IDs 1. [asset] bubble: a.

Happens when people/governments/actors make investments in assets with money

that does not exist at the time, based on speculation that the assets will increase in value. b. Significant to this course because asset bubbles were central to the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis and the 2007 Financial Crisis. 2. ABM treaty 1972 a. Was a treaty signed between the USA and the USSR to limit the building of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems for the purpose of defense against nuclear weapons attacks. b. Significant to this course in that it was a landmark event of diplomatic cooperation between the USA and the USSR during the Cold War. 2. Al Qaeda 1988 a. Transnational terrorist network formed by Osama Bin Laden to advance his vision of Islamic society. b. Significant to this course because Al Qaeda was a major actor in the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA.

American Triumphalism
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the attitude or belief that a particular doctrine, religion, culture, or social system is superior to and should triumph over all others.

b. developing a uniquely American ideology, based on liberty,egalitarianism,

individualism, populism and laissez-faire. (American Exceptionalism) c. Has shaped policy of the US, especially the unilateral approach to world order of the Bush administration (Neo- Con) 1. Arc of Crisis
a. The "arc of crisis" has been defined as an area stretching from the Indian subcontinent in the east to the Horn of Africa in the west. b. Postwar American policy in the Middle East has focused on three major challenges:
security of the area as against Soviet threats to its integrity and independence, fair and peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and safe access to its oil.

c. The status of the region as one of crisis shows how it has influenced the policies of the major powers in the decades following WWII. 1. Asian Financial Crisis-1997-1998, afterwards, vow to never again be vulnerable to short

term capital flows; trade surplus, large foreign exchange reserves a. Served as a predecessor to the 2008 financial crisis. 1. Asian Values a. OPTION 1 = confucianism a. OPTION 2 = exceptionalism (Han Chineseism)

b. Collectivism, value of tradition even when faced with economic modernity,

paternal role of the state. 1. Autarky The quality of being self-sufficient. Exists when a state can survive without external assistance or international trade. May lead to extreme nationalism? Examples: Afghanistan under Taliban, Nazi Germany Axis of Evil 2002 a. Term used by US President Bush in the State of the Union Address to refer to Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. as governments in aid of terrorism and seeking to build methods of mass destruction. b. Significant to the course because it formed a basis of US foreign policy post 9/11 and legitimized the invasion 2003. Axis Powers 1936 - 1945 a. Germany, Italy, and Japan - formed a pact in World War II against the Allied Powers b. Significant to this course because these are the major actors in World War II, which was one of the defining events of the 20th century. Berlin Wall a. 1961-1989 b. Was a physical structure (aka wall) built by the USSR, in order to prevent massive defections of East Germans into Western Berlin. c. Significant to this course in that it was the most concrete symbol of the Cold War and its destruction in 1989 signalled the fall of the USSR. Bretton Woods System 1944 a. Economic System in which the USA went under trade deficits (in order to help rebuild Europe and Japan, and avoid further instability in those regions), fixed exchange rates, and no monetary autonomy or capital mobility. b. Significant to this course in that it established economic agencies including the IMF and World Bank, which regulated trade and economics through the 20th century into the current day. Brezhnev Doctrine
a. The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy outlined in 1968 which called for the use of Warsaw Pact
forces to intervene in any Eastern Bloc nation which was seen to compromise communist rule and Soviet domination;

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b. Exceptionalism in Communism

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Brinksmanship

a. The act of pushing military enforcement on another country in order to push your

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own agenda; pushing military to the brink of war in order to convince another country to follow your demands; b. Exceptionalism Civilization State a. A political entity associated with a particular civilization. China is a civilization state, and this explains the cultural unity and shared values characteristic of its people. Collective action problem a. When its implausible for one person to solve a problem, so they try to solve it as a group and collectively share the benefits a. the Free-rider problem is a negative side effect because free-riding nations drag down the rest of the collective, for example Greece in the European Union a. Relevant to this class because the European Union attempted collective action by creating the Euro as a regional currency, and is now suffering the failure of the Euro because of free-riding states. Collective security a security arrangement, regional or global, in which each state in the system accepts that
the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to, and breaches of, the peace.

Forms the basis of international security coalitions like NATO. 2. Comparative advantage- An economic idea that a nation should specialize production in a good that they can produce with the least opportunity cost. This relates to outsourcing of goods and the increase in export nations. This relates to the spread of western ideals and economic integration of capitalist nations. 3. Containment A policy of containing Communism enacted by the US. Attempts to prevent the spread of Communism to other countries. Guided US foreign conflicts in Korea and Vietnam. 4. Cuban Missile Crisis 1963: confrontation between the USSR and the USA involving nuclear weapons in Cuba and Turkey/Italy. Marks the first instance of MAD affecting foreign policy, and marks the closest that the world came to nuclear war. 5. Democratic Peace A theory characteristic of liberalism that countries that are democratic will not attack one another. Kantian triangle 6. Dtente An easing of strained relations in a political situation

 Characterized the easing of relations between US-USSR after 1971. 7. Domino Theory- The Domino theory speculated that if one country fell to the influence of communism, other states in the region will follow as well. To try to prevent the spread of communism the Truman Doctrine was formed in 1947 and the plan of containment was put into action. The Domino Theory has effected today's society because after the containment plan failed the US began to become fearfull of communism, our military expenses began to increase more, and now we see China as one of our biggest competitors and threats. 8. The Euro 1999 (mainstream circulation 2002) This shit be crazy CRAY I TELL YOU! #YOLO Official currency of the Eurozone, second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the US Dollar Currently involved in the European sovereign-debt crisis (Greece, Spain) which has led to the creation of stabilization mechanisms to control the Euro (ie. European Financial Stability Facility) 9. Failed States a state perceived as having failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of a
sovereign government.

shows the disparities in development even with the supposed panacea (such a good word) of the liberal order 10. Fascism- A radical political ideal, that includes fundamentalist nationalism. Creation of a strong national identity which is enforced through a strong military. This relates to the polcies of Germany during WWII and the role of dictatorship in USSR. 11. First Oil Crisis-The 1973 oil crisis started in October 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries or the OAPEC (consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, plus Egypt, Syria and Tunisia) proclaimed an oil embargo. Led

to much inflation, no other substitute for oil. 12. First Vietnam War- a.begun in French Indochina on December 19, 1946 and to have lasted until August 1, 1954, between French forces and their Vit Minh; the Vit Minh launched a rebellion
against the French authority governing the colonies of French Indochina; provisional divisions in which north and south Vietnam were divided b. From Colonialism to Sovereignty

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Fourteen Points-speech given by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of

Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe; became the terms for German surrender; created LON/UN

1. GATT 1947 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a multilateral agreement

regulating international trade, aimed at reducing tariffs and other trade barriers to benefit all trading partners involved. Negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment, outcome of the failure to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). Was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. 1. Global order- the idea of western ideals being instilled around the world, the spread of capitalism. THIS SHIT ALSO CRAY. 1. Global Warming-Global warming is the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans
since the late 19th century and its projected continuation; scientists are more than 98% certain that most of

it is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels;

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significance: the effects of technology are changing how the world will look: this is a collective action problem and it affects a public right. Forcing major powers to act. Globalization-International integration by technology, economics, culture by means of transportation, electronic communication, monetary integration; Significance: global economies change how economics work (e.g. the EU system), and changes the face of global markets and interactions Gold Standard- attempts to regulate international trade; the global unit of money is based on weight in gold; broke down after WWI; significance: the way the economy works has changed, and is a question of supranational governance vs. individual currency choice guerrilla or people's war- A type of war tactic that is non conventional. An example of guerrilla war techniques are the Vietcong during the Vietnam war in the 1970s. Harry Truman- US President from 1945-1953 he created the Truman Doctrine, which gave aid to other capitalist societies. This relates to this course because it discusses the interaction between communist and capitalist societies which plays a major role in the global order. Helsinski Final Act or Helsinki Declaration was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1,1975. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. The Helsinki Accords, however, were not binding as they did not have treaty status. (Wikipedia)

1. Ho Chi Minh a. DATES = 1945-1969 b. Fought for independence of Vietnam and its establishment as a communist

nation for the betterment of his country c. USA was afraid of the domino effect, which is why this goal of communism pissed them off.
d. Vietnamese Stalinist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (19451955) and president
(19451969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army of Vietnam and the Vit Cng during the Vietnam War; fought for Vietnamese independence and communism

38. Hub and Spokes alliances - Bilateralism emerged in East Asia as the dominant security structure because of the powerplay rationale behind US postwar planning in the region. Powerplay refers to the construction of an asymmetric alliance designed to exert maximum control over the smaller allys actions. US created this hub and spokes system in East Asia to contain the Soviet threat, but also to continue the assertion of US hegemony over developing states. 1. IMF (International Monetary Fund)- 1944, created at the Bretton Woods Conference an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate

international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

Recently criticized for the rampant application of neoliberal economic policy on debtor states 40. Import Substitution Industrialization - In Frieden. Trade and economic policy that replaces foreign imports with domestic production. Aimed at reducing foreign dependency on goods via the encouragement of local production of industrialized products. Used in South America? 1. International Economic Trilemmaa. Economic theory stating that it is impossible for countries to have all 3 of the following at the same time i. a fixed exchange rate ii. free capital movement iii. independent monetary policy. b. SIGNIFICANCE TO THE COURSE? ECONOMICS ARE CRAY.

42. Iranian Revolution 1979- AKA the Islamic Revolution, overthrow of Irans monarchy under Shah Pahlavi with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Khomeini, leader of the revolution. Revolution was unusual for it lacked customary causes of revolution (defeat at war, financial crisis, peasant rebellion, disgruntled military), produced change at great speed, and was massively popular. 1. Japan Greenhouse a. A consequence of the Cold War in Asia. b. Refers to how the US wrote the Japanese Constitution to prohibit them from retaliating militarily in the event that they are attacked, in which case the US military would defend Japan. c. This allowed Japan to put their resources (money) towards economic growth and recovery since they did not have to worry about funding a military. 44. Jean Monnet-was the first president of the European coal and steel community 1952. This lead to the more economic integration in Euratom and EEC. Created free trade amoung Europe. Leading to Bretton woods 1. Joseph Stalin: a. 1922-1953 b. Premier and head of the communist party of USSR from 1922 until his death in 1953. Stalin and his regime joined forces with the Nazi party in 1939 to regain control of the former soviet regions of eastern Europe, but later joined the Allies when Germany broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. Joseph Stalin was relevant to the class because of his key leadership in the Soviet Union during World War II, as well as his creation of a Stalinist government structure. 46. Keynesianism - Economic ideas based on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes. Suggests that private sector decisions can lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which require active policy response by the public sector. Advocates for a mixed economy - predominantly private sector, but significant government/public sector role. Was the economic model during the late

Great Depression, WWII, postwar economic expansion 1945-73. 1. Korean War: a. 1950-1953, b. War between the Republic of Korea (supported by the United States and the United Nations, now South Korea) and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (supported by China, now North Korea), and was also one of the only hot conflicts between the USSR and the United States. The main reason for the war was the absence of elections and human rights in Korea, which deepened the divide between the two parties. The Korean War was relevant to this class because of its effect on the currently divided 21st century Korea. 48. Liberal Hegemony: Defines the international order established after World War II and led by the United States. Ikenberry defines the seven logics of liberal hegemonic order: open markets, economic security, multilateral institutional cooperation, security binding, western democratic solidarity, human rights and progressive change, and American hegemonic leadership. 49. Mao Zedong (Chairman Mao) - 1893-1976 was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, Marxist, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. Held authoritarian control over the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) from 1949-76. Maoism refers to his theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, with his military strategies and policies. Mao instituted positive social change through the use of violent tactics, such as improving literacy, the status of women, providing universal housing, redistributing land, etc. However, other programs like his Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were catastrophic. He stressed Chinese self-reliance and encouraged rapid industrialization that laid foundation for Chinas development in the 1900s. 1. McCarthyism: the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without
proper regard for evidence. In the United States, McCarthyism was characterized by a hunt for supposed Communists that had infiltrated the US state department. Shows how the bilateral order of the Cold War affected domestic policy in the US. 1. Mercantilism: the economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state. Largely characterized by the maintenance of overseas colonies for natural resources. Was the leading

school of economic thought from the 16th to 18th centuries, and motivated colonial expansion. 1. Mikhail Gorbachev: The last head of the USSR, ruled from 1985 to 1991 with the breakup of the Soviet Union. With glasnost and perestroika, he pushed for openness and democratized the USSR. His reformist policies and conferences with Reagan led to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the USSR. 1. Militant Islam: Attempts to define Islam as a political ideology. Leading Islamist thinkers
emphasized the enforcement of Sharia (Islamic law); of pan-Islamic political unity; and of the elimination of non-Muslim, particularly Western military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the Muslim world, which they believe to be incompatible with Islam. Largely defines

the tensions in the Arc of Crisis, and explains current challenges to the liberal world order outside of the West. 1. Mutually Assured Destruction: a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of high-yield weapons of mass destruction by two opposing sides would effectively result in the complete, utter and irrevocable annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. Became the basis for the deterrence that defined the height of the Cold War. Created a tense but stable peace between the USSR and the USA.

1. NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an international,

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intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. The alliance consists mainly of Europe and North America. NATO is relevant to this class because of its effects on the 21st century, especially pertaining to events that occurred over the last 10 years: enforcing a no-fly-zone over Libya, deploying troops to IRAQ as a response to the 9/11 attacks, and assisting in anti-piracy operations. Neoconservatism: A modern version of conservatism which combines traditional values and individualization of government with qualified endorsement of freemarket economy. Neoconservatives believe in an Axis of Evil, with one side being those who support the United States and western ideals, and those who support communism (i.e. North Korea, Iraq and Russia). This term is relevant to this class because of its existence as a political ideology used as a reaction to international events, for example the theoretical zombie apocalypse in Drezners book. Neoliberalism: A contemporary political movement advocating free trade, economic liberalization, and open markets. Calls for private enterprise over nationalization, and has largely been characteristic of US policy since the Reagan administration. The deregulation of markets pushed by neoliberalism largely contributed to the 2008 market crash, which destabilized the world order. Nixon Doctrine: A foreign policy dictated by President Nixon in 1970. Stated that the US expected all of its allies to take care of its own military defenses, but that the US would aid in defense as requested. Marked a change from US policy from earlier that stated that the OPEC: An intergovernmental organization of twelve oil-producing nations. The nations collectively hold the majority of the worlds crude oil reserves. Their capacity to determine production and prices of oil precipitated the 1973 oil crisis. Acts as an example of an intergovernmental organization that has shaped politics both in the developed and developing world. Paul Volker born 1927; an American economist. He was the Chairman of the Federal Reserve under
United States Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan from August 1979 to August 1987. He is widely credited with ending the high levels of inflation seen in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s (wikipedia).

1. Planned economy: Economic system in which a central authority (government agency)

makes decisions regarding production and investment within a formulated plan. The state/government controls all major sectors of the economy and makes decisions about the use of resources. The USSR was a planned economy, but with globalization many

have moved to market or mixed economies. US would actively intervene whenever it felt that Communism might take over.
2. 1. Responsibility to Protect: A 2005 UN initiative that establishes that sovereignty is a

responsibility, not a right. Governments have the responsibility to ensure that they protect their populations from mass atrocities, and international community has the right to intervene if this is not the case. Shows a 21st-century attempt at multilateralism and collective responsibility. 1. SALT Treaty Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Agreement. 1973 talks between USSR and USA. Placed
caps on the nuclear weapons of each state. Shows an attempt at cooperation between the USA and USSR, and shows how detente began to take hold during the 1970s.

1. Second Vietnam War - (How to distinguish between the 1st and 2nd?) First war was

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with France Vietnam War a Cold War-era military conflict from 1955-1975. Conflict between North Vietnam (communist-supported) and South Vietnam (US-supported). Evolved into a guerrilla war in the South. US saw involvement in Vietnam was a way to prevent a communist takeover of the South, but also as a way to support (French) colonial authority. Tet Offensive 1968 led to a gradual withdrawal of US forces. Paris Peace Accords 1973 was not effective in ending violence. Also see US resistance to Vietnam War efforts. Social Darwinism - Societal ideology that applies biological concepts of Darwinism/evolutionary theory to sociology and politics. Based in the assumption that conflict between groups leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones. Ideas related to individuals in laissez-faire capitalism, eugenics, imperialism, fascism. Sovereignty- The authority of of a state to govern itself or another state. Sovereignty is based on the principles of; territorial intergrity, border inviolability, supremacy of state, and that a sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority within its jurisdiction. Sovereignty is related it I.S. because all countries strive for sovereignty. Taliban - Islamist militant and political group in Afghanistan, enforcing strict Sharia law and Islamic fundamentalism. Are accused of using terrorism as a tactic. UN Charter, Chapter 7-to maintain or restore international peace and security,The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken; Significance: Exceptionalism and supranational governance Vladimir Lenin (1870 - 1924) Bolshevik leader; led the Russian Revolution of 1917, thought that the
Russian Revolution would be the beginning of a wave of radical revolts against European capitalism (Frieden 138). He worked to create a socialist economic system and his philosophical developments of Marxism produced MarxismLeninism, a pragmatic Russian application of Marxism that emphasized the critical role played by a committed and disciplined politica l vanguard in the revolutionary process (wikipedia).

1. Washington Consensus: Coined in 1989, it is a set of economic policy prescriptions

pushed by the World Bank, IMF, and US Treasury for crisis-wracked developing

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countries. Places faith into economic integration and calls for a market-based approach. Marks the overall shift towards neoliberalism and shows the mass consensus that economic integration is always beneficial. Welfare Capitalism - Combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state. In the American context, the practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees (industrial paternalism) - centered in industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the mid-1900s. World Bank - International financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. Official goal is the reduction of poverty, guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade, and facilitate capital investment. Created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. World Trade Organization - Organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. Commenced 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the GATT. Deals with regulation of trade between countries, provides framework for negotiating/formalizing trade agreements. Yalta Conference: meeting between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill in 1944. Discussed the reestablishment of nations of postwar Europe, and agreed that it was necessary to hold democratic elections in Axis satellite states following the war. Shows one of the first steps to establishing a liberal order following WWII.