Alkynes

alkynes
Compounds that contain C C triple bonds CnH2n-2

 simplest alkyne has formula C2H2 known by the common name acetylene. IUPAC nomenclature names these compounds as derivatives of the parent alkane, with the ending -yne replacing ane.

Others include

 compounds with two double bond(dienes), three double bonds (trienes), or a combination of double and triple bonds.

Alkynes Chemical Properties

Combustion Oxidation Addition Reactions -addition reactions . can occur across the triple bond Substitution Reaction

Combustion of Alkynes
Ethyne burn in air with a luminous, smoky flame, (forming carbon dioxide and water). The ethynes are highly dangerously explosives when mixed with air or oxygen. 2 C2H2 + 5 02 ==> 4 CO2 + 2H2O

Oxidation of Alkynes
Ethyne is oxidised by a dilute aqueous potassium permanganate to form oxalic acid; if ethyne is bubbled through a solution of potassium permanganate the solution is decolourised. This is a test for unsaturated organic compounds. KMnO4 HCCH ==> 2 O = COH Ethyne Oxalic Acid

Addition Reactions of Alkynes

Addition of Hydrogen acetylene and H2 - over a nickel catalyst at 150 degC, (or over platinum black catalyst at room temperature) ethene is first formed and then further reduced to ethane. Ni /150degC HCCH + H2 ===> H2C=CH2 + H2 ===> C2H6 Ethene Ethane Addition of Halogens Ethyne reacts explosively with chlorine at room temperature, forming hydrogen chloride and carbon. To control the reaction, ethyne and chlorine (also bromine) are added in retorts
filled with kieselguhr (hydrated silica) and iron filings.

HCCH + Cl2 ==> ClHC=CHCl + Cl2 ==> Cl2HCCHCl2 Addition of Hydrogen Halides. Ethyne reacts with the halogen acids. Hydrogen iodide - most readily, at room temperature; hydrogen bromide at 100 degC; hydrogen chloride occurs very slowly. HCCH + HCl ==> H2C=CHCl + HCl ==> CH3CHCl2 Addition of Water (Hydration) Hydration of ethyne -gas is passed into dilute sulphuric acid at 60 degC.- Mercuric sulphate = a catalyst, and the product formed is ethanal (i.e. acetaldehyde). HgSO4/ 60 degC

Substitution Reaction of Alkynes

Ethynes readily form compounds with metal.
used as tests to distinguish between ethene and ethyne. When ethyne is passed through an ammonical solution of silver nitrate or cuprous chloride, at room temperature, precipitates of silver acetylide (white) or cuprous acetylide (red) are formed.