pipe shown in Fig. PS.17R. Atone section, the static pressure is 12 psi. At the other section, the static pressure is 5 psi. Which way is the water flowing? Explain pa i2psi_ SA 0 te 100 t . FIGURE P5.17R To determmne the direction of water flaw we apply the energy equation (4.5.82) for flow tam sections (A) (8) and flow trom sechions (6) lV. The loss oblamed with &. 5.22 is pasitive for the Cometh flow direction, but negative for the tincovvect flaw direction . for flow tom sections (A) (8), &. 5.82 leads to, loss = Fante + “Le B+ 90-2) * uate er 2 net rh Cs 2 loss = (2#5i- Spsi) (4 * ) + (32-2 £) (tt fille 194 slags # s, Slug. tt a? # Wd ics = 198 Ftlb Slug For tow tron sections (@) to A), &y. $82 leads loss = axe p gl%-%) or e a 2 toss = (Spu-!2psi (nw & ) 4 Gaz ft ory ‘anze) (“ G4 Slugs co ig. tt and 4? ttle loss = -178 a The walev flow is tom sechon (Ay to Section (B) (ie. vphiit)5.18R 5.18R (Energy equation) The pump shown in Fig. P5.18R adds 20 kW of power to the flowing water. The only loss is that, 20KP2 Fitter ———— which occurs across the filter at the inlet of the pump. Determine the head loss for this filter 0.05 m b > RR 0.08 m*i mi PUMP ta ' f ae od AF" © FIGURE P5.18R , The eneray equation for this flow can be written as Beg & I +z, th, = ae Bez, h a) me 2) *2Zz, F2=9, f= -20KFa, and me y= $ - BEE 6.378 ¥£ (0.1m)? im? =D O05 nm “rz Eoosmr 7554 Also, y WwW 2oxjo? = 1b = 20K" “ss _ 4g he BQ (2.8x)0° H,) (0.05 2 ) ” OS Eq.) becomes 20x) . (6.372)* 408 asset ae 20.41%)” 24.818) +h, or h,= 769m5.19R 5.19R (Linear momentum/energy) Eleven equally spaced turning vanes are used in the horizontal plane 90° bend as in dicated in Fig. P5.19R. The depth of the rectangular cross- sectional bend remains constant at 3 in, The velocity distribu upstream and downstream of the vanes may be considered pS in.—>4 loss in available eneray across the vanes is Air flow Jyon | 3s, section (2), are i. Whi _ 4 Ly, magnitude ate , ‘Assume the force of the air on the duct walls is equivalent to 12in, | Section oY the force of the air on one vane. FIGURE P5.19R contro] surface To estmate the average mayniide of the force exerted by the ale How on each vang, we dekrmine the magnitnde of the. resultant force exerted by the gir on the vanes and the duct walls and divide that result by 12. We assume that He duct walls act as one additiona! vane. The linear momentum eguation (Eg. 5:22) 1s used te determi the X ane y compurtats of the resultant force exerted by the vanes and Guct walls on the alp betveen sections 0) and). Thus, £F = SVeV-hdA, or é Re =~ RAW YpAV, w a oe = PA, + V PAY, @) , = PA, + YU PAY, From the conservahon of moss principle (&.5:/2) we have Wet, Ar = (180 ft) Gein) (2m) » GLE ‘ 4A omer ers ‘ (continved)5.19R continued With the energy eguation (Ey. 583) we obbin f=B?t LK. Y? )+ ellos) = RE (4203+ 0247) or grave (ent) tn La fof) Slug and 2 (49 tne f= 52! pian al As suggested in Section 5.2.2, we We gage Pressures at seching Ui) andl2) Thus, frm Eg | we have R= ~ (spite 7 pia) i2in Yo n-)~ - (80 Eb Yaent “seg (in Neo C12 Lea zlito ls (stuf) AFT hy or Fee R, =-30.! [b x From &4.2 we obtain R = (IS.21 psia~ 18 7psia )(2¢ n- Y(3im.) + (408 \(ez800” 3B arin, eee ) or (144 te te ag. EF = a) { Ry 46.4 Ib Then R =|/R+R> = 7 * a TB, 630.1 lb) ¢le4e) = = 553 Gnd = = 95.3 lb = R ane Raven = 461 lb average Tz I5.20R Section (1) yO 5.20R (Energy equation) A hydroelectric power plant op: | ae erates under the conditions illustrated in Fig. P5.20R, The head loss associated with flow from the water level upstream of the 1 os epee dam, section (1), to the turbine discharge at atmospheric pres- | a sure, section (2), is 20 m, How much power is transferred from 0D the water to the turbine blades? Section (2) YO 2s turins® 2) FIGURE P5.20R For low trom section(i) 1 section(2), £g- 5.82 leads = 9(2,-%)- Yi- bss “@ shaft 9B) Be net out since. P2h = Fatm » V9, and Wrage ~~ “shaft net out net in For power, we multiply Ey.) by the mass Aowrak m™, to get a . Wenete = ™gl%-3%)- mM - mi loss net out = But wm = pQ fous . 2k y - w= 055 Wepate * PAP %-*) — PRB - P net out or Weraft ad Bs ) 2052 fos nyo Yi 4g. m ry) shai net out - (2 (#2) (12/585 ) 3) _ 49 8» p)(zomyions jg 2 Woy = 235 x10’ Wim = 23.5 MW $i s et out and5.21R Oy 5.24R (Energy equation) A pump transfers water from one foot large reservoir to another as shown in Fig. P5.21Ra. The dif- Pune in elevation between the two reservoirs is 100 ft. The vM friction head loss in the piping is given by Ky : is the average fluid velocity in the pipe and K; is efficient, which is considered constant. The relation between the total head rise, H/, across the pump and the flowrate, Q, through the pump is given in Fig, 5.21Rb. If K, = 40, and the pipe 300 diameter is 4 in., what is the flowrate through the pump? 3 a) Pump head, t of wate Q. 188s FIGURE P5.21R for the flow fom sectim(1) to section (2) &. 5.84 leads to hp = 2-2, + h, since V,=V,=0 a From Fig. PSMTb we conclude that = 200 — 100 4, 1 Q (2) From the problem statement = Kv Ay “29 or Since ve a+ & A mb 2 we have a7 # K,@ 4N0#) 266d #6) agCEY Goan Hf ind (7214) Combining E95. 1,2 and 3 we obtain 81.6 Q +/00Q-100 =O w) The voot of &. 4 that makes physical sense (i.e.Q>0) Is Q = 0653 5