University of Tasmania

Referencing using the traditional note - bibliography system

The referencing recommendations in this guide are based on the Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Please refer to Chapters 16 and 17 of that manual for further examples. Check with your lecturer that this style is acceptable. The three most commonly used referencing systems are :

the note-bibliography, or traditional note system (footnotes or endnotes). This web page deals solely with this system of referencing . the author-date or Harvard system the number-reference list, or Vancouver systtem. (Vancouver is really a special application of the endnoting system used in medical disciplines).

Some disciplines, notably English and History, have traditionally used the note system of referencing. The note system is simple to use. It has two key features - numbers in the text, and corresponding footnotes, or endnotes. How to Use the Note System Use a superscript to mark points which require documentation or clarification. They are typed or written numbers raised slightly above the level of the surrounding text. For example: 'the text from which I have derived my ideas.'1 The numbers run consecutively, from 1, through the whole assignment. The numbers are placed as close as possible to the point to which you are drawing attention, generally at the end of the relevant sentence and generally following any punctuation marks. A series of notes corresponding with the numbers are placed either at the foot of the page or at the end of the assignment. Whether you use footnotes or endnotes depends on the nature of your assignment. Whether you are preparing your assignment on a word processor or handwriting, you will find either method easy to use, but footnotes are often handier from the reader's viewpoint. There are a number of circumstances when it is appropriate to use notes:

when you quote directly from a primary or a secondary text; when you wish to direct the reader to sources which have influenced your argument or which substantiate your interpretation and provide support for your statements of opinion;

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when you are paraphrasing another person's ideas; when you are providing statistical information relevant to your argument; when you wish to provide the reader with information which is related to the topic in hand, but which does not properly belong in the body of the assignment. (Note: This sort of noting should be used very sparingly.)

Your most frequent note references are likely to be to books, primary texts and secondary sources, and serial articles. Users of this Guide please note that while we have used italics to indicate the titles of works, underlining of the title is also acceptable. In general, the notes are presented with the following format and punctuation: Books

note number

author's initials or given name and last name, title, edition, if not the first., (place of publication : publisher, date), volume number (if applicable): actual page numbers you are referring to.

Book:
1

Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Styles : A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information, 2nd ed. (Medford, N.J.: Information Today, Inc., 1996), 245. If you are using other than the set edition of a primary text, give as much detail as practical to help the reader locate the passage. For novels, give the chapter as well as the page reference. For a play, cite the act, scene and line numbers: for example, II, iii, 32-44. Edited book:
4

Ori Z Soltes, ed., Georgia : Art and Cililization through the Ages (London : Philip Wilson, 1999), 280. Book with more than one volume
4

H.M. Green, A History of Australian Literature : Pure and Applied (Sydney : Angus & Robertson, 1961), 2:1097. Second or later edition A new edition of a work usually entails substantial revision of the text or resetting of the type, while a reprint or impression entails only minor changes. The date of the new edition is important; the date of another reprint or impression is not.
5

John N. Hazard, The Soviet System of Government, 5th ed. (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1980), 25.
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Article in edited book

6

John Holloway, "Dickens and the Symbol," in Dickens 1970, ed. Michael Slater (London : Chapman Hall, 1970), 53. Quotation found in a secondary source
7

Samuel Johnson, 20 March 1776, as quoted in James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, eds. George Birkbeck Hill & L.F. Powell (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1934), 2:450. Thesis
8

I. MacFarlane, "Aboriginal Society in North West Tasmania: Dispossession and Genocide" (PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 2002), 25-27. Reference works Standard reference works may be footnoted but no bibliography entry is needed. The article title is preceded by s.v.=sub verbo, which means "Under the title".
9

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "Purgatory."

10

Columbia Encyclopedia, 6 th ed., s.v. "Napoleon III," http://www.bartleby.com/65/na/Napoleon3.html (accessed January 5, 2003). Web site
9

University of Tasmania Library. "Management Subject Guide," University of Tasmania Library, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/info/subj/management.html (accessed September 10, 2003). [Only add access dates if the information is time sensitive.] Journal articles

note number

author's initials or given name and last name, "title of the article", title of the serial, volume, no. issue, (date): pages.
9

William Ray, "Reading Women : Cultural Authority, Gender and the Novel : The Case of Rousseau," Eighteenth-Century Studies 27, (Spring 1994): 423424. 10 Ann Godzins Gold, "Grains of Truth : Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales," History of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 170.

Book reviews

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11

Mark Masterton, review of The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Rome, ed. by Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola, American Journal of Philology 124, no. 3 (2003): 477-81. Journal article from electronic source
12

K.L. McDougall, et al., "Phytophthora Cinnamomi Causing Disease in Subalpine Vegetation in New South Wales," Australasian Plant Pathology 32, no. 1 (2003): 114, http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AP02074.pdf. Legislation Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003 does not include how to cite Australian Legislation hence Stuhmcke, Annita Legal referencing. 2nd ed. Sydney: Butterworths, 2001 has been used in the creation of the legislation section of this guide. Statutes

note number

Short title Year (Jurisdiction) ie. (Cth), (ACT), (NSW), (NT), (Qld), (SA), (Tas), (Vic), (WA) If applicable Section or Sections eg. s 63 or ss 63-54
7

Boundary Fences Act 1908 (Tas) s 8 Airports Act 1996 (Cth) ss 2-4

Statute accessed from a website When legislation is accessed from the web include the URL enclosed in <> and the date that the legislation was accessed enclosed in ( ) as shown below.
8

Building Act 2000 (Tas) s 37 <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/ tas/consol_act/ba200091/s37.html> (3 December 2004) Continued reference to the same work Once you have indicated which edition of a primary text you are using, you may supply subsequent page references, in brackets following the quotation, in the body of the assignment. Once a secondary source has been fully detailed in a footnote or an endnote, there is no need to repeat the entire note in a subsequent reference. Shorten it. In the case of a book, use the author's last name and the book's title, which may itself be shortened, followed by the relevant page number.
13

Levine, The Battle of the Books, 143 or 10 Levine, Battle, 143.

Serial articles: Include the author's name, the title of the article, which may be shortened, followed by the relevant page number.
14

Ray, "Reading Women", 424.

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If you want to refer to the same work and page number in the next note, use the Latin Ibid.
15

Ibid.

For the same work with a different page number:

16

Ibid., 480.

It is better to avoid older conventions such as "loc cit." and "op cit." in favour of those given above.

Bibliography In the traditional note system, it is more common to use a bibliography than a list of references. In some cases when you use endnotes rather than footnotes, an additional bibliography may not be required. (Check with your lecturer). At the end of your assignment, attach a list of all material which you have consulted in preparing your work. The list may contain items which you have chosen not to quote from or which you have decided were not helpful. Nevertheless, these items have formed part of your preparation and should be included. The list thus produced forms your bibliography. It is possible that your bibliography may contain just one item, the primary text, if that is honestly all you have used. The bibliography is organised according to the authors' last names which are arranged in alphabetical order. Bibliographical entries differ from footnotes or endnotes in a straightforward way that is easy to remember. Bibliographies end assignments, and each component of an individual entry is presented in final form, punctuated by full stops. Bibliographical entries may vary in complexity. In general, use the following ordering systems as your guide in presenting material. Appropriate punctuation is shown. Books
o o o o o o o

name of author/s, editor/s or institution responsible for the book. Full Title of the Book : Including Sub-title. volume number or total number of volumes in a multi-volume work. edition, if not the first. city of publication : publisher, date of publication.

Serials
o o

name of author/s. "Title of the article."

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o o o o o

Title of Serial volume number, no. issue number (date): page range of whole article.

Examples Books: Levine, Joseph M. The Battle of the Books : History and Literature in the Augustan Age. Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1991. Boswell, James. The Life of Samuel Johnson. Edited by George Birkbeck Hill and L.F. Powell. 2 vols. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1934. Soltes, Ori Z., ed. Georgia: Art and Civilization through the Ages. London: Philip Wilson, 1999. Chapters: Holloway, John. "Dickens and the Symbol," in Dickens 1970, edited by Michael Slater, 50-63. London : Chapman Hall, 1970. Theses: MacFarlane,I. "Aboriginal Society in North West Tasmania: Dispossession and Genocide." PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 2002. Serials: Ray, William. "Reading Women : Cultural Authority, Gender and the Novel : The Case of Rousseau." Eighteenth-Century Studies 27 (Spring 1994): 421-47. Gold, Ann Godzins. "Grains of Truth : Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales." History of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 150-171. Masterton, Mark. Review of The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Rome, edited by Martha C. Nussbaum and Juha Sihvola. American Journal of Philology 124, no. 3 (2003): 477-81. Journal article from electronic source McDougall, K.L., B. A. Summerell, D. Coburn, and M. Newton. "Phytophthora Cinnamomi Causing Disease in Subalpine Vegetation in New South Wales." Australasian Plant Pathology 32, no. 1 (2003): 11315. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AP02074.pdf.

Web sites: University of Tasmania Library. "Management Subject Guide".

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University of Tasmania Library. http://www.utas.edu.au/library/info/subj/management.html. [Only add access dates if the information is time sensitive.]

Legislation-Statutes: Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) s 11

Statute accessed from a web site Tourism Australia Act 2004 (Cth) s 24 <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/taa2004222/s24.html> (6 December 2004)

Quotations Many problems in presenting assignments are related to the misuse of quotations from secondary sources (that is material presenting critical interpretations of primary texts). It is acceptable to refer to secondary material to gain knowledge or find different interpretations that may stimulate your own thinking and, sometimes, confirm ideas you already hold. Whether you quote your source directly or simply paraphrase the idea, you must always acknowledge the source you used. If you are unsure whether to quote directly or completely rephrase, use quotation marks so as to avoid plagiarism. The total word count in an assignment refers to your own words and usually excludes direct quotations and paraphrasing. Don't overuse quotations - use them only to support your argument. Every time you use the words of others they should be acknowledged by either:

quotation marks, or indenting.

Quotation marks for quotes under three lines in length If a quotation is short, from a couple of words to approximately three lines, it should be marked by single quotation marks and incorporated as part of the sentence. Dennis Lawton argues that these proposals 'have much in common with John White's idea of a friendly interface'.1 with footnote or endnote;
1

Dennis Lawton, Ways and Means (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1994), 90.

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When you need to show a quote within a quote, use double quotation marks inside the single ones. Greene also notes that 'according to Garp, "completeness and finality" were out of the question where editing was concerned and the potential for rapid change was great.'2 with footnote or endnote:
2

Greg Greene, Foolproof Editing (Melbourne: Gordon & Gotch, 1993), 108.

Indenting quotations over three lines in length A quotation over three lines in length should be separated from the sentence that supports it by indenting the quoted passage. In typed or word processed assignments, these quotations should be either single spaced or one and a half spaced. When you need to show a quote within a quote, use double quotation marks. Indent quotations about eight spaces or 3 cm from the margin. Introduce indented quotes so that they follow on from the preceding sentences. Developments have been rapid or as Ed Krol says: the information resources that visionaries talked about in the early 80s are not just "research realities" that a few advanced thinkers can play with in some lab they're "real life" realities that you can tap into from your home. Once you're connected to the Internet, you have instant access to an almost indescribable wealth of information.3 with footnote or endnote:
3

Ed Krol, The Whole Internet (Sebastopol, Ca.: O'Reilly & Associates, 1992), xix. Omissions of words from quoted material If you leave out a word or words from a quote, you must ensure that the meaning of the quoted passage stays the same. You should always indicate you have left out a word or words by inserting three trailing dots instead of the omitted words. Dutton, in reply to his critics, unashamedly remarks that 'the truth of the matter can only be resolved ... with close attention to detail."4 with footnote or endnote:
4

Jeremy Dutton, Truth and Fiction (London : Penguin, 1992), 86.

If you leave out words at the end of the quote remember to put a full-stop after the three trailing dots and close of single quote marks. Whichever style you are using, trailing dots at the end of a quoted passage should look like this that 'such assumptions have long been accepted by most universities ...' If you leave out a whole sentence or more within your quotation, you should indicate
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this by using FOUR trailing dots instead of three. If you change a quote or adjust it to make it read sensibly in the context of your sentence, you should use square brackets to designate the alteration, for example: The comparison drawn between Colt and an executioner and the mention of his odorous skin incongruously recall details from Leon Hunnybun's sombre meditations upon 'the world's malignity : [Leon] is brooding over the lion's mouth that swallowed citizens whole, Venice'. Note: the bracketed Leon displaces the pronoun He.

Authorised by the University Librarian University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782

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